heidegger's reading of aristotle, praxis and the ontology of movement.pdf

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HEIDEGGER'S

PRAXIS

AND THE ONTOLOGY OF MOVEMENT

David

for

Submitted

READING OF ARISTOTLE:

the

Andrew

Noel

degree

of

Webb

PhD in

to

The at

Department the

of

University

Apri

Philosophy of

1 1993

Warwick

Philosophy

I

would

like

assistance

and

preparation

of

to

thank

encouragement this

thesis.

Prof.

David he

gave

Wood in

for

supervising

all

the the

Zqjý

Trp=, c-Lxý

Der

Mensch

Möglichkeit

-coü

ist

das

hat,

Heidegger,

Wir

vermeiden

16-Vov

Lebewesen,

ist

das

das

gemäß

Wesen

seiner

des

Menschen.

Seinsart

die

zu handeln. Die

den

s"Xov-coc ,

Grundbegriffe

Terminus

'Handeln'

der

antiken

Philosophie.

absichtlich. Heidegger,

Sein

und Zeit.

-7

Contents

ii

Abstract

Abbreviations

Works

of

Introduction:

Naive

Chapter

Praxis

One: Section Section Section Section Section

Chapter

Two: Section Section Section Section Section

Chapter

Three: Section Section Section Section

Chapter

Four: Section Section Section Section

Conclusion:

Cited

M

Ontology

and

the

and

the

Question

Structure

of

of

Praxis

Teleological

I

Activity

21 26 40 46 54

1 11 111 IV V

Transcendence

and

the

Radicalization

of

Sophia and Existence

Phronesis, of Factical

the

67

Movement 104 105 ill 137 144

1 II Ill IV

and

Having

Ener-geia:

an

End

157 158 167 185

1 11 Ill IV

The Act

Praxis

69 77 81 85 97

1 11 111 IV V

Dunamis

21

199

of

217

Appropriation

Notes

221

Bibliography

249

i

v

ABSTRACT HEIDEGGER'S

READING OF ARISTOTLE:

11WIS

AND THE ONTOLOGY OF NOVENENT

Heidegger

heart to perceives a naivety at the of Greek metaphysics he believes has throughout its which philosophy remained prey This history. in having taken the being consists understanding of to the activity Inotgaiq] appropriate and experience of production as the basis for being in What understanding general. such a interpretation lacks is a conception above all of human being as that distinct from the work, in productive Only which, engages activity. if in to the conception such a were secured contradistinction derived from the in Heidegger's understanding of being could, work itself be firm footing. By way view, ontology placed on of a Heidegger response, undertook a critical appropriation of Aristotle's in particular. This philosophy practical and of the concept of npftiq to the basis Dasein. However, the was provide of an account of in two respects. outcome of the appropriation was problematic First,

Aristotle's own presentation is structure of teleological activity from influence the precisely exerted by the Indeed, of nofrlatr, experience language the renders of metaphysics Heidegger's articulation of np&ttr,. the therefore be end-in-itself must it from the dominant wrest conceptual Second,

insofar as determination

the horizonal of npftiq as dogged by incoherencies arising language on the of metaphysics the influence this extent of intrinsically ill-suited to the the figure appropriation of of by an attempt to accompanied structures of production.

terms Heidegger in the which couches Dasein the taken from language ontological of of are there between the practical philosophy, arises a formal parallel transcendence Such a of Dasein and possible structures of activity. invites the that Dasein's transcendence parallel supposition may be in its in and towards the world. enacted or accomplished comportment Although

I

the

these of problems, and recurs explicitly of reading Metaphysics ontological interpretation the xfvnaiq, of which influence this hinges had of production finite In idea on the of appropriation as Heidegger is in the addition, which potentiality emphasises way each that is to the manner As an activity related of its accomplishment. itself, therefore is of an end in understood as an activity npftir, finite appropriation movement of appropriation whose end is the very the itself. As it of essence such, of constitutes a repetition is 36v(xgiq insofar it the transcendence Dasein as and of of to be constituted by 36v(xgtq. understood be shall the second

concerned remains junctures. several at E), I argue that

primarily a constant Drawing he sought 3,6v(xVtq and been displaced.

ii

first the with consideration on Heidegger's to secure an from ev6pjetcy Specifically, the of essence

Abbreviations

AE

J Barnes, Metaphysics.

AOF

J Taminiaux, Pontologie

AQM

R Brague,

ATM

T Engberg-Pederson,

DA

Aristotle,

DAP

F Volpi,

M Schofield,

EM

R Sorabji,

'no1qcTiq et fondamentale. Aristote

et

Articles dans

np&tiq ' ]a

Cited

Vol. 3:

on Aristotle

Particulation

de

du monde.

question

Aristotle's

Theory

of

Moral

Insight.

De Anima. 'Dasein

radicalisation ECP

Works

of

the as praxis: of the practical

Heideggerian philosophy

Volpi, 'L'essistenza come praxis. terminologia di REssere e tempoD. Heidegger, Me taphysi

EinfUhrung

in

die

assimilation of Aristotle.

Le radici

and ' della

aristoteliche

'

Metaphysik:

An

Introduction

to

cs.

ENT

RA

Gauthier commen ta ire.

&JY

FDP

R Bernasconi, Poiesis.,

'The

GA19

Heidegger,

GA20

Prologomena the Concept

GA22

Die

GA24

M Heidegger, Problems of

GA26

Metaphysische The Metaphysical

Jolif, Fate

Platon:

L'Ethique the

of

Distinction

der

des

Between

Zeitsbegriffes:

Praxis

et and

AnfangsgrUnde Foundations

The History

der der

Ph&nomenologie:

Logik Logic.

of

im Ausgang

GA29/30

Heidegger, Endlichkeit

GA31

Heidegger,

Vom Wesen der- menschlichen

GA33

Heidegger, Wirklichkeit

Aristoteles der Kraft.

GA34

Vom Wesen der

GA54

Heidegger,

Parmenides:

GA61

Heidegger, Einführung

Phänomenologische Interpretationen in die phänomenologische Forschung.

GA63

Ontologie

HA

Volpi,

HC

H Arendt,

HDP

Bernasconi,

Die Grundbegriffe Einsamkeit. -

Wahrheit.

(Hermeneutik

der

Metaphysik Zu Platons

Metaphysik.

The Basic von Leibniz: Welt

-

Freiheit. e 1-3:

Von Wesen und

Höhlengleichnis

und

zu Aristoteles.

Faktizität).

and Aristotle.

The Human Condition. 'Heidegger'5

Theätet.

Parmenides.

der

of

Philosophie.

antiken

Die Grundprobleme Phenomenology.

Heidegger

traduction

Sophistes.

zur Geschichte of Time.

Grundbegriffe

a Nicomaque:

Destruction

iii

of

Phronesis.

'

W

w

HW

Heidegger,

Holzwege.

LHP

G Nicolaci

'La

LOF

Taminiaux, Heidegger-.

Lectures

Met

Aristotle,

Me t aphys ics.

NE

Aristotle,

Nicomachean

PEA

P Aubenque,

PIA

Heidegger, (Anzeige

QCT

Heidegger,

RR

Heidegger, 'The Self

Sip

The Southern Supplement.

Sz

Heidegger,

Sein

VA

Heidegger,

Vorträge

VWB

Heidegger, Physik B, Aristotle's

VWG

Heidegger,

'Vom Wesen

Wm

Heidegger,

Wegmarken.

,

Lettura de

1 'ontologie

praxis.

fondamentale:

' Essais

sur

Ethics.

Le probl&me

de

'Phänomenologische der hermeneutischen The Question

1'6tre

chez

Aristote.

Interpretationen Situation). '

Concerning

zu Aristoteles

Technology.

der deutschen Selbstbehauptung of the German University. affirmation 'Die

Journal

of

Philosophy

und Zeit:

Being

(1989)

and

Vol.

Universität': ' XXVIII,

Time.

und Aufsätze.

'Vom Wesen und Begriff 'On the Being I ': and B l. ' Physics

in the N. B. References indicating two numbers, text and the translation

des

der (Diýcyig in Aristoteles in OY111 Conception of '

Grundes.

text

by

are given the numbers page respectively.

the

abbreviation the in original

by followed language

language, their in have been original presented are I have Wherever translation. existing used possible, a the translated have I the in of cases remainder and myself.

All quotations by followed translations, passages

della

heideggeriana

1v

low

Introduction

NAIVE

ONTOLOGY AND THE QUESTION OF PRAXIS

We not only wish Greeks better themselves.

to

but than

the must understand they understand Heideggerl

Blanchot If,

as

to

the

Heidegger one

oneself,

wider

insofar

a matter

posed.

the

cogito

left

the

passing question reiterating

with very

has as

a

over of

being, naivety

beyond

is

scope

for

example,

of

it

what

his

philosophy

connection

between

of

Descartes that

was, had

already

time.

1

in

forgets

oneself,

loses

However,

it

say

uninterrogated. his in

own

dominated

the

of

supplement 'I

am, '

he

However,

in

and

the

existence

Heidegger's

is have

will

to

to

means

to

even

radicality

neglected

in

consist

naivety

such and

a challenge

failure

a

"2

naivety.

to

said

question. For

the

Descartes,

be

One

of

harbour

or

occurred.

one

consideration

basis

may

challenge,

curtailing

the

a

naivety

a

"bereft

questions

self-understanding.

of

When

a thinker

as genuine

such

evasion

repercussions,

question

long

from

such

precisely

simply

all them,

poses

oneself that

recognize

Heidegger

supposed,

who

withholding

not

described

once

view, philosophy

simply for

a

In

The to

extent the

Basic which

distinction

medieval

each of

between

essence

thing

a

a working,

as

is

in

suggests

an

acting

that

the

also

finite

condition

of

into into

investigation concepts. experience

to

As

a result,

was

covered

it

in

expressed

aspect as

to

how

concept

of

existence, that

this

122-123:

an

indefinite

and

existence

from

an interpretation comportment.

creatum,

whereupon God

and

the

lie

primarily

as to

the over.

origin

"blind of

alley, sacrosanct of

source

Moreover,

2

with

to

make

the

as

for

responsible

character its sent halting

a

of

the

medieval further

any

terms

language things

thing,

createdness.

metaphysical

all

this

medieval

of

agent

metaphysical since

das

auf

understood

effectively "

already

beings

in

of

reference

subject

unable

its

on basis

the

This

context

course

of

the

a divine

series

the

within was

was

basic

experience

on

871.

of

philosophy

medieval

several

which

is,

in

the

of

clue

by

formulated

was

Seienden mit Rücksicht 1051 IGA24 147: entwachsen.

a a

A

bound

des

identified

appeal

interpretation

was

essence

understood

was

the

Essence

of

For

ens

was

essence,

as

the

considers

uncritically

existence

EGA24

part of

remained

actualitas,

existence

the

existence

However,

that

the of

the

explicit.

philosophy,

its

by

concepts

clear

interpretation

such

3

Heidegger

different

operating

on

are an outgrowth to productive regard

is

such.

Interpretation Verhalten

einer sind herstellende

Yet

a

terms or

effecting

to

and

to

given

understood

was

has

EGA24 9§10-111.

framed

was

back

philosophy

corresponding

experience itself

Phenomenology,

of

modern

philosophy

ways,

part

Problems

were

in

and human

thought

PýF

to

have

were

been

in

follows

from

Without

the

form

of

medieval the

from

"destruction the

of

Url,

basis

constitutive

made this

of

in

looks

-yiEvoq

or

regards

can

hardly

determination

production.

end,

be of

to

attributed itself

the

being all

are

a

itself

and

and the

fundamentally

In

shown

its

very

basic

of

the

form.

of

concepts

informed

by

3

has

6 The

they of Aop(pý,

to

have sight

of

the yet

way to

be

importance

of

metaphysics,

the

the

sense

metaphysical the

the

way

from

what

of

its

which

kind

apprehension, of

the

shown

evolved of

Greeks

igLy,

all

have

its

the

experience

the

image

This

drew

EiSor,,

are

structure

7

to

in

addition,

completed

manner

terms

of

arose.

back

the

a

experiences

of

made.

to

the

the

overstated: thing

5

conceives in

work

all

it

proposes

philosophy

ol)CTi(x

and

experience.

an

is

the

work

that

content

interpretation

thus

explicitly

source

him

beings,

given

being

leads

and

optaji6q,

Oewpi(x

towards

the

formalisations

as

be,

of

an

existence,

never

traditional

reveal

existence

human

Heidegger

medieval

offers

the

such

of

which

handling

unoxcigevov,

their

one

and arose

and

to

ontology"

Heidegger

it

the

which

back

from

essence

expressed,

production

in

of

was

theology,

scholastic

and

to

could

determinations

terms

4 Here,

inspiration. concepts

God.

a creator

history

the

of

to

in

initial

essence

thesis

nor

pared

our

This

alike.

analysis

of

discrimination

without

of

gradually

which

and

belief

concepts

philosophy;

constraints

is

the

things

genealogical

ontology

God,

apply

inanimate

and

questioned

are

to

understood

animals

by

created

thinking

experience

of

If

the

conception

divine

artifice,

perspective

will

possibility, in

which

is

by

one the no

means

Even

fOllOW5

be

made

will

be

ancient

these

or

that

it

too

reflection

explicit region

that

supposing means

that

naive

ontology

seeks

to the

own the

is

Dasein

reference declared

scope

and

limits

of

of

of

with votc,

X6yor, )" of

Dasein

work

4

are

forms

and

not

of

155: 1101.

It

not

Heidegger (self-)

warns

the

EGA24 may

being

be

moment

insofar by having

155: 1101. implicit,

an

against

even

contrary,

reflective their

in

a specific

reflective

On

seems,

engage in

conceptuality

address

as

"it

regard

Nonetheless, beyond

question.

ist

be

then,

insofern dann sie als naiv, nicht überhaupt das Dasein nicht zurückblickt, auf insofern, das ist sondern reflektiert ausgeschlossen -, über Dasein das dieses Zurückblicken eine auf notwendige als Verhaltungen Auffassung Daseins des nicht und seiner vulgäre Alltäglichkeit hinauskommt diese zur und somit sie - weil Die betont, Daseins überhaupt des eigens gehört - nicht Die Ontologie überhaupt nicht

it

will

did

did

whatsoever.

to

for

issue,

and

it

as

an explicitly

necessarily

domain

being5.

However,

respect

the

concepts

EGA24

its

the

a

this

up

of

At

unexplored way

reflection and

all

inasmuch

source

'

such

applicable;

by

the

of

matter

the

comportment the

the

for

naive

always

(TuXý, the

the

experience.

beings

conceive

to

'worker.

was

no

are

to

absence is

there

existence

of

Taking

extent

than

rather

basis

and

the

indeed

account

human

questioning.

establish

systematic

on

its

of

to

and

to

necessity

inspired

to

a

linked

language

left

in

questions

therefore,

that

ontology

the

to

able essence

used

is

accessible

foundation

habitually

being that

of

nature

the

thought

it

obvious

to

precisely

finite

a

concepts

appropriate

to

of

the

Reflexion Erkenntnis.

in den 156: 1101

verbleibt IGA24

Ontology

Bahnen

der

vorphilosophischen

is

then, because it does not look back naive, not to the Dasein, because it does no reflecting at all not at this is but because this looking all excluded necessary back toward the Dasein does beyond not get a common the Dasein conception of and its comportments and thus because they belong to the Dasein's general everydayness does not them. Reflection here expressly emphasize remains the rut knowledge. within of pre-philosophical

The being

derived

from

uncritically itself

be which

as

reflection

he

Dasein

to

task,

at

comportment

of

the Dasein

of

being

to

heart

in

of

itself

not

very

this

is

therefore

Greek

ontology

under

scrutiny.

"rut,

understanding

insofar only

by

of

" ontological

remove placing

is

Dasein

And

and

of

this

will

basis.

incomplete to

as

experience

a partial

be

naivety, it,

sees

the on

set

remain of

Dasein,

of

the

For

making.

but

also

virtues

as Heidegger

perceives

is

allowed

the

all

the

is

question

conceived,

engages is

in

experience

inadequately

for

will,

the

applied

in

The

knowledge

pre-philosophical

making as

long

enquiry ill-founded.

the

blind

the

productive

spot

Welche Funktion hat das herstellendEs muß gefragt werden: des Sinne innerhalb Verhalten im weitesten gebrauchende ist darauf Daseins Die Antwort möglich, wenn nur selbst? den in des überhaupt Daseins die Seinsverfassung zuvor des Ontologie die d. h. Grundzügen Licht gestellt, ans IGA24 165: 1171 ist. Daseins gesichert does the action What function We must ask, and of producing itself? Dasein the have in the broadest within sense using the the if The is of constitution answer possible only in its to light being brought Dasein's is first general is Dasein features, the ontology basic that is, if made of 8 secure.

Heidegger for

in

found the

the

basis

Micomachean

for

the

ontology

Ethics,

where

5

of

Dasein

Aristotle

he

was

describes

looking five

distinct

in

ways

beings

disclosed

are

11139bl5-161. thrown

then,

thematised

is,

if

Rather,

it

be is

form

a specific fundamental

an of

the

hold

comportment

of

conception

that

seeks

to

from

the

work.

which

such

human

itself

a determination

of

Troiqcyi(;,

[Ch. 1.1

& V1.

np&ýic,

i. e.

by,

to

addition np&ýi4;

than

as

denoting

emerges it

thesis

will

np&tiq

enters

the

Dasein

taken

be

a to

over of

terms

as

seems

exerted

in

by

shown

a determination

this

Dasein

basis

production

otherwise of

is

Accordingly,

instead

concern

central

itself,

others,

of

offering

certainly For

in

life.

experience

being,

articulate The

Moreover,

productive

limits.

own

are

others.

which

governed

alongside

of the

its

them

noirjcri(;

question,

beyond

indeed

and

itself.

in

in

which

towards

and

in

its

lies

in

ways

alongside

account

securing

upon,

end

exist

placed

end

of

Oewpia

demonstrate

to

whose

that

an

is,

comportment

that

with

as

determination

challenge Greek

a way

that

account,

explicitly

incapable

is

this

of

not

dependent

that

activity

Dasein's

possibilities

activity

to

through

light

truth,

attains

presented

such

of

Aristotle

in

are

soul

and

as

we

in

form

a

the

relief

comportment

as

in

In

into

Here,

the

which

the

over manner

Heidegger's

thinking.

*

The

importance

long

of However,

time.

Heidegger's tha ta between

early more them

is

it lecture

considered has

for

Aristotle

begun

only

with in

courses

emerge.

It

6

the

well

ten

probably

the

known of

publication

of is

been

last

the

understanding to

has

Heidegger

or

twelve

for

many

a of

years

Auseinandersetzung Franco

Volpi

who has

done

than

more

His

book,

Heidegger deals

expressly is his

earliest

being

in

his

has

finely

and

Aristotelian

Heidegger

the direct

of

presentation translations high

may

build

that the

upon at

points For

Whilst

we

not had

proximity Volpi's

only hitherto

translation

is

it

the lain

from

defend,

is

Aristotle by

case

that

dormant

in

his

7

of

a series

of

Aristotle

unequivocal

into

wholly

extent

to

we may

wish

the

further

text,

on

those

problematic. problems

stirs but

the

in is

Dasein

most

that

doubt

no

for

his

in

such

interpretation

discourse

account

adopts

understood,

appears

Aristotle's

Aristotle's

Volpi

concentrating

interpretation

fundamental

which

is

how

shows

philosophy

of to

a

detail

there

practical

indebted

achievement

Heidegger's

which

to

interpretation

to

in

developing

own

Heidegger

Aristotle's

remain

his to

on

In

a

as

into

q6atq

1939).

he

particular, np&ýiq

of

appropriation

Time. 11 Although

and hard

Heidegger's

Heidegger's

which

to

accorded

of 12

justified.

Being be

sometimes

profile

development

in

senses

in

papers

terms

which

from

of

critical

goes

the

those

of

a whole and

between

Dasein

In of

as

Dasein

of

and

np&tlq

series

conception

manifold

(written

10

work)

interpretation

Heidegger's

of

existence

correspondences

elaborates

the

human structure

ontological

a

philosophy. the

the

Aristotle

on

account

assimilated of

to

that

Aristotle

of

the

on

book

only

Heidegger's

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PRAXIS

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26

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deals that is primary, everywhere science chiefly with which the other things depend, and on which and in virtue of which they their If, then, is substance [oi)cri(x1 this get names. , it will be of substances that the philosopher the must grasp principles and the causes. " 11003bl6f]

But

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Aristotle

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8

relation.

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the

the

priority

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the

of

of

unity

o'U'cri
of the

the

as the

properly

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three

thereby

potentiality,

28

of

kinds

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of

study

required

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the of

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11049b4f].

first

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off

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E

How is

universality.

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sciences

currents

29

so

resemblance

attribute

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science philosophy, 11026a29f]

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11071bl2f].

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30

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mean?

1018b8ff

at

1049b4ff.

probe

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he

asks,

Is

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31

the

problem "est-elle response

introduction of

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unity

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Elle

le pr6mier terme dune dun est serie, cest-h-dire de I 'anterieur ensemble o& il ya et du posterieur et auquel le fondement ici invnanent 6 elle appartient elle-m6me: est ]a serie. [PEA 1951

It is the first term of there is a prior and belongs: the foundation

If

oi')crio(

to

supposed

itself

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is, an ensemble to it and which immanent to the series.

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unity

is

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de la terme il pas ref6rence, nest sant6, clair que est le fondement du 'sain': lui-m6me des significations lune ]a & ici transcendent que autre qui n'est serie une est [PEA 1961 de modalit6s. serie ses propres itself one is here the series

is not term, the focal health, that is clear foundation the 'healthy': the of of significations but is nothing to the series, transcendent which of its own modalities. It

Whilst

ot)(3-io( over

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health, not

meaning

32

the

If

a category.

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insofar

itself of

priority

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qua

sense be

being

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of

case

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as

of

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open.

has by were to This Yet

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to

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orthodox

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For

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in

We the For are will the

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of

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can

as

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of

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in

apparently

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is

whole

words,

oiýo-i(y

being.

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to

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focuses

multiplicity

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to

being

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of

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and

misapplication

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turn

Heidegger's

At

the

given

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remainder

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a category.

of

shall

unity

qua

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clarify

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been ' One

status

ev

further

being

as

and

in

priority

11028b4l,

the

speaking

II npoq

being

of

identification

being

the

exposes

'universality.

being

of

the

of

confers

region

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strictly

accorded

15

which

so

is

olkri
conf lation

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suggest

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sanctioned

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what

not

Aristotle

and

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wherever his

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on Heidegger's

to

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between

Aristotelian

own work.

of

Book

19, Aristotle

writes:

to all which and primarily have which of 6ai(x. i. being e., o, referredare of categories other the that the others is in virtue of o'UCYi(y it concept of for like; the all be to and quality said - quantity, in said we the concept to involve of oLcri(x, as be found [1045b27-321 first work. our of part treated

is

that

33

In

his

1931

Heidegger second

lecture

comments

this

on

in

sentence

course

Aristotle's

on

passage

at

Metaphysics length.

some

()

1-3,

16 Referring

to

the

he writes:

particular,

Wir finden in diesem Satz 11045b27-3,21 dreimal: 'k6-yo(;, VL-yc, con, Xe-y6gevov. Die Hinder Ubrigen und Rdckbeziehung Kategorien die der Aristoteles auf erste, von spricht, EGA33 51 spielt sich ab im X6yoq. In this 11045b27-321 thrice phrase X6, io(;, we find over: Xiý-yc,uxi, Xcy6gcvov The reference to which Aristotle refers the back to the of first remaining categories and forth takes in the logos. place

Heidegger

describes

EGA33

71,

which

remaining

whose

So far,

I have

attempt

to

However,

by in

which

at)ýLPCPqx6c. I:

its

ii) Excxc&

categories

I)c(xc& several

a

heart

to

that

said

faI se

as c&

I crXrIIL(xca

categorial

In

is

the

more

be;

xacrj-yopi(xq1

F'-vtp-yF-i(xv1 significations,

34

theory

of

this in

being.

of

it

matter,

being

which

specific

multiplicity

Aristotle

names

i)

as iii) iv)

[1026a33-1026b2l. being

Aristotle's

senses

sense

Met. E. 2, to

in

matter

the

attend

over

[6'3r, 6'ArIOiLq.I:

-cqc.

that

categorial

includes

that

true

problems

a further

is

fundamental the

of

the

and

philosophy.

complaint

there

this

beyond

well

several

categories.

il'

simplification

Xo-yor-,

in

oL(TI(x

X6-Voq plays

modern

the

to the

something

Sf)vof)iLv

of

Heidegger's

one the

the

extend

only

unity

remember

articulated

actual

referred

Xey6lievov,

noXX(xX6q

the

appreciate

to

important

that

[beheimatet]

between

relation

facilitated

into

bring

to

fact

'rooted'

as

the

consequences

itself

categories

senses

The has

writes,

question

categories

articulates

categories.

he

role,

the

is

Ixovc& to

according potential

Over

is

four

accidental

as

is

and

noXX
the and

above this

wider

sense,

treat

the

is

of

being,

the

therefore

of

well

tend

to

drawn

back

to

being,

fundamental of

in

in of

the logic

structure

linguistic

ambiguity

foundational

the

of by role

theory table

in

X6-yo4;.

virtue with

of

the

to of of

Aristotelian

and,

to

what

reading

oU'GI(x

of

(in such

being

and this

of

kind.

the

categories

being

should

be

this

is

within

senses

will

the

way

a

reading,

the

modern

level

of

categories,

In

basing

categories.

already reduction

Kant

delivered

metaphysics

over

to

this

view,

He regarded which

multiplicity

a reading

the

category,

judgements,

Heidegger's

of

regard

a

encouraged

Kantian the

Such of

opinion,

actuality

of

forms

his

and

on

sense.

category

commentaries,

possibility

of

ol)CFic(

all

primary In

medieval

impoverishment an

the

as

that

primary

sense

opposed

place

the

themselves

as

wider

conflation

view

understood).

culminating categories

it

the

certainly

the

is

Aristotle

of

above

oLaioc

categorial

singular

rejected

customarily

of

the

interpretations

mentioned

unify

the

Heidegger

he

prevalent

the

view

disputing

-

Because to

as

Most

being

of

categories.

as

being,

TcTpcxXar.

understood

sympathetically. Without

as

senses

upon

clearly

is,

four

dependent it

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such

a

reading

categories be said

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a typology

represented as also

blind play

beings

der Kategorien, Grundcharakter Man übersieht einen vor allem der Grundcharakter Und dieser Aristoteles versteht. sie wie Stelle ist Kategorien genannt: eigens an unserer gerade Was Seienden. ' ist "v-cog, des 'kategorien x(x,url-Vopio(1, Toý5 0 ihr Seiende das die Kategorien, als damit auf sich gemeint: Kategorien, (genitivus beziehen 'Objekt' oder objectivus), (genitivus t' 'Subjek Seienden dem die angehören als keines Oder ist beides Oder von gemeint? subjectivus)? [GA33 71 Wir müssen das offenlassen. beiden? Above

all, categories, fundamental

overlooks Aristotle as characteristic

one

the fundamental of characteristic a this And them. understands is named deliberately at the very

35

the

an to a

discussion: point under beings. ' What is meant the being their as that belong categories (genitivus subjectiVU5)? them?

We must

Although

readers to

senses

a

that

suggesting

term

'O'v'

view

the

of 'o'v'

where

being:

-

'

he

Aubenque it

from

in

alone

of to or of

infinitive

the

as

divisions, be'

two

problem

equivocal

presented

'to

unusual

attributing

to

Aristotle's is

is

genitive

attention

'objective'

as the

not

'O'v'

where

categories as

is

double

draws

arises

passages

functions

the

on

Aristotle,

'category.

cxi

open.

emphasis

of

'categories -coý) o'vco(;, that categories relate (genitivus objectivus), the being their as subject both Or neither are meant?

object to Or

this

Heidegger's

amongst

well,

leave

xcxTqVop! by this:

use

a noun

as the

of

promote

whilst

passages

that

suggest

les

les divisions de I '6tant categories sonts moins que les lnc6cyc IqI lesquelles 1 '6 tre modalit6s selon signi fie I '6tant. Elles En combien de ne r6pondent pas 6 ]a question: divise I '6tant? 6 cette Comment parties se mais autre: I'6tre [PEA 1841 signifie-t-il? the

divisions beings categories are not so much of as 1nT6acrci(; l to being modalities according which signifies beings. The question to which they how is not 'in respond ' but is the being divided?, does 'how many parts rather being ' signify?

Aubenque categories

as

to

obscurity

which

objective

subjective

one

the

of

genitive Senitive

the

is

insists

(though

not

by

their

other

committed of

reading

'category'

difference,

ontological

as

reading reading

hand,

as

an

an

36

ontic

ontological

(subjective both

conceding

without

the

of

on preserving

the In

co-existencel8). corresponds

inasmuch use

reading

being

of

signification

another

one

double

Heidegger's

presentation

on

alongside

the

of

the

embracing

alternative,

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possibilities

fact,

first

17 Heidegger,

genitive).

the

the

rejects

as

to

his

he

describes and

the

term.

In

of

the

term

use

of

the

spite

his

of

Heidegger

insistence

placed

on

of

the

significance ot)alu,

the

denote

ways to

possessions, German

the

fact

),

'presentness'

the

that

things

Plato's

There

the

those

being the

is

the

nor

it

reference

Elucidating Seiendheit Heidegger's entity

being as

the

is

names point

the on

that

kind

taken primary

of

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point

the

sense

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of

be derived

from he

this quotes

to

the

entity

sense of

of

which

of

unity

means the

Te-Ep(xX(,jq,

37

is:

or

took

as

the

the

as

even

if

oi)ai(y entailing

oU'Cri(x as

of

implies

Volpi

being,

that

without

reference

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translation

oi)cr't(x

of

it

that

is.

a thing

Heidegger's

interpretion qua

the

in thing

a

what

simply

a

Understood

neither

but

is,

distinguishes

such.

as

determines

that

of

approach

simply in

(like

which

simply

being

merely

saying

ontological has

but

thing

a

repercussions

his

for

term

interpretation,

that

denotes

oikyioc

sense,

which

for

draws

Evorhanden) exists nothing their hands; else everything objectively of oU'aloc, of being realm IGA26 145: 1831. 1155e4ff]

kind,

in

mariner

this

which

believe it with

particular

possible

strictest

rather,

an

any

as

not

disposal

to

of

Heidegger

everyday

an

extant

of

support

19

ontological

are

translation

Anwesenheit,

being.

one's the

o1kri(y

category,

primary

at

ontological

his

and

was

emphasis

Theaetetus:

who are they can grasp unless does not belong in the [Vorhandense-in]. present

As

ox,XY1(X

which In

in

Seiendheit

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entirely

more

if

final

production will

far

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is

in

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ethical

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couched of

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is

final

account.

of a kind to possible say eudaimonia without ("faire") something

In

the

doubts

reading

question

to

(As

the

np&ýiq

Gauthier

specificity

to

Aristotle's

of

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and

the

activity

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out

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turn

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relation the

anterior

which

articulation

has

be the its

on are

and

it

than

the

if

final the

that

demands understood

linear

narrow

56

end

as we shall to

seems are is

not

also to

realize. to

be

be for a thing

activities

to

than

in

of

announced

at

of

relation

otherwise teleology

apparent

Ackrill

themselves

in

ends

Indeed,

proposal.

track.

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terms the

outset

himself

is

in

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more

positive

adept

of life

a

about

he

is

invitation, the

not

insists

in

complete

"

he

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of

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ciýSa-tgovl(x

themselves

bits.

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"just

not

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offering

means

for

is

less

surefooted:

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the

ingredients the sake primary of eudaimonia are for is not incompatible their being of eudaimonia with ends in themselves; for is constituted by activities that eudaimonia CAE 191 are ends in themselves.

This is

is

clearly

of

to

be

shown

ingredients

of

are

kind.

some idea

very the

of

the

full

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light

the

final

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no

parts

this

the

attempt and

Ackrill to

final

discussion

of

is

wholes

good made which

things. to is

the

of

Burnet

Like

end

and

elaborate expressly

57

an

Gauthier

alternative

ruled

task

out

of

occupied in

manner

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to

is

mean

gained to

in the

Jolif,

and

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by Aristotle

a us

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what

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has

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ends,

time

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suspicion:

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remarks

may arouse

suggests

self-sufficiency

other

all

(the

Similarly,

making

Ackrill

for

aside

in

used

essay, end

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be

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[1097b8-201.

understands

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Aristotle's

of

end

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to

chapter),

ends

subordinate

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meaning

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plan"?

response

throughout

in

constructing not

that

understood

later

the

as

from

customarily

is

insofar

only

distinct

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compound

is

help

he

that

it

thereby, language in

the

very

same

passage

and

11097bl7-201.

production

biens:

in

Indeed, en

effet

effect,

it

is

the

sum

merely

veils

This

to

be

understood.

36

When

it

is

difficult

to

avoid

been

declared

The

ease

to

which

their

they

negligence

than

of

articulation

from

Book

question

is

used

of

tous CAE 22:

goods" how

of

ENT is

has

'

'sum,

subject

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aggregation

les

'inclusion'

the

with

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relation

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to

of

previous

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Jolif

and

to

proposed

one

confront the

Gauthier

and

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seems

problem.

the

all

of

Jolif

and

inclut

somme qui

includes

idea

Ackrill

which

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model

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inadequate.

with

the

the

la

the

Gauthier

quotes

lui-m6me

'includes'

to

conforms

Ackrill

est

53 My emphasis).

deploy

actually

"j]

approvingly;

less

which

inadvertantly

testifies,

avoid

pervasiveness

-nolquic,

and

trope,

Aristotle's

np&ýir,

I quoted

section,

this

of

turn.

every

at

perhaps,

from

suffers following

the

own the

passage

VI:

thought for-the-sakebut only nothing, moves alone This indeed governs with action. and concerned of something has some always something makes whoever since also, noi9criq in is is that in further an end not made which view: end Whereas that for is but it itself, someone. and relative doing (T6 itself, in is done is since an end npcxxT6v] which desire is the at. aims IsiMpocti(y] what and end, well [1139a35f] Thought

As

I

noirlcri(;, the

before,

noted

np&ttq,

whereby in

totality

neither

this

its of

clear

tells

is

np&tt(; capacity all cut

activities nor

us

to

elevated as

the

the

that

form

and

a

of

pursuits.

final

final

58

the

of

priority

end

which

However,

Commenting

conclusive.

end

position the

has

on

the this

form

of

over grounds

priority passage,

is

Bernasconi is

what

by

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governed

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sake

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relation,

is

construed the

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as

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&pXý

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Aristotle

More

causes.

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meant

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the

is

asks

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practical This

1161.

in

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to

raises

a

problem.

rlp&ý-Lq

may

If

np&ki(;

is

it

is

but in itself, how can it be the being cause of noiricy-ic. without conceived as external an And if to Heidegger that the doctrine the goal? we grant of has four its then in the causes source experience of making, to it Aristotle's reference of np&ýiq causality places ... the teleology In this way referential of TEoIrlaric. within it is the time very privileged over TEoiricriq np&ýiq at IFDP 117]37 light to be interpreted in the of noiqatq. comes

of

the

final

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belongs

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in

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problem

of

terms

guarantees

to

its

in

Bernasconi

being

sustaining

own

postpones a

it

in

the

favor of

59

the

and "the

the

of

The

priority. axis

original a

within

namely, that

ensures

it

nolqatq,

np&ýiq

than

of is

np&tiq

subordinate

always

language

about

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is

turns,

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then

activity,

accorded

is

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of

all

by production,

ostensibly

and

itoigaiq

entirely

38

is

of

goal

determined it

to

be

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and

cause

text

The

end

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Aristotle's

that

own

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over

activity

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bear

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integrated better it

shows shows

the

np&t,, q

itself"

[FDP

1171.

without

has

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of

the

specificity

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fact

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CHC

1541.

and

in

end

activity np&tir,

be

np&ýtq

and

activity, influence human promising thereby

of being in

it

by

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be

production?

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understood

as

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world

in

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men"

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render

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upon drift

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all

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dependence

means

meaninglessness"

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ostensibly

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writes,

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as

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that

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others,

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established

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39

such,

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by

Arendt,

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inherent

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to

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60

final attained

goal

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as

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manner or

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61

refer

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I 'ambito dal quale contrario, ]a esso definisce a partire ser-ie di stessa puo essere pensata nelle sue condizioni interno: possibilitd e ricompresa secondo un ordine piCj quello secondo cui si schiude, si rende originariamente la divaricazione del bene-strumento ]a possibile e, cosf, dimensione del rinvio. ILHP 2441 On the contrary, it defines the region on the basis of which the itself be thought to its series may with regard to a more conditions of possibility and understood according internal that the order: which makes possible original the dimension opening out of the instrument-good and thereby of referral.

In

for

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perch6 su colloca, ]a possibilith

di si esistenza specifica sua condizione in definisce livello Senerale si quale nel quel di tale del noitiv una sfondo sullo gi6 e non ]a

62

the

np&tiq

Ep. 16-17 1.

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situated level is possibility of noii: iv in general the background and not against of such a be thought can np&tiq as something generically to noiTI(xiq not and merely as a kind of supreme

on the defined, possibility, different noina1q.

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X6yov 'cXeiv does not mean appropriating human being, for but to relating rather oneself, relating word as a way of the 16yog, the to word. the in proper way oneself

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41

64

virtue

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40

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I

Section

of

throughout

obliquely,

chapter.

significance

resolve

first

or

at

for

all

inapplicability relation here

which

we come

to

the

second

form

of

np&tuc;

the

sense

of

be

resolved,

the

basis

itself,

the of

nolquir,

to

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difficulty

whether

in

the

sense

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general

recovery

of

the

of

ways

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or

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a conception

that

an ontology

a conception in

points

in

activity

a determination such

this

problem,

is

not

naive

specificity

which

it

of to

continue has

of

be no

in

determined

66

these that

-

will by

problems might

fail the

in

or

act

that

recovery

-a

Dasein

control.

a specific

np&tiq

the

articulating

can secure

requires insofar

as

experience

of

Chapter

Two

TRANSCENDENCE AND THE RADICALIZATION

We

in

saw

with In

ontology.

conception

of

that a means

setting

be

will

out

the

everyday

concern.

The

in

account

is

which

things' As

that have

we

such

are

a

arguably

that

out It

it

is

also

the

over in

in

the

the

of

assess

in

things

invested

the of

fact

that of of

reflection

to

work.

67

the

as and

resist 'mere

purpose.

tradition

and

as

matter

above view

grew all

of ever

are

only

and

possibilities, a whole,

as

point

by and

Ding-an-sich),

production

fixed

of

presupposed

substance

one-sided

needs

9915-18

primarily

being

Kantian

works

my point

to

metaphysical

production

a highly

Time

value

of

Aristotle's

concerned

with of

the

in

context

disclosure

is

in

naivety

Dasein,

and

Heidegger

philosophy

of

of

Being

regards

in

only

important

impact

interpretation

even

not

the

understanding

experience

incomplete

movement

to

understanding

the

a pre-constituted an

a perceived

view

the

in

all

the

dispelling

enshrined

however,

is,

suppresses

handled

firmly

reflected of

of

subsequently seen,

above

initially work.

only

now

exemplified (and

that

already

view,

practical

account

Dasein's this

Aristotle's

on Heidegger's

wp&ýiq

departure

of

Introduction

Heidegger

presented Greek

the

OF PRAXIS

of

its

of the made

the work and but

pas5ing

concIU5ion

The

problem

arises

position

of

towards

things.

in

Greek

unwarranted

to

it

the

human

cognitive

by

activity

towards

determination is

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it of

which

reason, utmost

the

to

in-the-world

features these

and

Dasein

therefore, of

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considerations

as

world

of

account

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Heidegger ontically

of

being

being

the

for to

a

in in

of

absorbed

is

clear

68

that

(for Heidegger

Introduction it

has

the

possibility

its

elevation

of

Dasein

in

everyday of

of the

the that

provides

understanding it

existing

to

delineation

preliminary

pre-ontological alone,

part

activity.

the

of

applied

description

most

everyday

be

only

ultimately

phenomenological

ontological

activity

distinct

and

Dasein's

theoretical

explains

which

everyday

human

revision and

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in

intentionality

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typology

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of

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of

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superficial

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level.

a

caution).

question

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than

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thematic

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of

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term

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and

in

structures

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beyond

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ontological access

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order

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he

eschewed

the

teacher

and

presuppositionless

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1

in

suspicion

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insights

Husserl's

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comportment

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itself

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head,

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of

a and

Husserl

comportment

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elevation

priority

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phenomenological Husserl.

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with

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as

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of to

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in

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renown

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as

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phenomenological

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we

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the

the

begin

to

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described

are which

always

the

and

what

as

for

paths

dispersed,

manipulates

things

most

part concern

of

"closest

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and

69

but

puts

above

2

Indeed, that

practical it

course,

Insofar

as

inheriting

he risks

of

the

succumb

analyses store.

absorbed

in

us" to

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[Besorgen]

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presentation

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as

ontology

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in

all

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text.

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ontological

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sections

is use"

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kind

such of

67: 951-

The

theme

preliminary

what

gets

produced, that

observation towards

means that

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and

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ISZ

11139blf,

end

in

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67: 951.

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is

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engaging. to

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70

the

the Instead, relation

of

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first,

in

general amounts

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latter

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Terminus die fUr es im besorgenden

einen angemessenen das, ))Dinge((: np6tVj.L(xc(x, d. i. womi t man Umgang (7Ep&ti. (; ) zu tun hat. ISZ 68: 96-971

Greeks had an appropriate to is that say, which dealings (praxis). concernful

becomes

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n. 35.1,

hatten

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noir)-c6v]

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71

less

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Si e1i eßen »pragmatischen« bestimmten sie

»zunächst«

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pragmata"?

on

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familiar

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nach

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spezifisch Dunkeln im und ESZ 68: 971

'pragmatic' specifically character the Greeks left in what obscurity; 'proximally' ' as 'mere Things.

mean

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gerade npotygo(z(x Dinge«. »bloße

the

ontologically, is just pr-agmata thought of these

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den

aber ontologisch Charakter der

sense

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np6cVgo(T(x as

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die tun

überhaupt sofern sie solche sind, womit wir zu sei es, daß wir bearbeiten, verwenden umgestalten betrachten oder nur und durchforschen - Tip6rygo(z(x auf lip&eic, bezogen, hier in dem engen np&tir, ganz weit genommen weder Sinne der praktischen Anwendung (vgl. XpficrOcKt) noch im Sinne Handlung der np&tig im Sinne der Handlung; sittlichen als ist Tun und Betreiben np&tig und Aushalten, was auch alles die noirjai(; einschlieflt. them at all, whether we as we have to do with look at and them, transform we only or whether here to praxis pragmata with regard praxis: in the truly narrow sense, neither wide a in the (kresthai), sense of nor use practical meaning of doing, is all and pursuing, praxis action: praxis as moral "-s includes poiesis. also which enduring, things

insofar work on them, them examine is taken in

rlp6rVýL(x,Eo( are

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72

in

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§13

formalization.

6

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77: 1081.

a

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Gehalt Begegnung, »Formale«

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ist

74

Husserl

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issue 915

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30-311.

turn,

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der Gebrauchsdinge, Zusammenhang Wenn man gar den ontischen das In-der-Weltder Welt identifiziert des Zeugs, und mit ist dann den Gebrauchsdingen Umgang ausgelegt, mit als sein In-der-WeltTranszendenz der Verst, 9ndnis freilich als ein Daseins(( des Sinne im ))Grundverfassung einer sein 81n] 155n: EVWG-WM aussichtlos. things the ontical If we somehow equate useful of system Being-in-the-world the tools) explain and world with then things, traffic abandon we useful with in Being-in-the-world transcendence as of understanding '20 Dasein. feature 'basic of constitutive sense of a

It

above so

therefore

is

far

transcendental

the

all

in

contained

Being

transcendental should

be

taken

problem

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insist

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as

simply

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'world'

Time

analysis

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with

the

"the

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is

to

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seriousness,

utmost

85

the

of

prepare

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whilst

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way

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Heidegger

Indeed,

world.

as any the

addressed,

intention"

sole

§914-22

must

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(of

goes

analysis for

the

declaration

should

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be

to

understood be

set

the

aside

locus

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border

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complex

matter,

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has

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course

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indeed that

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of

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be

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of

If

we

one

present

to

are the

in

manner everyday This

another-

to

can

discover

Dasein's

and

allowed

concern

to

attend

implicate,

must

everyday

purpose.

thinking,

and

Dasein's

of its

served

transcendental

concern

over

the

Heidegger's

of

the

which

that

mean

resurface

is

a

gradually

21

work.

*

In

The

Metaphysical

principa

sense Time

and

the

theme

Heidegger

of

ISZ

metaphysical

65: 931,

he

from

transcendence

discerns

order

as

to

Aristotle's diversity

practical of

human

EGA26 to

order

of

in

is

ideas

of

conceptualized between

matter

of

phiI05ophy activity.

idea

in

terms

epistemology a more This

86

is

"the

of that

broadly reflected

the

he by

to

and

thematic

ideas

intends

it,

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led and was

problem

Heidegger

in

of

looking

the

based

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of

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object.

and

reduction

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sense

doctrine as

the

subject

Being

transcendence,

dominated

of

correlation

the

of

the

world

entirely

in

connection,

and

and

that

the

directly

this

spite

ideas

he recognizes concept

232-1801

ideas

of

as

indication

elucidate

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this

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In

such"

doctrine

relation

avert

transcendence

the

being the

as

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de5cribe5

terms

same

links

doctrine

attain to

transcendence

to

22

world,

Moreover,

ultimately

Dasein

therein.

to

relation

then

Heidegger

the

essentially

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world

essence

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itself

Foundations

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sought

in

of

the

account the

in

following

passage

along

-

conception

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via

kind,

whatever

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transcendence

of

experience,

a

is

impulse

to

formalization

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a perilous

arrive of

at

a

everyday

one.

So wenig man der Transzendenz, weil sie eben kein ontisches Verhalten ist, der Anschauung im theoretischen oder ästhetischen Sinne kann, aufbürden dem sowenig auch Verhalten, praktischen der sei handwerkliches im Sinne gebrauchenden, Die zentrale sei es sonst eines. Aufgabe ist in der Ontologie des gerade, Daseins hin ter diese Scheidungen der Verhaltungen in die Wurzel gemeinsame Aufgabe, die freilich zurückgehen; eine nicht einfach zu braucht. Trenszendenz liegt sein jeder vor möglichen Verhaltensweise überhaupt, vor der v6qcytr aber auch vor der 11 IGA26 235-236: 1831 opet-Lq. One cannot theoretical

transcendence into intuition, in either pack the because it is not or the aesthetic sense, even Even less it be packed an ontic into activity. can a be it in an instrumental-utilitarian practical comportment The central task in the ontology sense or in any other. of Dasein is to back behind those divisions into go to find their that comportments common root, a task need be Transcendence not, of course, easy. precedes every in general, to voqcYiq, but possible mode of activity prior to 0'pcýi(; also prior The

rejection

follows, with

of

however, which

one

closes

that

off

intuition the

and

each common

root

for

have

awareness

wedded of

to intuition

emphasis

intuition

thinking

his

to

sights

Heidegger's

theory

been that

and

concern

aware

practical

that

activity

and

practice,

87

of

to

of

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whatever In

Heidegger

more.

in

finds is

kind

looking is

both

establish

already

one

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immediately

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ease as

common root

Yes,

(113ga36-1139b2l.

thought

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the

activity

Heidegger on

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practice?

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intuition

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turn

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Aristotle

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avenue,

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Heidegger

Platonic

might

basis

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for not

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simply

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complex

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6pctiq

in

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the

to

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he

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footing,

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comportment

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manner

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another

root

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Following

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transcendence a basis

cannot Dasein's

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in

in

and

np&tiq,

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88

must in

nor

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ontic

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Obwoh I

di e

eigentlichen unausweichlichen Zusammenhang Tr-anszendenten EGA26 237: 1841

Transzendenz Verwurzelung Zwang

bei

Plato

in ihrer nicht aufgesucht kommt unter dem wurde, der Ph.9nomene der gleichwohl dem der idea Mit vermeinten Wurzel der Transzendenz, der Trp&tic..

zwischen und der

Though in Plato transcendence investigated down to was not its the inescapable genuine roots, the pressure of brought to phenomenon light nevertheless the connection between the transcendent intended by the idea and the root of transcendence, np&kiq.

How

is

it

that

Heidegger

transcendence,

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root what

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earlier and

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the

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regard

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to

Plato,

Heidegger

in

terms

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being

of that

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I Hlrtxciva

has But

there

occurs -rqc,

89

so

with

o1kriaq].

far

only

referred

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more

regard Rejecting

to

to

primordial the the

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of

common

interpretation to

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of the

18ta

terms

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value,

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us

Tof) o'cv(xOob

der Charakter, 01 Cvcxo( bezeichnen, bzw. ist, nicht emphasis

in

good

den

Plato Aristoteles und vor allem als olý das Umwillen, das worumwillen ist etwas ist. IGA26 237: 184 Initial so bzw. anders

mine]

the described by Plato characteristic and particularly Aristotle 'Cvcx(x, the for-the-sake-of as the ob [das -which Umwillenl, that is or is not, on account of which something is in this way or that.

By

to

alluding

introduces

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Aristotelian

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transcendental Indeed, this

an

the

chapter

as

come

to 23

discourse.

in

some

across

connection

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the

theory against

speak

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source

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in

way

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can,

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with

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the

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references and

Heidegger's Aristotle

deploys the

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the

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case

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in the

&-ycx96v in

Ipp.

100-1021,

Chapter

The

Three,

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theme

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at

in

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represents

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Dasein

in

Heidegger

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to

ursprtinglich-einigen Verstehens von

The

primordial, of the

concrete of

existence with

Dasein

transcendence.

transcendence

and

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a more

Logic

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to

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it taken

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of ground of Being.

the

equated

n6Xiq

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is

for

describing

91

this

it

question

the

existence that

with

possibility concerned

specific

elements to

Wahrheit

possibility

then

Heidegger

be

can

-

amount

der

Heidegger

Heidegger

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together,

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mitigated

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text,

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in

entirely

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in

Dasein.

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np&tir,

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Grunde der M&glichkeit EVWG-WM 160: 933

by

the

appears

profound

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being

the

almost

IGrundm&glichkeit)

unified understanding

in

In

EVWG-WM 160: 931.

Sein.

question

of

-

it

as

of

Dasein.

and

Heidegger

discussion

93-951

not

fundamental

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open

least

at

n6Xiq"

understanding

the truth

Foundations

possibility

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detail

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re-introduces

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contemporaneous)

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remains

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transcendence the

that

a sense

CVWG-WM 160-161:

interpreted

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in

Metaphysical

('x-yo(06v -

favoured

F-vex(x

However,

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regarding

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considered

186(y Tob 0'(-y(xOob implicitly

nearly

Grounds'

of

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(and

parallel

Essence

-

II

01')

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reintroduction a

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11.

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Part

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as

"die

Urhandlung

menschlicher

existence"

IVWG-WM 160: 93

It

diminished

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activity

intuition:

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implies

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traced

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sense

in

entirely the

to

iT6Xiq Heidegger

the

the the

thinking

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significance; transcendence

of

problem

and

such

a

signalling

politics

are

in

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given

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either that

suspending

The

n6Xiq

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is

link

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part

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by

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respective

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depend

transcendence,

link

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of

question

n6Xiq

transcendence that

25

transcendence.

are

full

a

temptation

the

be

should into

of

the

as

Heidegger

,

n6Xiq.

or

and

reaches

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by

terms

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enter

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theoretical

of

transcendence

Heidegger's

refer

realm

by

Dasein's

of

a withdrawal

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to

kind,

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if

such

to

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from

under5tand

sense

between

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situation

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of

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customary

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concrete

question"

self-evident,

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Opposed

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human

of

Plato of

transcendence

"concrete

what

question

it

isolating 24

activity

regarded

the

confining

by

the of

in

roots

being.

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simply

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con5ideration

Heidegger of

and

historical

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its

primordial

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that

radicality

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the

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Existenz-.

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this

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Heidegger's

might implicit

wish

to reading

92

pose of

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np&ýiq:

by

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to

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the

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The

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This

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Heidegger

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philosophy

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attached

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the

Aristotelian

other-worldly

divine

of

towards

these

a more -a

93

two

it

so

their '

same

being). 'realms'

the

were the

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than

rather

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situation

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But

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ways

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to

Everything

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ontic

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of

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as in

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lapse

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fundamental

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Heidegger

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is

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is

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namely,

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activity

Heidegger's

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of

that

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as

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npo(ýiq,

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'wrong'

activity be

might

danger.

wholly

in

ontic

transcendence

can

for

a prerequisite

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Dasein

Ipp. 205-

2061.

To place

this

how

we

are

associates we

to

face that

up&(ýiq

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context

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the

with

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earlier

Heidegger

is to

position

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This

seals

remark

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all

to

Aristotle discussion

a

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1p. 871. lies

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the

passage

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jeder

vor voqcric.,

claim

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möglichen auch aber

possible prior also

it

nature

94

is

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Verhaltensweise der Opeeir.. vor in

mode of activity to O'pet-Lq.

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Heidegger

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to

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conception

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their

Dasein

approach

under

(np&tiq)

of

an ontic

such

liegt Transzendenz der überhaupt, vor EGA26 236: 1831

general,

on

such

appreciate

Transcendence

Urhandlung

how

of

what

rejected

of

transcendence

the

understanding

expressly

in

addressing

unmistakable

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himself

reference

[npo(xipscr-,

r, 1

in

to the

Micomachean II

(xpXrl o

Ethics

11139a32-1139b7l.

Enp&ýewql,

action

Ifil

Hence

is

choice appetition;

Human

being

is

defined

by

the

is

26

to

say,

opcýiq

to

.,

belonging

432b27-433a321. not

arrive

prior

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outlined

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possible

conveys the

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as

tradition

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126

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being-for-the-

lectures,

account in

is

problematised

accorded Sophist

Tp6vqaiq

np&ýiq

Dasein's such

the

exceeds

only

on

in

sense

perspectives

deliberately

earlier

the

Indeed,

as

simply

Heidegger

to

projective the

and

and

the

-

by

constituted

hand

that in

evident

and

as

but

a

intelligible

the

that

complementary

and

maintaining

ao
itself.

(yo(pi(x

and

Heidegger's

radically

view

OccapeTtx6c.

of

profoundly

prominence

the

supporting

-

the

on

sake-of-itself

Accordingly,

Pioq

of of

what

a O'Xov totality

of

compromises

existence.

alternative

totality

it

as

with

horizons

the

xo(06Xou

disclosure

virtue

with

conception

notion

respect

the

the

X6-yoq

of

a concern

the

cyo(pl
two

has

could

fundamental

of

with a

this

however,

together,

the

weakening

uoTlu

everyday

closer

in

with

side,

designates

Dasein's

brought

are

negative

uo(piu

of

world

concern

in

character

reading

cro(pia's

it

designates

compared

This

than

definition

ties

structural be

may

world.

On

world.

the

faithfully

more

that

problematic

Heidegger's

all,

therefore

and

to

of

xcx96Xob

from

commitment

ao(pi(y

explicitly

inseparable

Heidegger's

of

lectures

The

XcV6ýLcvov.

of

to

First

such.

Sophist

sense

aspects

correspond

as

the

two

this by

of

the

status

of

environment darker

that

or

this

that

opaque.

Only

once

of

nature,

and

aspect

falls

Being

then

has

which

which in

Ep. 571.

encounters

that

also

totality,

referential remains

is

It

side.

Dasein

which

the

Time

somewhat

does

has

nature

involvement

no

within

and

But

in

clearing,

Heidegger

a

the yet

hint

at

obliquely.

Matur ist ontologisch-kategorial verstanden ein des Seins Grenzfall innerweltlichen Seienden. von m6glichen in diesem Sinne kann das Dasein Das Seiende als Natur nur in Modus bestimmten In-der-Welt-seins seines entdecken. einem Erkennen hat den Charakter bestimmten Di eses einer der Welt. ESZ 65: 93-941 Entweltlichung ontologico-categorially, one finds the Being of possible case of a its definite Only in mode of some within-the-world. entities discover Dasein Being-in-the-world as entities can own them has the knowing This Nature. of character of manner in a definite the world depriving way. of its worldhood Nature limiting

If one understands is Nature that

Nature

begins

Heidegger account

the

where

of

towards

problem

Being

in

given

world

and

nature

of Time

because [wozu

ourselves

comport

we

which

the

that

explains

ends.

world

The

'On

In

Essence had

no

place

it

is

not

in

the

something ver-halten].

uns

wir-

'

Grounds,

of

Nonetheless:

existiert.

is

Nature

as

exists

disclosed How can showing Dasein'5

im Ur-5PrOnolich befindlich-gestimmtes als 83n] CVWG-WM 155n-156n:

isl

Matur dieses

Nature,

Dasein

primordially and situated

is

then, by what

is

itself finitude.

in

manifest But

Dasein. not as

of

such,

manifest disposed

how the like

Heidegger

Da5ein can

offenbar inmitten

Dasein in in the midst

without be,

this

manifest

world death,

nature

addressed

133

dap dadurch, Seiendem von

if

having

been

nature

is

itself is the

Dasein

because of being.

in

explicitly worldly?

not

Dasein?

manifest connected

Without

precisely themes

in of

nature, in

philosophy

the

and

exposition

problems

we have

Metaphysical

of

in

which

task

Thus of then

been

we

turn

c)-o(pi(x depends

adds

the

being

depends

the

totality

that

the

factual

to

of

extantness

Right radically, become beings

This

within it

understood extantness

of that

appears being, as understood there. is already

final

fundamental

horizon

condition place in of

in

the

connection nature

with undercuts

a final of

its

as an between

understanding of

the

exi5tence

as

Dasein-

possibility np&ý-Lc,.

Dasein

of

of

in

But turn

nature.

Seinsproblems Sein als und Totalität von

of being them

being,

when P05ed can and Visible totality of possible of is

its

from

Dasein

134

the the

to

existence

existence

problem this all if a only

articulation

that

way

terms;

the

displaces

The the

relation

the

on

im

the

of

describes

the

out

des Horizont gestellten radikal ist das daß sichtbar nur all zeigt sich, kann, Verstanden mögliche wenn eine werden 156-157) 199: IGA26 da istSeiendem schon Gerade

the

(plausibly

Heidegger

human

factical

of

an understanding

Aristotelian of

910

the

introduces

give

factical

the

to

being

to

set

light

proposing

itself

depends

on in

by

that on

the

Appendix

of

urgency

Time. 21 Perhaps

Heidegger

brought

goes

paraphrase on

Heidegger

presupposes

He

the

must

is

increasing

in

begins

radicalization

-a

could

and

where

ontology)

whereby

in

Being

problem

problematic

Dasein,

which far,

the

with

in

appendix

fundamental

[Umschlagl.

and

is

Logic,

of

Dasein

particularly

discussing,

of

the

of

issue,

The

limits

and

overturning

being,

the

of

exposition

culmination

being

publication

metontology.

temporal

own

the

Foundations

of

stage

finitude

following

years

clearest

idea

the

being; and

if

versa,

vice

both.

Dasein

In

and

central can the

response

be

only factual to

the

thinking

challenge

of

a special

problematic

Ganzen]"

im

from The

information. is

has

than

destination

but

metontology.

to

Heidegger's

or

surpass

by

np6tic,

on

that

is on

the own

here

the

seems has

np&tiq

of

this

for

the

whole

coincidence

totality

of

account

on

of

ao(pi(x.

not

work,

it

is

role

of

np&kic

is

if

cTo(pjo(

fundamental

directed

the

its

render

regard

so displace

metontology

to

as

existence

with

designation

towards

problematic

beings

adds;

len Fragens tenziel (hier Existenz erst EGA26 199: t571

in the domain of metontological-existentiell the domain is of existence of the metaphysics the for be raised may properly of ethics question

of

literally, the of

domain

the the

out

the

factical is

being

of of

metontology

"understanding

except

through

of existing

135

in

existence the

On

all.

after

away of

question

factical

Dasein's

fallen

not

understanding, straightened

philosophy,

notion

Does

philosophy?

Having

account

implication, in

accumulates

also,

questioning, the (here first time).

It

for

Seiende

stipulates,

simply

fundamental

des me ton tologisch-exis Und hier im Bezirk der Metaphysik der Bezirk der ist auch der Ethik die Frage 14fit sich steHen). And

he

for

calls (das

a whole i S,

which

Heidegger's

factical

Heidegger

as

science

and

Heidegger

22

of

irrelevant?

as a whole,

and

what

in

conception Dasein's

"beings

Heidegger's

implications

the

are

is

empirical

from

single

ontology,

theme

Dasein

familiar

any

What

any

finitude,

of

199: 1571,

emphasis

other

unmistakably

condition

whose

IGA26

distinguished

what

this

existence

with oneself" itself"

of the

contrary, of

that

Dasein the

in

reaffirmed

terms

of that [SZ

as

a

declared

existentiell "never 12: 331.

gets In

a

(an

Umschlag9)

question

of

reversal the

to

to

only

the

as

belongs,

as

though

through

that

very

in

the

feature

followed

directly

the

thinking

his

be pursued

of

here,

metaphysics

'straightened the I

was, this

time,

out'

question

of

believe,

an

and

Aristotle.

of

further

any

presented

of

at

reading

Dasein

be

questioning

Heidegger's

circled

question only

analytic

previously of

concentration

existentiell

from

existence

could

This

existential

that

fundamental

question

of of

cannot

the

existence.

the

a movement

we find

which

this

realm

essential

question

in

from

movement

proper,

here

domain

very

being

being

itself,

renew

the

of

that

one

Although

we shall

the

to

return

it

in

Conclusion.

the

*

We began with

Heidegger's

with lengthy

a

astray,

losing

question

in

to

care

a

I

the

entirely

the

we

our

it from

to

develop

their

of &Vcx66v

therefore

in

sets

(pp6v9aiq

themes,

136

they

where

a

sense.

not

Let

gone

np&ýic,?

question

Posing

the

we must

take

namely

with

aoTi(y

and

the

that

doing

In

so, apart

of mark

as

Vp6vgcriq

and

against

the

&vo(06v here

it

order

a clear

given

emphasis

outside

concerned

all,

the

ended

somewhat

lies

ao(pio(

independence

the

have

disengagement

contests.

accepted

placed

above

this

even the

of

here

that

respective

an absolute

and,

precisely

dispositions, challenging

have

life

is

we

that

suggests

it

and

a misconception

reveals

view

Have theme

central

factical

But

facticity

of

aoýpl(x.

implicitly

predominant

By

of

already

sought

separable

priority.

separability

for

have

of

terms

theme.

confronts

and

these

different

croq)1(x,

track

disengaged

reading

of

consideration

avoid,

np&ýiq,

hermeneutics

rest

nP
'separability.

'

I

significations that

of

they

are

irreducible

not

one

determinations

In

respectively such

simply

at

this

"distressing

a

it

inseparable

once

they

and

these

However,

respect,

Dasein

of

that

suggest

equivalent.

crossed,

another.

remained

to

mean

('x-Y(xO6v are

necessarily

to

relation

do

may be

being,

of

difficulty"

two

from

and

likened

to

inter-

whose

for

be

may

Heidegger

1HW

74: 871.

In

the

following for

vehicle of

Heidegger in

ontology

anthroplogy context

sections

such

and

to a

its

and structure

see how

we shall

through

carry way

the

term

crogi(y

destruction

of

undercut

scholastic

descendents,

modern of

to

as

the

serves the

as a

history

philosophical Dasein

returning

to

the

np&ýiq.

III

In

the

previous

established

primarily

Heidegger this

(pp6vrlcri c,

a further

constitution

the

of for and

fact

modes

of

we have

in

which already

as

how

the

priority

of

basis

of

its

proper

theme.

on

of

ao4pI (X

saw

and

uo(picx

picture

was

However,

intriguing

particularly the

cro(pi(y

to

aspect of

the

sense,

is

gives

Dasein.

that

vobq, first

apprehending

authentic aopi(x,

the

concentrating

account

responsible

we

on

elaborates

priority,

ontological

On

section,

voZ(;

specific

volizugsweisen

accomplished" that

mentioned

137

the

describes

Heidegger

principles,

"eigentlichen is

the

in

EPIA aoT6q

2551. must

des

vobq:

In

the

case

know

not

only

the

IIccro(picx

be

must

this

the

vob(;

Tp6vr)crir,,

situation

without

describes

the

things

is

it

this

to

first

Aristotle

11141al9l, the

apprehend

but

those

declares

that

principles,

reason,

'nia-cýjiij"

and

o'(-V(x06v as

for

from

For

combination

course,

As

follow

themselves.

principles

in

that

conclusions

the

where ('YpXofi

and

role

of

voi3c,

ultimately,

of

absolute.

too

must

recourse

to

reasoning,

having

"an

(pp6vigor,

as

the

grasp

eye

ultimate

in

particulars

and

this

for

things"

is

why

a

Aristotle

11143bl4l.

Al I

considered:

the in both vouq apprehends ultimates aspects since definitions by vobq ultimates as well as primary are grasped by in demonstrations and not reached reasoning: voubr, the immutable definitions, in apprehends and primary inferences it the practical apprehends ultimate and fact hence have contingent we must perception of .... this immediate is particulars and perception VobC 23 11143a35-b5l

Now, then

if

the by

primordial

intellectual

virtue

virtues its

of

relation

Die das

to

der

))Wahrheit(( ursprUngliche kann entdeckt, Entdeckungsfunktion The

truth

primordial primarily uncovering

voiSc,

priority

truth,

this

and

is

in

which

truth

is

must

itself

have

indeed

what

we find:

secured, a

ist der Sehens des ))Ideen(( und o(iaOrjatq Und nur Entdecken. prirn-4r, v6rIa-tc, weil SIO(VOCTV X6-yoc, der als auch ISZ 226: 2691 haben.

and of (xIcrOrjo-i(; kind uncovering. of the can uncovers, 24 function. its as of

ways

are

the is 'ideas' of seeing because And v6qaiq only have Sicevoe*fv X6Voq also as the

138

more

NoiSq

'as'

interpretation

is

perceptual

say

act,

as

yet the

this

acquires

keeping

the

to

insofar

of

this

vou-c.

way, of a

Worüber, solchem

one

is

disclosure

that

part

for

provides

the

free

of

of

priority, is

to

destructive

a

on the

letztlich

vobq, that

such

Nobq

modified. and

each

kind

or to

question

an not

every

any can

another, such first

and it

because

indispensable

project

can

because

rather

interpretative

then

attach

against

das Vernehmen schlechthin, Der voiSc ist irgendwelchen gerichteten Ur f Worauf ein 2571 [PIA überhaupt vorgibt. ermöglicht, is vob(; possible oriented

upon

significance the

which

horizon

the

appear:

das

perception, simply in advance gives and activity.

i. e. what a whereupon

139

all

of

itself,

thing

discloses

it

project

become

element

the

presents

im

erst 2581

cannot

ultimately which discourse.

essential

but

nicht [PIA

selbst werden kann.

was zugänglich

interpretative

specific

belonging in

for

lifted

of

priority

it

as

be

somehow

interpretation

that its whereon, possible that in initially accessible

which

the

via

interpretation

strategy

basis

occluded

priority

could

a certain

perception

mögliches sein Besprechen als

modes

their

discourse

concrete

In

to

even

articulation

subordinates

with

recognizes

of

relation

prior

their

or

perception

a hitherto

discovers

such

Heidegger

though

Heidegger

reading,

that

In

interpretation.

and

things,

virtues.

to

not

to

access

such

intellectual

remaining

This

primary

a

provides

das, heißt Umgang

was mit

makes all above for [Wor-aufl any

thing

The

form

that

of

of

im Festhalten

element

of

is

the

it

des

fa5t

holding

in

voZq

in

die the

makes EPIA

site

Of

such

as first

Worauf

particular

then

np&ý, q,

des

2591.25

beings of

the with

Lage

the

consideration

to

concerned

apprehends

cro(pi(x of

are

"macht

's"vexu"

ou

totality

theoretical

we

'cvcx(x:

oi)

linked

course

(pp6vgarig

the

voZr,

of If

apprehends.

voi5r,

element

is

activity

Handelns

activity

zugänglich

as

that

is

the

when

an

then

absolute,

disclosed

that

principles

by

accessible

Alternatively,

"'(x96v

the

is

and

a

as

a

opened

possibility.

that

Given

of

problem voU(;

Heidegger

in

openly

it

world,

both

Verst4ndnis Ansicht meiner Phiihomen des IGA19 1441

Heidegger

is

interested

soul '

in

it

little discovered,

what

to

it

us is

him.

of

Heidegger

Indeed,

is

cro(pi(x

and

(ppovncriq.

role

not

themselves:

virtues

her

der

in can

tell In

in

this

sense,

a

respect by

characterized

concerns.

Commenting

describes

oewpi(x

as

on

this

an activity

about

us

in

a

as

cyo4plu primarily

2601.

(PIA tell

constitutive

ist

is my (pp6vrjatq. and via cyogi(x vobc of ., insight preliminary a way of winning sole of vobq. phenomenon

comprehension perspective on the the difficult into

life

the

transcendental

aoýplcx und (pp6vrjair, voýr)q von das Weg, in der schwierige einzige nach Einblick zu gewinnen. vorliiufigen einen votq

The

factical

the

with

attracts

the

des

Des

and

in

all is

to

approach

interest

an

it

that

cro(pi(x

his

by

above that

clear

and

that

solely

concerned

is

(pp6vqcriq

states

motivated

is

the it

may

since,

that

seem as

we

a certain 1922

'Introduction,

that

140

of

the of

structure

ontological

detachment

the

'state

cro(pio(

has

have

already

from

everyday

'

Heidegger

in

Worauf

seinem nicht mehr its

in

7-o(4)1(x is sight

as

horizon

indeed

Yet

which

he

regards

discernible former's

the

sees

in

it

is

to

which

its

significance

the

fundamental than

detachment

from

Lediglich in der reinen ob der ihr verfügbaren Lebens gesehen werden.

The

privilege

accorded

detachment,

by

determination the of

that

mind

general

vobq

in

this be

to

noetic

existence his

of in

movement

voZ(;

the

.

as

of of

thereby

far is

opposite

as

more

on

easily

account

of

which preeminent

thinking,

is

role

transcendence.

141

its

played

to

the

and

structure

such, by

of

question

to

indicate from

isolation As

the

activity

taken

be

in

embedded.

characteristic

approach

assuming

treated

be it

disclosive

may

pure accessible

access

the to

the

its as

chooses

opposed

in its

serves of

to

solcher muß, das Sein des

from

stems

structure

cannot

the

life

precisely

it

which

in

self-evident

a whole

the

Yet

-

world.

as

in

highest

11141b2f].

of

loses

'unworldly'

Heidegger,

Tp6vgaiq

it The

definition

Bewegtheit

Heidegger

That

way,

that.

refers

for

aogio( of

as

for

by

are

is.

distant,

be must seen simply of as such, on account

virtue

activity

critique

conception

to

Most

ist,

it

which

der aogi(x als Bewegtheit, eigentlichen [PIA 260-2611

of crwi(x Bewegtheit.

authentic

and

dem er

Zeitigung

life

of

in

life

Aristotle

in

the

life

very

nonetheless

sages

in

selbst,

highest

concerned


The being temporalising

the

at

is

diminishing

true;

longer

ao(pioe

the

are

Leben

Gazing

life.

with

from

no

hyperopic.

of

things

sieht.

das gerade [PIA 263]

vobq

it

the

reinforces in

Plato's

The

associated

activity Heidegger

which

with

OetapeZv ist Dadurch verfügt. also GA19 §181

is OewpcTv Accordingly,

of

by

the

In in

not to

on

of

him

that

this

in itself

recognizable

but

this

rather

to

move

In

-

it

the

new

accordance

in

being

such

resides

which

with nor a way

his affirms as

142

to

retrieve

of

human'

-a

ostensibly touched form

a

of of

had

the

of

beginning

of

reading,

as it

a

history

destructive

tendency

been

other-worldly

the

from

most

possibility

an

at

referred

this

is

as

towards

strategy

'what

what

shaping we

Aristotle

we have

Christianity,

impulse

than

in

the

the

the

of

most

and

rather,

in

definition, to

is

what

understood

of

advent

being

more

evident

be

may

ambiguous

still

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anthropology

chapter.

Heidegger

following

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philosophical

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Epp. 104-1051,

transcending

existence

he

which

religion

endorses

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perhaps

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das Leben 263, cf.

Aristotle's

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life

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form

fact

to

on

nothing

being

human. 26

human'

goes

highest

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Bewegtheit, reinste über es etwas »GÖttliches«.

Bewegtheit purest of is something 'divine'.

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143

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28

perspective. basis this remarks,

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1922

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text in

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course is

'Introduction'

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Bewegtheit

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for

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Physics

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144

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len neuen Grundsatz, einen prinzipiel Ontologie aus dem seine und Logik erwachsen, von denen dann die oben schematisch ruckläufig gekennzeichnete Geschichte der philosophischen Anthropolosie durchsetzt ist. [PIA 251) a fundamentally virtue of which of philosophical through.

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une d'appliquer I] donc en g6n6ral au mouvement s'agit de ce qui est terminologie parler pour qui s'e, 5t constitu6e I ]a Vacte dit, Autrement pui ssance dans le mouvement. et 6 horizon le toujours cofwe mouvement pr6supposent 4531 [PEA ils Vint6rieur duquel signifient. in to general movement It is therefore applying of matter a in is talk to in what about order a terminology constituted always potential In and act words, other movement. they signify. horizon which within as a presuppose movement

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du mouvement, 16 une d6finition extrins6que ce serait de d6part dans lui-mC-me, et point son envisaS6 mais non en des dans positions sub5tituer ce serait son aboutissement; des Parall6lement, lui-m6me. user serait ce au passage fagon d'une de d'acte par extrinsdAque notions puissance et I'acte ]a et puissance si comme rapport au mouvement, le lesquels 6taient les terms et non se meut mouvement entre [PEA 453-4541 lui-m6me. du mouvement des d6terminations

Mais

to extrinsic a would its point of in of not view movement, to be It substitute its departure would completion. and it time, the At itself. would the same for passage position in way a potential be to and act of conceptions use the though were and potential to movement, act as extrinsic determinations of not and terms between moved movement which But

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&pETý, heißt das der damit Der Seinscharakter der eitir, und der Menschenseins, aus des wird die Struktur ontologische Bewegtheit bestirmten Wie im Ontologie des Seienden einer

153

human

der und Bewegtheit

Radikalisierung (PIA 2611

ontologischen verst-Undlich.

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The ontological I that is O(pc,cý, man, is intelligible the in manner

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Bewegung, in Seiende das Seins-Vorhabe, Die entscheidende Seienden dieses Explikation bestimmte ontlogische und die Grundstrukturen, die für ontologischen die Motivquellen sind im christlichen Sein spezifisch das die späterhin göttlichen (Trinität) Leben und innergöttIiche das Sinne (actus purus), Menschen und Gottes zum Seinsverhältnis das damit zugleich Menschen entscheidend des selbst Seinssinn damit den eigenen [PIA 263 My emphasisl bestimmen.

154

of

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a

Epp. 125-1261

detachment

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155

the is

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let

1S6vofgiq1 in the strictest us explain potency is, however, the for sense, which not most useful our For potency 1ivtpVcto(3 present and actuality purpose. extend beyond the to motion. But that involve cases a reference this first kind, in our when we have of we shall spoken kinds discussions the other of potency explain of actuality 11045b35-1046a4l as well.

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ESbv(xgxql which kind the potency of Since of we have treated 1ivtpyci(xl actuality let to movement, us discuss is related the in For is. thing, kind actuality of what and - what, become with clear, it also will analysis our course of 159

be

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that potential, regard we not only to ascribe potency it that is to move something nature whose else, or to be by something else, moved either without qualification or in way, but also use the word in another some particular sense, the is inquiry in the course reason of this which of which these 11048a25-301 previous we have discussed senses also.

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ot from

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274: 2493.

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161

the Ross

die Ausdrücke, entsprechenden die im Hinblick nur auf Bewegung genonmen Aber nachdem wir darüber werden. gehandelt haben, in wollen wir, den Erörterungen und zwar über die dber die auch (d. h. cvL-pyciot die anderen weitertragenden Bedeutungen der S()vofjLiq, ) einen Aufschlup 11045b35geben. GA33 49-501 1046a4, (we wish And first to deal) of all the sense of SbvaVtq with it is in for the which most Though part actually used. 36v(xgiq in this understood way is not in fact to appropriate this discussion). what we have before For 66vugiq us (in and (which theme) cvtp-Vci(x are properly our concern more than the in reference corresponding expressions to used solely But after these movement. we have dealt in with we shall, discussion our of s-"v9pjei(x, the also give an account of (i. e. of the further others reaching senses of S6V(XVjq). 3

There

are

from

the

customary

First,

above. by

this

many the

several

wholly this

part

name I y,

because

is

they

the

the

concerned

prelude

more

senses

to

us

encourages

senses,

to

the

to

that

162

ensuing are

But

philosophical.

regard

in

less what

as

are

for

as

not 5 in

USefuj.

Sbvowiq

of

senses

as that

gesture

a

very

'

translation,

usual

hand,

the

usage not

sense at

they

this

the

'strictest'

inessential

sense,

85 SiMply of

pitfalls

quoted

introduced

"as

they

as

than

edition

'strictest

describes

then

differs

enquiry

its

rather

enquiry

apparently

a necessary

are

He

the

as

translation

fundamental

of

for

in

rather

dismiss

denigrates

account

"4

Ross

the

initial

the

but

translation

by

not

suggested,

one

useless

as

dunamis

used.

to

that

suggests

lbrauchbarl,

having

Heidegger's

more

represented

avoids

paradoxically

account

as

actually

he

relatively

the

reading

have

appropriate way,

which

concerns

commentators most

at

Heidegger

passage

Heidegger's

points

86vofilir,

of

Instead,

establish.

of

the

consideration

of

the

familiar

precisely

the

first

does

part

the

transition

the

from

sense

term5

these

Ent

The Greek

8lbvOfAic,

of nXtov

consi5t?

in

question

phrase

"For

potency

edition

as

involve

a reference

adverb

g6vov

further

denoted

the

from further

motion.

" This

translation

is

to

to

and the

iv9p-ycic(

a

in

Ch. 3. IV

that

there

movement that

such

t-hand, -a

apprehension

of

a

that

are

more

confusion

leads

vorhanden.

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abv(xgiq,

as

is

g6vov,

the

that the

elides

preservation

or

alternatives.

By that

The

the

transition to

to

relation

the

within

cvtpyci(x

and

of

Ross

cases

wholly

xivriatv.

changed

the

proposing lie

Sbv(xgiq

of

movement

exclusive

xcxu&

in

crucially the

sense

rl Si)v(xýLjc.

beyond

do not

expression

with

terms

retain

involves

therefore

as

the

rendered

presenting

movement

careful

SfmxAiq by

"

extend

thereby

to

xivnalv

-y&p Ccr-rIv

actuality

a break

in

nXgov

)((X'rdf xivricriv,

than

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present

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understanding

general sense

rather

to

x(yx&

and

reference

of

senses

perspective

and

a

Heidegger

contrast,

is

[solely],

of

eschewal

and

Xcy6licvov

cvtp, yp-,L()f cC3v g6vov

ývtpVciof

their

movement,

such.

a

of

risk

referring to

appropriate to same

as Heidegger

the

what

treatment

tendency points

improperly

is

is of implicit

in

movement

movement in

out:

begegnet fxcxrä»xivrlcrivl, hinblicken Bewegungen Wenn wir auf (unwillkürlich) von denn Und Bewegtes. sprechen wir uns von bewegen, ebenso und Bewegte das Kräf ten, die f"epyovl sind. Arbeit der bei Werke, die Tätigkeiten, am EGA33 501 what across come we x1vncriv], If we look at movements that powers of (involuntarily) then is moved. And we speak on working likewise activities of is and moved, move what 6 [EpVov]. the work [xaT&

163

to

as our

Af)v(xjLiq.

and

S()v(x1iiq

the

and in

shift

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'

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itself

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f irst

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horizon

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example, we

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blicken aber das xivoügsvov

think via

nicht fi

we of

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of

consider materials

movement

of

the

164

On the

but

xcrE6t

not of

acquisition

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x(YE6f xivriaiv

enquiry, at

cut

issue.

in To

nicht,

the take

involved assembled,

building.

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to

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movements

Bewegung als auf fragen wir xi-voü; ic-vov die

xof-c&

picture.

meaning

being

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questioning

view,

in

movement

iv(; pycicy

with

is

that

itself

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in

Heidegger

the

case,

is

the

connection

a

is

what

asking

difference

in

asking

In as

presupposed

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The

531.8

EGA33

movement.

in

as

Aristotle's

and of

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kept

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transition

a

between

that

out

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and

Sf)vofptc,

what

eschewal

characterizes

as

xfvnacwq,

Simygiq

movement all

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potentially

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Aristotle's

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ontic

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exists

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In

introduction

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present-

apprehension

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purely

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describe

short,

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trajectory

establish

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independent

xIvrjaiv

to

treated

Heidegger,

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-a

have

to

movementV

For

xivr1criv

11048b361,

not"

would

7

accompanying

to

of

question

asking

x(xcdc

themselves

are

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corresponds

intention

signification

not

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determination

declared

exists?

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perspective

ontological

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Suv(xjitq

of

senses

X(XT&

things

as

at-hand, of

6Vt'PYe1(x

nicht was da-s

in

Bewegtseiendes 4 06v und nicht

als die

solches x(vqcrir,

sei; nicht

wir nehmen das xivolbgcvov IGA33 53-541 clwxi.

But

look we do not at movement ý xivobgevov xivo6gevov; we do not be. We do not take as such might fi Civoti. xfvn(ylq

itself

Movement to

be

Out

in

it

this

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in

to

means but

understand significations

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understood

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to

horizon

to

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and

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senses precisely by

of

movement,

ý-vtpjei(x

of not

of

commentators

it

is

x(xlc& XIVII(Y'v

8bv(xgiq

and to

accessible

dedicating

the

first

165

if

questioning half

of

the

and

securing sought

0

to

at

enquiry

xotx& xfvrraiv, Book

at

enquiry

how the

contributes

ivLpySI(x-

assuming

thought,

to

be

to

not

the

clear

not

still

basic

p. 341.

Indeed,

commits

to

one

four

the

of

as

Indeed,

enables

Aristotle's

in

original

EGA33 531.9

movement.

in

therefore

expressly

do,

reverse

conditions

11026ba33f,

therefore

to

ýW: pycm

and

as one

the

of

xaTd( xivqacwc,,

reading

world

are

being out

comes

movement.

limiting

movement

feature

in

and

itself

this

sublunar

However,

ivC'p'yCI(x

and

in

independent

many

what

is

what

the

the

as

movement

of

the

them

after

and

be

Slbv(xgiq

ask

simply

to

Met. 8 sets

of

to

states

to

after

of

Si)v(xliiq way

incoherence.

gained

in

of

obscuring

be

articulations

being

in

as

ontological

is

not

senses

S6voqLir,

senses

them

independence, to

worst

consider as

of

further

such

is

happens

intrinsic

ask

nXiýovl

Sbv(xgiq

how

to

between

that

as

Is'ni

the

preserving

thing

reading

view,

determinations

ontological

the

transition

regarded

his

sense

movement,

by

not

the

Heidegger's

question.

further

their

to

is

tendency.

this

to

reduced

accidental

as

view,

of

thing

of

seen

is

as movement, the not at ask what the moving thing the xlvoý6Vcvov ý ov e or

this

the after what very

Is

perspective? ' as

%useless,

If

it

to

on

the

how

further

to

have

Book

series

of

8

to

discrete inadequacy

potential

such

of

to

the

which

in

its

thematic

Having a

a

he

never

reading

states

6-10.

interpretation of

respect

would Heidegger's

emerges on

drawn

the

of

Chapters

how

development

already

schematic

Book E) would

indication

this

lecture

of

in

(heuristically)

breaking 10

fact,

Aristotle

some

development

stages.

In

by

However,

relatively

an entire

chapters

relate

at

speculates

look,

devote

surprising.

many points

text's

to

three

developed

itself.

Heidegger

first

presented

are

too

the

of 57.

of

expect

they

as

anticipate

conception

somewhat

not

suggest?

chose

the

analyses

perhaps,

are,

Heidegger of

be

XOM& xfvnaiv

translations

that

the

senses

There

end

it

S()v(ygjq

of

customary

fact

of

explicitly

sense

examination

face

the

the

the

were,

course

the

one down

might into to

attention Heidegger

conception,

the

at

a the

then

remarks:

ý ývitpyst(x &6výxliiq zu x(xlcdf xivncriv und von 6bergans dieser ý ivtpyci(x, die sind, iýnt nXtov das des das Auswechsein gegen einen einfach Entwurf Eines: ist mit ein ursprUnglich er sondern 561 EGA33 6vi: Sf)v(xILtr, der in x(xr& xfvrlatv. pyci(x und

Des

Verhdltnis S6vcxgtq und ist nicht

andere, Fu, 8punkt As V n

for the 86v(xpiq

transition other, anchored

The just

account a

to xfvwtv xcxc& and of thi 9 nXtov, eni are which c'vCpyci(x, the by the one of replacement simply [integral]; a projection one originally ivtpVcicx x(xc(k xivnaiv. and

foil

xfvnac(aq. determination

relation r'I and is not is rather but in 8i)v(xgiq

Slbv(xpiq

of for

Indeed, of

the

ývgpyzia

Sbvcxgiq

and

determination

ontological Heidegger

S6v(xgtq

x(x'cdf x1vnct'v

evtp-yelof

goes and

further,

cv9pyci(x

166

is

clearly

of

these

underlining bri

nXtOv

is

more

than

terms

x(xtdf

that

the

neither

an

nor

extension

from

passage

just

before

that

it

the

two

the

breaks

whole

from

Aristotle's

the

projection

text

iýni

nXCov

more

is

look

general

opened

the

between

5 f)v(YILic

gets

However,

nature

Heidegger how

at

to

Heidegger Fuflpunkt

the

the

be

in

no

further

it

would

be

which

the

original

of

perspective

-gay

though

culmination elicited

integrity

of

However, the

with

Met. 0.3,

in

to

as

he has

anchored. connection

1047a32,

is

the

point, that

perceives

11

wrong

it

contrary,

it

out,

than

here

the

of

ruled

concomitant.

a high

is

a definitive

is

other

feels

perspectives

the that

On

through

Perhaps

study.

establish

.,

Met. 0.3.

carried

the

some sense

commentary of

been

to

in

must

If

account.

to

enquiry

inconclusively.

off

seeking

former

of

the

of

phases

end

had

enquiry

of

phase

Heidegger's

Regrettably,

the

generalization

one the

that

seems

a

before sense take

we must xuidt I

questioning

of a

xIvnaswq

up.

II

Aristotle

defines

&Pxý

dimamis

Acwpoxýq

an originative itself qua other.

With

lexical

slight

ýV

in

Met. 8.1

as:

&XXO (,Xxx(pn rj of source [1046al0f]

change

another

thing

definition

similar

a

variation,

in

in

or

is

given

Met. A. 12: xlvýcrcijl; a source than the 110198151

iv

ilctpov is

which or change of movement the in same thing or moved

167

in another thing qua

thing other.

in

has

This

definition

little

or

the

description

the

meaning

of

&XX4) or

has

whole

enquiry

these

terms.

less

doubt

be

hardly

of

be

said

or

granted,

Heidegger

'in

*&pXý

the

the

senses

of

of

&p)(ý

x1vnaiq

and

of

precisely

the

in

phenomena

the

of

the

Sbv(xgiq

Eiv

purpose

treat

of

been

another'

meaning

the

departure,

of

once

themselves

the

to

For

3bvo%tq

an elaboration

[Grundrifil

outline

have

intends

than

define

since

in

consist

conclusion

to

requiring

Heidegger.

objects

whether

Moreover,

to

a commonplace

definiens

over

for

said

Accordingly,

so,

jicvxPoXý

taken

be

as

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the

established.

definitive

a

which

to

be

could

almost

only in

qualifies

to

a point

as

could

terms

addition

yet

can

jicvxpoXý

the

vc6pov]

ev

itself

here

all

in

be seen

investigation.

given

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fixed.

further

no

to

come

definition from

material

gradually

will

emerge.

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them

autumn (a

As

to

finding

Or,

abandoned).

to

more a

of

of

a

earth,

he

itself?

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asks,

bridge have

or we

we might

common,

in Yet

the

autumn in

we

saying speak

gravitational a

grasped

not:

168

as

potentiality

understand

might

we

leaves

falling

regard

trees

how the

the

have

the

have

leaves

this,

force

earth

disparaged

wrongfully

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to

fall

they

and

that

a pattern

condition:

pre-existing

When of

been

has

claims

earth.

apprehended?

place

proper

leaves

their to

fall

potentialities capacity

terms

shed

to

is

out,

points

their he

as

in

explicable

potential

be

interpretation

of

potential

Heidegger

meaning.

leaves

form

and as

almost

discover

to

irresistably

such

are

load-bearing exerted

directly

by and

the in

Kr9fte immer

lassen sich nur Leistungen,

Powers only

do

let not achievements,

However,

such

this

way, as

a power,

to

above

warns

today,

all

in

do

existence

is

as

efficient

cause

understanding 'what

caused

present-at-hand the

of

apprehension

a

reality. the

change,

like of

any

'

other

8i)v(xgEjq

-

by

just

as Heidegger

xoftdf x(vqaiv.

169

as

At

causes

as

than

the

rise

where actuality between for

paradigmatic

Slbv(xjLiq, as entity

in

a stroke,

of

P05t-Cartesian

relation

an

with

predominates

intepretation,

treated

is

and

The

self-

reservations

that

actuality

12

above,

philosophy,

becomes

on this be

will

of

a

familiar

causality

scholastic

thereby

13 Moreover,

four

Of

as

be

most

the

alone

§§10-113.

EGA24

to

illustration

of

effect

causality.

causality

fostered

terms

in

effect

and

into

actual

of

characteristic

back

cause

theory

bias,

is

experience

Heidegger's

respect,

this

only

causality

of

causality

understood

already

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theory

efficient

stretch

roots

effect

the

own

science,

of

correspond.

understood

function of

even

they

the

as

a power

a

in

this

Whilst

century

as

conception

to

on

of

meaning

Aristotle's

with

philosophy.

its

the

one

In

emphasis

thinking,

the

comparison

to

seventeenth

emerges

taking

we

apprehended

effect

operative

have

modern

the

as

the

Aristotle.

in

is

the

in

reductive

it

as

which

that

conclude

because

presented less

to

find

we

inaccessible,

to

powers

finden

wir 781

directly;

grasped effects.

themselves

the

of

S()VO(J. Llq,

against

and

impoverished

the

are

all

way,

above

us

effects

insofar

actual

this

Heidegger evident,

actual

tempted

are

and

In

cause.

we

be

results,

independently

something of

themselves

actual

unintelligible, In

nicht Unmittelbar feststellen, Erfolge, Wirkungen. IGA33

fact

that

is

describes

therefore,

we

that

find the

is

ontology

being

(the

hand

to

the

of

being

status

of

an

informed

direct

most

In

the

reverse

for

way

of

itself

in

not

8()vo%-tq,, with

an

to

regard

gives

[Ph. 11.3,

Met. A. 1-21.

place, The

1) first

of The

is

it

what

termed

the

or

purpose

is

called

the

four

to

the

the

interpretation the be

would

four

the

to

problem

to

to

cau5es

four

Heidegger

caution

is

causality

simply

of

the final

movement

the

is

be

must

cause. sake

which

as

be

of

4)

a

restore is

causes of

defining

must

exercise

which

and

cause.

initiated final

the

cause.

170

the

by

or

cause

efficient and

addition,

change

cause

determination

something

or

is

The formal

The

In

must

there

change

image

cause

movement

there

statue,

2)

3)

take

to

[194b24ffl.

follows

or

change.

causality

of change

or

a bronze

or

formal

The

are

movement

form a new

acquire

change

movement

of

case

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accounts

any

to

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each

become

for

causes,

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in

must

efficient for

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However,

to

intends,

reading

of

context

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of

14 Apparently,

this

equivalent

order

undergoes

or

movement

In

cause

bronze;

something

the

of

substantially

be

must

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something This

two

material be

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presence-at-

efficient

production.

theory

grounds,

production.

Aristotle

there

of cements

response

view

only

Aristotle

as

alone.

of

possibility

oppose

to

adequate in

the

of

to

5bv(xjiiq,

particularly

include

principle

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Aristotle's

efficient

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the

the

experience

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conception

existence,

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reduction

conception

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short,

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ontic

and

ontological

by

an

narrowed

work)

manner

removed.

effectively

is

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of

unique

a

signifying

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of

understanding

to

committed

is

this

is

the

end

undertaken

If

Heidegger's

we recall

it

production, doctrine

the

a

allude

derived

the

in

moment

precisely

or

another,

of

the

only

be

meaning

of

Rather,

is as

interpretation utmost production

importance as

to

too

were

15 This

does

the

theory

do

experience

of

activity. to to

little

the

of

it

well

causality do

one of

very

forms

all

with face

may

which

thus

will the

on

four

the

offset

causes

the

for

we have

will

causes

is

Heidegger's described

response

it.

171

Indeed,

the

cause

(at

itself.

tandem

with

16

the

necessity

the

of

the

problem

of

is

flexibility to

the

Heidegger's

definiens,

develop

if

is

Sbvýx;Ltq

in

could

this

Yet

material

of

the

hermeneutic

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the

of

in

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account

terms

four

Sbv(xgiq.

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in

four

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itself

meaning

Sýbvujiic.

moment,

a Of

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to

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the

interpretation

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though

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conception the

above

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of

experience

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simultaneously,

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scrutiny.

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production,

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production

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production

Restoring

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1p. 591.

they even

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the

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Bernasconi

others

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oikrlu

gopq)ý,

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cause

ontological

significance keeping

Heidegger's to

18

A

Reflection' in

theory

of

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to

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twofold.

In

other

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shrouded

in

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itself

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production.

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strategy

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insofar

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to

the

as

doing,

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dominated

not and

the

172

senses

he

much

der

from of

entiken

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the

3bvo(gi(;

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8-6v%Lir.

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as

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as

outline

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conception

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enquiry,

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description

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In

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Die

lectures

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later

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regard

causality.

movement of

With

in

given

term,

reading

the

beings

of

nuanced

longer

(1955)

find

to

is

the

Technology'

1926

already

and

kind

although

Heidegger's

from

of

complex

this

of

EGA22 13-151.

proceed

influence

a more

determination

Heidegger

account

is

is

is

Concerning

we

ontological

not

as

then,

reading

(1954),

Philosophie

that

alive

recover

Question

movement

the

is

and

of

alongside only

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theory

not

causes

e. g.

to

strategy,

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earlier:

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causes

Heidegger

the feature

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region:

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significations

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doctrine.

established

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the

Heidegger

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being.

of

17

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as

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figures?

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of

geometrical

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fact

determined

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the

theory

OUt5ide

applied

above

is

the

difficulty. region

kV9pysi(x

significations

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case,

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ivtPIE'a

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that

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emerge

Heidegger's

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a reading,

radicalization We

transcendence.

ITP&tiq

it

is

as

trace

now

Met. E). 1 as

of

remainder

of

shall

lead

will

back

us

to

determination

a

Heidegger's in

presented

the

his

problem Dasein's

of reading

1931

of

the

of

lecture

course.

*

Following

the

beginning

of

definition this or

potentiality

power

change

Heidegger

translates

susceptibility, 881.19

EGA33

even second

all

forms

resistance destruction

EGA33 891.

sense each it

of of

is

&6v(xgjc,

cob

Aristotle

continues, in

a

to

no

it

of as

the

that

be

to

still

it

mistaken

priority:

in

out to rather,

undetermined

a16v(xgIq.

173

is

in

doing

kind

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any

place the

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of

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to

a

other.

must

question

making.

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single

of

form

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formation,

of

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or

primary

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or

primary

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change

denoting

consideration.

of

the

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and

power

sense of

of

degradation back

what

primary

the

tolerates

which

an active

potentiality

reference rules

would

the

n&TXcivi:

at

11046all].

refer

senses

to

a relation

the

explicitly

position

understood

suppose

noICTV,

makes

Heidegger

in

Tob

modification,

change

of

source

consists

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of

senses

Widerstand,

as

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two

Tr(xOcZvl

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of

referred

Ertragsamkeit,

as

translated

of

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om(Y9clofql

acquiescence,

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['ctiq

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1Sbv(xgiq

upon

156vocgi,;

change

the

which

identifies

acted

destruction

or

resisting

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being

of

to

Aristotle

section,

undergoing

passively

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of

of

be But

here

and

fact,

he

&6v(xýLtq,

sense

should

be

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essence

of

Nonetheless,

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of

Widerstand

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certain

(GA33

Moreover,

the

hidden

experience

here

is

of

the

thing

und

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its

as

which

recognizes

[Stofl

und

another draws

the

conception

941.

of

phenomenon of

is

the

the

the

matter

movement, striving, determines

Enriching not also

only paves

the

and of this

light

the

of

the

does

not but

a subject, counter-thrust to

things way, the

one

Heidegger Leibnizian

Gleichgültigkeit mitmachen«, wo aus sich

gegen sondern im anderen

to imperviousness is however, simply not ' but countera 'not rather along, going no plain from something which of out ie. proper, something 20 thing. the in itself other

of

notion

way

for

with

resistance

dynamism

restores the

of

in

power that

and

potentia:

ist Widerstand einfach nicht aber Bewegung, bloßes kein »5ie nicht d. h. Gegenstreben, von ein Eigenes, IGA33 97) Ding etwas bestimmt. Resistance,

power

relation

into

resistance

power

the

Kräftige

powerful

of

of

in

das

is

the lying

cause

ist

what

in

our ,

directly

thrust

of

is

hidden

experience

reciprocal

framed

a

itself

movement,

which

I Wirkungen]

selbst

active

that

resistance

not

a consideration

itself

understanding

encountered

our

and

Having

is

our

if

is

of

ef f ects

For

thing

resistance in

I

actua

rather

reference

of

to

Widerstehende

favours

Gegenstofll

EGA33

the

Circumscribing

point

character

contrast

power

is

"Das

things

of

resistance take

but

resisting

911.

EGA33

power"

this

power,

itself:

Kraf't:

die

of

the

accords

Ertragsamkeit

as

immediate.

more

a

in

causes

phenomenon,

resisting

to

Heidegger

mentioned,

inasmuch

reference

91-941.

manifestation

senses

priority,

6,6v(xgei r, as

behind

secondary

without

unintelligible resists

two

an

to

the

interpretation

174

that

of

striving

conception

modern of

human

(Streben]

of

matter,

potentialities

it on

the

basis

Such

broader

of

a displacement

central

to

engaged

humanist

on

Heidegger

Address,

using

in

of

of

terms Streben

two

years

above

I

al

that

In

this

emphasis

for

example,

wi II

21

in

the

theme

a

crucia

and these

in

his

account see,

the

important

role

in

to

desire.

we

further be

the

of

of

Being

delivering

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respect

a

basis

important

play

with

introduces one

analyses

philosophical

to

here. to

continue

his

reminiscent

offered

been

where

after

strongly

resistance

and

so

returned

language

Aristotle

point,

was

Heidegger

interpretation,

this

our

just

will

Slbvcxlii (ý xor-c& xi vrIcTi v, of

that

world.

course,

Streben,

as the

natural of

tropes.

and

through

working

the

had, even

characterization

Aristotle,

on

Heidegger's

At

its

while,

themes

subjectivist

significantly,

lectures

concept

some

[Entschlossenheit]

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power

metaphysics

for

work

6bvO(A1q in

of

subjectivist

implicitly

resoluteness

of

or and

is

Rectoral

of

Heidegger's

resistance

Time.

understanding

shall

O'pcýiq,

specification If

or

the

of purposes

22

own reading.

Wiederum die bereits werden nun angeführten Kräfte genannt und als solche verstanden entweder nur in Bezug auf das, einfach wozu sie Kräfte sind, zum Tun bzw. Leiden, Wei5e«, oder aber in Bezug auf das »in der rechte so daß im Verstehen dieser Bedeutung auch von Sý6v(Ygic in der Weise darin die Bedeutungen gewisser mitverstanden sind [1046al6-19, GA33 991 vorgenannten. Again,

(5ý6v%Lsiq) be powers and called come that to in of understood relation simply as such either in they or else which or undergoing, are powers, acting that ' the 'in to so way, right relation or undergoing acting the in understanding Sibvc(giq this named previously of sense understood. senses sense also are in a certain

In well;

this

the

way, to

remark

to

foregoing

query of

to

'can

a cricketer

she

run? ' 'he

175

can't

is

to play

ask

whether

short-pitched

she

can

run

bowling'

is

to

not

consistently cases

or

damp wood

of

say

that

outhouse

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play

good

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not

that

7r(AcTv

terms

in

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burn

to

not

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to

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can implicitly

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the

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to

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is

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it

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can

stand

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goes

on

introduced

green

combust, say

manner

to

up

notion of

to

can found

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say

to

the

he

pattern

weather.

Heidegger of

it

that

bad

that

to

well;

boast

refers

concept

same

Omoresi(xq;

and

resist

but

stroke,

deny

easily

accomplishment. of

a

ictiq

and

is

it

its

offer Moreover,

burn

power

represents

can

strokes.

does

or

potentiality

relation

he

weatherproof

but

weather,

that

that

8bvO(jII(;

in

to

doubt

of

existence this

express

above.

Auch und gerade im Begriff der 5-6v(xj.Liq xocc& xivrjaiv liegt demnach Verfassungm&fliger Bezug ist ein auf -ciLXoq: damit dergleichen ))Zie1strebigkeit(( nicht wie gemeint, sondern: Zuordnung innere Abschlu, 6, Fertigkeit. von etwas auf Ende, In der S1bv(xgiq, liegt daher das Moment des Unterwegs-zu, des Ende Strebens, ein und ausgerichteten ausgerichtet auf Fertigwerden. EGA33 1001 the concept of Sbvoegiq xotT& x1vqcTiv precisely, in this to the no x9Xoq: relation comprises a constitutive inner ' but 'purposefulness, assignment an rather way means a to an end, (orientation? ) of a off, a rounding something the lies Slbv(xgtq there In moment of on-the-wayreadiness. towards to, the an end and a oriented striving, oriented becoming ready. 23 Even,

At

first

out

telos idea

any

Yet

in

a given

Heidegger's

glance,

the

and

indeed

its

seem of

place

end

and

lausgerichteten an

end.

Point

flirt

S-6v(xgiq

balking like

a

and at

train

the at

being

as

underway

destination,

176

he

Initially,

rules 24

[ZielstrebiEkeit]. orientation

a settled

that

idea its

of

5-6vcqLiq

describe

to

on

goes

image

the

dunamis

between

relation

'purposefulness'

a

as

on

contradiction.

with

he offers

Streben]

Whilst arrive

to

remarks

the

an oriented

as

towards

Sbv(xgi(;

might

we are

towards striving

Eunterwegs-zul at left

a certain wondering

distinguish

to

how

Sf-mxg-tc,

"Zielstrebigkeit"?

The

the

marking existence.

glbv(xj. Lir,

accomplished

as

of

subject this

it

speaks

present-at-hand,

it

Heidegger his

will

commentary the

over

course

Aristotle

the

Tt&crx

is

any

the

to

of

his

the

and 'at,

to

the

spell

but

accomplishment,

but

is

a manner

than

in

a fuller

answer

as

meaning

in will

something of

Streben

'underway.

as the

a

Whilst

question.

Sbv(xgiq,

questions

rather

S'6v%Lir, the

out

these

vEXoc, of

end

of

the

a

a manner

of

description

but

as

from

that

a work

reification

address

on Met. E). I,

not

fact

towards

already

Streben"

the

is

striving,

remains

of

from

strive

Of

still

begin

opens

concerning

not

against

accordingly

and

of

815V(yRlq

a manner

clearly

here

stems

does

striving,

"ausSerichteten

an

answer

accomplishment

25

as

'

remainder

emerge

of

gradually

commentary

next

possible

passage

with

the

following

between

connection

guarded

Sbvagiq

Tou

remark

TEoiciv

xO(I

CIv

Tun Kraft folgendes: Eine zum wird nun also Hinsicht) (in das einmal ist so, daß einer ist ist,... beides dieselbe) (als sie ein und ist (daß je beiden daß die eine andere von eine ist)in je anderen einem andere eine als GA33 1031

Offensichtlich, und zum Erleiden eine einzige sodann so, beides sie 11046a19-22,

that is to to at Clearly, then, such undergo act and a power (one (in and the both time singular one respect) are same in is two the that then each case the same) of one and ... in both (they another). other as other are

On first of

the

acting their

this

inspection, earlier are unity

that

point complementary. beyond

any

may the

seem power

of

of this

However, sense

little

more being

a recapitulation that

of

pushes

the

issue

Of

raising

the

question

acted

passage

complementarity,

177

than

upon

and

of

'primary

the

the

Ross,

reflects

fact"

single

in

sense

undergoing

to

sense'

which

all

other

which

the

power

of

acting

their

occurrence

as

"complementary

[AMC 2411.

Their

phenomenon

they

articulate,

themselves:

what

is

introduced

ambiguity of

language

is

isolated

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hand,

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or

understood? Heidegger

the

level,

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if

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in

the

coi5

the in in

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essence

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the

case

cot)

one each

instance.

they

of

two

for

single and

in

just

The

a failure S1bv
of

I ircko-Xciv

Sbv(xgtq and

distinct

one,

two.

and

Heidegger,

active

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-n6fcrxE:iv

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another,

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the

are

the

)cO(j

the

powers

as as

nojeTv

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meaning

division.

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same.

Arguing

how

matter;

of of

the

named,

the

sense the

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portrayed

of

aspects

extended is

to

that

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arises

thereby

lies

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1041.

describes

inseparable

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to

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(3-bvcxjjLi(;

wake

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EGA33

of

is

and

According

refer.

reading,

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appears,

of

ambiguity

said

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fact

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concerns be

one

unity

in

is

Aristotle

the

grasp

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powers

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to

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on

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fact

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unity,

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ITOIE: Tv

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at

Zv eine auf noiE: ('xpXý roZ sich in ist Kraft der Wesen Das o(pXý tot n(xcyXcZv und umgekehrt. in dieses, Bezug in her Wesen dem auf und aus eigenen sich, Kräfte in Weise zwei einer ursprünglichen EGA33 1051 auseinandergegangenKraft

ist

der

in

der

Bezug

to &pXý an the the relation noicTv Power is in itself Tob of in is The I power of essence versa. vice and OtpX' rl Tob n(xcrXeTv this to in relation itself, from and own essence out of its two into powers. in divided manner original an essence,

By

casting

distinguishing

the

primary it

from

sense each

s-6voqiiq.

of factual

178

as

instance

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essential SibwxýLiq,

sense

and

Heidegger

the

reveals be

important

a genuinely 26 For

dunamis.

that

seems

xa-r&

S-3voqi,Lq

from

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declare

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to

become

have

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he arrives

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he

power The

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of

Kraftsein

phase

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to

ist

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in

beides

of

essence this

the

the

then

two the

als

does

is

what not

mean

relation

between

179

he

case, the

that

these

1051

at

divided is

in

writes,

ambiguity IGA33

the

pre5ent-at-hand

manifest

IGA33

as

essence

power

we call

and

eines.

the

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Si6v(xgiq,

of

power

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not

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of

27

of

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suggest It

form.

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Heidegger

ontological.

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wish

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power

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of

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belongs

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leaves

separable

them

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powers,

first

determination

in

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scope

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and Heidegger

pursues

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step with

be

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alters

it

decisive

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discussion

of

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associated

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this

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a

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Heidegger

way

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extent

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when

two way

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true

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in

I

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on

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to

x
ontological

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appear

perspective

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perspective

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itself.

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to

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confirms

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does

phrase

genitive

is

S6v(xgjq

of

interpretation

ontological

properly

into

it

whilst

analysis

introduction

Heidegger's

the

towards

'useless'

putatively

two:

1061.

essence

of

powers.

is

being-power

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here,

at

TEoiE: Tv

and

is

,cob

In

defending

the

phrase

the

distinction

of

gs, uxpoXý

that

ev

and

wi th

powers

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force

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he

are case &pXý

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two that lies

ontic the neither

between

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the

imposes

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nor

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180

the

testimony

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to

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the

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a reading

other

On the

to

efficient

of

is

is

agent: the

the

change

-

it

present, in

-

reading

emphasis

of

agent

ontic

a

defends

Heidegger

allows

such

light

above

deplore

potentialities

in

the

Sbvotgic,

the

opening

in

the

surely

however, of

undue

distinction

with

dxpXý resides

to

does

only

T-oiS noisTv

&pXý

('x'XX(. p pertaining Heidegger,

tacitly

of

perspective

'&pXý

name I y,

gives

also

agent,

arche

would

ý-v o'(XXcp with

associating there

the

and

identification

Not

or

Sibvugic.

Ross,

thing'

ev

of

For

change,

it

of

a commentator

repercussions with

but

reading

11046aill.

For

the

iroicTv.

subject

identifies

on

SbvoqLiq.

of

certain

another

2411.

favour5

coZ

elevates

in

initiates

basis,

the

[AMC

sense

a

Suvocgir,

[Grundrip]

cleft

on

depends

('XpXý

6i)v(xgiq

implicitly

whose

to

original

Sbv(xgiq

change

other'

between

ontological

of

of

interpretation That

which

'&pXý

the

insists

definition

tha t

of

reductive

and

Heidegger

gcvxpoXý

textual

a strong

that

the

to

lack

causality.

lodges

not

of

the

Heidegger

qua

determination

active

at

between

only

(xpXrl,

7t&crXcjv,

the

difference

and

Tob

('x'XX4) in

itself

identity

of

reading,

in

II

one.

point

&Xlq) Ev

referring

as

S-6v(xgi(;

his

change

as

this

them,

between

both

but

in

the

fundamental

It

differentiation. in

his

what

the

raises be

may

final

issue

begins

The passage

the

incapacity

called

to

impotence

or

the

nexus

that

he

in

the

explores

Met. e. j.

of

contrary

carries

as

dynamic

Passage

of

considerations,

previous

this

precisely

the

on

commentary

Aristotle

is

Sbvcxgtq in

and,

the

investigation

sense

wake

to

a

of the

of

level.

new

follows.

Unkraft (Unkräftigkeit) das und demzufolge auch ist das der »unkräftig« Sinne als iYiý)voeyz(; im besagten Gegenüberliegende Entzug lcyTepqcrigl; daher ist jede ein Kraft, Unkraft d. h. Unkraft je in wenn sie zur wird, als Bezug dasselbe Gemäßheit desselben (bezüglich auf und in die Kraft Kraft ist, ist jegliche Kraft worauf eine Unkraft). [1046a28f, GA33 1081 Und

die

(impotence) And un-power 'im-potent' and accordingly also is, 5bv(xgiq in the sense as that which against stands over hence, in intended, IcTTiLpqaiq1; each power, a privation in in is becoming i. each case e. un-power, a-power, as (with the thing to regard same with relation and conformity is unthat is to the power every power a power, which power).

The

key

Heidegger In

general,

something. lists are

both ontic

illustrations the

relation

of

Sbv(xgic,

is

required.

the

to

as

passage

Entzug

and

q <:rc 1ý' p TI<3-1 This

may

here

and

examples. (that of itself.

the

quoted

active Thus

take

course

In

and

the

ies

signif

Book

concept

in

V

of

above), passive

of

the

Heidegger powers

the

181

at

essential

being

without Aristotle

However,

a move

level

of

sense

to

the of

these these

preceding

sentence

28

privation.

which

1022b22ffl.

detects

a correspondingly

as

forms,

several

[1046a32f,

context

English

condition

by

translated

aTtpqui(ý,

rendered

usually

of in

the

is

repeat essence

aTtpnai(;

Insofar

it

resistance,

submits

what

However, its

may be

this

describes

such

101'3 to

said

as

the

power

to

it

but

governance

have

sway

fail,

of

over

itself

also

not

a domain

holding

can

does

TEOICTV

Heidegger

efficacity.

or

Isich

governing

not

simply

beherrscheyfl.

selbst the

power

power

is

whereupon

insuperable

meet

gives

to

way

privation.

Accordingly, to

of

case

specific

essentially

in

this

original that

bound

to

essence the

case,

to

plenitude is,

it

does

not

from

the

the

power

relation its

first

of

the of

in

its

is

to

or

its

intrinsically that

mean

active

every In

own reversal.

the

powers

are

Ipp. 173-1751.

resistance

power

the

to

that

seen

relation

exhaustion

consist

to

already

dunamis,

of

him

understands

we have

powers,

related the

regards

is

that

writes

Heidegger

un-power, finite,

as

power,

Aristotle

when

related

For

6 ý6vofgIq

the

as

still

that

not

imposed

externally

transition

intimate.

more is

un-power

from

As

one

of

an

limit, to

phase

another.

demnach ein ist Wandel der Kraft zur Unkraft steretische Ruhe, der Bewegung weil nur, nicht anderer zur als etwa von überhaupt Kraft dem Sachgehalt nach verschieden und Bewegung dem Besitzcharakter Kraft der der eigene sind, sondern weil 1131 [GA33 ist. Verlust Entzug innerlicher verhaftet und

Der

thus is nothing un-power power of steretic change the because to that cases only not rest, of movement is the because but power different, of case are ... loss and its intrinsically bound to of own possession to

The like

privation.

The its

essence own

passive

of

5,6v(xgi(;

is

(as

indeed

negation senses)

.

29

Moreover,

not

the

befits the

Sibv(xgic,

'pure'

notion

182

cr-undri, of

but

rather

6 between

(TTf-P9cylq

throws

comprises active the

and sense

of

associated

mastery

with

possession:

the

positivity

possession,

its

overturning

essence the

the

its

in

itself

of

what

the

value

O'Wý

Heidegger

or

lies

arche-Sein

a

out

setting

we have of and

on

our

a

characterized in

of

as

terms

of

possession For

reading.

furthering

described

possession

a play

Heidegger5

in

is

surpassing

therefore of

relief

function

of

in

of

terms

The

privation. and

privation

the

time

being,

of

Sbv(xgiq

interpretation

-

gcTo(POXýq-

essence

passage

is

Slbv%Llc,

of

leitmotiv

emergent

however, as

Sbvo(giq

of

into

power

the

for

concerning and let

privation,

meaning

of

is

what

discovered 8 .6v0% Iq

"in

as

its us

sich other" the

ein

Ausgehen

IGA33

1011.

differential

characterization compare

this

with

zum anderen: In

the

light

character in

terms

the

following

ýLcvxpoXý:

Leitbedeutung vollverstandenen gs-r(xßolý meint Umsetzen, auch nicht aber nicht aktiv mehr nur einseitig beider Wechselbezug den das Ertragen dazu, passive sondern daß fällt [ 1 zwischendurch, wenig so als solchen. sie ... 56vapzg; der bezdge die Aufweisung xui T-ob TloicTv gerade My 115 EGA33 bringt. den Blick in n&aXciv sie W'q gl(x daher

in

der das

emphasis]

Understood

in

its

fundamental

significance, properly turn-around longer thus an active means merely gsT(xpoXý no the but of exchange the relation endurance, or corresponding between, it does So little I [... between occur them as such. Sbv(xgiq x(yi the Tob noicTv into that it brings relation view n&CYXCIV 6q gl(x.

183 0

of of

has

then,

MvcofpoXý,

in

potentiality differential

its

potentiality; as much

senses of but

rather in

itself a

such

that

their

difference.

as not

a

'setting-out'

a play

the

the

active

and the

impetus

for

and like

the

essential

phenomon

Only

senses

of

&pXý

as the

surpasses the

of this

fundamental

the

movement

basis In

occur. is

the

of

transition,

on

actually

of

the

constantly

oTspq(yjq

ontic of

unity

S1bv(x4Iq,

privation.

and

an

phenomenon passive

that

movement

R3v(xAiq

of

a determinate

(Ausgehen]

of

underlying

structure

rather

Accordingly,

initial

anything

nexus

realization

displays

possession

of

can

play

respect,

the

is

the

relation

the

with

but

between

is

ýLc-capoXý,

do

form,

actual

relation a

to

nothing

understood

as

30

metabole.

*

back

Looking (essential) little

sense

For

of as

thing

the

In

considerations.

are,

reading above

interpretation

all. of

this He 8-3v%Liq

implicitly, this

first ha 5 that,

chapter, elicited whilst

184

is

that

the

the

even the

primary is

now a

enquiry

ontological nonetheless.

useful

is

question

ontological

respect,

Ep. 1671,

as we suggested

of

the

shows,

it

claim

it

its

"XXO, Oc

engage

that

but

part

most

the

itself

not

x1v9cYswq,

x(xT&

commentary for

albeit

preliminary

his

Sbv(xgiq

meant may

xivrIcTiv

"XX4) ýý 'w 0( by

in

St)v(xgt(;

of

AcvxPoXýr.

xc <'pXý

Heidegger

Heidegger's

present,

enquiry

the

as

x(xE&

definition

initial

what

Slbv(xgi(;

question

In

at

clearer

into

the

in

these

two

so-called of

phases

the

concomitant.

Heidegger from intimately

has

Aristotle's bound

achieved

one

text

an

up with

the

Sbv(xglq

of

concept

of

conception

terms

of

the

between this

of

Indeed, understood

active

and

2,

concede

its

predominant the

senses

distinguish

of

the

active

formulation

is

original

his

reading

SbvofAiq

in

scission On the

potentiality.

of

established

to

of

in

sense

an

priority

point

will,

the

from

proceed

not

Heidegger

to

seek

not

as

passive

interpretation,

Chapter

does

and

subject.

ge'uxPoXý,

does

TroieTv,

production

the

of

powers

Tob

basis Book

of

human

to

specific

()

being.

III

In

the

opening

passage

belonging

to

no

thereby

soul,

raised

at

notes

that

beings

the

by

by

a

determined human human

being being,

Heidegger

is

as

a ((pov

remarks,

between

verb the

having

X6-yov 'cXciv notion

As

c'Xov. thus

between

powers

that

are

and

but

designation a a way itself

are human X61oc,;

having

of

rather

accompanied

being

of

of of

is

soul

that

those

In

itself.

sbv(xA, q

of

being

of

a signification

and

possession

185

Heidegger

ways

being

with

privation

outset,

with

signifies

of

is

condition

soul,

beings

without

X6'YO'ul ýLC'cd( the

the

essence

powers

and

At

Sbv(xgiq

beings

that

whereupon

simply

the

on

1S1bvcx9'q

ocX6yoq1,

the

to

possession

here of

between

namely,

formula

not

by virtue

distinction

another,

rational

1SDv(xgeiq

will

of

question

bear

belonging

chapter.

previous in

distinguishes

those

theme

the

that

ways

such the

crossed

of

adding

being,

addition,

the

Aristotle

from

a soul

distinction

[Seinsweisen], of

with invoking

end

the

Met. 19.2

of

the

not is a

essence

of

being.

Yet,

as

hereby

becomes

questionable, in

soul it

is

since

the in

same

is

in

remarked

Z:4)ov

and

specific

to

human

having

question

of

X6yoq

relation

is

parts

the

at

latter with both

are

general [die

is

restricted

to

des

unter

apophantic

its

of

as

true

having

X6yor,

is

Chapter

One,

our

relation

to

X6-yo(;

to

things,

all is

in

the

between

a manner

things.

the

of

existence

by

X6yoc,.

As

The question

translated

for

we

itself

'cXciv

verb

relation

thereby

when

In

determination

the

of

into

nature

between

as

a

the

the that

of

and sich or

calculative

of

choice

as belonging setting

forth

Bezogenen: propositional

186

to

logos

of

that

form

that

a way

the

con5ideration

or

decision.

GA33

such

former

By contrast,

self.

reckoning and

The

in

something

circumspective to

and

ENE. VI. 2: 1139al2l. knowing

the

recalls

scientific

understanding

an

Heidegger

cormnentary,

by Heidegger

gathering

be

especially

a

so much

soul

has

together

cannot

The

denote

not

the

reference

described

possession

by X6-yoc,.

described

is

if

which

Ipp-63-641.

related

makes

time

implicit

Sammlung

to

in

a

Indeed,

because

manner

a way of

rational

1Xo-Viac-Lx6v1 an

to

is

X6Voq or

either

durables.

possession.

the

virtue

with

is

same

by

of it

that

X6Voq,

dictated

the

of

of

does

object

Aristotle

1ýn, Lcr,crjgovtx6v1 one

'P-Xov

related

proceeding

distinction

object,

amounts

it

itself

its

determined

is

how

from

X6-yoc,,

being

being

character

object

possess

consumer

the

by

the

not

possesses

observation

X6-yov

subject

does

that

the

similarly r-cpov

how human

one

Nicolaci's

is

expression

Before

is

determined

possessed

such,

as

true

that

on is

presumably

isolation

logos

things

way

general

understood it

one

31

addition, as a

understood which

is

can

related is

nOt

equally

be

This

1211. and

In

requesting,

questioning, title

general

Dasein's

))Kundschaft((

acquaintance

M,5g Ii chke i ten

fol

both

IGA33

1221

things

in

No t wen digke

EGA33

of

ground

with

und

necessities"

etc.,

all

'announcements'

of

is

understood

wishing

1281.

vEXvrj

and

'indications.

and

provides

the

world its

the

X6Voq

basis

thus

for

both

"seine

with

eignen

possibilities X6,Vo4; as

of

frames

qýp6vqcyiq,

and

the

under

' the

own

affirmation

fall

which

or

i ten:

This

of

and the

discussion

common

that

is

to

low.

Moreover,

it

does

in

so

a

important

very

fashion.

For

Met. e. 2

continues:

Daher sind Sichverstehens etwas Kräfte

Fertigkeiten [TeXvoýil Weisen des und Herstellung [noigTix(xi auf von (in Vermögen): denn sie sind unserem Sinne also dieses von wo aus als in einem anderen ausgerichtet 11046b2-4: GA33 1301 ein Umsetzenkönnen.

solches, ist auf Thus

alle

preparednesses oneself with regard [7roiqTixofi CnicyTýg(xil their as have source towards to a capacity

This

all

passage

deals

exclusively

to

encouraged as if

sets

the

al

cannot reading

a matter

-ctxvrl

and

the

make is

conception ýnicmrjýLovix6v

the

regard

noiijcix(xi

contrary

an understanding of

X6yoq and

the

and ways of understanding production of something for they potentialities: are such are directed in is as other and are what change-around.

for

the

Sibv%Liq

with

intrinsically I

tone

1TtXv(xt1 to the

as

rest terms

in

noincr1q.

of

ýTrjcy*Týjmi

albvo(glq

Kundschaft

Xo-Vicrcix6v.

Yet, are

gci& and

Accordingly,

187

inasmuch

chapter

One

cni(YTýgq.

as

Heidegger

Sibvagelc

,

emerges 16yo, which

4cE&

being

reminds

us,

'x6you,

one

is

based both

underlies Heidegger

thereby

is

Heidegger's

from that

it

as

human

with

associated

What

inference. of

of

Sbvcxgiq,

of

sense

the

of

wi II

on a the

be able

to

Aristotle

follow is

that

to

linked X6-yoq

whether

EGA33

sense

in

true

of

how

this

elaborating

noirjcixý

has

been

If

fundamental

For

determination

of

Aristotle

begins

paragraph

issue

ends, in

one

that

which

That

is,

of

is

to

whereas

potentialities

can

to

and

the

its

privation. the

image

ziSoq

of

the

announces

as such rather

contrary

his

of

the

'epyov the

end

an announcement, an

interpretive

that

that

Heidegger

slSoq

it

is

the in

held

which

with

the

not

be

to

see

to

the

of

two

to

X6yoq

can

or

cure,

but

this

'explain'

of

activity a pure

of is

is

its

object

it

issue

production,

intuition,

synthesi5.

ist

188

the

However,

Ausgelesenes, ein so zusammengelesenes ein bedas ), ist das or, Und rg: 16yor,. ist EiSor, es Vollendete, das Vollkommene, das Ende, reir-lov endende immer Wesen ist nach Erlesene, Auserlesene; seinem rgloc , 1421 EGA33 X6yoq. ausgelesen: this a in one, as way interpreted, is what is read The ciSoq the is ending the TtXoq And X6Voq. it is Xcy6ýLcvov, ciSoq Das ciSog Isy6Acvov,

by

32 As

production.

of

is

concerned

the

directed.

so?

relation

that

one

addresses

process

be

the

suggests

which

that

one

Why should

advance

merely

also

noting

kill

can

Aristotle

in

by

relation

X6-yo(;

of

have

shall

towards

no

wetter.

will

np&ýIq.

medicine

once

to

of

ask

fundamental

pertains

directed

with

part,

is

we

question

be

you

same

56vocgiq terms

may

ends?

at

For role

in

still

most

the

X6-Vou

gc'u& it

of

its

course

in

make

end

in

of

involvement

discloses

X6-yoq

elaborating the

the

should

X6-yo(;

only

the

at

purposes,

Accordingly,

alone.

potentiality

our

Dasein

related

wet

why

because

but

the

end

of

conception

ontological

contrary

and

Sbv(xglq

of

determined then

not,

SibvocýL'L(; ýLcc& X6-you.

potentialities

conception

C"Jt1cr'Cýj1rj,

thereby

146-1473.

a

the -cý:Xciov in its essence,

end, out;

The

question

of

between

relation

introduction itself,

and

should

compri5e elaborated

is

hereby

the

and

what

agent

possibility X6, joc.

of

accomplished, picked, is always interpreted:

negation

this

of

source

X6Voq

why

and

affirmation

completed, the TýXoq

above

is

a

beyond

all

terms

produced.

traced

sufficient

P055ibility in

be

be

must

as

to

the

more

of of

the

However,

the

beyond

the

back

explanatory

its

picked X6Voq.

in

principle links

conspicuous

with

production.

The success

case

in

given

as

§331.

But

the

terms such

why

should

'as'

an

X6Voq

of

and

such

as

and

'as'

belong

for

this thus

is

possibility

of

specificity the

turn,

what

The

otherwise.

to

between

In

end.

a Kundgabe,

the

on

the

of

not

rests this

discriminates

which

accomplishment

therefore

discrimination

ISZ

conveys

in

understood is

given

each

failure

and

may be

of

in

elSor,

'as'

this

X6Noq?

Kundschaft Kundschaft und gehört zur ist Erkunden Erkunden aber antwortet. einem ursprunglich Weges unter des Wahl je Weg-einschlagen, einen notwendig Übernehmen ist eines des Aufgabe zugleich und anderen, 1451 IGA33 des Standortes anderen. undAufgabe Weil

die

Kundgabe

Kundschaft to kundschaft and Kundgabe Because the is however, Erkunden, Erkunden. to an responds originally in choice a case each breaking-open way; of a a necessarily the similarly and the others, of surrender and of one way the others. of surrender and of one standpoint assumption belongs

X6,yo(;, sou I

Heidegger

that

precedes its

as

Kundschaft,

re-presentation

destination

in

to

"responds" calls and advance.

a more

Erkunden, which A

forgoes critical,

189

a

original form the that

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feature

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190

as

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p. 941.34

to

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11 139a3l-1139b7,

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191

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192

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1931-1932),

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oneself] of

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satiated? sense.

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not

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actually

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36

self. is

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EGA34 2151.

im das denken, Streben (zunachst) läßt Vielmehr ein sich Bestrebte ein dieses als Bestrebte das Hin-zu gerade auf diesem in hält, um zu dabei fest-und selbst sich auf solches finden, und zu Bestrebten selbst des sich Auf-sich-zu-halten Ding ein und Punkt ein und ein als nicht selbst zwar sich Seele, der Wesens des Sinne im Subjekt, selbst sich sondern zu selbst sich ist, also Verhältnis und Wesenhaft die -

193

the

2141.

desiring

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finden IGA34

gerade 2151

dieses

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Rather, (provisionally) one can conceive of a striving that holds that is striven for which fast as such in the over-to [Hin-zu] holds and thereby it by itself: close and in this holding-close-by-itself that of is striven which for finds itself and does so not as a point or a thing or a subject, but rather in the sense of the essence of the soul, is which substantially thus relation, finds itself and precisely as this to that striving-relation is desired. which

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194

the

for-the-

in

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is 36

insofar

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144-1451.

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movement.

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apparent

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1511.

is

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to

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195

itself" with

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§950-531. as

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auf

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196

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200

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in

and

withdrawal

are

something

over

dimension

takes

Sbvcxgtq

explicitly of

potentiality as this holdingwithin

condition

movement,

Slbv(xjiiq

the

suggests

Indeed,

sway'

course,

over

essence. over

essence

'holds

power

finitude,

of

Heidegger the

of

essence existence.

SichUberfEffiren,

inert

an

of

to back

added held

SichUberfUhren

term

the

not rather

from

spring

designations

as from

is is

over but new,

Neues diesem

etwas in

its

essence,

and

an

the

sense

take

of

movement

the

in

broader

S'6v(xgiq

that

and it

is

movement

and

movement

that

terms

gcT(xpoXý.

of

Having does

one

that

argued away

which

with

as

perspective

in

view

here

recourse

What,

then,

the

Megarics'

of

of to

thesis

there. as

Yet

a whole,

if we

we see

arise

as

articulations

the

relation

of

6ý)v(xgiq

to

its

essence

in

Che

Sbv(xglq

Aristotle

movement,

account

themselves

precisely

finds

one

the

of

z'vsP'VcI(x

has

that

gccofpoXý

account

of

of

and movement?

on

the

of

Sbvcxgiq

difficulties

to

actualitY

illustrates

the

leads:

it

Immer

das Stehende nämlich wird sowohl stehenbleiben als das Sitzende auch sitzenbleiben; nicht nämlich wird es sich aufrichten, hat; wenn denn es sich ist gesetzt es [&ciiý)vo, -zovl, daß unvermögend Vermögen es aufstehe, was das hat. 11047a15-17, aufzustehen GA33 2111 gar nicht

Thus,

one standing just will remain always standing, as one Thus, if one has sat down, one sitting will remain sitting. will to stand not get up. What does not have the potential therefore be incapable 10'(8bvo(Tov1 of standing up will up.

As Heidegger down not

and lie

standing between

two

other

and

standing

between

remarks,

the

stones. is

as

kinds

end

points

up

For

the

state

sitting

and

libergang.

transition,

of in of

the

same way

sitting

there

standing

is

But lies

a stone itself

lie

a

sitting these

between

'having-sat'

'having-stood-up':

Obergang

das, Unomenen Ph. diesen wodurch als zu gehdrt bzw. hindurchgegangen Weise mUssen sein in sie verschiedener in ist Verm6gendsein-zu seiner Das hindurchgehen werden. des PhYnomen dieses durch Wirklichkeit mitbestimrnt eigensten libergangs. EGA33 2111 der

transition they must be gone

to these belongs in different ways towards. through

through that which as phenomena toward5 through or as gone exist its in is Being-potential-to

208

do

authentic transition.

Both

the

actuality

end

the

of

fundamentally

movement

his

athlete,

a

the

gun-

What

movement,

who

by

do is

better,

poised we

Rather,

it

seems

towards

the

way

an as

he

see,

kneeling of

on

down. old

though In

ahead.

Sbvo(giq

the

starting Not

This

the fact,

the

simply

a

equally

station

of

athlete's

Heidegger,

does

of

anticipation

said

the

of

that

well, the

only

in

not

frame it

an of

is

a man who

be

are

Heidegger

an example, in

of

movement

itself.

line

could

whole adds

for

in

before

peasant

phenomenon

movement

of

asks?

this

potential

the

interpretation

sprinter,

through

the

and

determined

encapsulates

rather

co-determined

or

cross. is

bent

seem so?

Mein,

es sieht nicht nur so aus, es ist so, und - was ebenso ist entscheidend zu bedenken - wir sehen das unmittelbar so. EGA33 2181

No, it decisive

not only to think

then,

potentiality

Here, run

and

the

sti

I Iness

of

anything

but

seems so, - we see

to

ability the the

athl

is so and immediately

is

present

do

so

of

as

well

awai ting

ete

absence

it it

the

is what precisely to be so.

Both

such.

are signa

the

in

concentrated I

to

go.

intention

As

the

such,

movement.

Imdas bereitschafterfüllte ist Wirklich-Vermögend-sein Vollzug den in die Enthemmung Stand-sein-zu, dem nur noch ist, diese fehlt, daß, eingestellt sich vorhanden wenn so der legt, Zeug ins Vermögende der hat, das heißt: sich wenn ist Er dieses. ist nichts Vollzug Ausübung und nur wahrhaft Werk das (I'c'p-Vov: Sich-ins-Zeug-legen - Evep-Vci(x anderes als [GA33 2191 oder das Zeug). being-in-placeis the fully ready Being-actually-potential the lacks so release, only to, the which of accomplishment is if ie. is what it is engaged: that this present, when truly is the to accomplishment work, potential sets

209

to very itis

and

performance to work -

For

the

evtp-yevy

potentiality

be acquired be

only

into

put

such,

it

in

readiness.

It

must

also

1047a24

following

way

(given

particular

force

of

at

nothing other tool). work or the

as

Hence

gives

is

be present

practice.

Aristotle

In

It the

to held

and

this. Ocpyov:

the and

the

his

is

not

of

importance

I shall

not

that

that

it

it

can that

translates

in

the

passage

and

the

this

of

enough

potentiality

Heidegger

which

setting

be plain

definition

translation,

than 44

attempt

my own)-45

Wirklichkeit

ist dieses, dem nichts vermögend aber mehr ist, in das Zeug legt, unausführbar sobald es sich als wozu das Zeug zu haben angesprochen 11047a24-26, GA33 2191. wird.

It

hold

must

sway

it:

in

course,

the

relevant

it

of

directly

denotes

' First

composition Cp'yov: also and

of

in-work, mean thereby

Heidegger's

'to

the

of word

at-work. buckle conveys

interpretation

This

most

all,

it

46 down' the

is

which

But or

'to sense

put of

210

the

and,

of

Megarics

the

of

movement,

in

above,

it

vý: p-ycio(

as

by has of

en and

the

the

is

as

passages

a sense

a

twofold

etymological form

verbal

one's

shoulder

concentrated Sbvagiq.

What

to

the

effort this

of can

Sich-ins-Zeug-legen

addition,

to

attaches

the

translation

elements, in

not

characterized

preserves

in

ývtpjeia

then,

definition

unusual

its

from

though

In

in

n&cyXctv

Clearly,

defined.

stands

implicit xcxi

noiciv

the

to

itself

is

of -uob

which

mastery

dunamis,

of

that

over

itself.

Sbv
movement,

'Sich-ins-Zeug-legen. significance.

sense

contributes

816vocgir,

which

and

Slbv(xgiq

definition

Rather,

thought.

of

essence

the

to

the of

relation

complementary

view

over

against

resistance

itself

wheel' which

eloquently

fully

Heidegger

that

is

demonstrates

integrated

fashion.

Moreover

itself,

precisely

because

movement

the

from

treated

has

Aubenque

first

it,

as

their

of

Sbvo(Aiq

understands the

scene

the

two

articulations

terms

of

das Vorhandensein des Vermögenden Weise wie die Wirklichkeit im Sinne In-Bewegung-seins, des dieses auf IGA33 2161 von daher zu fassen.

in

the

movement,

both

S-6v(xji'Lc, and common

sense

of

being-

essay

on

Aristotle's

account

Movement

is,

sublunar

[PEA 4531:

at is

condition

Heidegger

cessation

gathered

calls of

into

of its

a

of


determined limiting to

movement,

is but

with

he

rather

end:

211

they

by

this

later

a succinct

gives

E'vTsXtXei(x.

of

found where

to

regard

It,

Indeed, where

than being

its the does

rest

movement

Rest,

rather has

too,

are

which movement.

movement,

the

of

things

[being-moved]. be

meant

do

characteristic

movement.

to

be

Heidegger's

to

those

case

is

what

where and

and are

in-movement,

ly

fundamental

Bewegtheit

Bewegtheit

brief

even

opposed

essentially

manifestation the

simply

are

to

closer

turn

Accordingly, rest

being-

of

us

a

as

in gleicher als solchen des Vollzugs sind Weisen in sich bezogen und nur

cvc'p-Vci(x

of

Aristotle,

world.

therefore,

what

interpretation

ways get

conception

for

superficially

we

Let

in-movement?

his

of

are

Can

feature?

a

share

Cvgpycicx

are

point,

present-at-hand of potentiality as such the in the sense actuality similarly of accomplishment to which they ways of being-in-movement, are intrinsically in they and related only connection with which can comprehended.

If

a is

question

being

the

in

cvcPycl(x integration

of

indistinction

original

and

is,

as

a in

purest not it

mean were,

Innehalten

dieses

nur

nicht this

ein,

is

why

beginning

end,

which

is

being

at

at

times

Met. 0.6,

namely

time

and

in

end.

Seeing

that

is to

things,

living

an

xivqcyiq

One we saw the of

the

final

faculties,

described

potentialities

the

the

in

chapter

stands

in

In

other

soul 's

terms

Chapter

determination

EýClqv

intellectual

this

the

the

of

evitp-Vem

and

amongst

in

conclude

same

movement

p. 321.

cf.

from

the

at

that

also,

to

taken

seen

sense

[1048b25,

the

is

between

specific

argument

cUTEpcxt1Lot, as

in

has

and

a movement

tantamount

gives

separation

happy

of

therefore

characterizes

cpVov

is,

that

in

being

and

no

which

and

so-called end,

is

discernible

no

movement,

Heidegger sees

includes

is

of

is

which

one

there

there

form

example

F',vý-p-yziu,

well

highest

seeing:

of

being-moved,

which

and

the

seeing

such

contrast

the

complete

However,

rest.

in

movement,

ja

aus sonder ein, IVWB-WM 282: 2561

from excluding discloses it.

represents

all

nicht aufschließt.

erst

far time

circular

or

Bewegtheit

sonder

ingathering, for the first

and

This

die

rational those

of

S,6vO%L'(; ge-I&

of

X6-you.

We saw

that

then in

mastery

and

of

Sbv(xgiq,

to

metabole.

found

that

the

gives that

own

the

prevailed. finitude,

to

was

Sbv(xýLiq existence

play,

described

by

of

possibility

a notion its of

in the

This

of

end

necessary Sbv(xliiq

212

as

in

consisted

current

appropriative

the

Moreover, linked

intrinsically how

its

loss

of

essence

the

which

appropriation of

the

Si6vo(gir,

such

of

play

of

relation

Heidegger

in

of

was

upon

terms

in

one

turn the

existence, Further

orientation. depends

the

sense

essential

mastery

a manner

a

on,

we

'having

'

potential which

itself

having

and

desiderative having

is

movement

to

in

the

'

significance denote

the

that

the

light

of

and from

is

S-&v%L,,4; qua

usages

the

of terms

suppress

is

intended

what

As

the

more

no

past.

48

But

Heidegger's cvTcXtXci(x

it

of

movement, the

and

from

ývtpyctcx

by

movement

the

sense

of

that

is,

the

important

most

interpretation

be

arises

that

from

One of

to

should

that

what

the

here

standing

and

isolated

is

accomplishment

such,

condition

with

213

the

sitting

of

'Sich-im-Ende-

to

it

is.

Heidegger,

which

as

at

a

being

movement

stands

is

end

the

so

of

of

of

that

&6v(xýL-Lq 120lb4l?

aspects of

not

form

a

ývlccXtXcic(

word

being

the

as

a moving

as

The

example

is

and

cvucXtXci(Y

associated

e'vep-yetoe

challenging

various

of

the the

movement

and

become

very

of

amounted

as

of

a

a manner

Bewegtheit

literally

but

thing

has

above;

present

V cvTcXtXzi(x

these

which

the

in

of

most

of

mentioned

the

movement

itself.

the

Bewegtheit

'47 end,

the

the

in

therefore

movement in

in

existence

Siýv(ygiq

of

captured

such

the

end

the

way

its

condition

understood Met. 8.3

the

the

that

translates

with

of

movement,

and

sense

forms,

identified

cVtP'ycicx

the

'having-itself-in-the-end.

thereby

than

in

that

find

we

is

end

end once

consists

from

existence

at

implicit

sense

this

where

Having

case,

a

the

an

relation,

thereby

end,

the

denotes

Latinate

avoiding

to

consist

Aristotle

which

the

itself.

end,

to

parallel

to

relation

This

existence.

independent

is,

the

as

potential

not

present

said

itself

virtue

turn

of

that

the

of

Having

therefore

itself, In

Haben,

in

appropriation

mastery.

of

is

SbV(Xg1q.

and

characterized

manner

appropriation

existence

by

is

a

desiring,

desiderative

'has'

this

denotes

of

essence

to

that

and

is are

the

way

brought

Whereas

together.

by

state movement

level

of in

be

is

intention but

movement, 49

200bl2l. devoid

by

sense

verbal

sense

Heidegger's

is

condition

merely

the

insofar

movement

virtue

itself

of

given

a

CVTSxtxC1O(

to

the

or

can

a thing

of

especially is

it

ostensibly the

represents be

might Taking

a

called in

this

its

(hence

moment

appropriative

having-itself-in-the-

Sich-im-Ende-Haben,

translation:

that

what

at

Aristotle's

111.1-2,

C"Xciv.

component

to

as

level

is

which

phenomenon

[Physics

and

the

applied

faithful

two

distinction

to

that

disparate

comprise

the

if

of ten

cvEP-yc1
to

to

of

remains

itself

the

these

inapt

cv-ccXitXci(x

is

in

only

determination

change

lends

but

not

movement

the

be said

appropriate

it

articulate

the

of

common

as

insensible

rest,

way,

potentiality

accomplishment dynamic

the

rather

Second, all

of

to

is

1-7'vCPVC14Yis

thread

could

remains

to

this

In

movement.

common

which

as

movement

that

contrasted as

end

of

the

it

process,

Bewegtheit

declared in

First,

and

which

character

interpretation

an

features.

between

the

of

highlights

way of

principal

stasis

dynamic

Heidegger

5-6v(xjiiq,, senses

the

to

contrasted

the

end).

In

asking

the

articulate by

the

simply

at

he

lead,

Aristotle's look

being

someone the

of

a xivoibýLcvov,

takes

of

the

line

the

example

something,

making

movements

the

Heidegger

sense,

we see

of

xo(T&

questioning

of

perspective

usual

in

Bewegtheit

af ter

this

of

making

movements.

closed

enquiry xjv9cTiv. something. But

these

[Aristotelesl er sondern Bewegung die Tisches eben xivqcric solchen. eines .,

der bei denkt Entstehenden dieses das ist geT(xßolý,

214

off

Following When we are

artisan:

Entstehung

to

aims

des

und als selbst Umschlagen von

not

dergestalt, etwas zu etwas daß im Umschlagen in einem dem Umschlagenden mit zum Ausschlag, Vorscheinkommt. IVWB-WM 283: 256-2571 Rather, thinking

in

dieses d. h.

selbst in den

the

Sener ation table, of the he [Aristotle] is precisely of the movement of this itself generation is jicc(xpoXý, and as such. xlvqat(; the change of something into that in something, the such the very change act of itself breaks into change the out i. e. comes into open, the changing appearance along with thing.

is

This

not

determined is

change

the

play

such;

being give

that

is,

understood

is

change and

a

xivncylq

the

following

lies

in

the

of

emerging

appropriation.

(as

tran5lation

described

Ari5totle's

of

having-itself-in-the-end in (i. e. appropriated being being-moved. of)

take

the of appropriation)

about

lengthy

the

of relation

its

"very

by

essence

of

set

in

here

act

of

loss,

the

out in

of

terms

change,

Given

that

above),

Heidegger

definition

of

"

the can

xivqcTir,

However,

consideration. the

fact

that

between

it

215

and

as (the

appropriated is clearly

we can

confirms

cvtpyE: i(x

Geigneten eines Wesen der) (das

interpretation

powerful,

extraordinarily

and

extraordinary,

stock

change"

111.

The

merits

of

and

Sibvagic,

presents

pre-

manifestation

with

the

end

act

interpretation

des Geeigneten Das Sich-im-Ende-Haben als ist Eignung) (d. h. in offenkundig seiner VWB-WM 283: 2571 Bewegtheit. [201b4f,

This

the

as

Accordingly, an its

"very

connection

Heidegger

as

the

between

appropriation

in

development

described

by

passivity,

ýLvuxpoXý

[Eignung].

of

Physics

means

Met. 8.1-3,

appropriation

transition

Of

Heidegger

in

on

process

What

activity

Indeed,

ge, uxpoXý,

the

as

characterized

lectures

of

in

as

between

dunamis. the

states.

he

which

change

what

do

no

more

have we

ývccXtxcio(,

here

said

already

xivr)aiq,

than

and

the

Sf)vo(giq.

of

essence

between

ambiguity

designates

become'

can it

a process,

goes is

itself-in-the-end

of In

appropriation. of

change

the

and,

we

the

less

of add,

might

relation

movement,

is

present as

an

8fmxgie..

a form

the

conceived

of in

than

or

activity.

forms

216

of

the

form

too

in

is

of

the the

of

having,

is

a modality

which of

the

of

havingin

its

very

act the

a table, that

AcwPoXý

living

flute,

in

of

movement

i. e.

movement

end,

form

as

manufacture

an end which terms

has

appropriated,

playing

are

that that

repeats

Seeing,

In

a movement

movement the

activity

end,

the

ontologically

as

'having

of in

It

determined

where

movement

to

ý-vtp-yci(x.

of

ei)np&ttoc, to

genuinely even

a movement

appropriated as

as

applicable

also

the

short,

iEvtpycia

essence

constitutive to

no

of

existence at

is

name

thus

a

condition'

the

of

end of

more

the

by

'perfect

having

the

the

all

to

necessary

the

the

preserves

having-itself-in-the-end,

gathering

of

parenthesi5

process

called

the

be said

and

first

aPpropriation,

is

itself

being-moved

be

might

remains

this

which

and the

therefore

and

if

state

what

nonetheless But

the

determination;

fundamental it

Notably,

in

lies well

which

no way extrinsic

appropriation.

the

Conclusion

THE ACT OF APPROPRIATION

The

problem

we

set

critical

assimilation

a

of

means

of

form

to

and

the

understanding all,

we

the an

said,

assumption

their

understanding

human

for

interpretation the

being

thereby the

of of

seen

existence

that

When found as an

np&tiq

must

of

Dasein

of

The

Bewegtheit

S6v(xjilLq,,

but

the

as

however,

form

of

Above than

more

required

wp&ttq,

an

providing

as

a

paved

ontological

of movement as of

Dasein,

the

Sbvixgir,

of

determination of

for

by

to

the

external

particular.

an interpretation

accompanying

the

in

analysis

by

is,

that

an

paradigmatic

specific

Heidegger's

to

to

distinguished

movement

superficial

alternative

To do this,

ends.

comprised

a

relation as

be

as

an

work

understanding

movement,

denote

of

and ,

existence.

beings. to

general

form

the

an

such

the

respective

of

of

way

and

than

the

of

of

in

philosophy

finding

meant

Heidegger's

whether

otherwise

characteristic

notrIcriq of

designation

This

establish practical

npftiq

being

of

placement

the

Aristotelian

of

nofTjaLq,.

representational

to

was

understanding

modification

end

ourselves

not

ivkpyciof

in

movement

was

contrast

to

specific

to

existence.

looking that &pXý

at the of

the unity

activity

connection vobc.

of is

between and

transcendence

accomplished

217

of

constitutive

o2petiq via

C'ýiq..

and

As

such,

we

np&tiq, human and

being in

the

light

Heidegger's

of

to

virtue

term

this

losomething that

lies in

we suggested account

of

the

called

for

a

a6vcYlitc, in offered

form

the

provide

a

existence appropriation

of

Sbvcxpir, actual Dasein by this

with

the

pcx(xPolxý a

as

existence exists 'action

is

as

to

all

to

the

having

it

be

to

itself

the

essence of

finite

8bv(xpiv

for

potentiality

or movement'

of

being,

appropriation.

218

SbVCXV1q, the

of

terms

of

appropriation

the in

connection

in

it

with the

terms

of

as one's

akin

to

the essence

Moreover,

in

mirrored

potential. is

of

of

not

seen,

is

and

treatment

appropriation

having

of

movement

appropriation EcXciv,

Dasein,

of

characteristic

S6v(xjiiq.

of

as an

interpretation

understood

of

as a movement

perspective,

of

as we have

understood,

or

being

occurs

movement

as

determination

radical

together

as

secured,

action

existence

essence

in

ethical

facticity,

The

the

itself

this

of

the

the

as

is

Changing

Evfpyeiot.

above

fundamental

movement

hermeutics

bringing

of

of

but

at

and

way

having,

something,

the

specific

movement

Dasein

account.

is

In

characterizes

It

the

ivkpVcia

of

theme

and

as

that

regard of

the of

of

to

truth

Aristotle

which

of

having

of

by which

aW06v,

to ground.

relation

movement". 1

a

movement

remarkable

transcendence:

sense

Three

of

account

and

of

heart

reading

finally

having

the

'

re-intepretation

this

corresponding

or

at

dispositional

'having,

action

Chapter

terms

of

movement

an

the

and the

as a relation

dispositions

means

like

movement

both

intellectual

simply

transcendence

of

may be understood

designating the

and

'Etir,

that

we suggested addition

interpretation

therefore

But what of

Insofar

the of its as

determined its

end?

Because

is

potentiality the

accomplishment, is

existence

a

or

cu"S(xigovfix in

a

terms

the case

ontological

register,

Dasein

form

of

as activity

pursuit

of

becomes

the for

well,

of

or

not,

from of

appropriative

as

Bewegtheit

of

that

is

finite

its

is

izp&tiq,

manner

in

of

existing

being, it

activity

of

Dasein

is

exists

as

engaged

potentiality

as

movement

or

an

moment

constantly

existence

own

that

activity

The

existence

appropriative

itself,

being

mean?

itself;

for

the

a possible

appropriation;

end

the

as

the

the

6np(xticx c,

existence

potentiality

an

with

it

such,

from

into

primarily,

or

in

complicated

denotes

can

end

defined

existence

wpUttic,

of

activity,

lexicon

not

actual

a manner of

is

then,

in

Existing

existing As

2 What,

implicit

of

Aristotle's

least

its

to

end

position

which

at

flight

relation

and

final

particular

a

is

the

of

or

or

movement

appropriation.

result

others.

being.

by

being

a

is

and

pursuit

for

an activity

for

translation

flight

characterized

an

his

Heidegger,

potentiality

in

the

as

but

a manner

However,

amongst

or

the

successful

in

thing,

extant

denotes

its

implicit

end

good. by

such

its

an

itself

to

related

fashion,

similar

Heidegger's

of

to

not

su'np(xtIcy,

of

to

relation

relation

In

existence.

essentially

that

of

is

an

end

in

itse If.

In

this

we can finite in

way, say

in

and that

the

appropriation

detected distinguished

accordance

at

the from

wpftiq

account

of

bestows

coherence

it

alleviates

insofar

general,

with

as

heart that

of

Greek

of

the

as

an

upon the

philosophy:

work,

219

declared

Heidegger's

and

the

activity the

or

movement

structure

naivety

the

intention,

being

instrumental

of that

of

of

activity Heidegger

Dasein activity

is in

which

Dasein

is

for

the

most

part

de 1imi ted.

220

engaged

has

been

more

adequately

NIMES

Introduction

M Heidegger, I. Die Grundprobleme der Ph,4nomenologie (1927), Frankfurt Vittorio Klostermann, am Main, 1975 (hereafter GA24) p. 57; Basi c Th e Problems Phenomenology, of trans. A Hofstadter, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1982, p. 111. 2. The remark is made in 'Notre Compagne Clandestine, ' in Textes pour Emmanuel Levinas, F Laruelle, Paris, ed. Jean-Michel Place, 1980, 'Our Clandestine Companion, pp. 79-87; ' trans. D Allison, in Face to Face with Levinas, Albany, SUNY Press, ed. R Cohen, 1986. 3. Heidegger refers forma and natura, cf.

to quidditas, quod quid GA24 121: 86,148: 105.

erat

GA24 95 and M Heidegger, 4. Cf. Sein (1927), und Zeit in the Jahrbuch fUr Philosophie und ph6homenologische Vill. All in this thesis to the references are TUbingen, Niemeyer, 1986 (hereafter SZ); Being and Macquarrie &E Robinson, Oxford, Blackwell, 1980,96.

esse,

definitio,

first appeared Forschung Vol. 16th edition, Time, trans. J

5. GA24 149: 106. Beginning the concept that with of gop4pý, he notes forming lend a being iStul, look EclSoq, and shaping a particular and it is by reading that off such a look we come to know what a thing is. In the case in perception, it of encountering a being seems its look is founded form, that is the on its of gopq)ý ground ciSoq. However, Heidegger that in Greek the founding notes ontology is the Accordingly, he concludes that connection precisely reverse. the terms to perception, have been understood regard not must with but is thing by it in to For the shaping produced production. i is Scot the thing that in the of anticipated conformity with or ciSoq thing the Accordingly the what already advance. siSor, encapsulates Moreover, IGA24 150-151: 1071. to its being was prior actualized the the being, insofar the it cfSoq opens complete presents as 6piag6c, the the determines definition VC-vor, of and possibility of determinations thing. All these as arise of essentia characteristics The the from is work producer. of perspective of produced what from the is itself, hand, the of production process released other on the Greek in independently, encapsulated a characteristic and stands But that lies-before. 6noxc1govov, that term denoting which which in lies-before is activity and so everyday one uses what primarily further; influence its the still extends production experience of Seiende ist das Habe, die Gut, "Das Rab schlechthin, und verfdgbare Disposable property, are and goods, possessions griechisch o6crf(x: EGA24 Greek the is, that oUCTf(x" beings; they which simply are quite is 'that denotes here which at our 153: 1081. 'disposable' that (Note [zuhanden] 'ready-to-hand' to the term is akin disposal. it ' As such, therefore carries The ) Time. in Being essentia of meaning used and Yet, itself. the work being kind into the with associated of over translation literal the of oikrfof. is Heidegger, only writes essentia interpreted be must also In addition, the verb existere, esse, cN(yi, 24 EGA the production of by way of o6afu, experience via and thereby 221

153: 1091; Heidegger existing, being simply present-at-hand. both which within essence and

is in the maintains, In short, production existence their acquire

traditional is the

sense horizon

meaning.

GA24 154: 109. ftiapcTv is a form that of perception looks towards is to be produced what and orients itself By virtue accordingly. of the fact that it the eiSoq, apprehends the 'real' which comprises all determinations OewpeTv is understood of a being, to grasp the being is. really as it 6.

Heidegger later distinguished between making and producing, by the former the experience meaning here and reserving outlined that term for latter the sense of production Enolncriql at which he arrived later is and which in texts elaborated 'Der Ursprung des such as Kunstwerkes' (1935-36) in Holzwege, Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1977 (herafter HW) pp. 1-74, tr. 'The Origin of the Work in 'Poetry Language of Art' ' trans. A Hofstadter, and Thought, New Hagerstown, York, San Francisco, London, Harper Colophon, 1975, 'Vom Wesen und Begriff der ObcFiq Aristoteles pp. 17-87; Physik B, I' (1939) (hereafter VWB) in Wegmarken, Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1976 (hereafter WM) pp. 239-301, 'On the Being and Conception in Aristotle's Physics B 1, ' in Man and World 9, of 4)YIlX Aug. 1976, (page be indicated pp. 219-270 by the references will VWB-WM, followed by the references to WM and to Man and abbreviation World However, during the respectively). this period with which thesis is primarily (i. e. up to 1933), concerned no such distinction the reader bear in mind that there is no was made. Nonethless, should intrinsic between Heidegger's contradiction withdrawal of metaphysics from the experience in his later of making and the role of nolrlcFiq writings. 7.

8. Cf. "Men muß sich daruber klar daß also werden, was das bedeutet, der Mensch die Verhältnis hat: zu den Werken, ein er herstellt, one to the works it he must be clear what man has a relation means that has produced, Von Wesen Metaphysik " M Heidegger, Aristoteles 19 1-3: Wirklichkeit Vittorio Kraft (1931) [Frankfurt der und am Main: Taminiaux J Klostermann Cf. GA33) 137. [19901 (hereafter also p. fondamentale' 'rIoinaic, l'ontologie de I'articulation rIp&tiq d8n5 et F de ]a ph6nom6nologie, (hereafter AOF) in Heidegger ed. et I'id6e 19881, Volpi, Publishers: Kluwer [Dordrecht: cf. esp. pp. 107-125 Taminiaux, Lectures in 116. This is p. and expanded revisited article J6r6me Grenoble, Essais de l'ontologie fondamentale: sur Heidegger, Cf. LOF 162. 149-189, Millon, LOF) 1989, (hereafter p. esp. cf. pp. far. discussed themes the 149-162 so for broader of many of account a for his translation 9. Tom Sheehan deserves of mention special also Aristotle's importance the brought VWB and for that of essays several English-speaking the world to the influence Heidegger of attention on 'Heidegger, Cf. fully it recognized. not at a time was still when No. Summer XIX 2/4 Vol. Today Philosophy Aristotle and Phenomenology, The Monist ' Ontology, History the 1975 pp. 87-94, Movement of 'On and Vol. 64 No. 4 October 1981, pp. 534-542. 10.

Volpi,

comme praxis: la philosophie

Heidegger e Lassimilation pratique

(1984)

Aristotele et d'Aristote'

222

la

(hereafter

radicalisation Heidegger in

'Dasein HA), de heideggerienne ]a de I'id6e et

ph6nom6nologie, pp. 1-42; a translation of this has appeared paper as 'Dasein the Heideggerian as praxis: assimilation and radicalisation the of practical philosophy Aristotle' of in Martin Heidegger: Critical Assessments Vol. 11, ed. C Macann, London, Routledge, 1992, (hereafter DAP), pp. 90-129 'L'esistenza Le come prexis. radici della terminologia aristoteliche di OEssere e Tempob' (hereafter ECP) in Filosofia '91, ed. G Vattimo pp. 215-252. 11.

For

Volpi example, the following relate5 Daseinpairs of terms: Zuhandenheit-noirlaiq, np&t-Lrq, Vor-handenheit-Ocoipfof EHA 93, DAP 103ECP 224-2291, 105, Sorge-05petiq EDAP 1081, Gewissen-qp6vrpiI; IDAP 118-119, ECP 246-2471, Entschlossenheit-npoaripcair. IDAP 119-120, ECP 247-2481. 12.

Regarding

the that problems from insisting can arise on a 'translation' particular R Bernasconi, cf. 'Heidegger's Destruction (hereafter HDP) in of Phronesis' The Southern Journal of Philosophy (1989) Vol. XXVIII, Supplement (hereafter pp. 127-147 SJP), cf. esp. p. 130, p. 144 n. 8. 13.

HA 75-80,90-92;

pp. 67-68

below.

14. Of course, this is not intended to be an exhaustive critique of their There writing is on this further question. to the reference interpretations in Ch. I. V, and to those of Bernasconi and Nicolaci of Bernasconi, Nicolaci in Ch. 3.11. and Taminiaux 15. 16.

Cf.

pp. 92-93,131-133,205-206.

The

profoundly the between problematic nature of relation in Heidegger, philosophy and politics has been and indeed elsewhere, Lacoue-Labarthe, shown by Phillipe 'La transcendence cf. especially finie/t dans la politique' in Typographies 11, Paris, Galil6e, 1986, Typography, Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics pp. 135-173; C Fynsk, ed. London & Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard U P, 1989, and La fiction du politique, Paris Christian Bourgois 1987, Heidegger Art and Politics, trans. C Turner, Oxford, Blackwell, 1990. 17. R Poiesis'

Bernasconi, (hereafter

'The FDP)

18. G Nicolaci, 'La Ermeneutica e Filosofie, Marsilio, Venice, 1990,

Fate the of in Heidegger

Distinction Studies Vol.

Lettura

heideggeriana N De Domenico &A ed. LHP). (hereafter

Between Praxis 2 pp. 111-139. della Escher

19. M Heidegger, Interpretationen Phänomenologische zu Einführung Forschung (1921/22) in die phänomenologische GA61), Interpretationen 'Phänomenologische zu and ' in the Dilthey (Anzeige Situation), der hermeneutischen 1989 (hereafter PIA) pp. 235-274. 20. Volpi remarks kinetic character 21.

On

Bernasconi's

not within concomitant dominance

identification Heidegger's on Cf. Dasein's existence. of

223

in praxis' di Stefano, Aristoteles. (hereafter Aristoteles Jährbuch

of up6Miq, HA 96 n. 30.

with

6 the

idea, least be at such no could is dominance the of making as that to overthrow metaphysics, of to metaphysics. overcoming equivalent

there insofar

reading, For metaphysics. the origin with as must be understood

and

Chapter

1. Except where Ethics presented Thomson, London, T 2. Oxford, 3.

may anachronistic of notion transcendental causality, any specific that without 4. 5.

indicated, the passages from Aristotle's in English from the translation are taken Penguin, 1976.

Engberg-Pedersen, Clarendon Pre5S,

It

may passage an

Aristotle's Theory of Moral 1983, (hereafter ATM) Chapter

Nicomachean by JAK

Insight 1.

(1983)

be

that the use of this objected terminology imposes an Kantian set of In fact, the concerns on Aristotle. though a condition Kantian of possibility not a follows from condition the theory simply of final insofar is that 'for the sake of which' as the final cause is to have been undertaken act therefore said and is it would not have occurred. which Metaphysics,

Aristotle, It

One

come as implicit

trans.

WD to

no surprise recognition

Ross,

Oxford,

Clarendon,

learn that Heidegger saw the ontological difference.

of

1908. in

this

6. This is also termed 'focal by GEL relation variously meaning' Owen CLogic in Some Earlier Works of Aristotle' in and Metaphysics Articles Vol 3: Metaphysics, M Schofield, on Aristotle ed. J Barnes, R Sorabji, London, Duckworth, 1979, AE, hereafter pp. 13-32) and G Patzig, Ontology by in Aristotle's ('Theology and paronymy 33-49). Vol 3: Metaphysics Aristotle AE Metaphysics' in Articles on 7. is

In view frequently terms, other 8.

9.

For

the

of

misleading, the retain

Aristotle's

The

matter 1069a3Of.

the

that

fact

I Greek.

shall, of

understanding

theme basic For and form.

is

i)

a set

translation as

matter, of variations,

Aristoteles: 10. W Jaeger, Weidmann, Entwicklung, Berlin, the History Development, of his 1948.

indeed

cf.

priority, ii)

oiýaio( as 'substance' the in case of many

of

form, cf -

1018b8ff.

the iii) 1017bl0f,

Grundlegung einer Aristotle: tr. 1923; R Robinson, trans.

compound 1042a24f

of and

Geschichte seiner Fundamentals of Clarendon, Oxford,

"a had philosophical Aristotle that sought 11. Patzig argues a and first philosophy, both is general a discipline that and a it that can at to substances is that other all so superior substance " If in general. in a certain the same time be called sense substance the two oppose he not should Aristotle, we follow to writes, we are but appreciate rather to first another, definitions one philosophy of that together belong only and that two definitions "these essentially 'first Aristotle's their characterises adequately conjunction theology a "is so special of first Indeed, '" philosophy philosophy. Even if " time we the ontology. same is kind that it and at as such the to be explain adequate the may relation civ accept np6r, flawed is on still interpretation Patzig's of theology, universality He G. H r, Books and he because accomodate his terms cannot own but the structure, by Civ np6c, together theology brings and ontology 224

in only context Ontology

books: thus, certain the is levelled conflict in one out to be readmitted only in another. Cf. Patzig, 'Theology and in Aristotle's Metaphysics' cited above (n. 5). P Aubenque, 12. Le probl6me de 1'6tre Paris, chez Aristote, Press Universitaires de France, 1962, (hereafter PEA). Aubenque's is study the perhaps most comprehensive and stimulating the of modern commentaries become a classic and has already kind. of its 13. P Merlan takes Met. E. 1: 1026a30-31 to be the decisive moment, cf. From Platonism to Neo-platonism, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1975, In Book 17, therefore, pp. 168-170. 'universal' does not indicate an but abstract generality, the rather in all things presence the of primary substance and first is theology philosophy in a strong sense. J Owens, too, that proposed is theology, ontology the simply since 'v system np6c of the nature c relations shows things to be of all ., derived from the primary is therefore substance, the cause which of things. Cf. The Doctrine all in Aristotelian Metaphysics of Being (1951), Wettern, Universa, 1963, This thesis is similar pp. 160-175. to that insofar of Merlan's as the universality of first philosophy is to depend the highest form seen on of substance whose very have been thought to destroy priority might the basis for such a But in place claim. that divine of the rather being crude assertion is present in all things, the onus is shifted to the influence of the highest beings. substance on all Similarly, having discussed 'Ev the he wp6q, relation earlier, "Cette N'estasks: solution en est-elle une dans le cas de L'Lstre? le Is this elle pas plut6t probIdAme m6me hypostasie?: solution a in the case of being? Is it solution not rather a crystallization of the problem? " [PEA 1921. 14.

15. It be pointed that the association should out at this stage of being Later, as such with and significance. oiýcFlo( may have both basis I shall discuss Heidegger's issue, in which of this reading a close tempered by does emerge Epp. 37-391. However, it is always association the fact identification that Heidegger of any straightforward resists its oi)cr1(x with signification. categorial by it is Aubenque's no means reading, spite of of plausibility Lugarini, Aristotele Cf. L Aristotle. on common amongst commentators Editrice, 1972, Italia Nuova La ]'idea Firenze, della filosofia, e being the to the 246-248. Lugarini of problem application pp. accepts he However, health. 'Ev the from drawn the of example of irp6q, relation (to the two cases between discrepancy does not which 'overlook' the deny Aubenque any such draws so much as emphatically attention), del fondare del mia suo esser difference: "La suo specificith dei 6 ]a modi fatto &pXý uno del salute dipende pure che (pibaiq, mia dei 6 in suoi uno tale del ovvero 'salutare', generale, e come preso The tale: in 1'esser-salutare quanto invece, molteplici non 6, sensi; &W being its my WIXF'c., my foundation its of specificity of ' 'healthy, is of health that depends a modality fact also on the its is it many senses; i. of one taken in e. general and as such , , 247. In in putting healthy p. being this general" the case with is not to any laudably avoid is anxious Lugarini forward this view, in the for term series is term that the a generic suggestion unifying In

the

225

Yet to this question. he begins end, from the view that the primary is itself sense of being one of the categories to and then proceeds the understand model, health namely, on the basis that it of which to inform. This was intended seems somewhat inasmuch unnecessary, as the notion of universality the np6c, 'Ev relation which is to introduce does not rely on encompassing each element within a single genus. GA33 §1. 16. We shall Heidegger's examine Met. 8.1 reading in of Four, Chapter Section 1. 17. Aubenque draws textual support declaration that the categories being: 1089al6 cf. and 1051a34.

for

this

apply

as

reading much to

from

Aristotle's non-being as

to

18. "Wie das geht Die Antwort zusammen? fehlt. Und wir bedenken fortan: Die Frage nach dem Wesen der Kategorien fuhrt ins Dunkel: How does this There is no answer. work? And from now on we reflect: the the question the of essence leads of into darkness" categories EGA33 71. 19. Heidegger's most extended to oixyfix occurs in Vom Wesen reference Menschlichen der Freiheit (1930), Frankfurt Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1982, (hereafter GA31) §§7-8. Cf. Metaphysische also Anfangsgriinde der Logik im Ausgang Frankfurt von Leibniz, am Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1978, (hereafter GA26) tr. Th e pp. 182-183, Metaphysical Foundations Logic, trans. M Heim, Bloomington, of Indiana University Press, 1984, p. 145; SZ 25: 47 & 90: 123; VWB-WM 239301: 219-270. In his Physics B 1, Heidegger reading of Aristotle's insists that Seiendheit [beingness] is "the translation only adequate beingness, is that distinguishes of o1krf(y, " and that oiýai(y, which a being That the same translation in place in 1926 as such. was already is evidenced by Heidegger's 1926 lecture Die Grundbegriffe der course Philosophie, (This has not been published antiken p. 92. course yet to Franco Volpi for having and I am indebted made a typescript of it to me. The text being is presently for available prepared publication by Franz-Karl Blust 22 of the Heidegger appear as Volume and will Gesamtausgabe, Vittorio Hereafter, Frankfurt Klostermann. it am Main, by the page number appropriate be referred to as GA22, followed will to the the typescript. For as a whole, cf. course of an account figure Volpi's del la 'Heidegger e greco: pensiero storia monograph e 'Concetti 1926 del del sui estivo problemi semestre corso In 1-2,1986. Itinerari ' in fondamentali della filosofia n. antica, the kind denotes term Anwesenheit the that this, view of we can say therefore is beingness to being and as of ousia attributed translation. to the aforementioned complementary 20. Regarding the importance be reduced to its categorial del storia greco, pensiero by Heidegger understood as a kind of substance.

the of o6criot meaning allowing of not 'Heidegger Volpi, e cf. alone, sense that Volpi o6aia ' p. 254. us reminds it being were, as not, and of a manner

to la is as

branch of 21. Aristotle the same point repeats ... the like is not, engaged present at philosophy we are on which know to because studying not are its we theoretical in aim others, it become otherwise to since good, in but is, order what goodness The tension translation modified]. [1103b26f be useless" would in

226

Book

11:

"1

I

the

the arises which as a result of commitment is formally of what a treatise theoretical to a deliberately non-theoretical the end places itself text under considerable As we have noted stress. above (pp. 13in Nicolaci's 14), it opens an entirely view, unexpected space within new possibilities the which of reading text themselves, LHP present 247-250.1 to this shall return below, excellent study pp. 61-64,126127. With 22intended

to the distinction regard between analogy of proportion, here, and analogy of attribution, a scholastic usage to the np6q, Fv relation corresponding here, GA33 46as described cf. GA22 87, RA 47, Gauthier &JY Jolif, L'Ethique a Nicomeque, traduction Tome 11 et commentaire Louvain, premiere partie, Universitaires Publications de Louvain: 1959 -&Paris, editions Beatrice-Nauwelaerts, 1959, (hereafter ENT) pp. 46-47. 23.

J Burnet,

24.

"Si

25.

Cf.

le

The Ethics

of

Aristotle,

London,

Methuen,

1900,

p. 29.

bien d'une

diff06rents nous apparaft sous aspects, qui ne dans les pas reldAvent science convnune, c'est qu'il se dit diff6rentes de I'C-tre; significations et si le Bien en tant que bien de pas un n'est simple mot et presente une unit66 relative il le doit VegalitL6 6 des signification, ses rapports que diff6rentes des cat6gories significations entretiennent avec chacune de l'Otre: If the good appears to us in different that guises cannot be treated by a single it is articulated is because it in science, And if the Good qua good is the different of being. significations but of meaning, presents unity a relative a word, actually not merely bear its different that due to the fact this is significations an 203. PEA being" the to of categories each of equivalent relation Gauthier

&

Jolif for

In

ENT pp. 45-47. the analogical

their

Aristotle's Aficomachean Platonic the of Good), ideal and is to approach to is introduced

view, in the

argument apparent preference Ethics rejection enthusiastic an over represents from a theory it is the furthest theory (for of the definitive therefore Aristotle's and more considered 'Cv the Metaphysics, be found in relation np6q, where being. homonomy for the of account

the for the np6r, Presenting civ 1096b29. case 26. Cf. 1096a5-6 le bien "le est qui Jolif unique, Gauthier write: and relation, bien le par essentiel; les de tous fin ]a c'est autres, et principe de I'homme ]'essence ]'intellect est I'homme, qui c'est example, pour beginning the is end of that and the bien: good single et qui est son is intellect the for man, the g. e. is the good; essential all others, 451. [ENT his the essence good" of man and &

27.

Cf.

the

28. SRL Anthropology, 29. T Ethics, 1980.

Nagel, ed.

problem Clark, Oxford,

of

priority

Section

Men, Press,

Aristotle's Clarendon

'Aristotle RortY, A0

30. D Achtenberg, Ethics' Micomachean

in

11.

Speculations 1975.

in Eudaimonia' on University Berkeley,

Role 'The in Ancient

of

227

Ergon

the Philosophy

Articles of

on

Aristotelian

on Aristotle's Press, California

Argument Spr. 9 (1)

in Aristotle's 1989 pp. 37-47.

The main issue in each of these alternatives is to what degree the Zpyov is term associated strictly with productive to activity and it is allowed what extent a broader signification. This will plainly have bearing a significant the on human conception of activity the final associated with end or practicable As the rest good. of this chapter will make clear, is that my own view to rely too heavily of productive on the format in understanding activity human activity leads in this to irresolvable sense Note contradictions. that also the discussion entire passage under here Plato's Republic, recalls 352d-353b. first group of activities the are crafts, whereas second do not issue in any independent clearly result over and above their Whil5t they hardly activity. be called could they np6(tcic,, could be identified certainly [Met. 8.61. as ivepyci(xi It is a matter of to debate the what extent distinction no19criq/np&tiq the and distinction be xfvqcriq/ivtpycio( to may considered parallel one The issue is to the fore another. in the of the following passages However, text. this I shall do no more at than point recognize a between the two sets In any case, marked proximity the two of terms. to one another. examples are by no means equivalent 31.

32.

The

Cf.

1097b32f & Jolif, ENT 55-56, this and Gauthier who emphasise They read it that the definitive expression. as indicating character lies beyond of human being each regional preoccupation or activity insofar it lies in the In itself, this is as soul. an entirely interpretation. However, it reasonable only could masquerade as a full long from is explanation as refrained asking as one what ' by 'soul. understood 33. GA33 196-197, Metaphysik. Welt Vittorio Klostermann,

Grundbegriffe Heidegger, Die and also Frankfurt Einsamk-eit, Endlichkeit am GA29/30) 1983, (hereafter p. 320.

34. Remi Brague, Aristote Universitaires de France,

et 1988,

]a question (hereafter

du monde, AQM) p. 474.

Paris,

der Main,

Presses

116, 1FDP this translation have used Bernasconi's passage of issues the 1371 since it more clearly philosophical emphasises to In translations. of questions the standard addition published the translators disagreement there is over however, amongst clarity, Loeb the for translation Rackhams's phrase. sense of an important in itself" in is of place has: "the end not an of making edition act disagreement The " itself. in "that is is an end not made which in Greek the which T6 -noiq%6v, interpretation the of surrounds In the than result. the to Rackham's here rather process refers view Burnet, by the follows set he example for this opting alternative, the in as way "is -X6 same used the that T6 noi9T6v who claims phrase building the thing the made, done, thing the not 71p(x)c, r6v and means be may Tip(xx-E6v the E6 Yet of 2561. Ep. example the house" and not in distinction the question the in np&t1q, case of misleading, since done thing the identified with is here does not arise: not T6 np(YxT6v is artefact the of category the thing to since made, as opposed Penguin the for translation his in Thomson, inappropriate to np&tiq. identifying Rackham, Burnet to and the takes view edition, opposite by taken is This also view the making. of result 'c6 noiryu6v with 35.1 HDP than

228

(The Micomachean Joachim Ethics DA Rees, ed. Oxford, Clarendon, Engberg-Pederson 19511, [ATM 291, p-109), Bernsconi. and of course Surprisingly, Gauthier perhaps, Jolif do not and to the refer The that I have been developing general reading passage. is favoured interpretation by the of -c6 noiryc6v by Thomson, adopted EngbergPederson it immediately and Bernasconi, since disqualifies c6 noiqT6v fulfilling the from role Could of final it be that end. Burnet and influenced Rackham were in their decision to read the second phrase the "since the process second sentence of as: is always of making to further some to preserve relative end" by the wish the possibility the to the that final relation end may be understood in terms of For if it is the process production? that is relative to of making itself end (in then the further some further a trivial claim), end in is However, not necessarily question the relative. necessity of the final associating end with depend c6 np(xx-c6v does not on this be upheld just alone and could passage as successfuly were Burnet's to be Over the confirmed. reading and above condition of selfto Occapi(y in Book X, each of and the privilege sufficiency accorded the following be sufficient to establish the link passages would between the final 1098a14,1098b15,1098bl8-20, np&tiq and end; 1098b2O-22. It

is

concept granted.

as

36.

by

no means such and one

Heidegger's in the source 37.

that Aristotle's be wary of taking

clear should

that view experience of

the

doctrine

making

will

text its

of the four be considered

employs legitimacy has causes in Ch. 4.11.

this for its

ly" "generical 38. that Aristotle np&tiq are and nofncriq claims itself the distinction integrity the different 1140b3. Yet of with the to difficult doubly it be in maintain would question, placed Aristotle's Cf. difference. fundamental also a credibility of so 5. 28: 1024a29-10294bl Met. A. definition of genus, The & London, Chicago Condition, The Human 39. H Arendt, Cf. M 153-158 HO (hereafter 1958, Press, and University Chicago pp. of Frankfurt Vernunft, am Instrumentellen der Kritik Horkheimer, Zur trans. Reason, Instrumental Critique tr. Main, Verlag GmbH, 1967; of Part I. 1974, Press, Seabury York, New MJ O'Connel and others, 40. at 41.

A detailed this stage: Cf.

discussion Chapter cf.

LHP 243,248

and

of Four.

interpretation

this

would

be

premature

252.

Cbapter

Two

his phenomenological and 1. Heidegger's interpretation of to of ways new open serving each complementary, method are profoundly 'Heidegger, his in essay this point Sheehan the made reading other. its is most given but reading ' a such Aristotle Phenomenology, and IAQMIBrague by comprehensive articulation Aristotle

229

'Vom Wesen des Grundes' in WM (hereafter VWG-WM), tr. 'The Essence trans. T Malick, Reasons' Evanston, Northwestern of University Press, 81n, 162n: 97n, 1969,155n: below, cf. Ch. 2. IV. Departing also from the translation, I shall Malick's to this refer essay as 'On the Essence ' Grounds. of 2.

3.

The

to the distinction prominence accorded between theory detracts from G Prauss's ultimately practice engagement with in Heidegger; @question of activity Erkennen cf. und Handeln Frei burg/Muni Heideggers ))Sein undZeit((, Alber, 1977. ch, Karl

and the in

Bernasconi

"Simply to ignore the distinction writes: between is to succumb to the and noirlair, dominance np&tir, metaphysical of But to insist in contradistinction to nolquiq on npftiq noincTiq. is in the to 1FDP 1291. The latter remain orbit still of metaphysics" the most those the question remains common amongst course addressing including the otherwise Taminiaux. of npftiq, markedly astute 4.

As

The importance to Heidegger's of the term nphyguTu re-examination between Dasein the is further in relation and things of underlined lecture 1942-43 his to np(xygu course on Parmenides, where he refers "the inseparable totality between the originally of relation as Parmenides, Frankfurt Vittorio things man, " cf. am Main, and GA54) Parmenides (hereafter 1982, Klostermann, p. 118; p. 124 and Indiana & Indianapolis, R Rojecwiez, Bloomington A Schuwer trans. and been have 80. This description 84 Up, 1992, very well could p. and p. the texts Time Being in to the of or any and concept of world applied Frankfurt Ding (1936-36), Frage dem Cf. Die that am nach period. of Thing? is What tr. 53-54, 1984, Klostermann, Vittorio Main, a pp. Regnery/Gateway, Bend, South Deutsch, &V JnrWB Barton trans. to Thing' (1950) 'The later the 70. Strangely, refers essay c1967, p. English French, Italian, and in Old High German, for thing the word the Greek at all. Latin, but does not mention 5.

The Ideas,

(1913), Ideen 6. E Husserl, tr. (hereafter ID) pp. 32-34, 1962, Macmillan, pp. 65-66.

Hague, trans.

Martinus WR Boyce

Niihoff, Gibson,

1950j London,

the to converse pose er pref 7. For our might we own purposes In form? logical the other 'I ie ic do specif within' cases question: to how form, we are between and distinction genus the words, granted latter? the attached the sense of universality understand here,

8. SZ 10-11: 30-31, Fundamental Ontology, 1992 pp. 63-79.

GA24 112: 80; Metontology

Cf. also 1925-1935'

Concreteness of the 'On 9. W McNeill 83-94. 1992 Spring pp. Philosophy Today 36(l)

W McNeill, Heidegger Heidegger's

'Metaphysics, Vol. 8 Studies Thinking'

in

as np&ýxq designation of formal-logical to 10. This a amount would a touched such upon Volpi Dasein. the of structure ontological he suggests book, his where to the in remarks closing possibility by than being of the by oblivion less that is characterized our epoch the that he this means By 2171. IHA X6yoq the the of atrophy been have VI NE. in discusses Aristotle 116yoq different forms of he Thus, to ictXvq. exclusively that to corresponds which reduced X6yoq the of of for recovery a the need consider writes, we should 230

One might that object this precisely has been the aim of the School Habermas and of in particular. However, in the Heidegger, it is more appropriate, of context at least as an initial to consider the importance 5tep, of the X6yor, to the form of selfthe fundamental characteristic relatedness of movement of Dasein's existence.

wp&kiq,. Frankfurt

fact, Heidegger's texts the renders source basis Heidegger's this on 'original' the ostensibly 11.

In

12.

Cf.

1096b24f,

where

strategy the unthought Of uncovering designation 'original' unsatisfactory, interpretations be more original will from which they are drawn. sources Aristotle

names

utility

as

the

within since than

'good'

of

relation. SZ Cf. 13. longstanding and

compositurn.

14.

Could

244(n. iii): distinction

there

288(n. iii), between

Heidegger where remarks on the whole and sum, oXov and n&-v, totum

be

initiative in Dasein's a trace to a of relation This the issue of its there possibility own being? raises of whether is in Dasein is its a residual sense which master over own foundation, the its Whilst Being subject of own position. and Time in direction, towards the finitude urgently presses a different of thrownness, facticity the the and receptivity of conscience, implication Dasein in its of own ground and in the constitution of be ignored. Indeed, fascination the world a great cannot part of by this from the order text its to portray of exerted stems refusal There in deploying are of course grave problems grounding as simple. in the register of ontological a language activity - problems, Heidegger's from the that in precisely case present moreover, arise touch figure translation the Aristotelian on which and wp&tiq of of the the themes relation and actualisation possibility, central of Conc.. IV 4. 92-94, Ch. Cf. between Dasein being. and pp. and in its immersed is Dasein 333: When 381. everyday cf. for-thebeing its to the itself it Of possibility concerns, submits it the it equipment is it submits as much as working sake-of-which the itself strict is handles. Dasein Although ready-to-hand, not that it Dasein being the means dependence to-hand of on of readinessis like an possibility, belongs in to Dasein worldhood, way: some Heidegger's in tension This constant a reflects existentiale. between preserving being-in-the-world Dasein as characterization of the from its denying separation its and specificity ontological world. form relation of generic 16. The same impression of an essentially Heidegger's by repeated is instrumentality based on utility given and the describe to Egeht zurUck] back' 'goes the use of expression ... Dasein. being the of involvements with the totality of relation of Wozu letzlich ein auf geht Cf. aber "Die Bewandntnisganzheit selbst totality the But of hat: Bewandnis mehr dem es keine bei zurUck, in 'towards-which' to a back involvements ultimately itself goes "Solches, was und 1161. 84: [SZ involvement" further is there which no Bewandtnis die es Dazu, wobei das als liegt, ihm ferner wie zugrunde : Wozu zurückgeht letzlich alles ... darauf hat, Wörum-willen, das it, for basic such is that else Anything this anything and sort, of 15.

But

SZ

231

'towards-this' in which as the as that there is an involvement, or the 'for-the-sake-of as such to which -which' 'towards-which' every back " ISZ 86: 118-1191. goes ultimately Does the ... totality 'go to the for-the-sake-of back' in the same way -which towardsas each 'goes back' to the which Heidegger next? that writes he has "Der Zusammenhang, der von der Struktur angezeigte der Bewandtnis Sein zum des Daseins führt dem eigentlichen selbst als Worumund einzigen indicated the interconnection willen: by which the structure of an leads involvement to Dasein's being very as the sole authentic 'forthe-sake-of ESZ 84: 1171. One is tempted -which'" to say that whilst he it, he has done little may have indicated to explain it. 17.

Indeed, 'towards'

as conjunction 18.

Indeed,

Macquarrie

have and Robinson it has wherever appeared, with another preposition.

translated consistently independently either

'zu' in or

by

its virtue of circumscriptive I UMI is sense, to expressions particularly suited horizonality. concerned Does with the term's between ambiguity unidirectional and circumscriptive the cracks between plaster the phenomenological senses over notion of horizon and the Aristotelian sense of purposefulness? 19.

E. g. "Das Mbglichsein des Daseins wesenhafte betrifft Weisen des Besorgnes der' ))Welt((, cherakterisierten der Fdrsorge die dem und immer das Seink6nnen anderen und in all schon zu The Being-possible selbst, is essential umwillen seiner: which Dasein, to the ways of its for Others pertains solicitude and of the 'world', them; and in concern with as we have characterized these, it to Dasein's i ty-for-Being and always, pertains potential towards itself, for the sake of itself" ISZ 143: 183 My emphasis]. 20.

In

the

die far ihm for its all

remainder of this the instrumental

Heidegger the note, goes on to say that is nonetheless account of world and the environment the invaluable to further an of consideration preliminary a §915-18 transcendental SZ that if Moreover, he adds problem world. of there to have the theme were good seemed of nature, passed over that for Nature is this. we can encounter reasons not something Yet insofar the towards ourselves. within which we comport or world it thrownness, Dasein's being is in the as a mode of of nature midst being Dasein's as be of can only via an account approached adequately VWG-WM Cf. to intended H15-18 also SZ prepare. care, such are as in 160(n. 59): 97(n. 59). again took up the question nature Heidegger of 'The Fell, JP Cf. 262-263. GA29/30 1929/30 lectures, cf. especially Early the in Praxis Limits the familiar Strange: the of on and below. 3.11 Ch. in theme this to Heidegger, We SJP 23-41. ' in refer treatment Heidegger's of By way of a prefatory remark, the np&tir, of place of transcendental and world, of problem his the in of context be this approached within should problematic, Kant. Aristotle and legacies of the to concern contending address transcendence world and Indeed, of the in each of accounts principal Kan t to itis above aII da t ing f rom the Ia te 1920s and ear Iy 1930s, EGA26 barely is mentioned Aristotle that Heidegger whereas refers, Aristotle's if Yet 11.1. Part 911 and Essence 'On the of Grounds' is his contribution slight, these in seems presence analyses Kant's to indebted For remaining decisive. whilst nonetheless however,

21. the

232

transcendental thought as

Heidegger philosophy, seems to have Kant's regarded by what one might marred regard as its Platonism residual thrown into condition by the deeply relief -a Aristotelian hue of Heidegger's formation. own philosophical We should not be surprised, if therefore, the Kantian we discover element of Heidegger's account to be tempered transcendence of and qualified his appropriation of In Aristotle. the instance, present this likened may be to an implicit repetition on Heidegger's part of the Aristotelian critique theory in particular, of Plato's of ideas and, of the inscription of the order within grounds (or activity) of discourse they whose basis As we shall the confluence provide. see, of Aristotelian and Kantian thought to a subtle currents of contributes and at times ambiguous treatment transcendence of the problem of, and world. 22. "Der transzendentele Weltbegriff ist offenbar in auf die übrigen Weise bezogen. Andererseits eigener keiner der unter erschöpfte 1 bis Begriffe, 3 genannten ihre Summe, den Begriff auch nicht »Welt« a1-9 Konstitutivum der Transzendenz: The transcendental concept of world is evidently in its to the other related, ownway, On the conceptions. hand, the other from none of I to 3, nor even concepts mentioned, their the 'world' sum, exhausts concept as a constituent of transcendence" EGA26 180: 2321. The same connection had already been but only in @69, much later than the initial made in Being and Time, analyses. 23. Cf. 149-153.

Walter

Brogan's

excellent

reply

to

Bernasconi's

24. EinfUhrung in die Metaphysik Tijbingen, (1935), Max 19831 (hereafter EM); tr. An Introduction to Metaphysics, Mannheim, New York, Anchor Books, 1961, pp. 161-162: 128. 25. EM 161-162: 128, GA54 96 especially 'Porosity: Question Violence the and Introduction Metaphysics, Graduate to 14(2)-15(l), 1991, pp. 183-212.

paper,

SJP

Niemeyer, transR

Cf. 131-147. also W McNeill, Heidegger's in Politics of Journal Philosophy Faculty

faculty; in its here rational sense as general is presented it otTaOrjat(; and Opctiq alongside cf. be This the should vol5r, sense of soul. as constitutive of elements five the is it of one as the given sense contrasted specific with H Weiss: Cf. 1139b3l-114la9l. intellectual [1139bl5-17 and virtues ist Uberhaupt nurs besteht "Die sondern Orexis nicht, fUr sich allein Orexis Einheit Diese und Nous. von dem in Einheit bezw. dem Logos mit by itself, Arche: Nous ist exists never der Mensch o5pstiq als selbst This of unity i. X6-yoc, vobq. but with in e. with only unity ever der in Zufall Kausalitit &pXý, " of und himself is as opetiq man and votq 1942, Falken, Haus Verlag zum Basel, Philosophie des Aristoteles, 26.

Nobc. is understood 1139al8-20, where

pp-116-117. to back common terms a differentiated 27. drawing The gesture of Volpi In particular, Heidegger. in is source precedent not without and Befindlichkeit-Verstehen the the couples notes of each way Sorge, of the ground to common back drawn Creworfenheit-Entwurf are interpretation of Heidegger's ontological Volpi which as regards the least not reading, for 6ctir, a such There is evidence good des Creschichte Prologomena Zur in Sorge account of given 233

(1925), Frankfurt Zeitsbegriffs Vittorio am Main, Klostermann, 1988, GA20); 7he History tr. (hereafter the Concept of trans. T of Time, Indiana Bloomington, Kisiel, University Press, 1985, its where in terms Hang Eurgel of characterization Drang [propensity] and description Aristotle's of Opetiq echoes as quyý [flight] and Sfokiq Cf. 1139a22f, GA20 295-297, [pursuit]. Volpi ECP 244-246 and DAP 107114. &pXý be subject 28. The notion to this of will radicalization no less those the than 5pcttq. of np&Zic. and union Without of votc, and the that in Ch. 3, regarding analyses are to follow anticipating the it topic, to point may be helpful that the &pXý of a present out to be is dynamic in itself. As Heidegger shown movement "Das remarks, &pXA-Sein, Ausgangsein für... meint Ding eben nicht gleichsam ein davon Eigenschaft, das Ausgangsein ein etwas ausgeht, oder sondern ist in für Being-ananderes etwas sich ein Ausgehen zum Anderen: &pXý, being-an-opening-for does thing not really mean a or a .... from which Rather, being-ansomething sets out, property as it were. is in itself else something a setting opening-for out towards other This be important things" EGA33 101). in considering the extent will Heidegger's thought to which of transcendence, as a radicalization of &pXfl from be differentiated the or should of nP&tLr., should not nP&t1q[Oqpi6, rnql 'brutishness' to Elsewhere, Aristotle 29. as a refers He goes on to say ENE. VII: 1145al5-181. "state moral character" of the is that this races, non-Greek amongst commonest condition the found be to Greek amongst are also examples although some In the diseased, the educationally violent. excessively and subnormal the beyond degree lesser to those or a greater who are other words, the community. political of power educative and socialising 30. Strictly translate an them together

the

speaking, with expression ENE-1: 1102b30-311.

'appetitive 1O"pct-tq, '

the of part but Aristotle

soul' clearly

does

not places

the between faculty rational intermediate 31. This of an conception Platonic the from development the soul, a of sides and desiderative conscience Heidegger's of account us of sense of spirit, may remind to is come said "the conscience" r357, of in Being Time call where and Conc. Cf. 275.3201. also [SZ beyond from "from me" me and yet from isloated by no means are 32. Moreover, the two aspects of virtue in of relation a inter-linked least but partially at one another, are

Chapter

Three

Heidegger, 111; Part GA61 1. Cf PIA, especially . Klostermann, Vittorio (1923), Faktizitdt) (Hermeneutik der §§16-26. GA63), especially (hereafter Main, 1988, am M

Interpretation 2. "Eine eigentliche der, exponierten philosophischen

der mit Grundproblematik

234

Ontologie Frankfurt

in Fundierung zentralen fehlt der Faktizitgt

V61lig: expressed entirely

an

authentic fundamental lacking" EPIA

Similarly,

3.

interpretation philosophical 250).

grounded problematic

in centrally facticity of

the is

Heidegger Fragen Tradition

writes elsewhere that: "Die Tradition der den Sachquellen philosophischen muO bis zu zurtickverfoigt Die werden. mup abgebaut The werden: tradition of be traced questioning back philosophical must to its The sources. tradition IGA63 751. must be de-constructed" 4. Cf. Heidegger's bewerkstelligen,

subsequent "Diese comment that: AufSabe ist nur zu wenn eine vom Faktizit&tsproblem, das heipt einer Anthropologie, ph4gnomenologischen redikelen her konkrete orienterte der aristotelischen Interpretation Philosophie ist: verfOgbar gemacht task be accomplished, This if can only one can engage in a concrete interpretation to the problem of Aristotle with regard of facticity, is, that a radical phenomenological [PTA 2511. In anthropology" to Heidegger's known interest in addition the well Nicomachean Ethics, his description Aristotle's cf. Rhetoric also of as "die Hermeneutik der Ailtdglichkeit systematische erste des Mi teinanderseins: the f irst hermeneutic the systematic of Being ISZ 138: 178). Not only did everydayness of with one another" Heidegger this the first kind, its but "die regard work as of Interpretation des Affektiven dberhaupt grundsdtzliche ontologische kaum einen Aristoteles Schritt hat zu tun seit nennenswerten vorwdrts k6nnen: the basic Interpretation life in ontological of the affective has been to make scarcely general able one forward step worthy of [SZ 139: 1781. Aristotle" mention since the thereby 'sehen' includes suggesting all citXvrj except , displaced Heidegger that belief despite primacy common of sight: a that doubt is there the primacy favour language, in no of of vision disclosure his fundamental in and of conception vision role played a Frankfurt (1924/5), Sophistes truth. Platon: Cf. am for example, GA19) §11a. Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1992 (hereafter 5.

Note

two but there that Heidegger's 6. Amongst are that those view share 450-4521 [ENT J01if and Gauthier intellectual and cf. virtues, Strong 190-215. 172-173 Ethics, Joachim, The Nicomachean and pp. pp. Of 1143bl5-17. found course, is textual for at reading a such support the disposition: scientific than faculty is one more each made up of the inicyxýýLn, calculative and faculty both and croq>foc comprises to decidedly is not This faculty both and c9Xvn. irp&tiq comprises division the as the is TtXvq, of however, that virtue say, qýp6vqaiq this matter implications of the We on might comment shall suggest. HDP 136 and Bernasconi, Cf during also the remainder section. of this Sophistes Platon: Heidegger, Brogan's 151-153; SJP also cf. response, (hereafter 1992, Klostermann, Vittorio Main, (1924/5), Frankfurt am GA19) 95 and §8c. [4c'cdf disposition rational 7. (bp6vna-Lc,, is not therefore, a purely der "in Wp&tjq words, in Heidegger's is, X6-yov g6vov, but 1140b281, " EGA19 '16yor, irj than more in even is X6yoq: in updýiq noch mehr als 1391. 8.

The

given

description of 'stellen' that

qp6vnair, and

as a Cestelltsein later 'Gestell'

235

Dasein odd, seems of to became central

thinking Heidegger's of TEXvn; 'Die cf. Frage der nach Technik' Kehre' (1955) in VOrtr4ge and 'Die und Aufsdtze, Pfulligen, Gunther 1954, (hereafter Neske, VA); 'The Question Concerning Technology' and in The Question 'The Turning' Concerning Technology Other Essays, and W Lovitt, New York, trans. Harper Torchbooks, 1977, (hereafter QCT). However, one might the also remember passage at SZ 333: 381 (cited in Ch. 2. n. 15) where Dasein above is said to submit itself to the being for-the-sake-of-which of possibility it is working at any moment. 9. "Die des ou holding

die Lage des HandeIns (pp6vrjaiq macht irn Festhalten 1196y2glich IOp6vrj(7ir, the C"vex(x: makes site of activity by accessible fast the IPIA ou' CVEx(x" We shall p. 2591. Heidegger'5 consider holding in more vocabulary of and having detail later [Ch. 4.111-IVI. NENI, Cf. 1143a35f 1142a25f. With and to Heidegger's respect use of here, 'seeing' his description cf. the of vision constitutive of " IGA19 163-165 q)p6vrjcriqq as an "Augenblick, and SZ §68al.

10. "Die Ausarbeitung der konkreten Lage die zielt..., rechte Entschlossenheit Durchsichtigkeit der als Handlung verfügbar zu Und sofern diese Entschlossenheit machen. in der Tat angeeignet und ist, ich vollzogen bin, sofern ist die Handlung also entschlossen in ihrer Nupersten Mdglichkeit da: the the elaboration of concrete to situation aims make genuine resoluteness accessible as transparency And insofar is in of the activity. as this resoluteness fact insofar appropriated and accomplished, as I am thereby resolved, the activity is there in its IGA19 150 My most extreme possibility" emphasis]. 11. "The wise know the conclusions that man therefore must not only follow from his first but also have a true principles, conception of those 11141al8l. themselves" It interesting to note is principles that Aristotle the same thing says about q)p6vqcriq 1114lbl4,114lb221, different the is themselves the first although status principles of Platonic in each case. its Aristotle's history brief of aoq)f(x finds the For Apology 2lb-22e. of counterpart genealogy comprehensive at a term aoq)((x, cf. ENT 481-489. 12. Not for the last time, Being and Time of how the as present-at-hand, arises 74: 102-104,569b]. 13. 14.

in account beings apprehending 73ISZ concern

Heidegger's

of we are reminded theoretical attitude, circumspective of out

Met. A. 10: 1075al3. For

Heidegger's

interpretation

of

the

&cf

O'v, cf.

WM 267: 244-245.

between 15. In simple the opposition an terms, as problem presenting that to fails humanist acknowledge theocentric anthropologies and transcend to our be ability is human an what precisely most may Christian Both and divinity. form to of condition some via a relation however view, a Judaic such being human share clearly views of in each case. differently it may be articulated ihm Seiende das an bezug in 16. auf Vorrang "Die den hat cyo(plo( seinsmäßig griechisch das das Seiende, sie geht, insofern selbst, auf her, dem es was Blick den aus den Vorrang kommt in Das Seiende hat. the to in relation has lo(pt(x priority ist: immer schon an ihm selbst,

236

being

itself,

insofar

as the to being in itself

being with it which is concerned has for with regard the Greeks. priority The being into comes from that which view always is', IGA19 1371. On this already Heidegger basis, elicits and apparently endorses further several for the priority of cro(picf, of which criteria I shall two. mention 1. in the (bp6vqcTxq consists apprehension the 6ryxe6v nporxt6v, of yet declares that the good only Aristotle appears as such to one who is 11144a331: in short, good already (pp6vqatq cannot make us any better As Heidegger than we already are. it: i1wir werden dadurch puts nicht besser dazu gebracht, sittlich zu handeln, sofern wir nicht schon gut do thereby better we not come to act sind: ethically, insofar except EGA19 1671. In this good" as we were already way, the accomplishment depends form of existence. upon a certain of (pp6vqaiq Aristotle goes the advantage to be gained as to question so far from Tp6vrjaiq: "but it for? that it seeing that what do we need studies is noble which these things that man, but and good for are the a good man does by Knowing them does not make us any more capable about nature. of doing the virtues them, since 11143b2Of]are qualities First of character" that Aristotle is conflating we might the acquisition of all, remark its If we recall, in Book I he declared with of (pp6vqaiq study. the the treatise to consist in learning being of purpose in not about but rather in actually becoming To this good, good 11095a5l. end, the Aristotle in NE. VI is indeed irrelevant. But account presents quite this the issue between natural passage also raises of the distinction [&pcTý E&pcTý (puaixý] in virtue and virtue some stronger sense xupial 11144bl5f]. Natural inheres in the character traits that virtue could loosely be called from in the stronger birth, ours whereas virtue the cultivation or modification sense is associated with specifically from the the transition those traits life. in later cDp6v9aiq of marks bring to 'cause' be former to the latter, it or said cannot although to Nonetheless, that transition for the mentioned. about reasons dispense of sense altogether, rob the distinction (pp6vncTiq would with In disagreeable. have found Aristotle short, which presumably would it but better than can were, we already (pp6vrjcYir, cannot make us any insofar as to whole a as existence cement one's relation a changed this As the in the deliberately good. of view (pp6vigoq acts involuntary action between the difference and voluntary represents Aristotelian to linked be therefore 11109b30ffl, an could (pp6vnair, twist, this the of Underlining freedom. significance conception of Mdglichkeit der hinsichtlich Heidegger die "Sofern (pp6vrjaic. writes: daß einem von bleibt, sie ihres darauf Vollzugs angewiesen rechten ist Damit &W06g eigenständig. ist nicht selbst sie wird, vollzogen das auf zwar sich ý-vep-Veia der' Vorrang sie der ob erschüttert, the correct of the Insofar possibility bezieht: Dasein as menschliche is it that fact the depend to on accomplishment continues of q)p6v9cYir, The priority independent. itself is it not by an 6ryot06q, accomplished indeed is related it though thereby is even of (pp6vTjaiq overturned, be to is said By croq)f(x to 1671. human IGA19 Da-sein" contrast, is, 5v, what that &6 with the deals independent it inasmuch with as is not therefore Dasein and from does above proceed not else all is it that fact The its form existence. of contingent upon a specific treated is as EOEG)PETv] form of activity to a specific linked clearly of 1PP6vW1r, the accomplishment because irrelevant here, apparently orientation an and character depends formation of a certain upon

237

life, certain way of the accomplishment whereas of aopj(x detachment from precisely those interests mundane that into existence (Such relief. indifference to corresponds of the first themselves principles when viewed as such the light of particular pursuits). 2. Heidegger that notes the is for activity most part our broken episodic, up by the demands [1177a2l, GA19 1741. changing situation of the Following Aristotle, the inconstancy he contrasts of even the least venturesome of lives invariance the "W4hrend of contemplation; with das Seiende der np&kiq kann je jeweils sein anders und Entsch1up einen im Augenblick das Betrachten verharrt reine des Immerseienden verlan9t, gleichsam dauernden Jetzt: Whereas in einem the being of np&tir, be can always than it is in and other each case requires in a resolution the the pure moment, observation present being of the perpetual persists in a lasting now" IGA19 1741. as though

towards a demands a throw our the character in not and

17.

One

forget to that

the

intimacy the problem with which of the being. Gauthier orya06v of take and Jolif clearly this to the passage when, with view regard at 1096b34 quoted above, that the they propose "practicable be the object good" of Ociaptor no less than of woinaiq As they point for Aristotle; "Ce or irp6ttiq. out, Pobjet bien de ]a contemplation aussi qui est que de Paction, ce le concept, PCýtre il The object pas c'est n'est en qui se r6alise: is not the concept, it is being, as of action, of contemplation, as is I ENT 47 My emphasis]. it Just being is realized' as not because immediately it is noXXo(X&Sq XcV6gcvov, accessible so the 6ry(x96v be intangibility the itself to its may attributed of have Accordingly, intrinsically as we already character. manifold isolable in is the in of a region not noted, sense o'rV(x96v an absolute its own. must not linked is

Kant und SZ 11-15: 32-35, 18. Cf. GA26 11-18: 9-18, GA24 26-27: 19-20, Vittorio Frankfurt (1929), das Problem der Metaphysik am Main, Metaphysics, Problem the Kant tr. Klostermann, 3-9; 1991, of and pp. 1962, and Press, University Indiana trans. Bloomington, J Churchill, in Research in Philosophy' Concept Bernasconi, Double 'The of Phenomenology 1988, pp. 41-57. Vol. XVIII finitude already was differently, such articulated Aristotelian in theology between and ontology relation Heidegger by and those offered as such philosophy, readings as that be a it objected different may Aubenque On demonstrate. note, a Heidegger's (that defending I thesis the am central plank of hegemony of the conceptual challenges radicalization np&tiq of a as np6tir, of the for articulation thereby nofn(Yiq allows and have description we the determination is Dasein) with at odds of if finitude; a of this to notion Heidegger's here given response of it no would become to available, language to were np&tiq appropriate this of incorporation the limit longer and be a as encountered philosophy of practice and the into finitude structure experience of the is this not that however, We see, become shall would reduntant. the contrary, on are, lines two address that the of case and intimately Epp. 132-1351. linked engulfs qcwpcc1xoq, pior the the 20. Cf. way Taminiaux's q on remarks the priority over reservations the ELOF 1751 ensuing RP&tiq and 19.

Although in the evident

238

to Cfcro(PI(Y. accorded in aoq)f(x reflects interest that Dasein and something 21. into this

Brogan's also, remark to preserve a desire its exceeds own existence

GA29/30 Ch. 6. The problematic Cf. that of (pf)air, as it emerges above EM Ch. l. transformation, cf.

The only discontinuity conspicuous is raised as a whole as it of beings to X6-yoq, which previously reference ao(pi(x. with associated 22.

23. Gauthier lines these the following 5371:

and Jolif by various senses

FA CUL TE: FONCTION:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

QUALITt:

the relate commentators. that may be Intellect Intellect Intellect Intelligence Intelligence

that

Heidegger's between a relation ISJP 1521.

of nature gradually evolved in VWB- For a sense all of

between here lies structured wide variety For their attributed

sp6culatif pratique des principes des valeurs

(Yo9i(x and the question in the absence of any the sense of totality to of readings given they distinguish part, to the term voi5(; [ENT

morales

concr6tes

istsic. The qualities the 1qualit6es habituelles) represent ou 6tats of Most of the ancient the functions. commentators and a number of the Trendelenburg (of which and Teich-MOIler out) are moderns are singled the functions to have drawn no distinction between and qualities said Die J Walter, his Lehre By contrast, in von der of study voiSq. Jena, 1874, Philosophie, der Vernunft in greichischen prektischen the functions between to have distinguished (pp. 313-335) is said and (5), (4) to vol5c, reading and senses qualities of vobq only confound Gauthier des intelligence in the and principes. as passage above in many subsequent Walter's Jolif influence detect the reading of Ross. including commentators, 24.

here

in

Aristotle's Pursuing

thinking conjecture of probably the analogy, like De Anima is that thinking perceiving. is to be what I E Aristotle "Mind that related must adds .... One 429al7l. IDA-111: is thinkable, to is sensible" what sense as that E) Met. final of the in chapter the to remark could also point thinking" faculty the of total to "blindness of is absence a akin Heidegger essentially makes [Met. E). 10: 1052a3, p-250(nl)]. also cf. " Des genuin 'Introduction'; 1922 the the in same point Weise die X61YOU ohne das, Gegenstdndliche ist 66(vet) des er was votc, (oi) 'Ei hAls-Was-BestimmungenO des Ansprechens seine auf etwas auf ihm selbst an was die 6'(Si(xfPEVX, DA 430b28) vernimrnt: X(rc& -civoc, the ist: genuine explikabel weiter nicht nicht auseinandernehmbar', X6you, without it 0-rvcu that perceives is which objectiveness of vobr, that &SI(xiPcTa, the 'determination-as-something': its addressing [PIA longer explicable" is no be in itself contrasted, which cannot 258, 2041. GA33 cf. also

25. of

Heidegger

is

We shall have occasion Cf. holding having. and

Heidegger's to consider later 1142a25f. 1143a35f, VI: NE.

239

vocabulary

1177a12-25,1178a9f for Aristotle elsewhere moot, Cf. also PIA 263. 1178a6. 26.

Cf.

To

and 1179a25-27. describes voj$q

However, as

what

the point is is most human

be

this is sure, the not influence only on Heidegger's As a conjuntion of anxiety. conception of hermitic revelation and dissolution, it to a radicalization abysmal amounts of a 'Cartesian' that be rooted tendency may itself in the same notion of purity to the Greek experience attached In addition, of eccapfof. one might Kierkegaard's think description of also of the self as "the relation itself to its that " 'The Sickness relates own self, in unto Death' Fear and Trembling Unto Death, and The Sickness trans W Lowrie, New Princeton U P, 1961, p. 146. Jersey,

27.

Although temporality

it

the analysis seems that of movement gave way to that as to a more fundamental of formulation or profound of it is worth the problem, that the latter noting problematic was only in the wake of the advances possible Indeed, made by the former. even the interpretation Heidegger exceptional when one considers gave of treatment Aristotle's time in Physics IV 10-14, of it is still to tempting that Aristotle's discussions suppose of movement and Heidegger fruitful insofar offered change more reading, a5 they directly impinged the on the themes of 8bvcYgiq, Cv9pVci(x and thereby Aristotelian life being. of both conception and divine 28.

29. This is the GA33 especially Met. E. 2: 1026bl.

Heidegger is sense in which the source 57; for of this

30. Aristotle's Clarendon, 1960,

Physics, p. 537.

ed.

with

interested reading

commentary

WD

in Ross

above all, Aristotle, (1936),

cf. cf.

Oxford,

from which Because is Sibvoegir one must move, seen as a state to having the than as a state move: as with movement, power rather of than as a manner the Megarics 8bvcxgtq as a being, tend to view rather below. Ch. 4.1V 8.3 Met. being. Cf. Heidegger's and of of reading 31.

32.

Heidegger the offers Sich-ans-Werk-machen, sein, 1VWB-WM 282: 2561. stehen &tp-ye-Lcy

33. is said 16f'CCXtq1 11048bl8-35).

to

following Cf. be

translations

-ins-Zeug-legen p. 257(n47). also complete,

whereas

ofev9pycia: 2201, IGA33

xivqatc,

is

Am-WerkeIm-Werkincomplete

the in Aubenque passage 34. Significantly, this moved critique, of Heidegger's reading basis the of is quoted at above, also he offers interpretation the Moreover, Aristotle's time. of account to as movement to intended is win access of the now as transition 919 GA24 Cf. esp. here. issue is at movement what precisely 251: 354. by

240

Chapter

Four

1. Heidegger importance attached great to this chapter, it seeing as the clearest in Aristotle expression the conception of truth of as Cf. Vom Wesen unconcealment. der' Menschlichen Freiheit (1930), Frankfurt Vittorio Klostermann, am Main, 1982,59, Logik: die Frase der Wahrheit (1925/26), Frankfurt nach am Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 1976,913c, HA 172-182. and Volpi, 2.

As

we

have

the noted already, tendency towards theological a the of resolution problems of ontology is intrinsic to Aristotle's in and philosophy may be taken some respects as a mark of its If distinction. any doubt remains, we are not that arguing it is but rather that mistaken as such, it is inadequately thought through, by Aristotle's above all For whilst successors. the complexity and of Aristotle's testifies ambiguity own text to his the awareness of involved, the impulse problems to ivtpyciof elevate beyond change the interpretations sanctions reductive that of Aristotle the are target real of Heidegger's reading. 3. For an 'Heidegger

excellent lecteur

ph6nom6nologique' 1990, pp. 353-372. 4.

The

Greek

this reading of Pierre Rodrigo, passage, cf. d'Aristote: Dynamis le regard et 66nergeia sous ttudes in Les Philosophiques, Juillet-septembre

in

is: Xit-ye-con question In its gt: v IL&Xiacof xupfwc, --. form, is indeed adverbial taken to narrow the sense xupiwq generally to its of the verb Thus, primary Liddell or most essential meaning. to its in the and Scott language refer use context of as indicating "in the However, be proper sense-" as an adjective, xuptoq may to "having It " applied that persons power or authority. may be Heidegger draws this its transfering the on element of meaning, 'holding that in question to suggest the connotation of sway' sense is merely the the most but most not necessarily common or prevalent, Scott, &R HG Cf. A Greek Lexicon, Liddell proper or correct. Oxford, Clarendon, 1951 (ninth edition).

5. Heidegger brauchbar. "

"wahrlich nicht as v Xprlafgrl o16 lig: brauchbar this of particular of -sense to construct basis seems a somewhat an opposition arbitrary on which brauchbar), to 'usef uI' the (wh i ch is of senses amongst also Heidegger [applicable] possible a as also verwendber offers [usefulterms ndtzlich alternative as such and rejects expressly he the On table]. contrary, [useful dienlich serviceable] and -sui is precisely ndtzlich first that this the enquiry into claims sense 1924 the to edition dienlich Ross's for follows. and commentary what the "not to most in "not the chooses preference suitable" most the in the problem " thereby towards useful, mitigating some way going same fashion as Heidegger. the As Sbv(xýLiq. translation 6. Heidegger of his in is not consistent Kraft for opts he indicates, generally the subtitle of course one [potentiality). Verni6ýgen (power], the but more usual also uses to wish a Vernp6gen reflects Kraft that the suspects over of choice character distance secondary or the from passive residual a account translates the If the selection

Greek

241

the term with potentiality associated character that -a derive may the privilege from in part to actuality given as a determination of is 'genuinely ' Ultimately, real. Heidegger what develop will his further in the company of Nietzsche. interpretation However, that the of such a reading was already decided orientation is evident from the Leibniz in GA26, 95. Whatever of esp. account the broader strategic Heidegger's of choice his distinction significance of terms, between Verm6gen does Kraft and not seem to have arisen directly from his interpretation Metaphysics, of Aristotle's as he often uses the two in terms conjunction with one another or as interchangeable, e. g. GA33 167,209. 7.

"Die

Si6vulicir,

die vorhandenen xorc& -xivr1criv sind Kr4fte, von denen Bewegtes irgendwelcher wenn uns sprechen wir Art begegnet: the 86vulisir, xuiý& xfvncriv are the present-at-hand powers that we speak of kind thing in any of when we encounter [GA33 55-561. movement" himself Aristotle this warns against to the way mistake, pointing had that been described in movement consistently terms negative (otherwiseness, that unequalness, non-existence) it is as evidence thing nor a a quality neither nor indeed anything such as would fall 120lb2O-301. category under any other 8. The expression does not appear in Met. 8 as such and x(xxdf xivýacoar ., Heidegger's is introducing the essentially way of ontological into Aristotle's difference However, it account of movement. echoes &pXý Sbv(ygir the the determination (1019al5l, thereby of as xivýcrstjr. Sbvagiq the that linking this in to is perspective account of shift In Physics basis. it is by no means without to follow. Moreover, the by the inability 111.1-2 frustrated Aristotle is of clearly Heidegger's his to disposal such and movement as grasp categories at that to trajectory does the questioning of a use of point genitive introduction the however, Ultimately, Aristotle have of may welcomed. to it the by make the genitive falls form stands one enables sense or E). Metaphysics in the issue of problems at 9. By way Phys i cs,

of u'Xrl

significations ontological iv9PYCI(x ini 10.

"Es

illustration,

in

1939

Heidegger's

on paper essentially

as presented are and jlop(pti The being. possibility of of ways intepretation the on rests reading Heidegger that terms in of movement nXgov dap

der

Gang

in

Aristotle's dynamic

an such of 86vagic, and of here. out sets

folgenden

Abschnitten ivtpyciot zur

Mglichkeit, Fortgang 8bv(xjiiq der Ausgang xa-c& x! vrj(T-Lv, geht: von 86vagic, Ausgang zur iv9p-Veicx libergang xotT& xivtlacwq xOfT6f xivnaiv, zur : divided is the that path the There possibility 'X(xTdf xivýcrccaq: remains xivnaiv, a bvag xocxdf f Iq into rom the following outset stages: ivitp-yetof to x(X'E& transition development ivtp-Vcjo( to xofT6f xfvqc7iv, 551. IGA33 to 9,6vcxgtq x(xTdf xtvtlG6wq xIvtlaE(jq, conclusion lapses, Aristotle that , I. Bonitz, Ross, suggests f01 lowing Ross calls (which Sbvofglq introducing definition of later the he calls (which sense the earlier the into of Potentiality) account this believes he which the at point Significantly, IACM 2411. Power) Heidegger that the point is to have [1047a241 precisely happened ihm "Mit achievement: Aristotle's the of Picks pinnacle out as Antike der Erkenntnis Idiesem die ist Satz] philosophische grdflte bleibt

die

242

Erkenntnis, eine aushresprochen, und unverstanden unausgewertet to the voice gives greatest to that this day philosophy [GA33 2191. Cf. 12. above all Frankfurt am Main, N Kemp Smith, trans.

die

bis

heute in der Philosophie gebleiben ist: it [this proposition] knowledge of Ancient times, knowledge has neither evaluated nor understood"

I Kant, Kritik Suhrkamp, 1992; London, Macmillan,

der Vernunft reinen tr. Critique Pure of 1983, A204 B249.

(1781), Reason,

Discussing the alteration in meaning by the term Epyov undergone translated into Latin, Heidegger on being later that notes it came to be understood "Das Ergebnis as a result. ist das, was aus einer folgt: der Erfolg. und auf einer actio Das Wirkliche ist jetzt das Erfolgte. Der Erfolg durch wird Sache einer die erbracht, ihm durch die Ursache (causa). voraufgeht, Das Wirkliche jetzt ercheint im Lichte der Kausalit. 4t der causa efficiens. A result is that which follows follows out of and upon the an actio: the consequence, [Erfolg] The is outcome that rea I now has followed which as The is brought consequence. consequence by the circumstance about that [Sachel it, i. e. by the cause precedes [Ursachel (causa). The in the light real appears the now of the causality of causa " 'Wissenschnaft efficiens. in VA, p. 50, und Besinnung' 'Science and Reflection' in QCT, p. 161. 13.

14.

As

the question regards is transformed ontology, into of grounds for the first link in the causal a search chain modern version of -a tale, in Being an ancient "Der as Heidegger points out and Time: Schritt im Verstdndnis des Seinsproblems erste philosophische besteht darin, Geschichte d. h. nicht hkeine gb66v Tivof SiqysTafti, erz9hieng, Seiendes Seiendes durch RUckfuhrung als nicht auf ein anderes Seiendes in seiner Herkunft Sein den zu bestimmen, gleich als h9tte Charakter Seienden: If the to understand eines m6glichen we are in not gbMv problem of Being, philosophical our first step consists SinyeTa0on, is to in 'telling that in not not ,tiv(x say, a story' to defining in their by tracing them back origin entities as entities Being had the character some other of some possible entities, as if 242c, cf. Sophist ESZ 6: 261. is from Plato, The citation also entity" theory big bang in Fhaedo 98c-99c. Heidegger Presumably, see would the to events and the efforts reconstruct cosmology of contemporary its the the both and of power of science of earliest a sign universe philosophical poverty. the his 15. The examples illustrate of to account used by Aristotle The building four 5culpture. those of and of causes are predominantly the the efficient in of case is that notable of paternity exception the a in "or maker general Aristotle though cause, adds even here, the this that remains 11013a3l], suggesting cause of the thing made" the that from far is clear it Nonetheless, for model even paternity. tenor of the general is compatible with to child relation of father Derrida's essay Aristotle's note, On a more contemporary account. the possibility of 'L'invention de J'autre' a consideration prefaces "Invente-t-on the question with Of inventing new radically something 1987, Galil6e, Paris, PsychL6, " Does one invent un enfant?: a child? escape precisely that might Derrida this P-14. as an example raises is sighted not the end insofar as the schema of production, or exceed

243

In this the future advance. way, opened by act is not one's own there is discontinuity a sense and of found not in production. interest Derrida's emerges as more than a passing coincidence, if one Derrida's in essay an implicit sees interrogation the limits of of language the of potentiality and actuality, an interrogation that, is rarely this though ackowledged, also characterizes Heidegger's 'on the Origin of the Work of Art. ' in

16.

Regarding

17. Heidegger GA22 13.

Sbv(xgic, raises

and

material

these

Jean-Frangois Cf 18. heideggerienne L'interpr6tation ' in Heidegger et Aristote, Volpi, pp. 43-66.

causality,

questions

and

VWB-WM 271-289: others

in

his

1926

248-261. course,

Mattei, 'L'C-toile le et sillon: de I '6tre et de la nature chez Platon I 'id6e de ]a ph6nomenologie, et F ed.

Ertragsamkeit is cognate (to endure, with ertragen tolerate) (endurable, tolerable). The root Ertrag ertrdglich denotes yield thereby linking Ertragsamkeit to output, the experience production. 19.

20.

and or of

Heidegger

from Leibniz's quotes "Quando writing on dynamics: est agere character substantiarum, extensioque nil aliud quam jam id est resistentis praesuuppositae nitentis renitentisque substantiae diffusionem dicit, tantum ipsammet continuationem sive abest, ut facere Since is the characteristic substantiam, possit. activity mark than of substances, extension on the contrary, affirms nothing other the continual reiteration or preusposed propagation of an already that is, effort and counter-effort, substance, and resistant therefore 'Specimen itself. " cannot possibly constitute substance Charles Dynamicum' New York, Wiener, in Leibniz: Selections ed. PP The 96. GA33 Scribner's 120 Sons, 119-136; 1951, and p. cf. pp. that to [Streben] introduction the of of of striving concept for is also the basis view of on the Cartesian resistance an attack In inert the natural matter. and extended of world as an aggregate this the means replacing connection resistance, of concept with the halts body of heavy that movement The fact a extensiowith agere. terms in inexplicable be of body would a smaller versa vice an not his in of In this analysis Heidegger. as way, extension alone, argues Heidegger 5§19-211, [SZ Time Being the in and worldhood of world to original more a Cartesian the indifference metaphysics exposes of depends. determination fact it in on which "holding as 21. the science of Heidegger there essence of speaks totality the what of of the in the midst uncertainty one's of ground is" RR 12: 473. the in 6-1-3 Met. 22. All from quoted further passages in be Heidegger's reproduced them will intepretation of translation. that of by my rendition followed own translation

of context Heidegger's

skill, or accomplishment 23. translated as be Fertigkeit could potentiality. of description thereby foregoing the to it relating TEXV(l of translation a as Fer-tiSkeit Indeed, Heidegger later offers thus and prepared or (P-1871. ready Fertig However, mean can this to use have I chosen Fertigkeit be taken as readiness. could

244

in in

the this

translation

in

view of Heidegger's use of Fertigwerden Cf. Heidegger's passage. also use of Fertigkeit in his of cvTeX6Xciot at the end of GA33 §22, p. 249(n. 46). Zielstrebigkeit be taken 24. could simply as 'singlemindedness' or However, ' 'resoluteness. in the context even discussion, of this it Heidegger that to distance wishes himself seems from the sense of towards lies $movement what that ahead' is by conveyed the Ziel [goal] the stem of Streben. of with conjunction Accordingly, I Zielstrebegkeit have translated as 'purposefulness' in the hope of the sense of having 'in one's a goal preserving ' sights. the iep-yov argument, 25. Cf. pp. 46-52.

sense later definition

is Heideggerian a typically The difference gesture. in Ross between Heidegger and is brought approach on this into point Ross's by to De Anima 425b25-426a3O. reference Aristotle relief "The the begins: activity of that sensible the object and of is one and the same activity sense percipient and yet the distinction being their " Heidegger's between remains. reading of this passage focus their his interpretation on surely unity, would of truth as the ground for the subjective providing unconcealment and objective is described here. limbs By contrast, Ross sees as it of the event that follows this it, and the discussion passage, as evidence of how distinct two fundamentally phenomena can appear as one. 26.

This

to designate that is no longer x(xcdf x1vnaiv said expression in the is observation of a moving apprehended which potentiality deren diejenige, ist Sibv(xgir, die thing. "Sondern xotT6( x1vr10'1v Wechselbezug in dem der gcTo(poXý, Wesenbau in dem Grundph9nomen eben ist, oIc er 8()vcxgiq von 5h mitgegeben lt&aXeiv und cob von 'cob nOISIv Rather, ist: hin Bewegung her Bewegung verstanden solche auf is with given is that 8f)v(xli Ic X(xc& xfvrlc)riv structure essential whose , interthe in the fundamental precisely of 9CWPOXý, phenomenon from it is understood and Tob 716(aXeIv; relation of Sf)v(xRlq Tof) noleiv 1151. [GA33 in view of such movement" such movement and ' 'withdrawal. but ' 'privation, simply 28. also Entzug mean can latter, the which kinetic of the Heidegger character on often plays been has withdrawn what of the significance positive also preserves ' That said, 'privation. better than the negative plainly more the disqualify use not Heidegger's interpretation of (y.Cj:pncr1r, would by treatment aTtpnaiq of detailed For 'privation. ' a more of PEA Aubenque 264-269; also cf. 294-301: Heidegger VWB-WM, esp. cf. 27.

The

425,431-438. from phrase he as regards 29. Heidegger twice out what picks "In occasion: each differently on 1046a28f, it translating slightly Kr-aft jegliche ist desselben Gemaßheit in Bezug dasselbe und auf thing each the same with in Unkraft: to conformity In relation and Unkraft ist Krgft , 1101, EGA33 iality" _Tede is potentiality a-potent in is un-power Every power desselben: in Bezug auf dasselbe und geM60 true is not This III]EGA33 itself" to to relation and according itself. power of the but essence of only of specific powers the

30. shall

Of

course, in see

the complete IV. Section

will what

picture However,

245

also we

key

ivtPYcla, we as involve discovered have already

regarding (our primary

&6v(xgiq

will

concern

prove here).

for

vital

the

hermeneutics

of

facticity

31. "[ýInicrrýgrj: sich verstehen auf etwas, etwas kennen und erkannt Xoyicrg6q: Berechnung, haben; umsichtige liberlegung bezogen und damit Entscheidung: Wahl [Elniaýgq: und to understand auf oneself with to to know something, and have discerned regard loytag6q: something; taking deliberation account, circumpsective and thereby to relation IGA33 1281. and decision" choice 32.

Cf.

GA33

138-148,

GA24

149-154:

106-109.

NE. VI. ii. 2: 1139a21. DA. 3: 4323b28f, "[Dlie Bewegung immer ist die Fliehenden Verfolgenden (9u*yfi bzw. oder eines Stwttc, ), das aber in Schutz bringen bedeutet; sich bzw. vor in etwas Besitz sich Movement bringen is flight vor etwas: always (q)uyý or or pursuit bring Slwtiq), to safety which means; before oneself something or into bring before oneself possession [GA33 1501. Cf. something" the to fleeing that and avoidance throughout many references Being occur to disposition [Befindlichkeit) particularly and Time, with regard being-towards-death. In turn, these and cases are generally to 'coming before the counterposed a something' associated with to authenticity [Eigentlichkeit]. modification 33.

34.

The

impetus for does not come from the mind pursuit or avoidance for "even does command and thought bids as such, when the mind us pursue or avoid something, sometimes no movement is produced; we act in desire" 1433al-21. Human being, accordance with as one who Siofvorycixý is described chooses, as either opexrix6r, vol5c, or opcýtq 11139b5l. Dasein is Time, Being in important theme where and an the to in relation often circumspective absorbed a non-thematic Dasein das kannn Vertrautheit "In dieser totality. sich equipmental bennomen ihm Begegnende sein: das innerweltlich von und an verlieren it in itself lose In this encounters Dasein familiarity what can from Aside 1071. 76: ISZ it" fascinated with within-the-world and be the they, the in notion itself' 'lose the fact Dasein that can also the Heidegger by characterizes [Benommenheit] which of fascination interestingly its an in plays concern of absorbtion world of the self the Dasein animal. vis-A-vis determination his in of equivocal role the in Dasein passage Whereas of it is presented as characteristic feature animal of becomes it a lectures, 1929/30 in the quoted above, Cf. §§58-601. also EGA29/30 Dasein life from it that distinguishes ]a Heidegger et Vesprit, De in Derrida's this matter on remarks Spirit, 'Of 85. 75-90, p. esp. 1987, Paris, Galil6e, pp. question, Bowlby, R Bennington and G trans. Heidegger the Question, and the Note way 1989. also Press, Chicago Chicago, University London, of is what with be to preoccupied that that cease one ao(pi(y requires Ep. 1161. most immediate above and this in account, implicit 36. The conception the self of is authenticity, of the constitutive its reserve all with association full a Regrettably, further comment. invites that topic clearly a work. the present bounds of the beyond is critical consideration those accordingly and However, the appropriation, themes of having, the in large part a to play continue Of authenticity and selfhood, 35.

This

is

246

of the

the

thesis.

remainder philosophical question, in these concepts are the for ground preparing

Whilst

they are not explicitly from sources Heidegger which some measure brought to light, such critique.

in Placed developed thereby

this 37. With explanation back on ourselves we turn and the rejoin the discussion Heidegger at point where was concerned to establish the possibility of discrimination that belongs to 6bv(xg1q gcT& X6you [cf. pp. 188-1901. 38. the

Cf.

Section

IV

below.

This

is

premissed on Aristotle's view of world physical as determined essentially by By movement. figures geometrical contrast, cannot move, whereby it makes no sense to speak of them as at rest either.

Met., &. 20: 1022b3-10. There are several in the present points this at which passage study importance, assumes considerable inasmuch by Heidegger, it articulates not cited as, although that an ambiguity Heidegger in his treatment explores 92-93,205-206, of Dasein; cf. Conc. and p. 258(nl), the passage is quoted in full. where 39.

Cf.

Note Heidegger's GA33 55. pp. 166-167, 40.

questions

over

the

order

of

the

account.

Cf.

41. "Das Ausschlaggebende das Verständnis und für und die Auslegung Übersetzung ývcpicTv des ganzen Kapitels Leitende ist die des energe. heißt: (nicht Wenn ein am Werke sein einfach: wirklich sein). Vermögen 'am Werke ist', d. h. bei der Herstellung dessen, zu etwas Vermögen ist, beschäftigt, denn, kurz, wozu es wir sagen 'verwirklicht' das, dem nur Mögliches war: sich was vor etwas Decisive in the of the as a guide understanding and interpretation ývcpycTv is the translation whole means: being at chapter of energe. is for (not If being something work potentiality a simply actual). for which it is I at work, ' i. e. is engaged in the production of that then we say that something only a potentiality, what was previously [GA33 1671. 'actualizes itself'" possible 86vo%Liq the concerned that the of essence of account to 86vugic, form the pertaining X&Vou, 3f)v(Y1itq of primarily gcx& be an as beings that read Consequently should account with souls. X6yov C(pov the c-Xov. being human the as account essence of of in Motion' Definition of 'Aristotle's 43. Physics Kosman, V-VI, IA 42.

Note

Phronesis

Vol.

XIV

1969

pp. 40-62,

esp.

p. 45.

the offered version translate to 44. This and is problematic passage the In indication. particular, here should be taken as a rough only also being-in-place-to, translated as Im-Stand-sein-zu, expression The of sense for something. in the being idea condition conveys of Sich-insthe in phrase is implies this reflected concerted effort I have which and translates energeia Zeug-legen Heidegger by which of taken advantage have I doing, In so rendered as 5etting-to-work. lZeU91tool Werk] and Eer-gon, Heidegger's of work own conjunction doing something of is thing capable 45. The Ross edition "And a runs: that of of the actuality having its in if there impossible is nothing Heidegger praises 2411. [AMC the capacity" it to have is said which has that philosophy Ancient in this definition point as a high

247

and even misunderstood unsurpassed remained throughout the whole of the history 'EGA33 2191. of metaphysics By contrast it is in this identifies Ross that to maintain a failure passage distinct senses of Cf. AMC 241 and p. 243(nll). 86v(xRiq. 'Am-Werke-sein' 46. Heidegger also offers and 'Sich-ins-Werke-machen' 'in der Werkhaftigkeit [GA33 2201, halten' sich and 'Sich-in-dertheit-und-Dastehendheit-Hal Hergestell ten' in GA31 69. Cf. p. 249(n32). 47. Heidegger recognizes that, is worth noting 'Sich-in-Fertigkeit-halten. is Ende [readiness) over sbv(xg Iq-

it as essentially to ývtpyctcx. equivalent it Heidegger's translation in GA33 of ivccXtxci(Y ' The for preference Fertigkeit lend] more fully the term's reflects link with

instructively Indeed, one could determination compare Heidegger's ývxcXtXci(x that the with of now in GA24 §19. Here too there of is a full from to one of transition, a sense of presence that move is, translation, in Heidegger's Umschlag. gcxofpoXý or, 48.

1ýT1 xoioiSTov] is intended to pick out movement such' (as opposed to the actuality of potentiality as of what is capable but not necessarily the potentiality in of accomplishing), believe. Whereas it the way most be thought to commentators might ivEsXtXei(x the is that indicate movement of the potentiality of x to it do y or to become z, may be understood more fundamentally as an is at issue that it is potentiality insistence and not as such that This lead to to.... the the a would potentiality of x specific simply itself the focussed formal definition change of on event of movement have that to the that seen already we perspective would correspond [p. 1441. him describe xtvý(Tctjr, as x(rcdc

49.

'as Thus the the actuality

Conclusion

kind (1) ['stiq] a means 1. Aristotle, Met. A. 20.1022b6-10: like an has he something haver the and of what of activity of between is made, thing one and For makes one when action or movement. the has and him a garment between too who them there is a making: so then, having, This of having. is sort has there he a garment which if infinity, to on go the for will have; process evidently we cannot " have. of what we it is to be possible to have the having "'Having'

2.

Cf.

p. 6,

p. 63,

Pp. 205-206.

248

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