Hebrew Paradigms

Hebrew Paradigms for Elements of Hebrew I and II (TTOT 603, 604; BHEB 101, 102)

Paradigm 1: The Subject Pronouns.......................................................... Pronouns....... ................................................... ...................................... 1

lj;q'q............................................... .' .............................................. .......... 1 Paradigm 3: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with rm;v' v' ........................................................ 1 Paradigm 4: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with lj;q' q..................................................... .' .................................................... 2 Paradigm 5: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with rm;v' v' .................................................... 2 Paradigm 6: The WCI (Waw-Consecutive Waw-Consecutive with “Imperfect”) with rm;v' v' ............. .................... ............. ............. ........... .... 2 Paradigm 2: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with

Paradigm 7: The Noun ................................................ .................................................... ................................................................... ............... 3 Paradigm 8: Adjective Phrases .................................................. .................................................... 3 Paradigm 9: Nouns with Pronoun Suffixes (Possessive).......... .................................................... ...................................................... 4 Paradigm 10: The Noun

ba' (Father) ............................................... ............................................. 5

Paradigm 11: Some Other Irregular Nouns ......................................... .......................................... 5 Paradigm 12: Prepositions with Pronoun Suffixes ...................................................... ........................................................................ .................. 6 Paradigm 13: Independent Object Pronouns............................................. Pronouns.................................................................................. ..................................... 7 Paradigm 14: Demonstratives and Demonstrative Phrases ............................................ ............... 7 Paradigm 15: Adjectives and Demonstratives in Sentences ........................................... ............... 7

lj;q'q' .............. .................... ............. .............. ............. ...... 8 Paradigm 17: The Qal (Active Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with rm;v' v' .............. .................... ............. .............. ............. ...... 8 Paradigm 18: The Imperative Imperative with lj;q' q.................................................. .' ................................................. ..................................... 8 Paradigm 19: The Imperative Imperative with rm;v' v' ................................................. ..................................... 8 Paradigm 16: The Qal (Active Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with

Paradigm 20: The Negative Particles..................................... .................................................... ........................................................ .... 8 Paradigm 21: The Final He Final He Root, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern.................................................... ............................................................................... ........................... 9 Paradigm 22: The Verb

hy"h'h' in the Qal Patter Qal Pattern n .............. ..................... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ...... 10

Paradigm 23: The Initial Yod Root, Yod Root, Type B, Qal Patter Qal Pattern n ............. .................... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ...... 11

%l;h'h,' Qal Pattern Qal Pattern (Analogous to Initial Yod , Type B)................... B)......................... ...... 12 The Middle Vav Root, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern (bWv)................................... .......................... 13 The Middle Yod Root, Yod Root, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern (~yfi)............................................................. )....... ...................................................... 14 The Initial Aleph Initial Aleph Root, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern (rm;a' a)' .............. .................... ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ........... .... 15

Paradigm 24: The Root Paradigm 25: Paradigm 26: Paradigm 27:

Paradigm 28: The “Doubled” Root, Qal Patter Qal Pattern n .............. ..................... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............ ..... 16

Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page i

aAB, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern ................................................. .................................. 17 Paradigm 30: The Root !t;n"n" in the Qal ........................................................................................ ..................................................... ................................... 18 Paradigm 31: The Root xq;l' in the Qal .................................................. Qal .................................................. ................................... 19 Paradigm 32: The Initial Yod Root, Yod Root, Type B, Hiphil B, Hiphil Pattern Pattern (dr:y"y") ............. .................... ............. ............. .............. ............ ..... 20 Paradigm 33: The Root %l;h' h' in the Hiphil the Hiphil Patter Pattern n .............. .................... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ....... 21 Paradigm 34: The Middle Weak Verb, Hiphil Verb, Hiphil Pattern Pattern (bWv) ............. .................... ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ...... 22 Paradigm 35: The Initial- Nun Verb in the Hiphil the Hiphil (* (*dgn) ............. .................... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ...... 23 Paradigm 29: The Root

Chart 1: The Regular Verb, Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) ................................................... .... 24 Chart 2: The Regular Verb, Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) ............................................. ...... 25 Chart 3: The Regular Verb, Imperative ................................................ ....................................... 26 Chart 4: The Infinitives of the Regular Verb ........................................... .................................... 26 Chart 5: The Participle of the Regular Reg ular Verb, Qal Pattern Qal Pattern....................................................... ............................................................. ...... 27 Chart 6: The Participle Participle of the Derived Derived Patterns.......................................................... Patterns.. .......................................................................... .................. 27

Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page ii

Paradigm 1: The Subject Pronouns

~he / hM'he hN"he ~T,a; !Tea; / hn"Tae ; Wnx.n:a}

aWh ayhi hT'a; T.a; ynIa} / ykinOa'

they (m) they (f) you (mp) you (fp) we

he she you (ms) you (fs) I

Paradigm 2: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with

Wlj.q' ~T,lj. q; . !T,lj. q; . Wnl.jq; '

they killed

you (mp) killed you (fp) killed we killed

lj;q'

hl"jq. ' T'lj. q; ' T.lj. q; ' yTilj. q; '

he killed she killed you (ms) killed you (fs) killed I killed

Paradigm 3: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with

Wrm.v' ~T,rm. ;v. !T,rm. ;v. Wnr.m;v'

they kept

you (mp) kept you (fp) kept we kept

Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 1

rm;v'

hr"m.v' T'rm> ;v' T.rm> ;v' yTirm> ;v'

he kept she kept you (ms) kept you (fs) kept I kept

Paradigm 4: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with

Wlj.q.yI hn"lj. oqT. i Wlj.qT. i hn"lj. oqT. i ljoq.nI

they (m) will kill

ljoqy. I

he will kill

they (f) will kill

ljoq.Ti

she will kill

you (mp) will kill

ljoq.Ti

you (ms) will kill

you (fp) will kill

ylijq. .Ti ljoqa . ,

you (fs) will kill

we will kill

I will kill

Paradigm 5: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with

Wrm.vy. I hn"rm> ovT. i Wrm.vT. i hn"rm> ovT. i rmovn. I

they (m) will keep

rAmv.y)I rmovy. I

(

he will keep

they (f) will keep

rmovT . i

she will keep

you (mp) will keep

rmovT . i

you (ms) will keep

you (fp) will keep

yrIm.vT. i rmova . ,

you (fs) will keep

we will keep

I will keep

Paradigm 6: The WCI (Waw-Consecutive with “Imperfect”) with

Wrm.vY. wI : hn"rm> ovT. iw: Wrm.vT. wi : hn"rm> ovT. iw: rmovN. wI :

then they (m) kept then they (f) kept then you (mp) kept then you (fp) kept then we kept


rmovY. Iw: rmov.Twi : rmov.Twi : yrIm.v.Twi : rmova. ,w"

then he kept then she kept then you (ms) kept then you (fs) kept then I kept

Paradigm 7: The Noun Absolute State

~ysiWs tAsWs

horses (mp) mares (fp)

sWs hs'Ws

horse (ms)

sWs ts;Ws

horse of (ms)

mare (fs)

Construct State

yseWs tAsWs

horses of (mp) mares of (fp)

mare of (fs)

Paradigm 8: Adjective Phrases With Nouns Marked Normally for Masculine and Feminine

~ybiAj ~ysiWs tAbAj tAsWs ~ybiAJh; ~ysiWSh; tAbAJh; tAsWSh;

good horses good mares the good horses the good mares

bAj sWs hb'Aj hs'Ws bAJh; sWSh; hb'AJh; hs'WSh;

a good horse a good mare the good horse the good mare

With Nouns Marked Abnormally for Masculine and Feminine

~ybiAJh; ~yvina" }h' tAbAJh; ~yviNh" ; ~ybiAj tAba' tAbAJh; tAcr"a]h' Note:

bAJh; vyaih' the good man hb'AJh; hV'ahi ' the good woman the good women bAj ba' a good father good fathers hb'AJh; #r
The adjective in each case will have the expected form.


Paradigm 9: Nouns with Pronoun Suffixes (Possessive) Masculine Singular Nouns (or Unmarked Feminines)

~s'Ws !s'Ws ~k,sW. s !k,s.Ws WnseWs

their (m) horse their (f) horse your (mp) horse your (fp) horse our horse

AsWs Hs'Ws ^s.Ws %seWs ysiWs

his horse

Ats'Ws Ht's'Ws ^t.s'Ws %tes'Ws ytisW' s

his mare

her horse your (ms) horse your (fs) horse my horse

Feminine Singular Nouns

~t'sW' s !t's'Ws ~k,ts. 'Ws !k,ts. 'Ws Wntes'Ws

their (m) mare their (f) mare your (mp) mare your (fp) mare our mare

her mare your (ms) mare your (fs) mare my mare

Masculine Plural Nouns (or Feminine Nouns Marked Like Masculine Nouns)

~h,yseWs !h,yseWs ~k,yseWs !k,yseWs WnyseWs

their (m) horses their (f) horses your (mp) horses your (fp) horses our horses

wys'Ws h'ys,Ws ^ys,Ws %yIs;Ws ys;Ws

his horses her horses your (ms) horses your (fs) horses my horses

Feminine Plural Nouns (or Masculine Nouns Marked Like Feminine Nouns)

~h,yteAsWs !h,yteAsWs ~k,yteAsWs !k,yteAsWs WnyteAsWs

their (m) mares their (f) mares your (mp) mares your (fp) mares our mares

wyt'AsWs h'yt,AsWs ^yt,AsWs %yItA; sWs yt;AsWs

his mares her mares your (ms) mares your (fs) mares my mares


Paradigm 10: The Noun Note: The nouns

(Father)

xa' (brother) and hP, (mouth) follow a similar paradigm.

Absolute and Construct

tAba' tAba]

fathers fathers of (construct)

ba' ybia]

father father of (construct)

Singular with Possessive Suffixes

~h,ybia] !h,ybia] ~k,ybia] !k,ybia] Wnybia'

their (m) father their (f) father your (mp) father your (fp) father our father

wybia' h'ybia' ^ybia' %ybia' ybia'

his father

wyt'Aba]

his fathers

her father your (ms) father your (fs) father my father

Plural with Possessive Suffixes

~t'Aba]

their (m) fathers

* 3fp

~k,yteAba]

* 3fs

^yt,boa]

your (mp) fathers

* 2fp

your (ms) fathers

* 2fs

WnyteAba] our fathers yt;Aba] my fathers *Unattested for ba' , but cf. h'yx,a; (her brothers) and %yIxa ; ; (your [fs] brothers). Paradigm 11: Some Other Irregular Nouns

yven>a); ~yvin"a] (yven> ) ~yvin" (tAcr>a); tAcr"a] (ynEB). ~ynIB' (tAnB.) tAnB' (yrE[)' ~yrI[' ~yviar" tAmve (

men women lands sons daughters cities heads names

vyai ( yTiv.ai = my wife, tv,a)e hV'ai (ycira > ; = my land) #r

man woman land, earth son daughter city head name

Paradigm 12: Prepositions with Pronoun Suffixes The Preposition

~h,l' hN"hle ' / !hel' ~k,l' hn"kl, ' Wnl'

l (Pattern Like the Singular Noun) to them (m) to them (f) to you (mp) **to you (fp) to us

*In “pause,” the form coincides with the fs form:

Al to him Hl' to her ^l. *to you (ms) %l' to you (fs) yli to me %l' . **Occurs only once:

-la , (Pattern Like the Plural Noun) ~h,ylea} unto them (m) wyl'ae !h,ylea} unto them (f) h'yl,ae ~k,ylea} unto you (mp) ^yl,ae %yl;ae *!k,ylea} unto you (fp) Wnyleae unto us yl;ae *Reconstructed form (but cf. !k,yle[] , Ezekiel 23:49). The Preposition !m i ~h,me / hM'heme from them (m) WNM,mi !heme / hN"heme from them (f) hN"Mm, i ~K,mi from you (mp) ^M.mi NA from you (fp) %Memi WNM,mi *from us yNIMm, i *WNM,mi = either “from him” or “from us” The Preposition k ~heK' / ~h,K' / hM'heK' / ~h,AmK. like them (m) !heK' / hN"hKe ' like them (f) ~k,K' / ~k,AmK. like you (mp)

Ezekiel 13:18.

The Preposition

unto him unto her unto you (ms) unto you (fs) unto me

*from him from her from you (ms) from you (fs) from me

NA like you (fp)

WnmoK'

like us


WhmoK' h'AmK' ^AmK'

like him like her like you (ms)

NA like you (fs)

ynImKo '

like me

Paradigm 13: Independent Object Pronouns

~t'ao *!h,ta . , ~k,t.a,

Atao Htao ^t.ao %t'ao ytiao

them (m) them (f) you (mp)

NA you (fp)

Wnt'ao

us

him her you (ms) you (fs) me

!t'ao in Ezek. 16:54; hn"ta' o in Exod. 35:26 (cf. Ezek. 34:21); and !h,tA. a in Ezek. 23:47.

*

Paradigm 14: Demonstratives and Demonstrative Phrases Near Demonstratives

hL,ae

these (c)

hz< taOz

this (m)

aWh ayhi

that (m)

this (f)

Far Demonstratives

~he / hM'he hN"he

those (m) those (f)

that (f)

Demonstrative Phrases

hL,ahe ' ~heh' hL,aeh' hN"heh'

~ysiWSh; ~ysiWSh; tAsWSh; tAsWSh;

these horses those horses these mares those mares

hZ
this horse that horse this mare that mare

Paradigm 15: Adjectives and Demonstratives in Sentences

~ysiWSh; ~ybiAj ~ysiWSh; hL,ae ~ysiWSh; hM'he tAsWSh; tAbAj tAsWSh; hL,ae tAsWSh; hN"he

The horses are good. These are the horses. Those are the horses. The mares are good. These are the mares. Those are the mares.

sWSh; bAj sWSh; hz< sWSh; aWh hs'WSh; hb'Aj hs'WSh; taOz hs'WSh; ayhi


The horse is good. This is the horse. That is the horse. The mare is good. This is the mare. That is the mare.

Paradigm 16: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with

~ylij.qo tAlj.qo

ones (m) killing, killers ones (f) killing, killers

ljeqo hl'j.qo / tl,jq, o

one (m) killing, a killer one (f) killing, a killer

Paradigm 17: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with

~yrImv. o

ones (m) keeping, keepers

tArm.vo

ones (f) keeping, keepers

rmevo

one (m) keeping, a keeper

hr"m.vo / tr
one (f) keeping, a keeper

Paradigm 18: The Imperative with

Wlj.qi hn"lj. oq.

Kill! (2mp)

Kill! (2fp)

-lj'q. / ljoq. hl'j.q' ylij.qi

Kill! (2ms) Kill! (2ms, “emphatic”) Kill! (2fs)

Paradigm 19: The Imperative with

Wrm.vi hn"rm> vo .

Keep! (2mp)

Keep! (2fp)

-rm'v. / rmov. hr"m.v' yrImv. i

Keep! (2ms) Keep! (2ms, “emphatic”) Keep! (2fs)

Paradigm 20: The Negative Particles

!yae: nouns and participles (WNnyae , %nEyae , yNInyae ) rABB; ~yIm; !yae : There is no water in the pit. rzE[o !yae : There was no one helping. ~k,l' !tenO yNIn
Paradigm 21: The Final He Root, Qal Pattern The SC (“Perfect”)

WnB'

he built

you (fp) built

hn"B' ht'n>B' t'ynIB' tynIB'

we built

ytiynIB'

I built

they built

~t,ynIB.

you (mp) built

!t,ynIB. WnynIB'

she built you (ms) built you (fs) built

The PC (“Imperfect”)

Wnb.yI hn"yn
they (m) will build they (f) will build you (mp) will build you (fp) will build we will build **Jussive

hn
hn
he will build she will build you (ms) will build you (fs) will build I will build

!b,Ti , wci !b,Twi :

The Imperative

WnB.

Build! (2mp)

hn"yn
Build! (2fp)

~ynIBo

ones building (mp)

tAnBo

ones building (fp)

hnEB. ynIB.

Build! (2ms) Build! (2fs)

The Participle

The Infinitives: Absolute =

hn
AnB' or hnOB' ; Construct = tAnB. (tAnb.l)i


one building (ms) one building (fs)

Paradigm 22: The Verb

in the Qal Pattern

The SC (“Perfect”):

Wyh' ~t,yyIh/

hy"h' ht'y>h' t'yyIh' tyyIh' ytiyyIh'

they were

you (mp) were

* *you (fp) were

WnyyIh'

we were

he was she was you (ms) were you (fs) were I was

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”):

Wyh.yI hn"yy
they (m) will be they (f) will be you (mp) will be ***you (fp) will be

hy , wci yhiyw> : **Jussive yhiT. , wci yhiTw. :

hy
he will be she will be you (ms) will be you (fs) will be I will be

***Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Imperative:

Wyh.wI / Wyh/

Be! (2mp) / And be!

* * (2fp)

hyEh.w< / hyEh/ yyIh]

Be! (2ms) / And be! Be! (2fs)

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.

The Participle: * * (mp)

* * (ms)

hy"Ah

* * (fp)

one being (fs)

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The fs ptcp. is a h.l. in Exodus 9:3. The Infinitives: Absolute =

hyOh' / Ayh' ; Construct = tAyh/ / tAyh.li (~t'Ayh.Bi = when they were)


Paradigm 23: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Qal Pattern The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are “regular.”

Wdr>y"

dr:y" hd'r>y" T'dr. :y" T.dr. :y"

they went down

~T,dr. y: >

you (mp) went down

!T,dr. y: > Wnd.ry: "

you (fp) went down

yTidr. :y"

we went down

he went down she went down you (ms) went down you (fs) went down I went down

The PC (“Imperfect”): In these forms the root letter yod is elided.

Wdr>yE hn"d.rT: e Wdr>Te hn"d.rT: e drEnE

drEyE drETe drETe ydirT> e

they (m) will go down they (f) will go down you (mp) will go down you (fp) will go down

drEae

we will go down

he will go down she will go down you (ms) will go down you (fs) will go down I will go down

The Imperative: In these forms the root letter yod is elided.

Wdr> hn"dr. E

drE ydir>

*

Go down! (2mp) Go down! (2fp)

*“Emphatic” imperative =

Go down! (2ms) Go down! (2fs)

hd'r>

The Participle: These forms are “regular.”

~ydiry> O tAdr>yO

ones going down (mp) ones going down (fp)


drEyO hd'ry> O / td,ry< O

one going down (ms) one going down (fs)

dAry" ; Construct = td,r< (td,rl< ' ; yTid.rBI . = when I go down)


Paradigm 24: The Root

, Qal Pattern (Analogous to Initial Yod , Type B)

The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are “regular.”

Wkl.h' ~T,kl. h; ] !T,k.lh; ] Wnk.lh; '

*

%l;h' hk'lh. ' T'k.lh; ' T.k.lh; '

they went

you (mp) went you (fp) went

yTik.l;h'

we went

he went she went you (ms) went you (fs) went I went

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”): In these forms the root letter yod is elided.

Wkl.yE

*wci

%leyE *%leTe %leTe ykilT. e %leae

they (m) will go

*

hn"kl. T; e they (f) will go Wkl.Te you (mp) will go . T; e you (fp) will go **hn"kl %lenE we will go %l,YEw: , %l,Twe : **Only in Ruth 1:11.

he will go she will go you (ms) will go you (fs) will go I will go

The Imperative: In these forms the root letter yod is elided.

Wkl. !'kl. e / hn"kl. e

Go! (2mp)

(

Go! (2fp**)


hk'l. ;

-%l,) *%le ykil.

Go! (2ms) Go! (2fs)

**Only in Ruth 1:8, 12.

The Participle: These forms are “regular.”

~ykilh. o

ones going (mp)

tAkl.ho

ones going (fp)

%leho . o / tk,lh, o *hk'lh

one going (ms) one going (fs)

*Only in Jeremiah 3:6. The Infinitives: Absolute =

%Alh'; Construct = tk,l, (tk,ll, ' ; ATk.lB, . = when he went)


Paradigm 25: The Middle Vav Root, Qal Pattern (

)


Wbv'_

*

~T,b.v; !T,b.v; Wnb.v;

**

he returned

you (fp) returned

bv' v' *hb' _ T'bv. ; T.bv. ;

we returned

yTib.v;

I returned

they returned

you (mp) returned

she returned you (ms) returned you (fs) returned

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach) **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”):

WbWvy" hn"yb,WvT. / hn"b.vTo ' WbWvT' hn"yb,WvT. / hn"b.vTo ' bWvn" *Jussive = bvoy" , bvoT' **

they (m) will return they (f) will return you (mp) will return you (fp) will return we will return †wci =

bWvy" †*bWvT' bWvT' ybiWvT' bWva' †*

he will return she will return you (ms) will return you (fs) will return I will return

bv' "Yw: : (wayyā šob), bv'T'w:

**Reconstructed based on other roots and analogy with the 2fp. The Imperative:

**

WbWv

Return! (2mp)

hn"bv. o

Return! (2fp)


hb'Wv

bWv ybiWv

*

Return! (2ms) Return! (2fs)

**Ruth 1:8, 11, 12.

The Participle:

~ybiv'

ones returning (mp)

tAbv'

ones returning (fp)

bv' _v' *hb'

one returning (ms) one returning (fs)

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach). The Infinitives: Absolute =

bAv; Construct = bWv (bWvl' ; ybiWvB.


= when I return)

Paradigm 26: The Middle Yod Root, Qal Pattern (

)


Wmf' _ ~T,m.f; !T,m.f; Wnm.f;

**

he put

you (fp) put

~f' *hm' _ f' T'm.f; T.m.f;

we put

yTim.f;

I put

they put

you (mp) put

she put you (ms) put you (fs) put

*Note the stressed syllable (marked here with atnach) **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”):

Wmyfiy"

they (m) will put

hn"m.fTe ' they (f) will put WmyfiT' you (mp) will put **hn"m.fT e ' you (fp) will put ~yfin" we will put *Jussive = ~fey" , ~feT' †wci = ~f,Yw" : , ~f,Tw' : **

~yfiy" †*~yfiT' ~yfiT' ymiyfiT' ~yfia' †*

**Reconstructed form, unattested in the Hebrew Bible (but cf.

he will put she will put you (ms) will put you (fs) will put I will put

hn"lg. ET' , let them rejoice).

The Imperative:

Wmyfi

~yfi ymiyfi

Return! (2mp)

*

** ** (2fp) *“Emphatic” imperative =

hm'yfi

Put! (2ms) Return! (2fs)

**Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.

The Participle:

†

~ymif'

ones returning (mp)

tAmf'

ones returning (fp)

~f' 'f' †*hm_

one putting (ms) one putting (fs)

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).

tArv', female singers). The Infinitives: Absolute = ~Af (cf. !yBi , byrI / bAr); Construct = ~Wf (~Wfl' ; ~yfi = rare; ymiWfB. = when I put); other middle yod infinitive constructs = !yDi (to judge), byrI (to contend), tyvi (to put), ryvi (to sing), x:yGI (to burst forth), x:yfi (to meditate). † Reconstructed form, unattested in the Hebrew Bible (but cf.


Paradigm 27: The Initial Aleph Root, Qal Pattern (

)

The SC (“Perfect”): Here the initial aleph acts like an ordinary guttural.

Wrm.a' ~T,r>ma; ] !T,r>ma; ] Wnr>ma; '

**

rm;a' hr"m.a' T'rm> ;a' T.rm> ;a'

they said

you (mp) said you (fp) said

yTir>ma; '

we said

he said she said you (ms) said you (fs) said I said

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach). **Reconstructed from post-biblical Hebrew. The PC (“Imperfect”):

Wrm.ayO hn"rm> a; OT Wrm.aOT

they (m) will say

rm;ayO *rm;aT O rm;aTO yrIm.aTO rm;ao *

they (f) will say you (mp) will say

** **you (fp) will say

rm;anO we will say *wci = rm,aOYw: , rm,aOTw: **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.

he will say she will say you (ms) will say you (fs) will say I will say

The Imperative: Here the initial aleph acts like a guttural, but with a chateph-segol .

Wrm.ai

Say! (2mp)

* 2fp

rmoa/ yrIma. i

Say! (2ms) Say! (2fs)

* Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Participle: These forms are regular.

~yrIma. o

ones saying (mp)

tArm.ao

ones saying (fp)


rmeao hr"m.ao / tr
one saying (ms) one saying (fs)

rAma'; Construct = rmoa/ / rmoa] (rmoale ; rmoaB/ ), .


Paradigm 28: The “Doubled” Root, Qal Pattern The SC (“Perfect”): *

WBs; / Wbb.s'

they surrounded

** **

bb;s' . ' *hB's; / *hb'bs *t'ABs;

** ** *

WnABs;

he surrounded she surrounded you (ms) surrounded

** **

we surrounded

ytiABs;

I surrounded

*Form reconstructed from other roots of similar type. **Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”):

WBsoy"

bsoy" / bSoyI he will surround *bsoT' / bSoTi she will surround hn"yB,sut. they (f) will surround WBsoT' you (mp) will surround bSoTi you (ms) will surround o i / *ybisT. e you (fs) will surround *yBiST ** ** (2fp) bson" we will surround bSoa, I will surround *Form reconstructed from other roots of similar type (cf. z[oT' < zz[; ylizT > e < llz; yMiDTo i < ~mD; bQoa, < bbq). **Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible. they (m) will surround

The Imperative:

WBso

Go around! (2mp)

* * (2fp)

bso yBiso

Go around! (2ms) Go around! (2fs)

*Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Participle: These forms are regular.

*

~ybib.so

ones surrounding (mp)

tAbb.so

ones surrounding (fp)

bbeso *tb,bs , o

one surrounding (ms) one surrounding (fs)

*Reconstructed form based on other roots of similar type.

bso (cf. bqo < bbq); Construct = bso / bbos. (bsol' ; bbosl. i ; ~B'rKu .

The Infinitives: Absolute = * = when they multiply, <

bbr).



, Qal Pattern


WaB' ~t,aB'

aB' B' *ha' _ t'aB' taB' ytiaB'

they came

you (mp) came

** **

WnaB'

we came

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).

he came she came you (ms) came you (fs) came I came

**Unattested in biblical Hebrew.

The PC (“Imperfect”):

Waboy" hn"ya,bTo . / hn"aboT' WaboT'

they (m) will come they (f) will come you (mp) will come

* * (2fp)

aAbn"

we will come

aAby" aAbT' aAbT' yaiAbT' aAba'

he will come she will come you (ms) will come you (fs) will come I will come

**Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Imperative:

WaBo

aAB yaiAB

Come! (2mp)

*


ha' OB

Come! (2ms) Come! (2fs)


The Participle:

~yaiB'

ones coming (mp)

tAaB'

ones coming (fp)

aB' _B' *ha'

one coming (ms) one coming (fs)

*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach). The Infinitives: Absolute =

aAB; Construct = aAB (aAbl' ; AaboB.


= when he came)


in the Qal


Wnt.n" ~T,tn; >

they gave

you (mp) gave

* * (2fp)

WNt;n"

we gave

!t;n" hn"tn. " T'tn; " **T.tn; " yTitn; "

he gave she gave you (ms) gave you (fs) gave I gave

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. **Ezek. 16:33, 36 The PC (“Imperfect”):

WnT.yI

they (m) will give

* * (3fp)

WnT.Ti

you (mp) will give

* * (2fp)

!TenI

we will give

!TeyI !TeTi !TeTi ynIT.Ti !Tea,

he will give she will give you (ms) will give you (fs) will give I will give

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. The Imperative:

WnT.

!Te ynIT.

Give! (2mp)


hn"T.

Give! (2ms)

*

Give! (2fs)


The Participle, Active: These forms are regular.

~ynItn. O

ones giving (mp)

* * (fp)

!tenO

one giving (ms)

* * (fs)

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Participle, Passive: These forms are regular.

~nIWtn>

ones given (mp)

tAntun>

ones given (fp)

!Wtn"

one given (ms)

* * (fs)

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Infinitives: Absolute =

!Atn"; Construct = tTe (ttel' ; ATtiB. Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 18

= when he gives)


in the Qal

The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are essentially regular.

Wxq.l' ~T,xq. ;l.

xq;l' hx'ql. ' T'x.ql; ' T.x;ql; ' yTix.ql; '

they took

you (mp) took

* you (fp) took

Wnx.q;l'

we took

he took she took you (ms) took you (fs) took I took

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. The PC (“Imperfect”):

Wxq.yI

**

xQ;yI xQ;Ti xQ;Ti **yxiqT . i xQ;a,

they (m) will take

* *they (f) will take

Wxq.Ti

**

you (mp) will take

* you (fp) will take

xQ;nI *Unattested.

we will take

**The dagesh is omitted from the

he will take she will take you (ms) will take you (fs) will take I will take

q when it has only a shewa under it.

The Imperative:

Wxq.

xq; yxiq.

*

Take! (2mp)

** 2fp *“Emphatic” imperative =

hx'q.

Take! (2ms) Take! (2fs)


The Participle, *Active: These forms are regular except for the furtive patach.

~yxiq.l{

x:qle {

ones taking (mp)

** fp

one taking (ms)

* fs

*The passive participle occurs once in the mp:

~yxiqlu . (Proverbs 24:11).

**Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Infinitives: Absolute =

x;Aql'; Construct = tx;q; (tx;ql; ' ; ATx.qB; .


= when he took)

Paradigm 32: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Hiphil Pattern (

)

A

In all forms the root letter yod becomes cholem-vav ( ). The SC (“Perfect”):

WdyrIAh ~T,dr. A: h . A: h *!T,dr Wnd.rA: h

they brought down

you (mp) brought down you (fp) brought down we brought down

dyrIAh hd'yrIAh T'dr. :Ah T.dr. :Ah yTidr. :Ah

he brought down she brought down you (ms) went down you (fs) went down I went down

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The PC (“Imperfect”):

WdyrIAy *hn"d.rAE T WdyrIAT *hn"d.rAE T dyrIAn

they (m) will bring down they (f) will bring down you (mp) will bring down you (fp) will bring down we will bring down

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew.

†Jussive =

dyrIAy dyrIAT dyrIAT ydiyrIAT dyrIAa †

he will bring down she will bring down you (ms) will bring down you (fs) will bring down I will bring down

drEAy ; wci = dr
The Imperative:

WdyrIAh

Bring down! (2mp)

hn"dr. EAh

Bring down! (2fp)

*

dyrIAh ydiyrIAh

Bring down! (2ms) Bring down! (2fs)

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. The Participle:

~ydiyrIAm

ones bringing down (mp)

tAdyrIAm

ones bringing down (fp)

** *

dyrIAm *td,rA< m

one bringing down (ms) one bringing down (fs)

*Reconstructed on the basis of analogy and post-biblical Hebrew. **Reconstructed on the basis of other initial- yod roots. The Infinitives: Abs. =

drEAh ; Cstr. = dyrIAh (dyrIAhl. ; AdyrIAhB. = when he brings down) Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 20


in the Hiphil Pattern

A

In all forms the root letter he becomes cholem-vav ( ). The SC (“Perfect”):

%yliAh

* 3cp

he brought

* 3fs * 2mp

* 2ms

* 2fp

* 2fs

yTik.l;Ah

* 1cp

I brought

*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. The PC (“Imperfect”):

WkyliAy

they (m) will bring

%yliAy

†

he will bring

* 3fp

* 3fs

* 2mp

* 2ms

* 2fp

* 2fs

%yliAa I will bring †Jussive = %leAy ; wci = %l,AYw: . ††Wci = %leAaw" . ††

* 1cp *Unattested in biblical Hebrew. The Imperative:

Wkyliho

Bring! (2mp)

* 2fp

%leAh ykiyliyhe

Bring! (2ms) Bring! (2fs)

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Participle:

%yliAm

* mp

tAkyliAm

ones bringing (fp)

one bringing (ms)

* fs

*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The Infinitives: Abs. = unattested ; Cstr. =

%yliAh (%yliAhl. ; AkyliAhl. = to bring him)


Paradigm 34: The Middle Weak Verb, Hiphil Pattern (

)


Wbyvihe ~t,bvo he ]

***

they restored

you (mp) restored

byvihe hb'yvihe **t'Abyvih/

* 2fp

Wnboyvih/

he restored she restored you (ms) restored

* 2fs

ytiAbyvih] I restored *Unattested in biblical Hebrew, but see Atabeh]w: (2 Sam 14:10) and !T,mihw] : (Exod 1:16). **See also T'pn. :he (< @Wn, Exo 20:25). ***See also ~t,Acypih] (< #WP, Ezek 34:21). we restored


Wbyviy" **

hn"b.vTe ' WbyviT'

they (m) will restore they (f) will restore you (mp) will restore

*** 2fp

byviy" †*byviT' byviT' ybiyviT' byvia' †*

he will restore she will restore you (ms) will restore you (fs) will restore

bWvn" we will restore I will restore *Jussive = bvey" , bveT' †wci = bv,Y"w:, bv,Tw' : **See also hn"ya,ybiT. (< aAB , Lev 7:30; hn"my, hiT. < ~Wh , Micah 2:12). ***Unattested, but see hn"my. qiT' (Jer 44:25, an unexpected form). The Imperative:

Wbyvih'

bveh' ybiyvih' *

Restore! (2mp)

** 2fp *“Emphatic” imperative =

hb'yvih' .

Restore! (2ms) Restore! (2fs)

**Unattested in biblical Hebrew.

The Participle:

~ybiyvim.

ones restoring (mp)

tAbyvim.

ones restoring (fp)


byvime hb'yvim.

bveh;' Construct = byvih' (byvih'l. ; Abyvih]l; Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 22

one restoring (ms) one restoring (fs) = to restore him)

Paradigm 35: The Initial- Nun Verb in the Hiphil (*

)

*Root is reconstructed, since the nun never actually appears in any form. The SC (“Perfect”):

WdyGIhi

dyGIhi he told hd'yGIhi she told *~T,dG. h : i you (mp) told T'dG> :hi you (ms) told *T.dG. :hi you (fs) told NA 2fp *Wnd.Gh : i we told yTidG> :hi I told : i from [gn, ~T,lC. h; i from lcn, Wnl.Ch; i). *Reconstructed by analogy with other roots (cf. T.[G; h they told


WdyGIy: **

hn"dG. TE ; WdyGIT;

dyGIy: †*dyGIT; dyGIT; ydIyGIT; dyGIa;

they (m) will tell

†*

they (f) will tell you (mp) will tell

NA (fp)

dyGIn:

she will tell you (ms) will tell you (fs) will tell I will tell

dGEY:w: , dGET;w: **Reconstructed by analogy (cf. hn"[B . T; ; in Psalm 119:171, root [bn). *Jussive =

dGEy"

we will tell

he will tell

†wci =

The Imperative:

WdyGIh; **hn"d.GT E ;

dGEh; ydIyGIh; *

Tell! (2mp) Tell (2fp)


hd'yGIh; (more common).

Tell! (2ms) Tell! (2fs)

**Reconstructed by analogy.

The Participle:

~ydiyGIm;

ones restoring (mp)

tAdyGIm;

ones restoring (fp)

*

*Reconstructed by analogy (cf. The Infinitives: Absolute = root

dyGIm; td,Gm< ;

one telling (ms) one telling (fs)

tAqyVim; , Ezek. 3:13, root qvn).

dGEh;; Construct = dyGIh; (dyGIhl; ,. cf. AtACh;B. = when he struggled,

hnc, Psalm 60:2 [Heb. numbering, part of the title]). Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 23

Chart 1: The Regular Verb, Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) Hophal

Hiphil

Hitpael

lj;qh. ' lyjiq.hi lJeqt; h. i hl'j.qh. ' hl'yjiqh. i hl'Jq. t; h. i T'lj. ;qh. ' T'lj. ;qh. i T'lJ. q; t; .hi T.lj. ;qh. ' T.lj. ;qh. i T.lJ. q; t; .hi yTilj. ;qh. ' yTilj. ;qh. i yTilJ. q; t; h. i Wlj.q.h' Wlyjiq.hi WlJ.qt; h. i ~T,lj. ;qh. ' ~T,lj. ;qh. i ~T,lJ. q; t; .hi !T,lj. ;qh. ' !T,lj. ;qh. i !T,lJ. q; t; h. i Wnl.j;qh. ' Wnl.j;qh. i Wnl.Jq; t; h. i

Pual

lJ;qu hl'Jq. u T'lJ. q; u T.lJ. q; u yTilJ. q; u WlJ.qu ~T,lJ. q; u !T,lJ. q; u Wnl.Jq; u

Piel

Niphal

lJeqi lj;qn. I hl'Jq. i hl'jq. n. I T'lJ. q; i T'l.jq; .nI T.lJ. q; i T.l.jq; .nI yTilJ. q; i yTilj. q; n. I WlJ.qi Wlj.qn. I ~T,l.Jq; i ~T,lj. q; .nI !T,lJ. q; i !T,lj. q; n. I Wnl.Jq; i Wnl.jq; n. I


Qal

lj;q' hl'jq. ' T'lj. q; ' T.lj. q; ' yTilj. ;q' Wlj.q' ~T,lj. q; . !T,lj. q; . Wnl.jq; '

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Chart 2: The Regular Verb, Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) Hophal

Hiphil

Hitpael

Pual

Piel

lj;q.y" 5lyjiqy. : lJeqt; .yI lJ;qyu > lJeq;y> lj;qT. ' lyjiqT. ; lJeq;tT. i lJ;quT. lJeqT; . lj;qT. ' lyjiqT. ; lJeq;tT. i lJ;quT. lJeqT; . ylijq. T. ' yliyjiqT. ; yliJq. ;tT. i yliJq. uT. yliJq. T; . lj;q.a' lyjiq.a; lJeqt; .a, lJ;qau ] lJeq;a] Wlj.q.y" Wlyjiq.y: WlJ.qt; y. I WlJ.quy> WlJ.qy; > hn"lj. q; T. ' hn"lj. eqT. ; 3hn"lJ. q; ;tT. i hn"lJ. q; uT. hn"lJ. qe T; . Wlj.q.T' WlyjiqT. ; WlJ.q;tT. i WlJ.quT. WlJ.qT; . hn"lj. q; T. ' hn"lj. eqT. ; hn"l.J;qt; T. i hn"l.Jq; Tu . hn"lJ. qe ;T. lj;q.n" lyjiq.n: lJeqt; n. I lJ;qnu > lJeq;n> 1

Also

ljeQa' i .

2

Rarely

hn"lj. eQT' i .

3

Also

Niphal

Qal

ljeQy' I ljoqy. I ljeQT' i ljoqT. i ljeQT' i ljoqT. i ylijQ. 'Ti ylij.q.Ti 1 ljeQa' , ljoq.a, Wlj.Q'yI Wlj.qy. I 2 hn"lj. ;QT' i hn"lj. oqT. i Wlj.QT' i Wlj.qT. i hn"l.j;QT' i hn"lj. oqT. i ljeQn' I ljoq.nI

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 4

2fp

1cp

hn"lJ. qe t; T. i .

4

2fp forms are rare. Only 17 instances are attested in the OT for any verb root in any pattern, including both PC and wci forms (Bible Works for Windows™). 5

Jussive

ljeq.y: , wci ljeqY. :w: .


Chart 3: The Regular Verb, Imperative Hophal

* * * *

Hiphil

Hitpael

ljeq.h; lJeqt; h. i yliyjiq.h; yliJq. t; h. i Wlyjiq.h; WlJ.qt; h. i hn"lj. qe .h; hn"lJ. q; t; .hi

Pual

* * * *

Piel

Niphal

Qal

lJeq; yliJq. ; WlJ.q; hn"lJ. qe ;

ljeQh' i ylij.Qh' i Wlj.Qh' i hn"lj. ;Qh' i

ljoq. ylijq. i Wlj.qi hn"lj. qo .

2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp

*Passives by nature are not normally put in the imperative. There are no pual imperatives in the Hebrew Bible, but there are two hophal imperatives, one in Jeremiah 49:8 and one in Ezekiel 32:19. In these two cases the subject is not expected to actively carry out the command but to show the result of an action performed against it.

Chart 4: The Infinitives of the Regular Verb Hophal

ljeq.h' lj;q.h'

Hiphil

Hitpael

ljeq.h; lJeqt; .hi lyjiqh. ; lJeqt; .hi lyjiq.hl; . lJeqt; .hli . * Alj.q.hB' . Alyjiqh. ;B. AlJ.qt; h. iB.

Pual

Piel

Niphal

lJoqu

Qal

**lAjq' lJeq; * lJeq; ljeQh' i ***ljoq. * lJeql; . ljeQ'hli . ljoql. i * *†AlJ.quB. AlJ.q;B. Alj.qB' . *

Infa Infc Infc + Infc (+

+ suffix *Not attested in biblical Hebrew. **The spelling is also attested frequently.

ljoq' ***The spelling lAjq. is also attested frequently. †Only one example found in the Hebrew Bible: AtAN[u (his being afflicted; Psa 132:1).


)

Hebrew Paradigms

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