POLITICAL S STR UGGLE OF MAULANA H HASRAT M MOHANI THE L LIGHT O OF H HIS P POETR Y) (IN T
PRESENTED BY:
MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD ZIA UL HAQ CHOHAN PROGRAMME: SEMESTER: ROLL #:
M. PHIL (HISTORY) FALL 2013 A2-1587
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES & HISTORY
AL-KHAIR UNIVERSITY (AJK)
1
CONTENTS S. No.
TOPICS
PAGE #
1
Family background of Maulana Hasrat Mohani
2
2
Birth and education
2
3
Maulana Hasrat Mohani as a journalist
3
4
Maulana Hasrat Mohani as a poet
3
5
Spiritual status of Maulana Hasrat Mohani
4
6
Maulana Hasrat Mohani in politics
7
7
Maulana Hasrat Mohani – Mohani – Pioneer Pioneer of Complete Independence Movement
8
8
Struggle against Saudi attack on Hijaz-e-Muqaddas
10
9
Maulana Hasrat Mohani in jail
11
10
Struggle after independence
14
11
Literary works
16
12
Death of Maulana Hasrat Mohani
16
13
Successor of Maulana Hasrat Mohani in politics
17
14
Conclusion
18
15
Notes and references
19
2
FAMILY BACKGROUND OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI: The real name of Maulana Hasrat Mohani was Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan. Hasrat was his pen name. He was commonly known with his pen name instead of his real name. In his own words: 1
He was an eminent poet of Urdu language, a brave freedom fighter, a fearless journalist, a true politician and a bold parliamentarian. He was really a versatile personality. He belongs to the respectable family of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). His ancestors came to India from Naishapur (Iran).
BIRTH AND EDUCATION: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was born in 1878 at Mohan in the Unnao district of United Provinces.2 He passed his Middle Examination in 1894 and stood first in the whole province and passed his Matriculation Examination with first division and obtained scholarship. He completed the education of Arabic and Persian in Fatehpur Haswa. Keeping in view his excellent educational record, Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed 3 invited him to take admission in Aligarh.4 So he took admission in Muhammadan Anglo Oriental (M.A.O.) College Aligarh for graduation and passed his B.A. examination in 1903 with distinction.
3
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI AS A JOURNALIST: Maulana Hasrat Mohani started his illustrious monthly journal Urdu-e-Mu’alla (
) from Aligarh in July 1903. Urdu-e- Mu’alla contained literary as well as political articles. In 1908, due to the publication of an article against British policy in Egypt, Maulana
was imprisoned and Urdu-e-Mu’alla was banned. After releasing from jail in 1910, he started it again. In 1913, government demanded Rs. 3000/- as security which was an impossible task for Maulana. So he discontinued its publication. Maulana started it again in 1925 and continued its publication till 1944. In July 1914, Maulana Hasrat Mohani started a quarterly magazine TazkiratushShu’araa (
).
He started his daily newspaper Mustaqil (
) from Kanpur in 1928 but after some
time transformed it into a weekly paper. In 1933, he started publishing it as a monthly magazine with Urdu-e-Mu’alla. He also issued a newspaper Istiqlal (
) in 1921 from
Kanpur.
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI AS A POET: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was a great poet of Urdu language. His career as a poet started from 1894. He left behind him thirteen volumes of his poetry. He composed beautiful Ghazals, Naats and Manqabats. Almost half of his poetical work was done in jails. Though he was not provided paper and ink in jail, he memorized his couplets and released them to the press on the expiry of his term of imprisonment.
5
His poetry gives detailed history of his life and the course of his mental development. The history of our independence movement is incomplete without his poetry.
4
His poetry is a mirror of struggle for independence, his response on different political events and hardships faced by him in freedom movement. He used his poetry to awaken Muslims to start struggle against British Imperialism. To say that Hasrat is the greatest poet of his times may seem to be an exaggeration to some, but nobody will in fairness, deny to him the attributes of being the greatest reformer of Urdu poetry. His beautiful Ghazal
is very popular in sub-
continent.6 A Naat composed by him is given below which depicts deep love of the poet for the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), his Ahle Bait and Aulia-e-Kiram:
7
In recognition of his splendid poetic work, the title of Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen ( ) was conferred on him. Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen means t he head of ghazal composers.
SPIRITUAL STATUS OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was a pious man. He introduced himself as follows:
5
I am a conservative Sunni and Sufi. I consider Tasawwuf as essence of religion. And the result of Tasawwuf, as I think, is passion of extreme love.8 He was a disciple of Hazrat Shah Abdur Razzaq Farangi Mahalli in Qadria Sufi Order. In 1917, when he was shifted to Lucknow jail, he described its reason in t he following couplets:
9
Maulana Hasrat Mohani had great love of Ghaus-ul-Azam Hazrat Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani. This love is depicted from many Ghazals of Hasrat Mohani, for instance, the following one is a master piece:
01
6
After the death of Shah Abdur Razzaq, Maulana Hasrat Mohani became disciple of his son Hazrat Shah Abdul Wahhab Farangi Mahalli.
11
In Sabarmati jail, he was blessed with the munificence of Aulia-e-Kiram. He described the event as follows:
1
He performed hajj eleven times and visited Madina Munawwara twelve times. The Holy Prophet (peace & blessings be upon him) blessed him with his sacred sight in the dream many times. In July 1946, he went Bombay to attend the session of Muslim League Council. In the way he said to Maulana Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli: Listen gentleman! We shall get Pakistan soon. Now we should think about future. Maulana Jamal Mian asked how he is so confident about Pakistan. He said that he was blessed with the sacred sight of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). On the next day, during meeting of the Council he presented the idea of establishing Constituent Assembly of Pakistan and to start making constitution of Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam did not allow him to present this resolution. He tried again and again but was not allowed to do so. Maulana Jamal Mian asked him to leave it. He said that people did not know the reason why
7
he was stressing but Jamal Mian is aware of the dream, so he should not suggest leaving the idea.13 After creation of Pakistan, we have wasted a long time in the making of constitution. Would that this work started in the presence and guidance of Quaid-i-Azam as suggested by Maulana Hasrat Mohani, we could have a better and in-time constitution to run the country and could avoid martial laws again and again. Due to his high spiritual status, Maulana Hasrat Mohani was allowed by his Murshid to make disciples in Qadria and Chishtia Sufi Orders.
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN POLITICS: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was a great leader of our independence movement. He performed his role in the movement with full courage and honesty. 04
He completed his education from Aligarh College but he opposed Aligarh Movement and advocated active participation in politics. He started his political activities in May 1904 by participating in Bombay session of Indian National Congress (INC) as a delegate. In 1905, he attended All India Industrial Conference and became a preacher of Swadeshi Movement. He was the pioneer of Swadeshi Movement in sub-continent and he considered it a main source of industrial development of the country. In his opinion, the economy of Britishers could be ruined by the use of l ocal products. He himself opened a store of local products in Mohan in 1913. Maulana Hasrat Mohani kept himself away from All India Muslim League (AIML) because loyalty towards British was part of its manifesto. In 1913, AIML changed its constitution and demanded self-government. At this stage, Maulana Hasrat Mohani joined
8
Muslim League and worked on different posts. He became president of All India Muslim League in 1923 for two years. He went round the country, toured rural communities, addressed public meetings and presided over conferences to explain the program and policy of Muslim League. His role in converting Muslim league into a common-man party from the party of feudals is r emarkable. He actively participated in Khilafat Movement as well, but never crossed the limits of Islamic Shariah like other Khilafat leaders. He was a simple man and used to travel in third class. He visited Bombay as the president of Khilafat Conference in 1923 and purchased third class ticket. Maulana Shaukat Ali insisted him to travel in second class with Bi Amman but he was firm on his principles. So he refused to use Khilafat Fund on himself and to travel in second class. 15
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI – PIONEER OF COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT: According to Maulana Hasrat Mohani, independence was the birth right of every nation and India was no exception to it. He started the movement of Complete Independence at the time when Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League were advocating for dominion status. Khilafat Committee held its meeting in Ahmadabad on December 26, 1921. Maulana Hasrat Mohani presented his resolution of Complete Independence in Subject Committee. Hakeem Ajmal Khan, the president of Subject Committee, agreed with it. But on the next day, in the open session, Hakeem Ajmal Khan did not allowed Maulana Hasrat Mohani to present the resolution. Hakeem Ajmal Khan was criticized by the participants and he left the session. After the session, Maulana Hasrat Mohani asked the participants to keep sitting and pass the resolution. More than half participants stayed there and passed the Complete Independence resolution.16
9
He submitted the resolution of Complete Independence in Ahmadabad session of INC on December 28, 1921 but it was rejected due to the opposition of Mr. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. In the same city AIML held its fourteenth annual session on December 30, 1921. Maulana Hasrat Mohani advocated his Complete Independence Theory in his presidential address and moved a resolution but it was again rejected. On account of this address, he was imprisoned by the British Government. Ahmad Saeed and Kh. Mansoor Sarwar wrote: The Nehru Report 1928 recommended Dominion Status for India. When the report was presented in the National Convention at Calcutta, a motion was presented calling upon it to express its gratitude to Motilal Nehru for preparing the Report. The moment the motion was presented, Hasrat Mohani stood up and said, “Pandit Nehru by no means deserves any thanks. In his report Nehru has proposed the Dominion Status for India. This is an act of treachery against the country and the motion of thanks to a traitor is the height of cruelty. Our final destination is nothing short of complete independence. We can never agree to anything less than that.”17 Maulana Hasrat Mohani continued his struggle against Briti sh Imperialism. In twentyfifth annual session of AIML held at Lucknow on October 7, 1937 he again presented Complete Independence Resolution which was approved and adopted as the creed of AIML.18 This was perhaps the first time that AIML accepted such a vital change which was proved the basis of Lahore Resolution in 1940. In fact, the Lucknow session was a step in right direction and Maulana Hasrat Mohani was its main motivation. 09
2
10
20
The British Government tried to introduce self governing institutions gradually in India through Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These reforms could not satisfy political demands in India. As there was no clue of complete independence in these reforms, Maulana Hasrat Mohani rejected them and wrote:
3
In his inaugural speech, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari criticized these reforms in eleventh annual session of All India Muslim League held in Delhi on December 30, 1918. 2
4
On this occasion, Hasrat Mohani wrote:
5
STRUGGLE AGAINST SAUDI ATTACK ON HIJAZ-E-MUQADDAS: Abdul Aziz Ibne Saud attacked and captured Hijaz-e-Muqaddis in 1926 with the help of British and demolished blessed shrines of Sahaba-e-Kiraam and Ahle Bait. Muslims all
11
over the world described their grief and anger on this event. Indian Muslims established Anjuman Khuddam-ul-Haramain to start struggle against Saudi Najdi Sedition. Maulana Hasrat Mohani was one of its founders. Addressing All India Hijaz Conference at Lucknow, he said that the sole mission of this conference is to announce our complete and final displeasure on disgrace of mosques and shrines of Hijaz by Saudis and Najdis. Since the reason of their wildness and barbarism is their unique set of religious beliefs on which they are firm, and for these beliefs they recklessly consider destruction of Haram as purification of Haram. So, having no expectation of any goodness from them in future, this conference declares clearly that their rule in holy places is not acceptable to us in any case and in any shape.26
MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN JAIL: Maulana Hasrat Mohani published an article entitled British Policy in Egypt in his journal Urdu-e-Mu’alla in 1908. This article was regarded seditious by the Government and Maulana was sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment along with a fine of Rs. 500/-. He was perhaps the first political prisoner in British India convicted under the Press Laws. He had to undergo rigorous imprisonment and had to grind one maund of wheat per day. The hard labour of grinding wheat was not taken for over three months, even from the worst criminals, but Hasrat did this job for the whole tenure of imprisonment. Even the holy month of Ramadan was spent in this hard duty. 7
The jail administration was instructed to treat Maulana Hasrat Mohani as badly as possible. In order to realize the fine, the Magistrate confiscated his precious library and auctioned it. 8
12
He was again sent to jail in 1916 for two years under Safety Act. During this term, he was again put to the greatest hardships. He was transferred many times from one jail to another during imprisonment in chains. In 1921, he was put behind the bars on account of his presidential address in Ahmadabad session of AIML. In this address he demanded complete independence for India. British government tried all ways of hardships and violence but failed to change the political views of Hasrat Mohani. He declared: 9
32
31
3
33
34
Maulana Hasrat Mohani did not stop his activities during imprisonment and continued preaching his views of complete independence in jail.
35
13
He presented the details of hardships faced by him in jails in a book Mushahidat-eZindaan (
). Moreover, he has mentioned these details in his poetry as well. Some
such couplets are given hereunder:
!
36
37
38
39
!
14
42
41
4
43
44
45
46
47
Maulana Hasrat Mohani faced all troubles and hardships prudently and never considered any expedience. 48
STRUGGLE AFTER INDEPENDENCE: Maulana Hasrat Mohani stayed in India after independence to safeguard the interests of Muslims left in India. He stood like a rock against the storm of Hindu communalism and
15
fanaticism. History cannot forget his memorable words challenging Sardar Patel, the iron man of India, in the Constituent Assembly: You should not think that Muslims are orphans today. I am here to defend their rights against all odds and will fight f or them till death. 49 Azad Muslim Conference was held in Lucknow backed by Indian Government. Abul Kalam Azad asked Indian Muslims to terminate their political organizations and become part of Indian National Congress. Maulana Hasrat Mohani replied him: You are teaching unconditional faithfulness of Congress to the Indian Muslims and trying to limit Islamic organizations to social matters in 1947, just like Sir Syed who instructed Muslims to limit themselves to educational and social matters and become faithful to Britishers politically in 1857.
52
Maulana Hasrat Mohani was the only member of Indian Parliament who condemned capturing of Junagarh and Hyderabad by Indian army. He said to the Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Patel: You have done the same as Hastings, Welsely and Clive did. You have snatched the independence of poor States through your powerful army. Curse of Allah Almighty would be on your department. 51 A resolution was moved in Legislative Assembly of U.P. to congratulate Indian Army for its victory in Hyderabad. Maulana Hasrat Mohani was the only member in the Assembly who opposed this resolution and said that Indian Army did not deserve any praise for such a cowardly act.52 Mr. Afzal Usmani wrote a very interesting incident in the following words: On November 26, 1949, when the Indian Constituent Assembly proposed the Indian constitution to adopt for an independent, sovereign,
16
democratic and republic of India and assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, only one member of the constituent Assembly of India raised his voice of dissent. The then Prime Minister Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru rush to his desk and said “Maulana, what you are doing, your only vote against the proposed constitution will become a part of the history”. Maulana replied very politely “That is why I raised my voice to make sure that at least one voice of dissent was made against the proposed Indian constitution which has not done justice with Indian Muslims”. This voice of dissent was from no other than one of the great alumni of our beloved Alma Mater Aligarh Muslim University, a freedom fighter by nature, a journalist by profession, a humble human being by instinct and an integral element of Aligarh Movement and represented the true interpretation of Aligarh Movement, Syed Fazlul Hasan, popularly known as Maulana Hasrat Mohani. 53
LITERARY WORKS:
Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani (
Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib (
Nukat-e-Sukhan (
) )
)
Mushahidat-e-Zindan (
Intekhab-e-Sukhan (
) )
DEATH OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI: Maulana Hasrat Mohani described his desire as follows: 54
55
17
This desire was accomplished as reported by Maulana Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. He went to the house of Maulana Hasrat Mohani on May 13, 1951. He saw that relatives of Maulana Hasrat Mohani were bewailing around his bed. He identified him and hardly said to him pointing out to his relatives that say them this is not a new thing going to happen. After that he recited Astaghfaar and Darood Shareef and died. He was buried in Maulana Anwar Bagh of Farangi Mahal Lukhnow - the traditional burial of Farangi Mahal Ulama.
65
57
SUCCESSOR OF MAULANA HASRAT MOHANI IN POLITICS: Muslim League Legislators Convention was held on April 10, 1946 in Delhi. At this occasion, Maulana Hasrat Mohani met Mujahid-e-Millat Maulana Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi. Maulana Hasrat Mohani appreciated him for his services for independence movement and said: Niazi! Alack, you met me at the time of my evening and your noon. Would that we met earlier, we could do something together for t he nation. Maulana Hasrat Mohani advised him not to afraid from any hurdle in the right path. He instructed him to trust on Allah Almighty only and do not expect any worldly reward of his services. He also read out for him the following lines:
58
All India Muslim League Council held its meeting in Delhi on June 6, 1946 to discuss Cabinet Mission Plan. Maulana Hasrat Mohani and Maulana Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi
18
strongly opposed the plan. They were not ready to delay establishment of Pakistan any more. They hardly got support of sixteen or seventeen members in the house of six hundred and fifty members. The Council approved the Cabinet Mission Plan with majority votes. In the next ten days, their apprehension became true and th e betrayal of Britishers compelled Quaidi-Azam to withdraw the approval of the Plan. 59 It is evident from the life history of Mujahid-e-Millat that he acted upon the advices of Maulana Hasrat Mohani throughout his course of life and faced all hardships patiently and courageously. We can see the reflection of the great character of Maulana Hasrat Mohani in the character of Mujahid-e-Millat during his struggle in Independence movement, Khatme Nabuwwat
movement,
Nizam-e-Mustafa
movement,
Tahaffuz-e-Namoos-e-Risalat
movement and Nifaz-e-Shari’at movement.
CONCLUSION: Maulana Hasrat Mohani was really a great poet and a great freedom fighter. He possessed
the
rare
qualities
of
sincerity,
patience,
perseverance,
forbearance,
straightforwardness, fearlessness and above all the spirit of contentment and sacrifice. One, who reads his poetry, says about his personality:
And one, who beholds his political struggle, says offhand:
19
NOTES & REFERENCES: 1
2
Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997 ) 355 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 21
3
Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed served as a lecturer, professor and then as principal at M.A.O. college and vicechancellor and rector of Aligarh Muslim University. Besides his educational services, he played active role in Indian Politics as well. He never supported Hindu-Muslim Unity. He pla yed a key role in the propagation of Two-Nation Theory under the guidance of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri Barelvi. During Noncooperation movement, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and his associates approached Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed and asked him to stop taking government grants and discontinue affiliation of the university with government. He showed them the copy of a verdict of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan and asked them to provide its authentic refutation but they could not. In this way he saved Aligarh Muslim University to indulge in Indian Nationalism like Darul Uloom Deoband, Nadwatul Ulama and Jamia Millia. He moved the attitudes of the teachers and students of the University towards the Two-Nation Theory. {Chiragh, Muhammad Ali. Akabireen-e-Tehreek-e-Pakistan (Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publications: 2003) 458-465}
4 5 6 7
Ahmad Saeed, Kh. Mansoor Sarwar. Trek to Pakistan (Lahore, Al Fouzi Publishers: 2012) 314-315 Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 177 Ibid. 249 Ibid. 416 In this Naat, following Aulia-e-kiraam are mentioned: Ghaus-ul-Azam Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani, Syed Abdus Samad Ahmadabadi, Shah Abdul Wahhab Farangi Mahalli, Shah Abdur Razzaq Farangi Mahalli, Shah Abdur Razzaq Bansvi, Shah Abdul Wali Farangi Mahalli and Maulana Anwar Farangi Mahalli.
20
8
Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 64
9 10 11 12 13
Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 294 Ibid. 239 Ibid. 341 Ibid. 362 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 43
14 15 16
Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 158 Ishtiaq Azhar, Syed. Syed-ul-Ahrar (Karachi, Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society: 1988) 32 Asghar Kazmi, Syed Muhammad. Seyd-ul-Ahrar Raees-ul-Mutaghazzileen Maulana Hasrat Mohani Danishwaron ki Nazar Mein, (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 2002) 221
17 18
19
20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Ahmad Saeed, Kh. Mansoor Sarwar. Trek to Pakistan (Lahore, Al Fouzi Publishers: 2012) 315 Sarfaraz Hussain Mirza, Prof. Dr. Tareekh All India Muslim League (Lahore, Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust: 2010) 311 And undoubtedly, soon your Lord shall give you so much that you shall be satisfied. (Sura Ad-Duha, verse 5) Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 449 And be not sluggish and neither be grieved, you are the victorious if you have faith. (Surah Aal-e-Imran, verse 139) Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 492 Ibid. 332 Sarfaraz Hussain Mirza, Prof. Dr. Tareekh All India Muslim League (Lahore, Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust: 2010) 89 Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 326 Ishtiaq Azhar, Syed. Syed-ul-Ahrar (Karachi, Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society: 1988) 332 Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 042 Ibid. 159 Ibid. 234 Ibid. 240 Ibid. 244
21
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50
Ibid. 246 Ibid. 246 Ibid. 572 Ibid. 259 Ibid. 157 Ibid. 165 Ibid. 177 Ibid. 185 Ibid. 232 (Abdullah Khan Shamim was a poet buried in Jhansi) Ibid. 166 Ibid. 174 Ibid. 265 Ibid. 268 Ibid. 274 Ibid. 315 Ibid. 376 Ibid. 158 Jamil Ahmed. Maulana Hasrat Mohani (Lahore, Monthly Renaissance: May 1994) www.monthlyrenaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=938 (accessed on November 24, 2013) Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 47
51 52
Ibid. 47 Begum Hasrat Mohani. English Translation of Selected Poems of Hasrat Mohani (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1998) 47 {Article A great freedom fighter by Ishtiaq Azhar }
53
Afzal
Usmani.
Maulana
Syed
Fazlul
Hasan
Hasrat
Mohani
http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Hasrat_Mohani (accessed on December 16, 2013) 54 55 56
Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 040 Ibid. 445 Jamal Mian Farangi Mahalli. Muqaddima Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 51
22
57 58
Hasrat Mohani. Kulliyat-e-Hasrat (Karachi, Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust: 1997) 525 Qasoori, Muhammad Sadiq. Mujahid-e-Millat ka Rohani Maqaam (Qasoor, Mujahid-e-Millat Foundation: 2004) 27. Qasoori, Muhammad Sadiq. Tehreek-e-Pakistan aur Ulama-e-Kiraam (Lahore, Maktaba Zavia: 1999) 197
59
Ibid. 197
