HAND BOOKS
F.O.O
Flight Operations Officer
LESTARI BATCH 48
MERPATI TRINING CENTER –BATCH 48
BASIC WEIGHT & BALANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING
I. DEFINISI
Basic Weight
Berat Pesawat yang di keluarkan oleh pabrik tanpa equipment (peralatan)
atau berat pesawat kosong.
Dry Operating Weight ( DOW )
Berat Pesawat yang sudah siap untuk di operasikan dan tidak termasuk Fuel,
tetapi sudah termasuk Cockpit Crew (PIC & SIC) dan Cabin Crew (Flight
Attendant).
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight ( MZFW )
Berat yang di izinkan oleh pabrik dengan berat maksimum yang di tentukan
sesuai Performance pesawat dalam kondisi diam di Ground.
Rumus Mencari Zero Fuel Weight ( ZFW )
Maximum Take – Off Weight ( MTOW )
Berat yang di izinkan oleh pabrik dengan berat maksimum yang di tentukan
sesuai Performance pesawat untuk Run (Rolling) dan Terbang.
Rumus Mencari Take – Off Weight ( TOW )
Maximum Landing Weight ( MLDW )
Berat yang di izinkan oleh pabrik dengan berat maksimum yang di tentukan
sesuai Performance pesawat untuk melakukan Pendaratan ( Landing ) dengan
normal.
Rumus Mencari Landing Weight ( LDW )
Rumus Mencari Allowed Traffic Load / Pay Load
Note :
Departure Airport di batasi dengan "MTOW" ( Maximum Take – Off Weight )
Destination Airport di batasi dengan "MZFW" ( Maximum Zero Fuel Weight )
Alternate Airport di batasi dengan "MLDW" ( Maximum Landing Weight )
STRUCTURE AIRCRAFT
Rumus Mencari Take – Off Fuel
Rumus Mencari Doble Uplift Fuel
Example :
Leg I Leg II
Route : DPS – SUB Route : SUB – DPS
Trip Fuel : 1.697 Kg Trip Fuel : 1.702 Kg
2,5% RR : 42 Kg 2,5% RR : 44 Kg
Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785 Kg
Alternate DPS : 1.717 Kg Alternate DPS : 1.740 Kg
Take-Off : 5.250 Kg Take-Off : 5.271 Kg
Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi : 250 Kg
Req. Block : 5500 Kg Req. Block : 5521 Kg
Fuel Doble Uplift Route : DPS – SUB – DPS = 7.468 Kg.
Rumus Mencari Triple Uplift Fuel
Example :
Leg I Leg II Leg III
Route : DPS – SUB Route : SUB – DPS Route :
DPS - CGK
Trip Fuel : 1.697 Kg Trip Fuel : 1.702 Kg Trip Fuel : 3.462
Kg
2,5% RR : 42 Kg 2,5% RR : 44 Kg
2,5% RR : 87 Kg
Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785
Kg
Altn DPS : 1.717 Kg Altn SUB : 1.740 Kg Altn SUB : 2.600
Kg
Take-Off : 5.250 Kg Take-Off : 5.271 Kg Take-Off : 7.934
Kg
Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi :
250 Kg
Req. Block : 5.500 Kg Req. Block : 5.521 Kg Req. Block : 8.184
Kg
Fuel Triple Uplift Route : DPS – SUB – DPS – CGK = 12.083 Kg.
Note :
Untuk mengisi Doble Uplift Fuel dan Tripe Uplift Fuel harus di Cross
Check dengan Tank Capacity.
Rumus in Flight Plan
Rumus Cepat Mencari Estimate Trip Fuel
Rumus Mencari Trip Fuel
Rumus Mencari Fuel Alternate 2 Hours Holding
Rumus Mencari Endurance ( Minutes )
Rumus Mencari Nautical Air Mile ( NAM )
Rumus Mencari Speed (Knot) dari Mach Number
RUMUS CORECTION WIND COMPONENT TERHADAP FUEL DAN FLIGHT TIME PADA FLIGHT
PLAN
Rumus Mencari Ground Speed
CARA MENGHITUNG TAS ( TRUE AIR SPEED ) BERDASARKAN IAS ( INDICATED AIR
SPEED ) DAN FLIGHT LEVEL
Rumus Mencari TAS ( True Air Speed )
Example :
IAS = 180 Knot
Flight Level = 17.000 Feet
TAS = …… ?
DISTANCE AND HEADING
IN
PLOTING FLIGHT PLANING
Kita dapat menghitung jarak dan distance dengan menggunakan Rumus
ABC.
D = ( menit2 A + menit2 B ) dan H = tan = ( x / y )
1o = 60 menit
D = Distance
H = Heading
Contoh Kasus :
Jika data yang kita ketahui hanya koordinatnya saja,
VOR Makasar : S05 02.3 E119 31.6
VOR KEndari : S04 04.6 E122 27.2
Setelah itu kita convert koordinat tersebut ke dalam satuan waktu
( menit ).
VOR Makasar S = 300 + 2,3 = 302,3
VOR Kendari S = 240 + 4,6 = 244,6
57,7 menit
VOR Makasar E = 7140 + 31,6 = 7171,6
VOR Kendari E = 7320 + 27,2 = 7347,2
175,6 menit
Maka D = 57,7 2 + 175,6 2 = ( 57,7 x 57,7 +
175,6 x 175,6 )
= 3329,29 + 30835,36
= 34164,65
= 184,8
= 185 NM. NORTH
Maka H = 57,7 / 175,6 ( di bagi
= 0,328
= Shift Tan 0,328
SOUTH EAST
= 18,16
= 90o.00 - 18o.16
= 71o.84
= 072o WEST
SUNRISE – SUNSET
CONTOH KASUS :
DPS / WADD : S08 O 44.98 E115 O 10.2
Hitunglah Sunrise dan Sunset Denpasar Tgl 26 Juli…!!!
Sunrise :
Buka Table Sunrise Tgl 26 Juli ( Jika tidak ada, cari yang mendekati Tgl
tersebut )
S0O = 06 : 03
03 ke 17 selisihnya adalah 14
S10O = 06 : 17
Setelah menghitung selisih antara S0O = 06 : 03 ke S10O = 06 : 17
Maka Selisihnya 14 di bagi dengan interval dari S0O ke S10O adalah 10
Jadi :
14
= 1,4 x 8 O ( karena menggunakan S08 O
10
= 11,2 ( di bulatkan menjadi 0 : 11
Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S0O = 06 : 03
Setelah itu di tambah dengan hasil selisih yang telah di hitung.
S0O = 06 : 03
0 : 11 +
S08 O = 06 : 14 ( inilah hasil S08 O
Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,
Hitunglah E115 O dengan melihat Table ARC To Time
E115 O = 7 : 40
1 Hari = 24 : 00 Jam
Jadi :
= ( 1 Hari + S08 O ) – E115 O
= 24 : 00 + 06 : 14 = 30 : 14
= 30 : 14 - 7 : 40 = ? Jika tidak bisa di kurangi, pinjam
60 menit ke depan
= 29 : 74 - 7 : 40
= 22 : 34 UTC
= 06 : 34 LT
Jadi Sunrise Denpasar adalah jam : 06 : 34 LT
Sunset :
Buka Table Sunset Tgl 26 Juli ( Jika tidak ada, cari yang mendekati Tgl
tersebut )
S0O = 18 : 10
56 ke 10 selisihnya adalah 14
S10O = 17 : 56
Setelah menghitung selisih antara S10O = 17 : 56 ke S0O = 18 :
10
Maka Selisihnya 14 di bagi dengan interval dari S0O ke S10O adalah 10
Jadi :
14
= 1,4 x 8 O ( karena menggunakan S08 O
10
= 11,2 ( di bulatkan menjadi 0 : 11
Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S10O = 17 : 56
Setelah itu di tambah dengan hasil selisih yang telah di hitung.
S10O = 17 : 56
0 : 11 +
S08 O = 18 : 07 ( inilah hasil S08
O
Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,
Hitunglah E115 O dengan melihat Table ARC To Time
E115 O = 7 : 40
Jadi :
= S08 O – E115 O
= 18 : 07 – 7 : 40 Jika tidak bisa di kurangi,
pinjam 60 menit ke depan
= 17 : 67 – 7 : 40
= 10 : 27 UTC
= 18 : 27 LT
Jadi Sunset Denpasar adalah jam: 18 : 27 LT
CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN VFR CHART
0' 10' 20'
30' 40' 50' 60'
Note :
Cara mencari Time S, Lihat garis berwarna merah yang di tarik dari
Coordinat S08o menuju ke bawah / ke arah Point yang ingin di Ploting.
Contoh : S08O 42.8
Cara mencari Time E, Lihat garis berwarna hijau yang di tarik dari
Coordinat E116o menuju ke kanan / ke arah Point yang ingin di Ploting.
Contoh : E116O 17.2
CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN IFR CHART
METEOROLOGY
Rumus Mencari Temperature Di Ketinggian / Altitude
Example :
Actual Air Temperature at Mean Sea Level WADD = 30o C
Optimum Altitude ( Flight Level ) =
30.000 Feet
Rumus Mencari Temperature at Mean Sea Level ( MSL )
Example :
Actual Air Temperature at Altitude WADD = Minus ( -
30o C )
Optimum Altitude ( Flight Level ) = 30.000
Feet
Rumus Mencari Pressure Altitude
International Standar Pressure : 1013.25 Milibars (Mb) / 29.92 in-Hg
Example :
International Standar Pressure = 1013 Mb
Optimum Altitude ( Flight Level ) = 33.000 Feet
Note :
Jika Hasilnya Minus ( - ) maka Density ( Kerapatan Udara )
Semakin Renggang
Jika Hasilnya Plus ( + ) maka Density ( Kerapatan Udara )
Masih Rapat
Rumus Mencari Cloud Base
RELATIVE WIND
Rumus Mencari Head Wind / Tail Wind dengan ( COS )
Example :
Aircraft Take - Off to Runway 35
Wind Direction : 210/18Kts
Rumus Mencari Cross Wind dengan ( SIN )
Soal Sama Seperti di Atas
IFR HIGHT / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHART LEGEND
( Instrument Flight Rules High / Low altitude En route Chart Legend )
IDENTIFICATION SHEET
IFR H/L Altitude EN-ROUTE Chart, Specially for Flight Navigation covering
Indonesia Region, devided into two sheets, INA1 Chart for the Western,
Region whilst INA2 for the Eastern Region.
The Sheet INA-1 Is West Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore
The Sheet INA-2 Is East Indonesia, Brunai Darusalam and Timor Leste
CHART LEGEND
The following legend pages briefly explain symbology used on Enroute Charts
worldwide. Not all items apply in all areas. Refer to Chart Glossary for
more complete definitions of items.
NAVAID SYMBOLS
NAVAID IDENTIFICATION
VOR / VORDME or VORTAC identification component, with
frequency, identifier, and Morse Code & coordinates.
DME capability is indicated by a small "D" preceding
the VOR frequency at frequency paired navaids. VOR
and VORTAC navaid operational ranges are identified
(when known). On High/Low altitude Enroute Charts,
geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) are
shown for navaids forming high or all altitude
airways and routes.
NDB identification component is give in green color
when naviad is airways or route component, with
frequency, identifier, and Morse Code and coordinates
RADIO COMMUNICATION FREQUENCIES
Call and frequencies of Control Service for use within list location
Radio Frequency Aerodrome
Call sign CONTROL" and / or "RADAR" is omitted in all communication
list in several regions
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
AIRPORT INFORMATION
Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the
airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport
name is shown. The airport identifier in
ROUTE COMPONENTS AND AIRWAYS INFORMATION
REPORTING FIXES POINT
BOUNDARIES AND LINES
BOUNDARIES IFORMATION
ENROUTE CHART LEGEND IFR HIGH AND LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHART
ICAO AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATIONS
Airspace classification is designated by the letters (A) thru (G).
Classification (A) represents the highest level of control and (G)
represents uncontrolled airspace. The definition of each classification is
found in the Glossary portion of this section and the Enroute and Air
Traffic Control section of this manual. The airspace classification letter
is displayed in association with the airspace type and vertical limits.
CLASS A Airspace
Class A Airspace is the airspace from FL110 or 11,000 feet to FL130 or
13,000. All pilots flying in Class A airspace shall file an Instrument
Flight Rules (IFR) flight plan and receive an appropriate air traffic
control (ATC) clearance. When climbing through 11,000 feet, the pilot will
change the altimeter setting from the local altimeter (30.01 for example)
to 29.92. This ensures all aircraft flying in class A airspace have the
same altimeter setting and will have proper altitude separation.
CLASS B Airspace
Class B Airspace is generally the airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet.
This airspace is normally around the busiest airports in terms of aircraft
traffic. Class B airspace is individually designed to meet the needs of the
particular airport and consists of a surface area and two more layers. Most
Class B airspace resemble an upside down wedding cake. Pilots must contact
air traffic control to receive an air traffic control clearance to enter
Class B airspace. Once a pilot receives an air traffic control clearance,
they receive separation services from other aircraft within the airspace.
CLASS C Airspace
Class C Airspace is the airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the
airport elevation. Class C airspace will only be found at airports that
have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach
control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations. Although Class C
airspace is individually tailored to meet the needs of the airport, the
airspace usually consists of a surface area with a 5 nautical mile (NM)
radius, an outer circle with a 10 NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to
4,000 feet above the airport elevation and an outer area. Pilots must
establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility
providing air traffic control services prior to entering airspace. Pilots
of visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft are separated from pilots of
instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft only. Anchorage International
airport.
CLASS D Airspace
Definition. Generally, that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above
the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have
an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace
area is individually tailored and when instrument procedures are published,
the airspace will normally be designed to contain the procedures.
ORIENTATION
Geographical Grid lines and Value
Large inland
Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)
Grid shown at the intersection of units of latitude and longitude or by
complete line.
Shorelines and large inland lakes are shown.
Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude ( Grid MORA ) in hundreds of feet
provides reference point clearance within the section outlined by
latitude and longitude lines. Grid MORA values followed by a +/- denote
doubtful accuracy, but are believed to provide sufficient reference point
clearance.
CRUISING ALTITUDES INDONESIA ONLY
MORSE CODE
1. VFR FLIGHTS NOT AUTORIZED
a. Above FL200 in uncontrolled / Advisory airspace
b. Above FL150 in controlled / Advisory airspace
c. Between Sunset and sunrise.
2. FL 200 IS UNUSABLE FOR CRUISING FLIGHT
3. RVSM AIRSPACE AND TRANSITION AREA ( FL290 - FL410 )
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATIONS
ALTIMETER SETTING
Note :
TRANSITION ALTITUDE (TA) tidak boleh lebih rendah dari
3000 Feet
INTERNATIONAL STANDARTS
AND
RECOMMENDED PRECTICE
ANNEXES TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
"ANNEX 1 "Personal Licensing "
"ANNEX 2 "Rules of The Air "
"ANNEX 3 "Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation"
"ANNEX 4 "Aeronautical Charts "
"ANNEX 5 "Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground "
" "Operation "
"ANNEX 6 "Operation of Aircraft "
"ANNEX 7 "Aircraft Nationality and Registration Mark "
"ANNEX 8 "Airworthiness of Aircraft "
"ANNEX 9 "Facilitation "
"ANNEX 10 "Aeronautical Telecommunications "
"ANNEX 11 "Air Traffic Services "
"ANNEX 12 "Search and Rescue "
"ANNEX 13 "Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation "
"ANNEX 14 "Aerodromes "
"ANNEX 15 "Aeronautical Information Services "
"ANNEX 16 "Environmental Protection "
"ANNEX 17 "Security : Safeguarding International Civil Aviation "
" "Against Acts of Unlawful Interference "
"ANNEX 18 "The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air "
POINT OF NO RETURN ( PNR ) & POINT EQUAL TIME ( PET )
II. DEFINISI
Point of No Return ( PNR )
Suatu Titik atau Point dimana pesawat harus melanjutkan penerbangannya ke
Destination atau Kembali ke Orginal Airport apabila terjadi masalah.
Rumus Mencari Time to PNR
Rumus Mencari Distance to PNR
Rumus Mencari Endurance
Example :
Distance A to B = 600 NM
Block Fuel From Alpha (A) to Bravo (B) = 7.000 Kg
Fuel Consumtion / Hours = 1.750 Kg
Wind Component (W/C) = - 20 Kts
True Air Speed (TAS) = 420 Kts
Ground Speed Out
= 400 Kts
Ground Speed Home = 440
Kts
Point Equal Time ( PET ) / Critical Point ( CP )
Rumus Mencari Distance to PET/CP
Rumus Mencari Time to PET/CP
Example :
Distance Alpha (A) to Bravo (B) = 600 NM Ground
Speed Out = 400 Kts
Wind Component (W/C) = - 20 Kts
Ground Speed Home = 440 Kts
True Air Speed (TAS) = 420 Kts
Find :
REFERENCE TABLE
WIND DIRECTION
-----------------------
Zero Fuel Weight = Dry Operating Weight + Pax + Bge + Cgo + Mail (
Total Traffic Load )
Take – Off Weight = Zero Fuel Weight + Take – Off Fuel ( Block
Fuel )
Landing Weight = Take – Off Weight – Trip Fuel
Pay Load = Zero Fuel Weight – Dry Operating Weight
BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT
COCKPIT CREW + BGE 10 KG
1. GELLY
2. WATER LAVATORY
3. FIREX
4. MICROPHONE FOR
CABIN CREW
CABIN CREW + BGE 10 KG
STANDART ITEM
OPERATIONAL ITEM
MANUFACTURE WEIGHT
DRY OPERATING WEIGHT
Take Off – Fuel = Block Fuel – Taxi Fuel
Doble Uplift Fuel = Req. Block Fuel Leg II + Trip Fuel Leg I +
Taxi Fuel Leg I
Triple Uplift Fuel =
Req. Block Fuel Leg III + Trip Fuel Leg II + Taxi Fuel Leg II +
Trip Fuel Leg I +
Taxi Fuel Leg I
180o
090o
TAS
Distance = x Time
60'
Distance
Time = x 60'
Ground Speed
Distance
TAS = x 60'
Time
270o
360o
0o
Time
Fuel = x FF ( Fuel Flow / Hours )
60'
Flight Time
Estimate Trip Fuel = x Fuel Consumtion /
Hours )
60'
Trip Fuel = Climb Fuel + Descent Fuel + Cruise Fuel
Fuel 45' Hold
2 Hours Hold = x 120 ( 2 Hours )
45'
Block Fuel
Endurance = x
60'
Fuel Consumption / Hours
TAS
NAM = x NM
Ground Speed
Ground Speed = TAS – Wind Component ( W/C )
TAS
x Time
Ground Speed
TAS
x Fuel
Ground Speed
TAS
x Distance
Ground Speed
Note :
Time Baru Setelah Corection
Fuel Baru Setelah Corection
Distance Baru Setelah Corection
Altitude / Flight Level
TAS = 2 % IAS x +
IAS
1000
17.000
TAS = 3,6 x + 180
1.000
= 3,6 x 17 + 180
= 241,2 = 241 Knots
Standart Lapse Rate : Temperatur berkurang 1,98oC ( 2oC ) setiap
kenaikan 1000 Feet
Optimum Altitude
Temperature = Actual Air Temperature at MSL -
x 2o
1000 Feet
30.000
Temperature = 30 - x 2
1.000
= 30 - ( 30 x 2 )
= 30 - 60
= Minus ( -30oC ) Temperature at FL 30.000 Feet
Optimum Altitude
Temperature = Actual Air Temperature at Altitude +
x 2o
1000 Feet
30.000
Temperature = - 30 + x 2
1.000
= - 30 + ( 30 x 2 )
= - 30 + 60
= Plus ( 30oC ) Temperature at Mean Se Level
Pressure berkurang 1 Mb setiap kenaikan 30 Feet
Optimum Altitude
Pressure = Standar Pressure ( QNE ) -
x 1 Mb
30 Feet
33.000
Pressure = 1013 - x 1
30
= 1013 - 1100
= 30 - 60
= Minus ( -87 ) Pressure at FL 33.000 Feet
Head Wind / Tail Wind = Wind Direction - Heading ( Course )
= COS ( Correction Wind and Heading )
= Hasil COS x Wind Speed
Head Wind / Tail Wind = 210 - 350
= COS ( -140 )
= - 0,766 x 18
= - 13,788 = - 13 Knots
Note:
( + ) = Head Wind
( - ) = Tail Wind
Cross Wind = Wind Direction - Heading ( Course )
= SIN ( Correction Wind and Heading )
= Hasil SIN x Wind Speed
Cross Wind = 210 - 350
= SIN ( -140 )
= - 0,642 x 18
= - 11,556 - 11 Knots
Cross Wind - 11 Knots
Mach Number x 1220
Knot =
1,855
Temperature - Dewpoint
Cloud Base = x
1.000 Feet
2,5
29 - 19
Cloud Base = x 1.000
2,5
= Cloud Base is 4.000 Feet
E x H
Time to PNR =
O + H
Note :
D = Distance
E = Endurance
H = Ground Speed Home
O = Ground Speed Out
400
Distance to PNR = x 126 = 840 NM
60'
O
Distance to PNR = x Time to PNR
60'
Block Fuel
Endurance = x
60'
Fuel Consumption / Hours
7.000
Endurance = x 60' = 240 Minutes ( 4 Jam )
1.750
240 x 440 1760
Time to PNR = = = 126 Minutes (
2:06 )
400 + 440 840
D x H
Distance to PNR =
O + H
Note :
D = Distance
E = Endurance
H = Ground Speed Home
O = Ground Speed Out
Distance to PET/CP
Time to PNR = x 60'
O
600 x 440 264.000
Distance to PET = = = 314 NM
400 +
-1ABSstuüïåØË»©š…m`P=2ht!75?CJ OJQJ$h÷2¸ 440 840
314
Time to PET = x 60' = 47 Minutes
400
