Handbook for
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
1
Cos 1
Soar Poovoaic (“PV”) Ssms – A Ovrvi 1.1 1.2 1.3
1.4
2
Soar PV Ssms o a Bii 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
3
Introduction Types of Solar PV System Solar PV Technology • Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies • Conversion Efciency • Effects of Temperature Technical Information
Introduction Installation Angle Avoid Shading PV Modules Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules Solar PV Output Prole Solar PV Yield Cost of a Solar PV System
Appoii a Soar PV Ssm Coracor
4 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15
Introduction Getting Started • Get an Eperienced and Licensed Contractor • Choosing Between Bids • Solar PV System Warranty • Regular Maintenance • Other Relevant Matters
16 16 17 17 17 17 19 19
4
Soar PV Ssm Isaaio Rirms 4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection • Structural Safety • Lightning Protection 4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity • Non-residential User • Residential User 4.10 De D esign and Installation Checklist
20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 25 26
5
Opraios a Maiac 5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
28 28 29
3.1 3.2
Cos 1
Soar Poovoaic (“PV”) Ssms – A Ovrvi 1.1 1.2 1.3
1.4
2
Soar PV Ssms o a Bii 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
3
Introduction Types of Solar PV System Solar PV Technology • Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies • Conversion Efciency • Effects of Temperature Technical Information
Introduction Installation Angle Avoid Shading PV Modules Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules Solar PV Output Prole Solar PV Yield Cost of a Solar PV System
Appoii a Soar PV Ssm Coracor
4 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15
Introduction Getting Started • Get an Eperienced and Licensed Contractor • Choosing Between Bids • Solar PV System Warranty • Regular Maintenance • Other Relevant Matters
16 16 17 17 17 17 19 19
4
Soar PV Ssm Isaaio Rirms 4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection • Structural Safety • Lightning Protection 4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity • Non-residential User • Residential User 4.10 De D esign and Installation Checklist
20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 25 26
5
Opraios a Maiac 5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
28 28 29
3.1 3.2
Appics APPendIx A – exAMPleS O SOlAR PV PV SySteM On BuIldIngS In SIngAPORe A.1
ZERO ERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA ACADEMY EMY
32
A.2
POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING)
34
A.3
313 SOMERSET CENTRAL
36
A.4
SENTOSA COVE
38
A.5
MARINA BARRAGE
40
A.6
LONZA BIOLOGICS
42
A.7
ZERO ENERGY HOUSE
44
A.8
TAMPINES GRANDE
46
A.9
HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT SERANGOON NORTH PRECINCT
48
A.10 HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT WELLINGTON CIRCLE PRECINCT
50
APPendIx B B.1
ENGAGING A LICENSED ELECTRICAL WORKER
52
APPendIx C C.1
CONTACT INFORMATION
54
APPendIx d – InCentIVeS OR SOlAR PV SySteM D.1
SOLAR CAPABILITY SCHEME (SCS)
55
D.2 MA MARKET DEVELOPMENT FUND (MDF)
56
D.3
GREEN MARK SCHEME
57
D.4
GREEN MARK GROSS FLOOR AREA (GM-GFA) INCENTIVE SCHEME
58
D.5
$100 MILLION GREEN MARK INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR ExISTING BUILDINGS (GMIS-EB)
59
D.6
ENHANCED $20 MILLION GREEN MARK INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR NEW BUILDINGS (GMIS-NB)
60
1
oror Cognizantof thegrowingpopularityof solarphotovoltaic(PV)installationsamongstresidential dwellersaswellasbuildingdevelopers,andthecorrespondingdemandforacomprehensive setoftechnicalandregulatoryinformation,theEnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)andtheBuilding ConstructionAuthority(BCA)gottogetherearlierthisyeartoworkonintegratingtheirrespective solarmanualsintoanall-in-onereferenceguideforthosewhoarekeenoninstallingsolarPV systems in Singapore. The outcome of this joint project, which also saw the involvement of industry partners and stakeholderssuchasPhoeniSolarPteLtd,GrenzonePteLtd,SolarEnergyResearchInstitute ofSingapore(SERIS)andSingaporePolytechnic,isthis“HandbookforSolarPhotovoltaic(PV) Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook, we hope to be able to provide a comprehensiveguidetotherelevantparties,includingowners,developers,engineers,architects, Licensed Electrical Workers and electricians on the key issues, requirements and processes pertaining to the installation of solar PV systems. Aswiththepreviouseditionofthehandbooks,thissinglevolumecoversandprovidesinformation onlicensing,marketandtechnicalrequirements,andbuildingandstructuralissuesthatarerelated totheimplementationofsolarPVsystemsinabuildingenvironment.Inaddition,itprovidesnew informationontheinstallationrequirementsforsolarPVsystems,operationsandrecommended preventivemaintenanceworks,andvariousincentivestopromotesolarPVsystemsinSingapore. Wehavealsorefreshedthepresentationofthehandbooktomakeitmoreaccessibleandreaderfriendly,aswellastoincorporateeamplesofcompletedsolarPVinstallationsinSingapore. Wehopeyouwillndthistobeausefulguide.
davi ta Deputy Chie Executive EnergyPlanningandDevelopmentDivision Energy Market Authority
2
A Kia S Director CentreofSustainableBuilding&Construction Building and Construction Authority
Ackoms Wewouldliketothankthefollowingorganisationsfortheirsupportandcontributionsin thedevelopmentofthishandbook:
1)
GrenzonePteLtd
2)
PhoeniSolarPteLtd
3)
SingaporePolytechnic
4) SolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingapore(SERIS) 5)
SP PowerGrid
6)
UrbanRedevelopmentAuthority
3
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 1.1
Introduction
Thesundeliversitsenergytousintwomainforms:heatandlight.Therearetwomain typesofsolarpowersystems,namely,solarthermalsystemsthattrapheattowarmup water,andsolarPVsystemsthatconvertsunlightdirectlyintoelectricityasshownin Figure1.
ir 1. t irc b soar rma a s oar PV ssms
When thePV modulesareeposedto sunlight,they generate direct current(“DC”) electricity.An inverterthenconvertstheDC intoalternatingcurrent(“AC”)electricity, sothatitcanfeedintooneofthebuilding’sACdistributionboards(“ACDB”)without affectingthequalityofpowersupply. 4
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
1.2
Types o Solar PV System
SolarPVsystemscanbeclassiedbasedontheend-useapplicationofthetechnology. TherearetwomaintypesofsolarPVsystems:grid-connected(orgrid-tied)andoff-grid (orstandalone)solarPVsystems. Grid-connectedsolarPVsystems ThemainapplicationofsolarPVinSingaporeisgrid-connected,asSingapore’smain islandiswellcoveredbythenationalpowergrid.MostsolarPVsystemsareinstalled onbuildingsormountedonthegroundiflandisnotaconstraint.Forbuildings,theyare eithermountedontherooforintegratedintothebuilding.Thelatterisalsoknownas BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(“BIPV”).WithBIPV,thePVmoduleusuallydisplaces anotherbuildingcomponent,e.g.windowglassorroof/wallcladding,therebyservinga dual purpose and offsetting some costs. Thecongurationofagrid-connectedsolarPVsystemisshowninFigure2.
ir 2. gri-coc soar PV ssm coraio
Abuildinghastwoparallelpowersupplies,onefromthesolarPVsystemandtheother fromthepowergrid.Thecombinedpowersupplyfeedsalltheloadsconnectedtothe mainACDB. TheratioofsolarPVsupplytopowergridsupplyvaries,dependingonthesizeofthe solarPVsystem.WheneverthesolarPVsupplyeceedsthebuilding’sdemand,ecess electricity will be eported into the grid. When there is no sunlight to generate PV electricityatnight,thepowergridwillsupplyallofthebuilding’sdemand.
5
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Agrid-connectedsystemcanbeaneffectivewaytoreduceyourdependenceonutility power,increaserenewableenergyproduction,andimprovetheenvironment. Off-gridsolarPVsystems OffOff-gr grid idso sola larP rPVsy Vsyst stem emsa sare reap appl plic icab able lefo fora rare reas aswi with thou outpo tpowe werg rgri rid. d.Cu Curr rren entl tly y,suc ,such h solarPVsystemsareusuallyinstalledatisolatedsites solarPVsystemsareusually installedatisolatedsiteswherethepowergridisfar wherethepowergridisfaraway, away, suchasruralareasoroff-shoreislands.Buttheymayalsobeinstalledwithinthecityin situationswhereitisinconvenientortoocostlytotapelectricityfromthepowergrid. Foreample,inSingapore,severalURAparkingsignlightsarepoweredbyoff-gridsolar PV systems. Anof Anoff-g f-gri rids dsol olar arPV PVsy syst stem emne need edsd sdee eepc pcyc ycle lere rech char arge geab able leba batt tteri eries essu such chas asle lead ad-a -aci cid, d, nickel nickel-ca -cadmiu dmium m or lithiu lithium-i m-ion on batteri batteries es to store store electri electricit city y for use under under condit condition ions s wherethereislittleornooutputfromthesolarPVsystem,suchasduringthenight,as showninFigure3below.
ir 3. O-ri soar PV ssm coraio
1.3
Solar PV Technology
This section gives a brief description ofthe fthe solar PV techn echno ology and the common mon technical terms used. Asol Asolar arPV PVsy syst stem emis ispo powe were redb dbym yman anyc ycry ryst stal alli line neor orth thin inl lmP mPVm Vmod odul ules es.I .Ind ndiv ivid idua ual l PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for fo r easy installation.
6
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Moo-Crsai Siico PV C
Po-Crsai Siico PV C
ir 4. Moo-a Po-Crsai Siico PV C
PVcel PVcells lsare are made madeof oflig lightht-sens sensiti itive vesem semico iconduc nductor tormat materi erials als that thatuse use photon photons sto todis dislod lodge ge electronstodrivean electronstodriveanelectriccurrent. electriccurrent.Therearetwo Therearetwobroadcategories broadcategoriesoftechnologyused oftechnologyused forPVcells,namely,crystallinesilicon,asshowninFigure4whichaccountsforthe majorityofPVcellproduct majorityofPVcellproduction;andthin ion;andthinlm,whichisnewer lm,whichisnewerandgrowinginpopul andgrowinginpopularity arity. . The“familytree”inFigure5givesanoverviewofthesetechnologiesavailabletoday andFigure6illustratessomeofthesetechnologies.
PV Cell Types
Crystalline Silicon (wafer based)
Thin Film
Special
Poly-crystalline
Amorphous-Si (a-Si)
Mono-crystalline
Tandem a-Si/microcrystalline
Compound semiconductor eg GaAs-based
CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide)
CdTe (Cadmium Telluride)
Dye-sensitised (TiO2)
Commercially available product, suitable for Singapore R&D or pilot stage, or unsuitable for Singapore
ir 5. PV coo ami r
7
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Moo-crsai siico
Po-crsai siico
ib amorpos i m
CIgS i m
ir 6. Commo PV mo coois
CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies Cryst rysta allin llinece ecell llsar sarema emade defro fromul multr traa-pu pure resi sili lico conra nrawma wmate teri rial alsu such chasth asthos oseus eused edin in semiconductorchips.Theyusesiliconwafersthataretypically150-200microns(one fthofamillimetre)thick. Thin lm is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2 micrometres thick onto glass or stainless stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers aresothin,thecostsofrawmaterialaremuchlowerthanthecapitalequipmentand processing costs. ConversionEfciency
tcoo Mono-crystalline Silicon Poly-crystalline Silicon Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
Mo ecic 12.5-15% 11-14% 10-13%
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
9-12%
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)
5-7%
tab 1. Covrsio cicis o varios PV mo coois Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV cell technologiesisinitsconversionefciency,assummarisedinTable1. Fore Forea amp mple le, ,at athi hin nlm lmam amor orph phou ouss ssil ilic icon onPV PVar arra rayw ywil ill lne need edc clo lose seto totw twic icet ethe hesp spac ace e ofacrystallinesiliconPVarraybecauseitsmoduleefciencyishalved,forthesame nominalcapacityunderStandardTestConditions1(STC)rating.
1 StandardTestCondition StandardTestConditionsrefertothe srefertothefollowingtesti followingtestingconditions: ngconditions: •1,000W/m2 of sunlight •250Ccelltemperature •Spectrumatairmassof1.5
8
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
ForcrystallinesiliconPVmodules,themoduleefciencyislowercomparedtothesum ofthecomponentcellefciencyduetothepresenceofgapsbetweenthecellsandthe borderaroundthecircuiti.e.,wastedspacethatdoesnotgenerateanypowerhence lowertotalefciency. EffectsofTemperature AnotherimportantdifferentiatorinsolarPVperformance,especiallyinhotclimates,is thetemperaturecoefcientofpower.PVcellperformancedeclinesascelltemperature rises. Foreample, inbright sunlight,celltemperaturesinSingaporecanreach over70ºC, whereasPVmodulesareratedatacelltemperatureof25ºC.Thelossinpoweroutput at70ºCisthereforemeasuredas(70-25)temperaturecoefcient. Mostthinlmtechnologieshavealowernegativetemperaturecoefcientcomparedto crystallinetechnologies.Inotherwords,theytendtoloselessoftheirratedcapacityas temperaturerises.Hence,underSingapore’sclimaticcondition,thinlmtechnologies willgenerate5-10%moreelectricityperyear. APVmoduledatasheetshouldspecifythetemperaturecoefcient.SeeTable2and chartinFigure7.
tcoo Crystalline silicon
tmprar Coci [%/°C] -0.4 to -0.5
CIGS
-0.32 to -0.36
CdTe
-0.25
a-Si
-0.21
tab 2. tmprar coci o varios PV c coos
C T S o t e v i t a l e r t u p t u o e l u d o m
ir 7. t cs o a aiv mprar coci o por o PV mo prormac 9
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew ThePVmodulesarenetconnectedinseriesintoaPVstringasshowninFigure8. APVarrayasshowninFigure9isformedbytheparallelaggregationofPVstrings.
ir 9. PV Arra
ir 8. PV Sri
1.4
Technical Inormation
Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmental conditions,andminimisetheriskofearthfaultsandshortcircuitsareusedtointerconnect thePVstringsandarrays.Thecableconnectionsareprotectedinenclosuresknownas junctionbothatprovidesthenecessaryconnectorsasshowninFigure10.
ir 10. Jcio Bo
ElectricityproducedbythesolarPVinstallationisintheformofDC.Theoutputofthe PVinstallationisconnectedthroughtheDCmaincablestotheDCterminalsofthePV inverterwhereelectricityisconvertedfromDCintoAC. After conversion,theAC currentof thePVinverterisconnected throughPV supply cabletothebuilding’selectricalinstallation(ACdistributionboard). Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of a building.NotethattheactualcongurationofthePVinvertermayvaryacrossdifferent systems.
10
Capr 1 SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
dC Si
AC Si
PV Ivrr
AC disribio Boar
PV dC Mai Cab
PV Spp Cab
ir 11. tpica PV ivrr coc o a bii’s crica isaaio
Justlikeanyelectricalinstallation inabuilding,earthingisanimportantsafety requirement for solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV system to the consumer’s electrical installation earthing system. In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must be provided,andalltheeposedmetallicstructuresofthesolarPVsystemmustbebound to the lightning earthing system. It is theresponsibility of theconsumersto have theirsolarPV systems maintained regularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations. SeeFigure12foradiagramshowingthesolarPVsystemformingpartofaconsumer’s electrical installation.
ir 12. Soar PV ssm ormi par o a cosmr’s crica isaaio 11
Solar PV Systems on a Building 2.1
Introduction
TherearemanyeamplesoverseaswherePVmodulesaremountedontheroofand integratedintobuildingfaçades.TheyworkparticularlywellinEuropeandNorthAmerica, assouth-facingfaçadesintheseregionsarewelleposedtothesun. InSingapore,wehavetoconsiderthatthesunpassesalmostdirectlyoverhead.Thisis becausewearelocatedneartheEquator,andthepathofthesunfollowstheEquator, o withseasonalvariationsofupto23.5 to the north or south. Therefore there are optimal positionstolocatethePVmodulesthathavetobetakenintoconsideration.Referto AppendiAforeamplesofsolarPVsystemsonbuildingsinSingapore. 2.2
Installation Angle
To maimise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for the PVmodulesto beinstalledis righton top ofa building, facing thesky.The possible installationoptionsareshowninFigure13.
ir 13. wr o isa PV mos o a bii i Siapor
12
Capr 2 SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate electricityinechangeforhigherpublicvisibility.
WiththePVmodulesfacingthesky,itispossibletoimprovetheyieldbyinstallingPV modules ontrackersto follow the sunfromeastto west during the day (single-ais trackers),andfromnorthtosouthduringseasonalchanges(dual-aistrackers). However,trackerscanonlyimprovesystemperformanceunderdirectsunshine,and theygivenoadvantageindiffusedsunlightconditions,suchasoncloudyorhazydays. Thedownsideofhavingat-mountedPVmodulesisthattheytendtogetdirtyfrom rainwateranddust.SeeFigure14.ItisthereforebettertomountthePVmodulesatan o o incline(10-15 forframedmodules,oraslittleas3-5 forunframedmodules),toallow rainwatertoproperlydrainoff
ir 14. PV mo rams rap ir as ar vaporas rom a fa-mo PV mo
2.3
Avoid Shading PV Modules PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon PVmodulewilldrasticallyreducetheoutputoftheentirePVmodule.
Thin lmPV modulesaremore tolerantto partialshadingthan crystallinesiliconPV modules.Typicalculpritsincludeshadowscastbytalltreesandneighbouringbuildings.
13
Capr 2 SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
2.4
Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules
Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can be integratedintothebuildingfaçadeinacreative,aestheticallypleasingmanner.Theycan bemountedonanypartoftherooftoporeternalwallsthatiswelleposedtosunlight e.g.skylights,cladding,windows,andeternalshadingdevices. Theycanalsobeintegratedintoeternalstructuressuchasfaçadesandcanopies,as showninFigure15andFigure16,respectively.
ir 15. BIPV mos ira io a aça
ir 16. BIPV mos ira io a ski caop
2.5
Solar PV Output Profle
SolarPVonlyproduceselectricitywhensunlightisavailable.TheoutputofasolarPV systemvarieswithitsratedoutput,temperature,weatherconditions,andtimeofthe day.ThepoweroutputproleofthePVinstallationasshowninFigure17,ataselected testsiteinSingaporecollectedoveraperiodfrom2002-2004,intermsofitscapacity factor2,showsahighvariationofsolarPVoutput.
[ 2 ] PV Output capacity actor = Ratio o the actual output o the PV installation at time (t) over its output i it had operated at ull rated output.
14
Capr 2 SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
r o t c a f y t i c a p a c t u p t u o V P
ir 17. Vari ai por op pro o PV isaaio a a sc s si i Siapor
2.6
Solar PV Yield The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not onlyontheavailabilityofsunshinebutalsoonthetechnologyyouchoosetoinstall.For eample,atypical10-kWrooftopsolarPVsysteminSingaporewouldproduceabout 11,000to12,500kWhannuallyusingcrystallinePVmodules,and12,000to14,500kWh annuallywithamorphoussiliconthinlmPVmodules.
2.7
Cost o a Solar PV System
ThecostofyoursolarPVsystemwilldependonmanyfactors:systemconguration, equipmentoptions,labourcostandnancingcost.Pricesalsovarydependingonfactors suchaswhetherornotyourhomeisnew,andwhetherthePVmodulesareintegrated intotherooformountedontheroof.Thecostalsodependsonthesystemsizeor rating,andtheamountofelectricityitproduces. Generally,solarPVsystemsentailhigh capitalcosts.Withsolarpower,you cansaveon thepurchaseofelectricityfromthegrid.Butevenwiththesesavings,itwilltakealong timetorecoverthecapitalcostofthesolarPVinstallation.Theoperatingcostsforsolar PVinstallationsarenegligible,buttheannualmaintenancecostbeyondthewarranty periodmayamountto0.5%to1%ofthecapitalcostoftheinstallation. Thereforeonanoverallbasis,solarPV-derivedelectricityisstillmuchmoreepensive thanthatfromthepowergrid.However,thecostofsolarPVhashistoricallybeenfalling byabout4%ayear,andifthiscontinues,solarPVmaybecompetitivewithinthenet 10years.ForincentivesonsolarPVsystem,pleaserefertoAppendiD.
15
Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 3.1
Introduction
YouwillneedtoselectacontractortoinstallyoursolarPVsystem.Ifinterested,you maycheckwiththefollowingorganisationsforsomesolarPVsystemdesignersand contractors: •
TheListofSolarPVSystemcompaniesinSingapore,availablefromSustainable EnergyAssociationofSingapore,bycalling63388578orbyvisiting http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54
• TheSingaporeSustainableDevelopment Industry Directory 2008/2009, available fromtheSingaporeBusinessFederation,bycalling68276838orbyvisiting http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp Yourcontractor willappointaLicensedElectrical Worker (“LEW”)who willberesponsible forthedesign,installation,testing,commissioning,andmaintenanceofyoursolarPV system. Inthecaseofnon-residentialelectricalinstallationsthatrequireanelectricalinstallation licence,theappointedLEWwhosupervisestheelectricalwork(“DesignLEW”)may notbetheonewhotakeschargeofyourelectricalinstallation(“InstallationLEW”).The DesignLEWwillthenhavetoworkwiththeInstallationLEWtoworkoutthetechnical issues. PleaserefertoAppendiBfordetails onhow you can engage anLEW andthe necessary consultation process.
16
Capr 3 APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
3.2
Getting Started
First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Net, contact the contractorstondouttheproductsandservicestheyoffer.Thefollowingpointersmay giveconsumersagoodsenseofthecontractor’scapabilities: Getaneperiencedandlicensedcontractor Eperienceininstallinggrid-connectedsolarPVsystemsisinvaluable,becausesome elements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, are uniquetothesesystems.Acontractorwithyearsofeperiencewillalsodemonstrate anabilitytoworkwithconsumers,andpricetheirproductsandservicescompetitively. ItisalsoimportanttogetacontractorwhoisanLEW. Choosingbetweenbids IfthereareseveralbidsfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem(itisgenerallyagood practice to obtain multiple bids), consumers should take steps to ensure that all of thebidsreceivedaremadeonthesamebasis.ComparingabidforasolarPVsystem mounted on the ground against another bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples to oranges. Bidsshould clearlystatethemaimumgenerating capacity of thesolarPV system [measuredin wattspeak(Wp)or kilowattspeak(kWp)].If possible, the bids should specifythe systemcapacityin ACwatts,or specifytheoutput ofthesystemat the inverter. Bids should also include thetotalcost of gettingthesolarPV systemcomponents, includinghardware,software,supportingstructure,meter,installation,connectiontothe grid(ifapplicable),permitting,goodsandservicesta,warranty,andfuturemaintenance cost(ifapplicable). SolarPVsystemwarranty AsolarPVsystemisaninvestmentthatshouldlastalongtime,typicallytwotothree decadesforgrid-connectedapplications.TheindustrystandardforaPVmodulewarranty is20-25yearsonthepoweroutput. TherearetwomaincomponentstoaPVmodulewarranty: • A workmanship warranty that offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase in case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years, dependingonthemanufacturer.Twotoveyearsistypical;and
17
Capr 3 APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
• A limited power output warranty that offers a variety of remedies in case the PVmodule’soutputunderSTCdropsbelowcertainlevel.Mostmanufacturers warrantatleast90%oftheminimumratedoutputfor10years,and80%of theminimumratedoutputfor20-25years.Takenotethattheminimumrated outputisusuallydenedas95%oftheratedoutputtoallowformanufacturing andmeasurementtolerances.SeeFigure18fordetails.
ir 18. ursai a maacrr’s imi por arra
Takenotethatunderthelimitedpowerwarranty,manufacturersseldomoffertoreplace thePVmoduleitself.Rather,attheirsolediscretion,theymayofferto: • Repair the defective PV modules; • Supply enough new PV modules to replace the lost power output in a PV array.Foreample,ifyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunderSTC, siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttosupplyyouwith1kW of PV modules to make up for the shortfall; or • Refund you for the lost power output, after deduction according to the number ofyearsinuse.Fora25-yearwarranty,theannualdeductionisnormally4%. Foreample,ifyoundthatyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunder STC,siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttoreimburseyour purchasepriceminus24%(6years4%). Inallcases,themanufacturerdoesnotcoveryourcostsofdismounting,transporting, andreinstallingthePVmodules.Thewarrantyalsoecludesproblemsresultingfrom improper installations; repairs, changes or dismounting by unqualied personnel; accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes and other acts of God.
18
Capr 3 APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
Signicantly,mostmanufacturersspecifythatthePVmoduleoutputwillbedetermined bytheashtestersintheirownpremises,ratherthanbyathirdparty. ThesolarPV system contractorshouldassist in determining whethera PV module defectiscoveredbywarranty,andshouldhandlethesituationwiththemanufacturer. Regularmaintenance During thedefectliability period (usuallyfor12monthsafterinstallation),solarPVsystem contractors usually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems aggedbytheremotemonitoringservice. Otherrelevantmatters Another mattertobeawareofisthatPVmodulemanufacturersare constantlyupgrading theirproducts,andadaptingnewsizesanddimensionstosuitmarketrequirements. This means that you may no longer be able to buy an identical PV module to replace adefectiveoneinyourPVarrayafewyearsafterinstallation.NewerPVmodulesare likelytobemoreefcientorhavedifferentphysicaldimensions,andmaynolongert eactlyintothegapleftbytheoldPVmodule. Thisdoesnotmattermuchonalarge,ground-mountedsolarPVpowerplant,because thenewmodulescanformanewrow.Butonabuilding-mountedsolarPVsystemit mayspoiltheaesthetics,andmaycauseproblemstotheelectricalconguration.
19
Solar PV System Installation Requirements 4.1
Electrical Installation Licence
Anelectrical installation refers to any electrical wiring,tting or apparatus used for theconveyanceandcontrolofelectricityinanypremises.AsolarPV systeminstalled within such premises formspartof the consumer’s electrical installation and should complywiththerequirementsstipulatedintheElectricityAct(Cap.89A),theElectricity (ElectricalInstallations)RegulationsandtheSingaporeStandardCP5CodeofPractice forElectricalInstallations. Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all nonresidentialelectricalinstallations,withdemandeceeding45kilovoltampereorkVA.For residentialelectricalinstallationsandnon-residentialelectricalinstallationswithdemand belowthethreshold45kVA,noelectricalinstallationlicenceisrequired. ThelicencerequirestheowneroftheelectricalinstallationtoengageanLEWtotake chargeof theelectricalinstallationandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardsand requirements.YourappointedLEWshallconsultSPPowerGridLtdontheirtechnical requirementsandprocedures,ifyouwishtooperateyoursolarPVsysteminparallel withthepowergrid.Theobjectiveistoensureallelectricalinstallations,includingsolar PVsystems,aresafetouse. 4.2
Electrical Saety Standards and Requirements
Agrid-connectedsolarPVsystemoperatesinparallelwiththepowergridsupply.The powergridsupplyisconsideredthesource,andtheelectricalinstallationwiththesolar PV system connected is considered as the load. ThetechnicalrequirementforinstallationofasolarPVsystemisgiveninSection612of theSingaporeStandardCP5. Thereareinternational productstandardsonPVmodulesand electricalcomponents. For eample,PVmodulesshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC61215forcrystalline silicon terrestrial PV modules or IEC 61646 for thin-lm terrestrial PV modules. In addition,PVarrayjunctionbo,PVgeneratorjunctionboandswitchgearassemblies shouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC60439-1. 20
Capr 4 SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.3
Application o Electrical Installation Licence
YourLEWwillbeabletoadviseyouwhetheryouneedtoapplytoEMAforanElectrical Installation Licence for the use or operation of the electrical installation within the premises of your building. IfanElectrical Installation Licenceisneeded, yourLEW willsubmit thelicenceapplication toEMAonyourbehalf.IfyoualreadyhaveanElectricalInstallationLicenceissuedby EMA,youneednotapplyforaseparatelicenceforthesolarPVsystemwithinthesame premises. Theelectricallicencefeepayableto EMA is $100 peryear (eclusive of goodsand servicesta). 4.4
Conservation and Development Control Requirements
Atpresent,thereisnospecicrequirementorcontrolbytheUrbanRedevelopment Authority (“URA”) on theuse of installations such as a solar PV system. However, conservation projects,or projectswithinthe CentralArea aresubjecttoURA’sUrban Designevaluationprocess. Thestandarddevelopmentcontrolguidelinesapplytoprojectsthatmaynotbesubject to conservation or urban design requirements, depending on which structure(s) the solarPVsystemisinstalledonto.Foreample,ifasolarPVsystemisinstalledonthe rooftopofanattic,thentheatticguidelineswillapply.Likewise,ifasolarPVsystemis installedonraisedstructureslikeapavilion,thenthepavilionguidelineswillapply. 4.5
Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control
Architectsareadvisedtorefertotheconservationanddevelopmentcontrolguidelines when designing a development with a solar PV system installation. The respective guidelineisavailableatURA’swebsite: http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdf http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/tet/dchandbook.html ShouldyouhavefurtherenquiriesonwhetheryourinstallationsconictwiththeUrban DesignorDevelopmentControlguidelines,youmaysubmityourenquiriestoURAeither inpersonorthroughaQualiedPerson(“QP”)—aQPiseitheraregisteredarchitect oranengineer—withtheaccompanyingplansofthestructuresonwhichthesolarPV systemwillbeinstalled: Conserved buildings Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6329 3355 Non-conserved buildings Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6223 4811
21
Capr 4 SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
ShouldaformaldevelopmentapplicationtoURAberequired,itmustbemadeviaaQP. Thedetailscanbecheckedatthetwoweblinksbelow: http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.html http://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe 4.6
Structural Saety and Lightning Protection Structural Safety
Toensuresafety,therearemeasuresandstepsthatneedtobetakenorconsidered wheninstallingasolarPVsystemontoaneworaneistingbuilding.Fornewbuilding developments,thedesignofthestructuremusttakeintoconsiderationtheloadingof thesolarPVsysteminstallation,justlikeanyotherequipmentmountedontoabuilding structure. Foreistingbuildings,aprofessionalstructuralengineermayberequiredtocarryoutan inspectionoftheroofstructure,anddoacalculationonthestructuralloading.Iftheroof isunabletowithstandtheloadingofthesolarPVsystem,structuralplanswillneedto besubmittedtotheBuildingandConstructionAuthority(“BCA”)forapprovalbeforea buildingpermitcanbeissuedforcommencementofinstallationworks.Theapplication guidelineisavailableatthefollowingBCA’swebsite: http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html LightningProtection Givenacertainlocation,solarPVsystemsareeposedtothethreatoflightningstrikes. AslightningcancausedamagetothePVmodulesandinverters,etracaremustbe takentoensurethatproperlightningprotectionisprovidedforthesolarPVsystemand the entire structure. The inverters should be protectedby appropriately rated surge arrestorsontheDCside.ItisgoodpracticetoalsoinstallsurgearrestorsontheACside. Structures and PV module frames must be properly grounded. 4.7
Connection to the Power Grid
Ifasolar PV system is designed to meet only a fraction of the electricity load, the systemwillneedtobeinterconnectedwiththepowergridtomeettheremainderofthe consumer’s needs for electricity. IfasolarPVsystemneedstobegrid-connected,interconnectioniskeytothesafetyof bothconsumersandelectricalworkers,andtotheprotectionofequipment.
22
Capr 4 SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.8
Get Connected to the Power Grid
IfyouintendtoconnectandoperateyoursolarPVsysteminparalleltothepowergrid, yourappointedLEWwillhavetoconsultSPPowerGrid(“SPPG”)ontheconnection schemeandtechnicalrequirements. The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical requirements: • TheTransmissionCodeandtheMeteringCodearepublishedatEMA’swebsite: http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/les/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_ code.pdf h tt p: //w ww. em a.go v.sg /m edi a/f iles/ cod es_o f_p rac tice /el ect ricit y/Me ter ing _ Code.pdf •
SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SP PowerAsset’swebsite: http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf
4.9
Sale o Solar PV Electricity
Theecesselectricitygeneratedfromagrid-connectedsolarPVcanbesoldbacktothe powergrid.ThearrangementsneededtoenablethissaleofsolarPV electricityvary, dependingonwhetheryouareanon-residentialorresidentialuser. Non-residentialUser Ifyouareanon-residentialusergeneratingelectricitylessthan10MWfromthesolar PVsystemandwishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid, youwillberequiredtoapplyforaWholesaler(Generation)Licenceandregisterwith theEnergyMarketCompany(“EMC”)toparticipateinthewholesaleelectricitymarket, whichiscalledtheNationalElectricityMarketofSingaporeorNEMS.
23
Capr 4 InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM TheowchartinFigure19describesthecircumstancesunderwhichtheWholesaler (Generation)Licenceisrequired.
Proposed Solar PV System
GenerationCapacity≥10MW?
ApplytoEMAfor GenerationLicence
Yes
No
1MW ≥GenerationCapacity<10MW?
Yes
No To sell and be paid for theelectricityeportedto thepowergird?
Connectedto powergrid?
Yes
ApplytoEMAfor Wholesaler (Generation)Licence
No No
GenerationLicenceor Wholesaler(Generation) Licencenotrequired
Yes
ir 19. ocar or crici iccs or o-rsiia srs
TheapplicationproceduresforMarketParticipantregistration,andforgenerationfacility registrationaresetoutintheMarketAdministrationMarketManual–Registrationand Authorisation,whichisavailableattheEMCwebsite: http://www.emcsg.com/n393,86.html AsaMarket Participant,you willneedtocomply withtheMarket Rules,whichisavailable atEMC’swebsite: http://www.emcsg.com/n916,12.html Bysellingelectricityinthewholesaleelectricitymarket,youwillbepaidtheprevailing spotelectricitypricefortheelectricitythatyouinjectintothepowergrid.Thepriceof spotelectricityvarieseveryhalf-hour,dependingonthedemand-supplysituationinthe wholesaleelectricitymarket. The marketwillalsoofferservicesand systemresourcestoyou, butyou willbesubjected to market charges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV system,fortheprovisionofthemarketservicesandsystemresources.
24
Capr 4 InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM The EMC contact is: Market Administration Team Energy Market Company 238A Thomson Road, #11-01 Novena Square Tower A, S307684 Telephone: 67793000 E-mail:
[email protected] ResidentialUser Ifyouarearesidentialuser,youwillhavetoapplytoSPServices(“SPS”)byfollowing theapplicationproceduresetoutinAppendiB. ResidentialsolarPVsystemsarecompensatedbySPSforelectricityeportedtothe powergridbywayofacreditadjustmenttothehousehold’smonthlyelectricitybill, basedontheprevailinglow-tensionelectricitytarifflessthegridcharge. Thecreditadjustmentwill effectively compensatetheresidential userforthe amountof electricityeportedintothepowergridduringthatmonth. This scheme to compensate residential electricity consumers for the electricity they eport into the power grid is not applicable to those residential consumers whose electricityconsumptionismeteredunderthemaster-submeteringscheme.
Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is a master-metermeasuringtheoverallelectricityconsumedbythebuilding(i.e.boththe individualunitsandthecommonservices),withsub-metersmeasuringtheusageofthe individualunits.Suchmeteringschemesaretypicallyusedinprivatecondominiums and commercial buildings. Underamaster-submeteringarrangement,the electricitythat anindividualunitattempts toeportintothegridmayinfactbeusedupbythecommonservicesorbyother individualunits.Asitisnotpossibletotracktheactualowoftheelectricityeported bytheindividualunits,thecreditadjustmentschemecannotbeappliedtothoseunder themaster-submeteringscheme.
25
Capr 4 SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.10
Design and Installation Checklist
Youareadvisedtorefertothefollowingchecklistonceyouhavedecidedtoinstallsolar PV system in your premises.
no.
dsi a Isaaio Cckis
Cck Bo
1
Set your budget and select a location.
2
Determine the energy requirement and estimate the size of the system.
3
Perform a site survey for space needed, and access for maintenance.
4
Engage a licensed electrical worker (“LEW”) if your proposed solar PV system: i) is to be connected to the electrical installation within the premises of the building; and /or ii) to be connected and operated in parallel to the power grid. The appointed LEW will be responsible for the design and implementation of the connection of your solar PV system to the electrical installation and/or power grid.
26
5
Select a PV module type and mounting method.
6
Select inverter to match PV array: i) Number of inverters needed; ii) Select inverter type; and iii) Location of inverters (accessible for inspection and maintenance).
7
Finalise the mounting system.
8
Ensure there are ing and mounting points available.
9
Ensure the structure for mounting is safe: i) Additional loading by solar PV system is considered; ii) Wind loading is considered; and iii) Waterproong is not compromised during installation.
10
Ensure solar access: i) Ensure location to be mounted will get maimum eposure to sunlight; and ii) Choose a location that is not shaded.
Capr 4 SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
no.
dsi a Isaaio Cckis
Cck Bo
11
Ensure all PV modules connected to the same inverter face the same direction.
12
EnsurePV modules are mounted atanincline (10 to 15degrees for framed modules, or as low as 3-5 degrees for unframed modules) for self-cleaning.
13
Ensure sufcient ventilation space behind the PV array for cooling purposes.
14
Ensure: i) Cabling used meet sufcient current-carrying capacity and are suitably rated for usage in the environment; ii) DC cables are single-core and double-insulated; and iii) Cable insulation on outdoor cables must withstand high temperature and UV eposure for an estimated period of more than 20 years. Note that PVC and xLPE cables are inadequate on the DC side and must not be eposed to the weather elements.
15
Determine if a Lightning Protection System is needed.
16
Ensure the PV module frame is earthed.
17
Finalise the Inverter and AC wiring system.
18
During installation: i) PV system should be installed by qualied/eperienced installers; ii) Safety rules must be observed; iii) Installer must wear PPE; and iv)Only proper certied safety equipment can be used e.g. scaffolding, stepladders,etc.
19
Cables must be properly connected, secured, and routed.
20
Ensure continuity and insulation tests are done.
21
Completion of testing and system commissioning.
22
Proper system, documentation/manual handover to clients.
27
Operations and Maintenance 5.1
Operations o Solar PV Systems The most practical indicator of the performance of t he solar PV systems can be obtained from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most inverter manufacturers.
The dataloggingsoftwarewillrecorddaily,monthly,and annual outputfor comparisonof theactualsystemperformanceagainsttheepectedsystemperformance.SeeFigure 20 for typical performance monitoring displays.
ir 20. eamps o prormac moiori ispas (Cors o Poi Soar)
SolarPVsystemsrequireminimalmaintenance,astheydonotusuallyhavemoving parts. However, routine maintenance isrequiredto ensure thesolar PV systemwill continue to perform properly. It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation & maintenance(“O&M”)manualfortheclient.Themanualshouldincludebasicsystem data,testandcommissioningdata,O&Mdata,andwarrantyinformation. 28
Capr 5 OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe
5.2
Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
Itisrecommendedthatpreventiveinspectionandmaintenanceworksarecarriedout everysitotwelvemonths.ThePVmodulesrequireroutinevisualinspectionforsigns of damage, dirt build-up or shade encroachment. Solar PV systemtures must be checked for corrosion. This is to ensure that the solar PV system is safely secured. Whiletheinverter’sfunctionalitycanberemotelyveried,onlyon-siteinspectioncan verifythestateoflightningsurgearrestors,cableconnections,andcircuitbreakers. Thefollowing tableshows some recommendationsonthepreventivemaintenance worksonthecomponentsandequipment,andthecorrespondingremedialactionsto becarriedoutbyqualiedpersonnel.
S/n 1
2
Compos/eipm PV modules
PV inverter
dscripio Check for dust/debris on surface of PV module
Rm/Acio Wipe clean. Do not use any solvents other than water
Check for physical damage to any PV module
Recommend replacement if found damaged
Check for loose cable terminations between PV modules, PV arrays, etc.
Retighten connection
Check for cable conditions
Replace cable if necessary
Check functionality, e.g. automatic disconnection upon loss of grid power supply
Recommend replacement if functionality fails
Check ventilation condition
Clear dust and dirt in ventilation system
Check for loose cable terminations
Tighten connection
Check for abnormal operating temperature
Recommend replacement
29
Capr 5 OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe 3
4
Cabling
Junction boes
Check for cable conditions i.e. wear and tear
Replace cable if necessary
Check cable terminals for burnt marks, hot spots or loose connections
Tighten connections or recommend replacement
Check cable terminals e.g. wear and tear or loose connections
Tighten or recommend replacement
Check for warning notices
Replace warning notice if necessary
Check for physical damage
Recommend replacement
5
Means of isolation
Check functionality replacement
Recommend
6
Earthing of solar PV system
Check earthing cable conditions
Recommend replacement
Check the physical earthing connection
Retighten connection
Check continuity of the cable to electrical earth
Troubleshoot or recommend replacement
7
Bonding of the eposed Check bonding cable metallic structure of solar conditions PV system to lightning earth Check physical bonding connection Check continuity of the bonding to lightning earth
30
Recommend replacement Tighten connection
Troubleshoot or recommend replacement
A
Appendices
31
A
Appendix
A.1 ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
Building name
:
Zero Energy Building @ BCA Academy
:
Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Location
:
200 Braddell Road, Singapore 579700
Building type
:
Academic Institution
Completion
: 2009
Working groups • Project architects • Principal investigators • Structural engineers • M&E engineers • Quantity surveyor • Contractors • PV design • PV manufacturer
: : : : : : : :
DP Architects Pte Ltd National University of Singapore / SERIS Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd Davis Langdon & Seah Singapore Pte Ltd ACP Construction Pte Ltd Grenzone Pte Ltd Various (7 manufacturers)
Type of PV integration
:
on Metal Roof, Canopy, Louver, Railing, Façade
Type of PVcell technology
:
Various (mc-Si, pc-Si,a-Si, HIT, CIGS)
PVarea(m2)
:
1,540
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
190
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 207,000
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year)
:
1,090
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
BCA / Grenzone Pte Ltd
Owner
32
Appi A.1 ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
The Solar Photovoltaic System installed at BCA Academy’s Zero-Energy Building(ZEB)consistsof12systemswithsisystemsconnectedtogridand sistandalonesystems. Featuring different typesof SolarPV technology and mountingtechniques,theZEB@BCAAcademy’sSolarPVsystemisdesigned to achieve zero-energy and for advance academic research on various PV performances.
ir A.1.1. Bii rior
ir A.1.2. PV arra vi (PV Ssa)
ir A.1.3. PV arra vi (PV Mai Roo)
ir A.1.4. PV arra vi (PV Saircas aca)
33
A
Appendix
A.2 POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)
Building name
:
POH ERN SHIH (Temple of Thanksgiving)
:
POH ERN SHIH
Location
:
9 Chwee Chian Road, Singapore 117488
Building type
:
Religious
Completion
:
2006 (Phase I)
• Project architects
:
Lee Coo Consultant Associates
• Structural engineers
:
KTP Consultants Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers
:
Squire Mech Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor
:
WT Partnership International Limited
• Contractors
:
Wee Hur Construction Pte Ltd
• PV design
:
Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
Uni-Solar, Sharp, Mitsubishi
Type of PV integration
:
Standing Mounting Structure
Type of PV cell technology
:
PVarea(m2)
:
Amorphous Monocrystalline silicon silicon 36.1 39.2
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
2.232
5.250
11.340
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr)
:
2,566
6,036
13,038
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year)
:
1,150
1,150
1,150
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Grenzone Pte Ltd
Owner
Working groups
34
Polycrystalline silicon 84.7
Appi A.2 POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)
ir A.2.1. Bii rior
ir A.2.2. Bii irior
ThePVarraysaremountedontherooftopwithstandingmountingstructure, allowing sufcient ventilation to improve PV performance. About 25% of electricalpowerdemandinthebuildingaresuppliedbythesolarPVsystem.
ir A.2.3. PV arra vi
ir A.2.4. PV arra vi
35
A
Appendix
A.3 313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
Building name
:
313 SOMERSET CENTRAL
Owner
:
Lend Lease Retail Investment 1 Pte Ltd
Location
:
313 Orchard Road, Singapore 238895
Building type
:
Shopping Mall
Completion
: 2009
Working groups • Project architects
:
Aedas Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers
:
Meinhardt Infrastructure Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers
:
Bescon Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor
:
WT Partnership Pte Ltd
• Contractors
:
Bovis Lend Lease Pte Ltd
• PV design
:
Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
Various (4 manufacturers)
Type of PV integration
:
on Trellis and Metal Roof
Type of PV cell technology
:
Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Micromorph
PVarea(m2)
:
587
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
76
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 87,381 PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year)
:
1,150
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Bovis Lend Lease
36
Appi A.3 313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
313SomersetCentraliscentrallylocatedintheheartofSingapore’sfamous OrchardRoad.ThesolarphotovoltaicsystemconsistsoffourPVarrays,with amainPVarrayof60kWpmountedonthetrellis,andthreesmallerarrays featuringmonocrystalline,polycrystallineandmicromorphsolarmodulesthat areaccessiblebyvisitors.
ir A.3.1. Bii rior
Architect’s Impression o Somerset Central viewed rom Orchard Road
ir A.3.2. Bii rior
37
A
Appendix
A.4 SentOSA COVe
Building name
:
Private
Owner
:
Private
Location
:
Sentosa Cove, Singapore
Building type
:
Two-storey bungalow with basement
Completion
:
July 2008
• Project architects
:
Guz Architects
• M&E consultant
:
Herizal Fitri Pte Ltd
• PV design
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd
• Main contractors
:
Sunho Construction Pte Ltd
Working groups
• Roong contractor •
:
Uni-Solar
Type of PV integration
:
Glued onto approved Fazonal metal roof
Type of PV cell technology
:
Fleible amorphous silicon
PVarea(m2)
:
92
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
5.712
EstimatedenergyoutputkWh/yr)
: 7,100
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / yr)
:
1,250
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd, Guz Architects, and Sheet Metal International
38
PV manufacturer
Sheet Metal International
Appi A.4 SentOSA COVe
Thisstrikinghousestandsoutforitsopenlayout,cappedwithtwincurvedroofs.Therear roofhasaturflawntokeepitcool,whilethefrontroofgenerateselectricitywitheible solarlaminates,bondedunobtrusivelyontop.ThiscongurationmeetsSentosaResort Management’sstrictguidelines forroofaesthetics,whichdo notgenerallypermit bare metalroofsonbungalowdevelopments. Thankstothelaminates’lightweight(lessthan4kg/m 2),theroofcanmakedowitha lighterandlowersubstructurecostthanifithadtocarryconventionalclaytiles.
ir A.4.1. ti crv roos, r rass a PV
ir A.4.2. lii, fib amias oo crv roo
ir A.4.3. tsi ui-Soar amias ri isaaio
39
A
Appendix
A.5 MARInA BARRAge
Building name
:
Marina Barrage
:
PUB, Singapore’s national water agency
Location
:
Singapore
Building type
:
Flood Control
Completion
:
2008
• Project architects
:
Architects Team 3 Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers
:
Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering Contractor (Pte) Ltd
• PV design
:
Renewpowers Technologies Pte Ltd
• Building services
:
Cegelec Pte Ltd
• Contractors
:
Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering Contractor (Pte) Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
SolarWorld Asia Pacic Pte Ltd
Type of PV integration
:
Roof Top
Type of PV cell technology
:
Monocrystalline silicon
PVarea(m2)
:
1200
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
70
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 76,650
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/ yr)
:
1,095
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
PUB, Singapore’s national water agency
Owner
Working groups
40
Appi A.5 MARInA BARRAge
Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15th reservoir,anditsrstinthecity. ThebarragecreatesafreshwaterlaketoboostSingapore’swatersupply,actsasatidal barriertopreventoodinginlow-lyingcityareas,andkeepsthewaterlevelconsistent, offeringavenueforwater-basedactivitiesintheheartofthecity. Butmorethanan engineeringshowpiece,the barrage eemplies the national water agency’scommitmenttowardsenvironmentalandwatersustainability. OneofSingapore’slargestcommissionedsolarPVsystematasinglesitetodate,Marina Barrage’ssolarparkhousesoneofthelargestcollectionofsolarpanels–405panelsin all–currentlyinoperationinSingapore.Its70kWpDCgrid-tiedsolarPVsystemisthe rsttobeemployedonsuchalargescalelocally,anditcomeswithaestheticallyarranged solarpanels(panelsarearrangedinninearraysof15bythreepanels)onthebarrage’s green roof. The solar panels generate 50%ofutilitygradeelectricity for lighting and general power in the visitor centre, controlroomandofces.The environmentally-friendly gridtied solar PV system does not require batteries, hence eliminating the costs for battery replacement.
ir A.5.1. Aria vi o Maria Barra
ir A.5.2. Maria Barra Soar Park 41
A
Appendix
A.6 lOnZA BIOlOgICS
Building name
:
LBxS2
Owner
:
Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd
Location
:
Tuas, Singapore
Building type
:
Biotech factory and laboratory
Completion
:
May 2009
• Project architects
:
RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers
:
Jacobs Engineering Singapore Pte Ltd
• PV design
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors
:
Bovis Lend Lease Pharmaceutical Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
REC (framed modules) and Solar-Fabrik (frameless laminates)
Type of PV integration
:
Roof mounted on Bluescope Lysaght KlipLok metal roof
Type of PV cell technology
:
Polycrystalline silicon
PVarea(m2)
:
1,330
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
181
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 217,000
PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)
:
1,200
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd and Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd
Working groups
42
Appi A.6 lOnZA BIOlOgICS
ir A.6.1. Bii rior (Rri b RSP Arcics Pars & eirs P l)
The curved laboratory roof of the Lonza Biologic’s LBxS2 factory offers prominent visibilitytomaimisepublicawarenessfora181kWpsolarPVsystemonanindustrial building.ThebulkofthePVarrayconsistsof744piecesofREC210modules,while theatteruppersectionoftheroofiscoveredwith104SF130/2framelesslaminates fromSolar-Fabrik.Withoutframestotrapwateratshallowinstallationangles,these laminateswillavoiddirtaccumulation. RoofclampswerespeciallyengineeredtoattachthePVmodulerailstotheKlipLokroof seamswithoutanypenetrations.LonzaBiologicswasarecipientofoneoftheinaugural SolarPioneergrantsunderEDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
ir A.6.2. Mos isa o 6o-16o sop
ir A.6.3. Isai ReC mos
43
A
Appendix
A.7 ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
Building name
:
Zero Energy House
Owner
:
Private
Location
:
District 15, Singapore
Building type
:
Residential, 21 / 2-storeysemi-detachedhouse
Completion (renovation)
:
April 2008
• Project architects
:
Art & Architecture Collaborative
• Structural engineers
:
Portwood & Associates
• PV design
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors
:
MCL Construction & Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Phoeni Solar
Type of PV integration
:
Roof mounted on metal roof
Type of PV cell technology
:
amorphous silicon andmicromorph silicon thin lms
PVarea(m2)
:
120
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
8.58
Working groups
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 12,000 PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)
:
1,400
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd
44
Appi A.7 ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
This1960ssemi-detachedhousewasconvertedintoSingapore’srstmodernzero-energy homebyreducingsolarheatgain,improvingnaturalventilationandaddingarooftopsolar PVsystem,whichgeneratesmoreelectricitythanthe6-personhouseholdconsumes. The PV modules are mounted on rails that are clamped to the seams of the aluminium Kalziproofwithoutanyroofpenetrations.Asanimportantaddedbenet,thePVmodules shadetheroof,keepingtheatticroomsmuchcoolerthantheywouldbeunderarooffully eposedtothesun.
ir A.7.1. Bii roo i o ps o PV mo
ir A.7.2. ws roo fak i micromorp PV mos 45
A
Appendix
A.8 tAMPIneS gRAnde
Building name
:
Tampines Grande
Owner
:
City Developments Ltd
Location
:
Tampines, Singapore
Building type
:
Ofce building
Completion
:
May 2009
• Project architects
:
Architects 61 Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers
:
Conteem Engineers Pte Ltd
• PV design
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors
:
Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd / BYME Singapore
• PV manufacturer
:
Suntech (rooftop) and Schott Solar (BIPV)
Type of PV integration
:
Roof mounted and Building Integrated façade
TypeofPVcelltechnology
: MonocrystallinesiliconandamorphoussiliconthinlmBIPV
PVarea(m2)
:
934
PV system peak power (kWp)
:
107
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 120,000
PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)
:
1,200
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
Phoeni Solar Pte Ltd and City Developments Ltd
Working groups
46
Appi A.8 tAMPIneS gRAnde
101kWpofmonocrystallinePVmodulesformthemainrooftopPVarrayonTowers1and 2,whilethewestfaçadeofTower2has6kWpofBIPVcomprising40large,custom-built amorphoussiliconthinlmmodules. At the time of completion, this was Singapore’s largest PV system, and the rst commercialapplicationofathinlmBIPVfaçade. The building also boasts a solar air-conditioning system powered by solar thermal collectors. TampinesGrande was a recipient of one ofthe inaugural Solar Pioneer grantsunder EDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
ir A.8.1. 6kwp BIPV aça o tor 2
ir A.8.2. Paria comp PV arra
ir A.8.3. Aria vi o bo ors
47
A
Appendix
A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
Building Name
:
HDB Apartment Blocks at Serangoon North Precinct
Owner
:
Ang Mo Kio- Yio Chu Kang Town Council
Location
:
Serangoon North Avenue 3 Block 548 to 554 and 550A (Multi-storey Carpark)
Building type
:
Residential
Completion
: 2008
Working groups • Contractors
:
King Wan Construction Pte Ltd & Asiatic Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
Sunset Energietechnik GmbH
Type of PV integration
:
Roof top
Type of PV cell technology
:
Mono-crystalline silicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2)
:
667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75 Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 80,300
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/yr)
:
1,060
PV Photographs and information courtesy of
:
HDB
48
Appi A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
The Serangoon North Precinct consists of ve blocks of 16 storey and two blocks of nine storey residential apartments and a multi storeycarpark(MSCP).Sity-ninepiecesof solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop of each residential block and 22 pieces of the panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
ir A.9.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a Sraoo nor Prcic
49
A
Appendix
A.10 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At wellIngtOn CIRCle PReCInCt
Building Name
:
HDB Apartment Blocks at Wellington Circle Precinct
Owner
:
Sembawang Town Council
Location
:
Wellington Circle 508A-C, 509A-B, 510A-B & 508 (MSCP)
Building type
:
Residential
Completion
: 2008
Working groups • Contractors
:
King Wan Construction Pte Ltd & Asiatic Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer
:
Sunset Energietechnik GmbH
Type of PV integration
:
Roof top
Type of PV cell technology
:
Mono-crystalline silicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2)
:
667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75 Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr)
: 80,300
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/ yr)
:
1,060
Photographs and information courtesy of
:
HDB
50
The Wellington Circle Precinct consists of seven blocks of 12 storey residential apartments and a MSCP. Sity-nine pieces of solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop of each residential block and 22 pieces of the panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
ir A.10.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a wio Circ Prcic
51
B
Appendix B.
1.
engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR
Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)
1.1 TherearethreeclassesofLEWs:LicensedElectrician,LicensedElectricalTechnician,and LicensedElectricalEngineer.ThevariousclassesofLEWsareauthorisedtodesign,install, repair,maintain,operate,inspectandtestelectricalinstallationsaccordingtotheconditions statedbelow:
Cass o lew Electrician Electrical Technician
Electrical Engineer 1.2
Approv loa
Voa lv
Not eceeding 45 kVA
1000V & below
Not eceeding 150 kVA (Design); not eceeding 500 kVA (Operation)
1000V & below
No limit
Subject to licence conditions
The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in theCodeofPracticeforElectricalInstallations(SingaporeStandardCP5:2008),whichis publishedbySPRINGSingapore.TheLEWwhomyouappointtocarryoutorsupervisethe electricalworksassociatedwithyourPVsystemwillberesponsibleforthecompliance withtherelevantsafetystandardsandrequirements.
1.3 YoucansearchforLEWsandtheircontactparticularsatthefollowingEMAwebsite: http://elise.ema.gov.sg 1.4 ForenquiriesonLEWs,youcancontactEMA’sElectricityInspectorateBranchat: Tel: 6835 8060 Email:
[email protected]
52
Appi B.1 engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR
2
Guide or consumers – Installation o Solar PV Systems
53
C
Appendix
C.1 COntACt InORMAtIOn
or iris o ooi mars praii o Soar PV ssms, pas coac: (1)
Buildingsissues
Bii A Cosrcio Aori (BCA) Email:
[email protected] Tel: 1800-3425222 (1800-DIAL BCA)
(2)
DevelopmentPlanningControl – Conserved Buildings
urba Rvopm Aori (uRA) Building Conservation Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6329 3355
(3)
DevelopmentPlanningControl – Non-conserved Buildings
urba Rvopm Aori (uRA) Non-conserved buildings Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6223 4811
(4)
ElectricityLicences
er Mark Aori (eMA) Ms Sharon Chuo Dy Director (Economic Regulation & Licensing) Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6376 7551
(5)
LicensedElectricalWorkers (“LEWs”)
er Mark Aori (eMA) Electricity Inspectorate Branch Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6835 8060
(6)
Electricitymarketrules, market registration process, and market charges
er Mark Compa (eMC) Market Administration Team Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6779 3000
(7)
Connectiontothepowergrid
SP Porgri l (SPPg) Email:
[email protected] Tel: 6823 8572
(8)
Connectiontothepowergrid
SP Srvics l (SPS) Tel: 6823 8287 / 6823 7340
54
D
Appendix
d.1 SOlAR CAPABIlIty SCheMe (SCS)
The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise or this young but growing eld. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Oce (CEPO) – seeks to strengthen critical capabilities o companies engaged in activities such as engineering, architecture and system integration through increased implementation o solar energy technologies by lead users in Singapore.
Agency
:
EDB
Quantum
:
$20 Million (Overall); $1 Million per project or up to 40% of total capital cost of solar technology.
Target Group
:
Engineering; Architecture; System Integration (With implementation of solar energy technologies)
For Reading
:
http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/ cepo_launches_solar.html http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/ Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html
For Details
:
http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries. Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf
55
D
Appendix
d.2 MARKet deVelOPMent und (Md)
The MDF seeks to incentivise the use o clean and renewable energy resources among non-residential consumers and developers by osetting the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy eciency as well as help in the market integration o innovative clean and renewable energy resources.
Agency
:
Quantum
: $5million;$50,000overaspanof5yearsor90%ofincurred market charges for approved projects, whichever is lower.
TargetGroup
: Non-residentialconsumersanddeveloperswhochoosetosell ecess electricity generated from clean and renewable energy technologies to the power grid.
ForDetails
: http://www.ema.gov.sg/inde.php?option=com_content&view=artic le&id=125&Itemid=141
56
Energy Market Authority (EMA)
D
Appendix
d.3 gReen MARK SCheMe
The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption o green building technologies.
Agency
:
Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Target Group
:
Developers Designers Builders
For Reading
:
http://www.greenmark.sg http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html
ForDetails
: http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf
57
D
Appendix
d.4 gReen MARK gROSS lOOR AReA (gM-gA) InCentIVe SCheMe To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark Gold PLUS ), BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set o Gross Floor Area (GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments attaining Green Mark Platinum or Gold PLUS , URA will grant additional foor area over and above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.
Agency
:
TargetGroup
: Allnewprivatedevelopments,redevelopmentsand reconstruction developments submitted on or after the effective date.
For Details
:
58
BCA and URA
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html
D
Appendix
d.5 $100 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe SCheMe OR exIStIng BuIldIngS (gMIS-eB) The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners o existing buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrots to achieve substantial improvement in energy eciency. It provides a cash incentive that co- unds up to 35% (capped at $1.5 million) o the upgrading/retrotting costs or energy eciency improvement in their existing buildings.
Agency
:
BCA
Target Group
:
Building owners/developers of private eisting nonresidential developments that is centrally air-conditioned, with gross oor area of 2,000 sqm above e.g. energy intensive buildings such as shopping malls, hotels, ofce buildings, hospitals, and other centrally air-conditioned buildings.
ForDetails
:
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html
59
Appendix d.6 enhAnCed $20 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe SCheMe OR new BuIldIngS (gMIS-nB) The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption o environmentally- riendly green building technologies and building design practices. The enhanced scheme oers cash incentives.
Agency
:
TargetGroup
: Developers,buildingowners,projectarchitectsandM&E engineers who make efforts to achieve at least a BCA Green Mark Gold rating or higher in the design and construction of new buildings.
For Details
:
60
BCA
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html
discaimr The informationin this handbookis subject to change or revision, to adapt to the continual development and evolvementoftheelectricityandbuildingandconstructionindustriesandisnotasubstituteforanylaw,regulation, codeofpractice,standardofperformance,MarketRulesorBuildingControlActwhichmayapplytothesaidindustries inSingapore.ItdoesnotinanywaybindtheEnergyMarketAuthority(“EMA”)andtheBuildingandConstruction Authority(“BCA”)tograntanyapprovalorofcialpermissionforanymatters,includingbutnotlimitedtothegrant ofanyeemptionnortothetermsofanyeemption.BothEMAandBCAreservetherighttochangeitspolicies and/ortoamendanyinformationinthishandbookwithoutpriornotice.Personswhomaybeindoubtabouthowthe informationinthishandbookmayaffectthemortheircommercialactivitiesareadvisedtoseekindependentlegal adviceoranyotherprofessionaladviceastheymaydeemappropriate.BothAuthoritiesassumenoresponsibilityor liabilityforanyconsequences(nancialorotherwise)suffereddirectlyorindirectlybypersonswhohaveenteredinto commercialactivitiesuponrelianceonanyinformationinthisdocument.
61
