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BUTTELIES D MOTS CAI S EXOTC PANTS OR HOUSE D GARDE ISHES FOWERS OSSILS GAMBRDS HLLUOGENI PTS HEBS AD SES SET ESTS INSECTS O-LWEING PLATS HIDS OND IE RETILES D BIS OKS D MIELS ROCY MOUTIS SEASHES O THE ORLD SEASHORES SY OSERVER'S GUID SIDES AD THER N STAS TEES TOPICA SH WS OITE ZO MLS BIRDS
UTO FMLIS O S GEOOGY HEAT ADORMS LGH AND COLOR OEOG WETE ZOOOG
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BUTTELIES D MOTS CAI S EXOTC PANTS OR HOUSE D GARDE ISHES FOWERS OSSILS GAMBRDS HLLUOGENI PTS HEBS AD SES SET ESTS INSECTS O-LWEING PLATS HIDS OND IE RETILES D BIS OKS D MIELS ROCY MOUTIS SEASHES O THE ORLD SEASHORES SY OSERVER'S GUID SIDES AD THER N STAS TEES TOPICA SH WS OITE ZO MLS BIRDS
UTO FMLIS O S GEOOGY HEAT ADORMS LGH AND COLOR OEOG WETE ZOOOG
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HALLUCINOGENIC PANTS b D VS SULS utrt b LM W SM
®
GLD PSS
YK
Weste Publis Compy, Ic Rcie, Wiscosi
FOEOD
Hlluciogec pls ve ee used y m fo tou ss o yers, probly sice e eg gtheig pl ts or foo. e llucioges ve cotiued to eceive the etio of civilize m troug te ges. Re cetly, we ve goe throug period urig whic so phisticate Wester society hs iscovere" hallucioges, a soe sectors of tht society hve tke up, or o reso or other, te use of suc plts. is te y e estie to cotiue. It is, thereore, importt fo us to ler s uc s we c bout llucoeic plts. A get ody of scietic lerture s bee published bout their uses th r eects, but the iormtio is ote locke wy i techicl ourls. The iteested lym s gt to sou iorto o wich to se is opos. Tis book s bee writte prtly o povie tt kid of ioratio. o er wether we believe that m's ite of llucioes i pimitive or sopisticted societies costitutes use, misuse, or use, llucioeic plts ve udeily plyed extesive ole i um culture probly shll cotiue to do so. It follows tht cle uestdig of tese pysiclly d socily potet gets sould e pt of 's geel euctio. R. E. . Copyright © 1976 by Western Publishing Comny, Inc All rights reseed, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo press, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reprodction or for use in any knowled retrieval system o device, unless permissio in writing is obtained f the cyright rietor Pruced in the US.A Published by Golden Press, New York, NY irary of Cogress Catal Card umber: 74-1666
CONTENT What Are Hallucingenic Plants? Hallucinens in Primitive Sieties Us in Modr n Wt e rn World
5 7 10
.
Family Tree of the Plant Kngdom Dstributin of allucinogens
12
Chemical Compsitn
16
Pseudohalluc inogens
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
20
How Hallucnogens Are Taken Old Wrld Hall uci ngens
.
21 .
Fly Aaric Mushrm, 2 4 Ara, Ereriba, 8 Kwashi, Glanga, 2 Marihuana, 30 Turkestan Mint, 42 Syrian Rue, 43 Knn, 44 Belladna, 46 Henban, 4 8 Mandrake, 50 Dhatura, 5 2 lba, 54
New W orld Hallucinens Puls, 7 usrooms, 8 Rap dos nos, 72 Sweet Flag, 73 Virolas, 7 4 ashahari, 8 3 urema, 84 Ypo, 8 6 Vilca, 2 Genista, 3 escal Bean, 4 Colorines, 6 Pule, 7 Ayahuasca, 8 Shnshi, 1 0 7 Sinicuchi, 1 0 8 San Pedro, 1 1 0 Peyote, 1 1 4 "False Peytes, 1 24 Hier c, 1 2 6 Sacred rning Glories, 1 2 8 ojas de a Pastor, 1 3 7 Coleus, Borrachera, Arbol de ls Brujos, 1 38 Chirc Casp, 1 4 0 Daturas, 1 4 2 Tree Daturas, 1 4 5 Culebra Borrachero, 1 4 8 Shan n Keule, Taiue, 1 50 Tupa, Zacatechichi, 1 5 2 .
Psycharmaclgy Other Hallucinnic Plants ore nformaton nex
.
.
.
.
22
56
1 54
156 1 57
1 58
Hallucigenic plants have been eatured n many pstage stamps: 1 6 ) Am mr, (2) ruit Pgm hrm, (3) Atrp , (4) Prtm trthm, (5) Rv rym, 7 r rmm, 8 r , ) Hyym gr
WHAT ARE HALLUCINOGENIC PANTS?
In hi h i arch for for foo food, arly man trid trid al a l ki kind nd of plan t . Som nourihd hm, om, h found, cur hi il, and om kid him. A fw, to hi urpri ha ran c on hi mind and body, min to cary him no othr oth r wol. call th th plan hal halll u cinon cinon,, bca bca u thy th y ditort ditort th n n an a nd uual ly prouc ha ucination ucination xprinc that dpart from raliy. Aouh mot halll ucinaion ar viual , thy may l o inv hal involv olv th n of harin, touch, ml, or tatand occaionally vral n imultanouly ar invovd. Th acual cau of uch halucination ar cmical ubtanc in th plant Th ubtanc ar tru narcotic. Contrary to popular opinion, not all narcoic ar danrou and dictiv. Strictly and tymoloically pakin, a narcoic i any ubtanc that ha a priv ct, whthr liht or rat, on th cnral nrvou ytm. Narcotic that induc allucintion ar variouly clld hallucinoen (hllu (hllu i to nrtor), py chottom cho omm m t tss ( syc sycos oss s m m ker kers) s) , psycot psycotrxc rxcss (mind diturbr), and pychdlics (mind maniftr). No on trm fuly ati cintit, but halucino n com cot. Pychdlic i mot widly ud in th Unitd Stat, but it combines o Grk roots incorrctl, i bioloiclly unound, nd ha acquird populr mnin byond th drus or their ct. In t hitory of mnknd, hallucinogn hav prob bly bn t most mportant o ll th narcotcs. hr fantatic ct mad thm acrd to primitiv man and may vn hav ben rponibl for ugting to him the ida of dity. 5
Paramount among the hallucnogens of relgous sgnicance s the peote cactus. Ths llustration, called ornng Prayer n a eote Ceremony, s adapted from a paintng y Tsa Toke, a Kowa ndan These ndians re ritual users of peyote Central re and crescent shaped altar are anked b ceremonal eaglefeather fans feathers symoze mornng, and the birds, ising prayes
6
AUCIGES IN RIMITVE SCITIS
allucinon prmat naly vry apct of lif in pimiti ociti. Thy play rol in halth and ick n, pac and war, hom lif and trav, huntin and aricultur; thy act rlation amon individual, villa, and tib. Thy ar blivd to inunc if bfor birth and aftr dath. of hallucinonic plant ar particularly imotant in primitiv ociti Aboriinal popl attribut sickn and halth to th workin of pirit forc. Conquntly, any mdicin that can tranport man to th pirit world i conidrd by many aboriin to b btt than on with purly phyical ct Pychic pow hav alo bn attributd to hallu cinon and hav bcom an intal pat of primitiv rliion. All ovr EDCL N RELIOU UE
the
world
hal l ucinogen ic
plant ar ud a ho mediato rs
and cies for to
beeen
man
his gods. The propheof the oracle of Delphi, example, are thought have been induced
throuh hall ucinon. akuna ndian medicine man under inuence f capi ( aya· huasca yaj) pepared from bak f rp p 7
e c c c Statue Xchiilli, the Aztec "Prince f lwers, unethed in Tlalmanalc n the slpes f the vcan pcatepetl and nw n dispay in the Muse Nacnal in Mexc City Labels indicate bable btnical intepretatin f stylied glyphs
o hlucoes vr from on primitive cultur to nothr. Mny hallucino nic plant ar baic to th initiation rital of adol cnt. Th onquin Indian av an intoxicatin mdi cin, wyoccan, to their youn men, who thn becme violntly deraed or 20 dys. Durin thi priod, thy lot all mmory, tartin manhood by orttin thy had b boy. Th ibo root i Gbo ad capi i th Amazon r also ud i uch ritua. I South Americ, my tribes tke yhuc to or th futur, ttl diput, dciphr my pln, cat or rmove pells, or insur the dlity o thir wome. Snation o deth nd rtio o bod and oul r omtims xprincd dur dramlik trnc. Th halucinonic proprtis o Daura hav b thorouhly xploitd, prticularly in th Nw orld. In Mxico nd in th Southwt, Datura i ud in divin tion, prophcy, nd ritualtic curin. Modrn Mxican Indian vu crtain muhroom acramnt and us mornin lori and th pyote cactu to prdict th utur, diao and cur dia, and placat ood nd vil pirit. Th Mixtc o Mxico at publl to har voics rom hvn tht nswer thir qution. he iks of Brazil and Vnzula nu th powdrd rin of un tr to ritualize dath, induc tranc for dianoin dia, and than th prit or victory in war. Th itoto o Colombi at the m powrful rsi to talk wh th ittl popl. Pruvian mdicin m drik cimor to mke thmelve ower o other's idetity. Indin o tern Brzil drik urm to hve lorious viio of th pirit world beore oin ito btte with thir eemes. OTHER
BORN
UE
U I OD WTR WOLD
Our odrn ocity ha rcntly takn up th u, ot illally, of hallucinon on a rand cal. Many p pl bl thy can achi ytic or liou xprinc by altrin th chitr of th body with haluinon, ldo alizin that thy ar l rtn o th aold patic of piii ociti hthr duinducd adntur can b
inical wih h maphyical inih claim by om myic, or ar mrly a counrfi of i, ill con trovria. Th wipra an xpanin u of halu cinon in our ociy may hav li or no valu an may omtim vn b harmful or anrou. In any vn, it i a nwly impor an uprimpo culural trai wihou naural roo in modrn trn traiton. Detail f a painting f a primitive ayahuasca visin by Yand del Ris, cntemprary Peruvian artist
L K Smple plans ae he mushooms nd molds (fung), seaeeds (algae), msses and lveors (bryo phyes), and fens (pedophyes) oe complex ae he seed plans (spemapyes), subdvded no conebeaes (gymnospems) nd oeaes (angospems), h one seed leaf (monocos) o o (dcos), h peals absen o seae (ach chlamydeae)o peals joned (mechlamydee) 12
YY
LL he majority of hallucinogenic species occur among the highly evolved fowering plants and in one division (fungi of the simpler, sporebearing plants o hallucinogenic scies are yet known from the other "branches of the plant kingdom (see pp 1 2 ) Plants ilustrated are representative psycho active species 14
Gymnoprma
MAL OMOTON
uci iit to ml nub of typ of chmicl compoun. Al hllucinon foun in pln r ornic compoundtht i, thy contain crbon n til prt of thir tructur n wr formd in th l i proc of vtb ori m . No inornic plt contitunt, uch minral, r known to hv hucinic c. Hlucioic compu my b ivi convnitly ito o bro roup: th tht contin nitron i tir tructur n tho tht o not. Th with it r fr mor common. Th mot importnt of th cki nitrn r t ctiv pricip f mrihun, trpnophnolic compound cld dibnzopyran n clld cnnbinoli n prticulr, ttrhydrocnnbinol . Th h ll ucinonic compound with nitron in thir tructure r lkloid or relted be. THC
TTRAYDROCANNABIO
Q a
16
cabn atm hydren atm xygen atm
• QUININE
•
carbon atom hydren atom oxygen atom nitren atom
r dvrs rou o som 5,000 ompounds wth omlx molulr struturs. hy on tan ntron s wll s rbon, oxyn, and hydron. All alkaloids ar o lant orin, thouh som prooalkaloid occur in animal. All r lihtly alkalin, hnc thr nam. Thy ar clsid into srs basd on thr struturs. Mny hallunon lalods ar ndols (s blow) or ar rtd to ndols, nd th maorty hav or my hv orntd n th plant rom th amino acid known s tryptophn. Most mdnl nd tox lnts s wll s hlluno n lnts, ow thr bolol tvty to lods xmls o wdly vlud llods r morhn qunn, ncotn, stryhnn d n. AAOD
ar hllunoni allods or rltd bass, ll o thm ntroontnn omounds. It s most surprsn tht o th many thousns o orn om
NDOLE
17
pound tht ct on vriou rt of th body o fw r h ll uc inonc. h indol uc lu of th h lucinon frqunly ppr in th form of tryptm i drivtiv. It i compod of hyl d yrrol m ( dirm on oppoit ). rytmi m y b siml tht , without ubttutiosor thy my hv vriou sid chi kow hydroxy (O), mhoxy or hoholoxy (OP rou i th phyl ri. Th indol rin (how in rd i th dirm) i vidnt not only in th numrou tryptmin (dityltryptin, tc. but lo in th vriou rolin lklod {ri d othr, i th iboi lkloids, d i th crboli l k lod (hrmi, hrmli, tc. ) . yric cid thylmd SD) hs dol uclu. O ron for th iicc of th indolic hllucinon my b thir tructurl imilrity to th urohumorl tryptmi n rotonin ( 5hydroxydimthyltyptm i), prnt in th nrvou tiu of wrmbloodd niml. Srotonin ply mor rol i th biochmitry of th cntr rvou ytm. study of th functioi of hllucinoic tryptmi my xprimntlly hlp to xlin th fuction of rotoin in th body. chmicl rltionhi imilr o tht bn indolic hllucinon d srotoi xst btw mcli, hlluconic hylthylmi b yot, nd th urohormo orihrn. h chmicl mi lriti btwn llucoi c com ound d urohormo wth rols i urohyioloy y lp to xplin hllucioc ctivty nd v crtin roc of th ctrl rvou sytm. Othr kloidth isoquioli s, tro, qu iolizid i, d ioxzolr mor mldly hllucioic d my ort drtly th body.
(),
1
HAUCI NOGNI C AAOIDS ITH H INDO NUCUS 2 3 N,N Dimthyltryptmin
Srotonin
�
Hrmlin
H INDO RIG ®
H2H H32 H Pilocybin
rin
PSUOHALUCI OG S
Th ar poionou pant compound that cau what miht b cad condary haucination or pudo haucination. Thouh not tru haucinonic ant, hy o upt norma body function that thy induc a kind of dirum accompanid by what to a practica purpo ar haucinaton. Som coponnt of th ntia oith aromatic n rponib for th chaactritic odor of pantappar to act in thi way. Componnt of nutm oi a an xamp. Many pant havin uch componnt ar xtrmy danrou to tak intrnay, epciay if intd in do hih nouh to iuc huiatons rch hs not yt hd much ht o th n o choctvity ro ucd y uch chmics
Myr rgr s
the source of numeg and mace 20
ee r is known for is stmulatng eect on cts.
HOW HALLUINOGNS A TAKN
Hcoec pts e sed vety of ys, deped o te d of plt mtel, o te ctve cemcs ivolved, o ctl pctces, d o ote cosdetos M, pmtve socetes everyee, s sow et eity pespiccity i be lcoec plts to is ses , either
fresh o died, as are peyote and teonanacatl; o juice fom the cushed leaves may be drunk, as with v vrm (in Mexico). Occasionally a plant derivative may be eaten, as with hasheesh. More fequently, a beveage may be drunk: ayahuasca, caapi, o yaj fom the bark of a vine; the San Pedro cactus; juema wine; ibga; leaves of tolche; o cushed seeds from the Mexican moning gloes. Oiginally culia to New Wold cultues, whee it was one way of using tobacco, smoking is now a wdespead method of taking cannabis. a cotics othe than tocco, such as tu, may also be smoked.
is a pefeed meth
for using several hallucinogens yopo, epena, sbil, ra dos indios. ike smoking, nung s a New Wold custom. A few New World ndians ave taken hallucinogens rectallyas in the case of Athr One cuious meod of inducing narcotic eects is the African custom of incising the scalp and rubbig the juice from
the onionlike bulb of a species of acam acss the in cisions. This method is a kind of pimitive countepart of the moden hydemic method. Several methods may be used in the case of some hallucino genic plats. oa resin, fo examle, is licked uncanged, is usuall preared in snu form, i caially de int llets to eate, and sometes be soe .
o admix-
tues to mao hallucinenc species ae becoming inceas ingly impotant in eseach Subsidiary plants ae sometimes added to the repaation to alter, increase, o lengthen the nacotic eects of te main ingredients. Thus, in making the ayahuasca, caapi, o yaj drinks, prepaed basicall from trp p o r, seveal additives ae often thown in: leaves f Pyhtr vr or trp ry, which themselves con tain hallucinogenic typtamines; r or tur, both of which are hallucinogenic in thei own ight. 21
OL WORL HALUCINOGENS
xitin vidnc indict tht mn in th Old World urop, Aia, Afric, nd Autrlih md l u of ntiv plnt nd hrub for thir hallucinonic proprti than h mn in th w World Thr i li ron to bliv tht h vtion of on hlf of th lob i poorr or richr in ci with hllucinonic proprti thn th othr hlf Why, thn, hould thr b uch diprity? mn in th Old World imply not dicovrd mny of th ntiv hllu cinonic plnt? Ar om of thm too toxic in othr wy to b utilizd? Or h mn in th Old World bn culturlly l intrtd in nrcotic? W hv no rl anwr But w do know tht th Old World h fwr known pci mployd hllucinonicly thn do th w Worl d: comprd with on y 5 or 20 pci ud in th trn miphr, th pci ud hllucinnicll y in h Wtrn m iphr numbr mor thn 00! Yt om of th Old Word hlucinon tody hold s o rimy trouhout the world nnbi, undoubtdly th mot widrd o l th hll uci non, i prhp th bt xm h vr oncou inrdint o mdiv with' brwhnbn, nihthd, bldonn, nd mndrkrtly inuncd uropn phi loophy, mdicin, nd vn hi tory for mny yr Som lyd n xtrordinriy vitl rliiou rol in th rly Aryn cultur o northrn Indi h rol o hlucinon in th cultur nd ocil dvlopmnt of mny r of th Old Word i ony now bin invtitd At vry turn, it xtnt nd dpth ar bomin mor vidnt ut much mor nd to b don in th tudy of hucinon nd thir u in th trn miphr 22
