Guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway or Road Projects

Guidelines For The Environmental Impact Assessment Of Highway Or Road Projects m .0 7

m .0 5

Roads Branch Public Works Department Malaysia Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50582 Kuala Lumpur

GUIDELINES for the

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AL IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSMENT of

HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS

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PREFACE

The following guidelines are presented as a specific supplement to the Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines produced by the Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Science, Technology Technology and Environment (MSTE). The guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Highway/Road Projects have been specifically prepared in the context of the Malaysian environment, and for Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), the Public Works Works Department. JKR is the implementation agency for Highway/Road Projects in Malaysia, although the project initiator will usually be its Ministry, the Ministry of Works (MOW). The guidelines have been prepared under a Technical Assistance (TA) (TA) as part of a World Bank loan (3145 MA) to the Government of Malaysia for Highway Rehabilitation and Improvement.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

These guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway/Road Projects have been undertaken in association with, and with the assistance of, Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), the Public Works Department. JKR made their resources (staff (staff & vehicles) available to the EIA study team at all times, and their support is gratefully acknowledged. During During the preparation preparation of the the EIA guidelines guidelines,, guidance guidance was sought sought from the EIA EIA unit of the Department of Environment (DOE) and their support in organising round table discussions and a review of the draft guidelines document is gratefully acknowledged. The EIA guidelines for Highway/Road Projects Projects would not have been undertaken without the financial and technical support from the World Bank, and their assistance throughout the project and review of the draft guidelines document is gratefully acknowledged. The EIA guidelines have been prepared by the following personnel (in alphabetical order): order):

Kamalaldin bin Abd. Latif Ibrahim bin Ahmad Nicholas William Rogers Othman bin Jaafar Roslan bin Md Taha Sharifah Aluyah bt Wan Othman

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JABATAN JABATAN KERJA RA RAY YA GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4

2 .0

General Categ tegories of Road Mala Malays ysia ian n Envi Enviro ronm nmen enta tall Legi Legisl slat atio ion n And Policy Highway/Road Projects

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AS ASSESSMENT 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

General Pres rescrib cribeed Acti Activ vitie itiess EIA Guidelines EIA Pr Process

3 .0

ISSUE IDE IDENTIFICATION, OR SCOPING

4 .0

UNDERTAKING THE EIA 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2

5.0 5.0

Prep Prepar arin ing g the the scop scopee of of the the EIA EIA Prep Prepar arat atio ion n of Terms erms of Refe Refere renc ncee

HIGH IGHWAY/ROA /ROAD D PROJE OJECTS - ACTIVI TIVITI TIES ES,, ISSUES & EFFECTS 5.1 5.2 5.3

General Main Activities Key Issues

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6 .0

EIA REPORT FORMAT EL ELEMENTS 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.10 6.11 6.11 6.12 6.12 6.13 6.13 6.14 6.14 6.15

Cover Executive Sum Summary Introduction Title of Project Project Ini Initiator Statement of of Need Project De Descript iption Project Options The The Exi Exissting ting Env Environ ironme ment nt Impa Impact ct Asse Assess ssme ment nt Mitiga Mitigatio tion n and and Abatem Abatement ent Measur Measures es Resi Residu dual al Impa Impact ctss Summ Summar ary y and and Conc Conclu lusi sion onss Data Data Sou Sourc rces es & Con Consu sulta ltati tion onss References

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JABATAN JABATAN KERJA RA RAY YA GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.0

MONITORING 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

8 .0

General Physi hysica call Envi Enviro ronm nmeent Biolo iolog gica ical Env Envir iron onme ment nt Social Environment

SELECTED REFERENCES PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF MALAYSIA

APPENDIX A A1 Environmental Significance Significance Checklist US Department of transportation, FHWA, FHWA, 1985 A2 Checklist of Environmental Parameters, Asian Asian Development Bank, 1990

APPENDIX B Environmental Aspects of Quarrying Activities

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FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1

General

In the promotion of environmentally sound and sustainable development, the Government of Malaysia has established the necessary legal and institutional arrangements as such that environmental factors are considered at the early stages of project planning. Environmental assessment is an important technique for ensuring that the likely impacts of the proposed development on the environment are fully understood and taken into account before such development is allowed to go ahead.

1.2 1.2

Categ ategor orie ies s of of Ro Road

In Malaysia, roads are divided into two groups by area, ie rural and urban. Roads in rural areas are further classified into five categories by function namely Expressway, Highway, Primary Road, Secondary Road and Minor Road and into four categories in urban area, namely, namely, Expressway, Arterial, Collector and Local Street. Their general applications are as follows.

a) Expr Expres essw sway ay An expressway is a divided highway for through traffic with full control of access and always with grade separations at all intersections. In rural areas, they apply to the interstate highways for through traffic and make the basic framework of National road transportation for fast travelling. They serve long trips and provide higher speed of travelling and comfort. To maintain this, they are fully accesscontrolled and are designed to the highest standards.

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL

In urban areas, they form the basic framework of road transportation transportation system in urbanised area for through traffic. They also serve relatively long trips and provide smooth traffic flow with full access control, thereby complementing the Rural Expressway.

b) Highways They constitute the interstate national network and complement the express way network. They usually link up directly or indirectly the Federal Capitals, State Capitals and points of entry/exit to the country. They serve long to intermediate trip lengths. Speed is not so important as in an Expressway but relatively high to medium speed is necessary. necessary. Smooth traffic is provided with partial access control.

c) Prima Primary ry Roads Roads They constitute the major roads forming the basic network of the road transportation system within a State. They serve intermediate trip lengths and medium travelling speeds. Smooth traffic is provided with partial access control. They usually link up the State Capitals and District Capitals or other Major Towns.

d) Second Secondary ary Roads Roads They constitute the major roads forming the basic network of the road transportation system within a District or Regional development Areas. They serve intermediate trip lengths with partial access control. They usually link up the major towns within the District or Regional development Areas.

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INTRODUCTION They apply to all roads other than those described above in the rural area. They form the basic road network within a Land Scheme or other inhabited areas in a rural area. They also include roads with special functions such as holiday resort roads, security roads or access roads to microwave stations. They serve mainly local traffic with short trip lengths and are usually with partial or no access control.

e) Arterials An arterial is a continuous road with partial access control for for through traffic traffic within urban areas. Basically it conveys traffic from residential areas to the vicinity of the central central business district or from one part of a city to another which does not intend to penetrate the city centre. Arterials do not penetrate identifiable neighbourhoods. Smooth traffic flow is essential since it carries large traffic volume.

f) Collectors A collector road is a road with partial access control designed to serve on a collector or distributor of traffic between the arterial and the local road systems. Collectors are the major roads which penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhoods, commercial areas and industrial areas.

g) Local Local Stre Street ets s The local street system system is the basic road road net work within a neighbourhood and serves primarily to offer direct access to abutting land. They are links to the collector road and thus serve short trip lengths. Through traffic should be discouraged.


1.3

Malaysian Environmental Environmental Legislation And Policy

The Environmental Environmental Quality Act (1974) was introduced into Malaysian Law as a comprehensive piece of legislation to provide a common legal basis for coordinating coordinating all all activities relating to environmental control. Amended to the environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985, this act requires any person or agency intending to carry out a "prescribed activity" to submit a report on its potential effects on the environment to the Director General, Department of Environment (DOE), for approval. The Environmental Quality (Prescribed activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 was gazetted in November 1987 and came into force on 1 April 1988. This Order lists the "prescribed activities" for which an EIA is mandatory, mandatory, including "Construction of of expressways and national highways" (Item 9 : Infrastructure). Section 34A(2) of the 1985 1985 Amendment Act specifies that where an EIA is required required under under the legislation, it shall follow the guidelines prescribed by by the Director General of DOE. The procedures for preparing an EIA are set out in the Handbook Handbook of EIA Guidelines. In the Sixth Malaysian Plan under Road Transport Prospects, 1991-1995, it is stated that environmental impact assessment studies will be carried out as steps to reduce the negative impact of road transport development on the environment. The fundamental objective objective of an EIA EIA is to ensure that full consideration is given to its potential effects so that wherever possible these can be mitigated by careful design, construction and operation.

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INTRODUCTION Under the National Development Plan and in the Second Outline Perspective Plan (OPP2) as well as in the Sixth Malaysian Plan 1991 1995, emphasis is given to enhancement of the environment and ecology to ensure sustainable development of the country. Based on the above Environmental Policy Objectives, the DOE has formulated and adopted a threepronged strategy based on : -

required environmental mitigation measures through the conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment Studies; and -

to prom promot otee great greater er co-o co-ope pera rati tion on and and increased co-ordination among relevant Federal and State authorities as well as among the ASEAN Governments.

poll pollut utio ion n contr control ol and and prev preven entio tion; n;

1.4 -

-

the integr integrati ation on of of envir environm onment ental al fact factors ors in project planning and implementation; and enviro environme nmenta ntall input inputss into into resour resource ce and and regional development planning.

National environmental environmental policy in Malaysia will continue to give greater emphasis on the following objectives: -

to main maintai tain n a clea clean n and and healt healthy hy envr envronm onment ent

-

to main maintai tain n the the quali quality ty of of the the envir environm onment ent relative to the needs of the growing population

-

-

-

-

to mini minimis misee the the impac impactt of the growin growing g poppopulation and human activities relating to mineral exploration, deforestation, agriculture, urbanisation, tourism and the development of other resources on the environment to balanc balancee the the goals goals for socio socio-ec -econo onomic mic development and the need to bring the benefits of development to a wide spectrum of the population against the maintenance of sound environmental conditions to place place more more emph emphasi asiss on on prev prevent ention ion through conservation rather than on curative measure, inter alia by preserving the country's unique and diverse cultural and natural heritage to inco incorpo rporat ratee an enviro environme nmenta ntall dimen dimensio sion n in project planning and implementation, interalia by determining the implication of the proposed projects and the costs of the


Highway/Road Projects

It must be stressed as the onset that highway/road projects which provide transportation networks are fundamental to a nations development, and the beneficiaries of such projects are the nations citizens - directly through increased mobility and access, and indirectly through enhanced economic prosperity. Beneficial impacts of the project, compared to "no project", are usually one or more of the following: -

redu reduce ced d trav travel el time timess safer travel open openin ing g up are areas as for for dev devel elop opme ment nt incr increa ease sed d commu communi nica cati tion on

In undertaking highway/road projects, the Government of Malaysia is, committed to environmental protection as set out in : -

Sixt Sixth h Mal Malay aysi siaa Pla Plan n 199 1991 1 - 199 1995 5

-

Outl Outlin inee Pla Plan n 199 1990 0 - 2000 2000

-

Lang Langka kawi wi Decl Declar arat atio ion, n, Octo Octobe berr 1989 1989

-

Kuala Kuala Lump Lumpur ur Accord Accord on the the Envi Environ ronmen mentt and Development, June 1990

-

Kuala Kuala Lump Lumpur ur Declar Declarati ation on on Enviro Environme nment nt and Development, April 1992

-

Rio Declar Declarati ation on on the Enviro Environme nment nt and Development, June 1992

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INTRODUCTION The Langkawi Declaration is especially significant as it provides government support for activities activities related related to the con - servation servation of biodiversity and genetic resources, including the conservation of significant significant areas of virgin forest and other protected natural habitats. habitats. On October 31, 1989, the World Bank issued an Operational Directive (OD) to address the Bank's concern to apply sound environmental planning and management management principles to projprojects such as highway/road projects. OD 4.00 sets out as Annex Annex A guidance on the Bank's policies and procedures for conducting environmental (impact) assessments of proposed projects. OD 4.00 standardises and formalises a process which is already taking place for World Bank projects with major environmental impacts. OD 4.00 and other World Bank environmental documents are set out in the list of selected references in Section 8.0.


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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2.1

General

-

AIRPORT

The need to systematically identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of major projects was first prescribed by the United States Congress in 1969 when it enacted the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). (NEPA). With this Act, environmental impact assessment (EIA) became an integral part of the decision making process along with economic and technical considerations.

-

Constr Construct uction ion of airp airport ortss (havi (having ng an an airstr airstrip ip of 2,500 metres or or longer) longer) Airstr Airstrip ip deve develop lopmen mentt in state state and and nati nationa onall parks

The objective of any EIA requirement is to promote and ensure that planning decisions take into account environmental costs and benefits. Different countries have different approaches to the decision making process but all basically subscribe to the viewpoint that the development authorities make the trade-offs, except on the matter of compliance with prescribed standards. Few governments could cope with a blanket requirement that all development projects be subjected to an environmental impact assessment. Aside from the administrative difficulties this would create, such a requirement would be unnecessary and wasteful. wasteful. A crucial issue is therefore how to prescribe criteria for those projects that that should be subjected to EIA.

2.2

-

-

INFRASTRUCTURE

-

Constr Construct uction ion of hospit hospitals als with with outfal outfalll into into beach fronts used for recreational purposes Cons Constr truc ucti tion on of expr expres essw sway ayss Cons Constr truc ucti tion on of nati nation onal al high highwa ways ys

-

PORTS

-

Cons Constr truc ucti tion on of port portss Port Port expan expansio sion n invol involvin ving g an increa increase se of of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum

-

WATER TER SUP SUPP PLY

-

Constr Construct uction ion of dams dams,, impou impoundi nding ng rese reserrvoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more Ground Groundwat water er deve develop lopmen mentt for for indus industri trial, al, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4,500 cubic metres per day.

-

Prescribed Activities

In Malaysia, a list of prescribed activities has been prepared for for which an EIA is mandatory under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987. Of relevance to JKR are:


2.3

EIA Guidelines Guidelines

To help project proponents proponents undertake EIA studies and prepare EIA reports, DOE in 1987 preprepared a Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines. These guidelines are necessarily general in nature and, in 1993 with the assistance of the World Bank, JKR

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSMENT decided to prepare specific guidelines for those prescribed activities for which it has responsibility, bility, either as the project initiator or as the implementation agency. agency. The Environmental Quality Act in general, and the list of prescribed activities in particular, are currently under review. It is likely that the role and functions of the JKR enviromental unit will be expanded as a result to the current review of environmental legislation.

2.4

EIA EIA Proces Process s

Environmental impact assessment is the process whereby a systematic effort is made to assess the environmental impacts and the options that may be open with regard regard to a proposal, including the option of "doing nothnothing". The fundamental fundamental objective of an EIA is to ensure that before irrevocable decisions are taken on a proposal, full consideration is given to its potential environmental effects and the views of those who may be affected by them.

Whilst EIA is a process, a strong strong focus needs to be maintained on the requirement for the preparation of a comprehensive report which will demonstrate to DOE that all the important issues have been addressed and that appropriate measures are to be incorporated into the design &/or construction of the project to minimise or mitigate potentially significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA process flow chart chart is presented as Figure l, which sets out the tasks together with the reporting requirements Approval will only be given to EIA's which are structured in strict accordance with the format set out in the Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines. Accordingly, Accordingly, the JKR EIA Guidelines for Highway/Road projects are described under the format elements set out in the current DOE guidelines.

Ideally the EIA should be undertaken undertaken at the inception of a proposal, when there is a real choice between various courses of action. It should therefore be an integral part of the decision-making process preceding the actual implementation of any proposal. In the Malaysian context, EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval approval and implementati implementation. on. EIA is theref therefore ore a planing tool for minimising" adverse environmental impacts. The EIA process seeks to avoid costly mistakes in project implementation, costly either because of the environmental damage that is ikely to arise during project implementation, or because of modifications that may be required subsequently in order to make the project environmentally acceptable.


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ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSMENT


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3.0 ISSUE IDENTIFICATION OR SCOPING Once a proposed project has been defined, the first activity to be performed as part of the EIA process is to identify those issues which are important and which will need to be studied in detail, and to screen out those issues which are of little or no importance and which can be thereafter effectively ignored. This issue identification, or scoping, process is essential essential in order to ensure ensure that the EIA EIA is sufsufficiently comprehensive but does not become unnecessar unnecessarily ily protra protracted cted and expenexpen- sive. To assist in screening highway/road projects for key issues and potentially significant environmental impacts, various agencies have developed checklists. Many different types of checklist are available to assist with the scoping process. The preliminary assessment matrix developed by DOE for use in Malaysia is a useful tool for screening out those impacts of no or little significance, and also assists the project initiator (who has ultimate responsibility and hence liability in terms of the Environmental Quality Act) compare and select from the real project options available. The matrix also communicates to the reader the environmental issues arising from the project proposal in graphic form, as illustrated by the matrix presented as Figure 2 which has been specifically modified for the JKR EIA EIA guidelines. There are many different types of checklist currently in common usage, and two other checklists which could be utilised in addition to the matrix include the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) checklist for Highway and Road Projects developed by the Asian Development Bank (ABD), and the Environmental Significance Checklist developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMT (UMTA), A), US Department of


Transportation Transportation (DOT). These checklists are attached as Appendix A. It must be clearly understood that none of the above checklists performs the role of an environmental impact assessment. They are, however, useful in providing a memory jog to the assessor(s) who may otherwise overlook an aspect of potential significance. Additional tools are available to assist with the scoping process, and reference should be made to DOE conditions of approval for highway/road projects, and to previous EIA's for highway/road projects undertaken in Malaysia. There is a limited amount of information which can be obtained from desk studies, however, and many issues are best identified by inspecting the site of the proposed project (from the ground and possibly also from the air), and by inspecting similar projects projects elsewhere in Malaysia, both completed and under construction. Certain issues may only be identified by talking to people who are present in the area of the proposed project, and the opening up of dialogue between JKR and the people in project areas at an early stage is strongly recommended.

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ISSUE IDENTIFICATION OR SCOPING

® Environmenent a mps a

s potentially significant but

after certain eriod of Environ prediction. Close monitoring and control is recommended. = O

I

® Residual Significant environmental enhancement

V V cW7 ao z

Q 0

0

US P. 4:1, 93 < ` ta

0

-C

19

Identification of Activities

Soil Profiles Soil Composition Slope Stability o Subsiden Subsidence ce and com com action action Seismicity Floo Flood d Pla Plain inss Swam Swam s Land Use Engineering and Mineral Resources Buffer Zones Shore Line Bottom Interface w r Flow Variation :r 39: Water Quality 0 w Drainage Pattern o: Flooding a ,0 Existing Use Water Table Flow Diagram 3 Water ual itit z Recharge Aquiter Characteristics Existing Use

1 1

Air Quality in w Air w Climatic changes aa zw z 0) Frequency

O v Terre Terrestr stria iall Ve etat etation ion Terrestrial Wildlife Other Terrestrial Fauna z w g Aquatic/Marine 0

N d Othe Otherr A uati uaticc Mari Marine ne Faun Fauna a

z

Terrestrial Habitats m j Aquatic Habitats (n i- Aquatic

9o

Estuarine Habitats v Estuarine Communities Marine Communities

x

° Ph sical sical Safe Safett Psychological "Well-Being Parasitic Disease Communicable Communicable Disease w Ph Ph siolo siolo ical ical Dis Disea ease se

Employment Housing 0 Education !9 z Utilities pw N Landforms z Wilderness Water Quality Atmospheric Quality . 0 Climate o Sense of Communit


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4.0 UNDERTAKING THE EIA

4.1 4.1

Prep Prepar arin ing g the the sc scop ope e of of the the EIA EIA

Once the key issues and potentially significant environmental impacts of the proposed project have been identified from the scoping process, the next step is to scope in detail the contents of the EIA by preparing a contents list and estimating the time and costs required to undertake the tasks. Once the tasks have been determined the next step is to determine which of the tasks can be undertaken in-house and which tasks will require require external external resourcing. Specific terms of reference reference (TOR) or study briefs will be required for external resources, and briefs are also desirable for internal resources assigned specific tasks.

4.2 Prepa Preparat ration ion of Terms erms of Refere Reference nce In engaging external resources such as consultants from the private or public sector, the terms of reference need to be sufficiently tight to ensure that the studies will meet budget and programme, but sufficiently loose to ensure that the "experts" are not limited by uninformed technical constraints. Accordingly, performance briefs are preferred over detailed itemised briefs. An example TOR/brief is set out in the next page.


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UNDERTAKING THE EIA Example

Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Biro Penyelidikan dan Perundingan 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Dear Mohd Jailani,

Re:

Noise Noise Studie Studiess for New East-W East-West est Highwa Highway y Proje Project ct

Offer of Work Work

You are hereby invited to submit a proposal for noise studies to assist the JKR Environmental Unit undertake an EIA for the above project.

Scope of Work

The workscope will entail : a) Ascertain the existing physical environment (w.r.t (w.r.t ambient noise b) Assess the impact of the project on existing noise levels during highway/road operation c) Predict Predict noise dispersion dispersion and discuss discuss the likelihood likelihood any adverse adverse

levels) construction and

impact impact

d) Suggest Suggest appropri appropriate ate mitigation mitigation measure measures, s, if any e) Suggest Suggest an appropriate appropriate post-con post-construc struction tion monitorin monitoring g plan

EIA Procedur Proceduree

The Consultant is to carry out noise studies only in those areas where problems are likely to occur due to construction or operational traffic noise (eg nearby residential areas).

Technical and Financial Proposal

The Consultant shall submit a proposal giving : a) b) c) d)

Work Progra Programme mme with with Time Time Schedul Schedulee Start Start and and complet completion ion dates dates Cost for for the the noise noise study study with cost breakd breakdown own Curriculum Curriculum Vitae of team member memberss


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UNDERTAKING THE EIA Payment schedule will be as follows : a) b) c) d)

Mobilisation 20% Submission of Draft Report 40% Acceptance of Final Report 30% EIA approv approval al (of (of nois noisee study study compon component ent)) by DOE 10%

EIA Reports Reports and Submission Submission

a) The text of the noise study is to be concise, concise, free of jargon jargon and word processed using using Word Word Perfect 5.1 (or later version) b) The noise noise report report should should have : -

a one or or two parag paragrap raph h Summar Summary y in both both Engli English sh and and Bahasa Bahasa

-

Colour Colour photograp photographs hs to show show noise recordi recording ng locations locations with with respect respect to surround surrounding ing areas areas

-

Tabulated abulated Summary Summary of of Noise Impacts Impacts,, Mitigating Mitigating Measur Measures es and Residu Residual al Impacts Impacts

-

Overal Overalll Conc Conclus lusion ionss and and Recomm Recommend endati ations ons

c) The Noise Report shall be to the the satisfaction of DOE. Any further elaboration elaboration needed by DOE would be at Consultant's cost. d) Two (2) copies of draft report to be submitted within two weeks after commencement. e) One (1) hard copy and one (1) copy on 31/2" diskette of Final Report would would be submitted to JKR within one week following the review by JKR. Miscellaneous

a) The Consultant Consultant shall shall inform JKR of a suitable date for for a familiarisation site visit. visit. b) A penalty penalty of 1 % per day of of the consultanc consultancy y contract contract sum will will be deducted deducted for each each day the noise report is delayed beyond the due date, up to a maximum of 15%. c) Your attention is drawn to the requirement requirement by the Government of Malaysia Malaysia for a 5 % tax on Consultancy Services. We look forward to your early response. Failure to respond to JKR within 7 days of receipt of this letter will be taken as a rejection of our offer and we shall immediately approach other parties to undertake the work. Yours faithfully

Ms Sharifah Alauyah bt Wan Othman JKR Environmental Unit Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL

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5.0 HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS - ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 5.1

General

To successfully undertake undertake an EIA it is necessary to determine just what the issues are; to identify precisely who or what could be affected and how; and to describe the project activities which could potentially adversely affect the environment. A fundament fundamental al requiremen requirementt of an EIA is to come to grips with the issues. Unless the issues are faced, mitigation measures are likely to focus on the symptoms (effects), rather than tackle the cause(s) of the problems. This section sets out to establish the main activities, key issues and significant effects (adverse and beneficial) of highway/road projects in Malaysia.

These guidelines subdivide the project into 18 main activities within three phases - preconstruction, construction and post construction, as set out in the matrix on Figure 2. Although the activities may be different, in many instances their impact on the environment may be similar. Accordingly, Accordingly, when evaluating and describing the existing environment and the impact on this environment from the project, it is the issues which need to be highlighted. When it comes to determining practical mitigating measures, however, such as specifying clauses within contract documentation, the focus changes back to the activities. activities. The 18 main activities are set out below in Table 5.1, with associated subactivities.

Quarrying activities have been addressed separately within these guidelines, as such activities are "prescribed activities" under Malaysian Law. JKR no longer develop or operate quarries in Malaysia. On major road projects the Contractor will often find it more economical to open up a new quarry close to site than to haul aggregate from an existing rock quarry remote from the site. A separate section whic which h spe speci cifi fica call lly y add addre ress sses es EIA EIA aspe aspect ctss of quarrying activities is presented in Appendix B.

5 .2

Main Ac Activ tivities

Environmental impacts result from actions, or activities, associated with planning, constructing and operating highway/road projects. The DOE matrix is structured whereby the activities are set out along the X-axis and the components of the environment are set out along the Y-axis. Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL

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HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS TABLE 5.1 LIST OF ACTIVIT ACTIVITIES IES

Pre-construction activities (Includes pre-feasibility, pre-feasibility, feasibility and design) 1.0

Survey

1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

2.0

Investigation

2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4

3.0

Acquire Land Remo Remove ve Occ Occup upan ants ts Con Const stru ruct ctio ion n Act Activ ivit itie iess

Tempo empora rary ry Occup ccupa ation tion

4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7

5.0

Putt Puttin ing g Peo Peopl plee Int Into o New New Area Areass Dril Drilli ling ng Hole Holess &/o &/orr Dig Diggi ging ng Pits Pits Esta Establ blis ishi hing ng Base Base Camp amps Putti utting ng In Acce Accesss Tr Tracks acks

Land Acquisition

3.1 3.2 3.2

4.0 4.0

Putt Puttin ing g Peo Peopl plee Int Into o New New Area Areass Cutt Cuttin ing g Sigh Sightt Line Liness Thro Throug ugh h Veg Veget etat atio ion n Esta Establ blis ishi hing ng Base Base Camp amps

Cons Constr truc ucti tion on of Tempo empora rary ry Buil Buildi ding ngss Water Supply Solid olid Waste aste Disp Dispos osal al Sewage Disposal Workforce Pest Control Mach Machin inee Ser Servi vici cing ng & Mai Maint nten enan ance ce

Site St Stripping

5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5

Demo Demoli liti tion on & Rem Remov oval al of of Stru Struct ctur ures es Remo Remova vall of Veg Veget etat atio ion n (inc (inclu ludi ding ng Tre Trees es)) Cons onstru tructin cting g Acc Acces esss Roa Roads Cons Constr truc ucti ting ng Tempo empora rary ry Drai Draina nage ge Oper Operat atin ing g Equip Equipme ment nt (cha (chain insa saws ws,, bulld bulldoz ozer ers) s)


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HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 6.0

Earthworks

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6

7.0

Drainage Wo Works

7.1 7.2

8.0

Trans anspor porting ting Agg Aggreg regate ate Layi Laying ng and and Com Compa pact ctin ing g Aggr Aggreg egat atee

Surfacing

10.1 10.1

11.0

Oper Operat atin ing g Equi Equipm pmen entt (pil (pilin ing, g, exc excav avat ator ors) s) Alte Alteri ring ng Surf Surfac acee Water ater Hydr Hydrol olog ogy y

Road Formation

9.1 9.2 9.2

10.0

Operating Eq Equipm ipment Dive Diverrting ting Surfac rfacee Wat Water er

Bridges & Culverts

8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2

9.0

Operat Operating ing Equi Equipme pment nt (bull (bulldoz dozers ers,, digger diggers, s, truck trucks, s, scra scraper pers) s) Cons onstru tructin cting g Hau Haull Ro Roads ads Cutt Cuttin ing g (may (may inc inclu lude de dri drill llin ing g &\or &\or bla blast stin ing) g) Trans ranspo port rtin ing g Soil Soil & Waste aste Filling Buil Buildi ding ng Grou Ground nd Rete Retent ntio ion n Str Struc uctu ture ress

Laying Laying Paveme Pavement nt (flexi (flexible ble or rigid) rigid)

Abandonment

11.1 11.2 11.3 1.3 11.4 1.4 11.5 11.6 1.6

Borrow Are Areas Unsuit Unsuitabl able/ e/ surplu surpluss spoil spoil dumps dumps Camp amp Site( ite(ss) Rubb ubbish ish Dump Dump Equipment Liq Liquid uid Was Waste tess

Post Construction Activities (includes operation & maintenance)

GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 21

HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 12.0 12.0 Road Road Pres Presen ence ce (Includes bridges, culverts, walls and banners, signs and markings)

12.1 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.4

13.0

Road Us Usage

13.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.4

14.0

Nois Noisee (ve (vehi hicl cles es & roa road) d) Emissions Accidents Spil Spills ls and and Leak Leakss

Road Runof noff

14.1 14.1 14.2 14.2

15.0 15.0

Roadwa Roadway y, Barrie Barriers, rs, Sign Signss and Mark Marking ingss Brid Bridge gess and and Culv Culver erts ts Amenit Amenities ies (shop (shops, s, petro petroll station stations, s, toilet toilets) s) Consequen Consequential tial activi activities ties (includ (including ing logging logging and nature nature tourism) tourism)

Storm Stormwat water er Runof Runofff (partic (particula ularly rly first first flush flush)) Spills Spills Into Into Storm Stormwat water er Drains Drains

Veget egetat atio ion n Cont Contro roll

15.1 15.1 Manu Manual al & Mec Mecha hani nica call Cutt Cuttin ing g 15.2 15.2 Use Use of Herb Herbic icid ides es

16.0

Maintenance

16.1 16.1 Repa Repair ir of Slop Slopee Fai Failu lure ress 16.2 16.2 Gene Genera rall Maint Mainten enan ance ce

17.0

Re-Surfacing

17.1 17.1 Patc Patchi hing ng Pave Paveme ment nt 17.2 17.2 Re-lay Re-laying ing Major Major Leng Lengths ths of Pave Pavemen mentt

18.0

Abandonment

18.1 18.1 By-p By-pas asss Due Due To To Reali Realign gnme ment nt


Page 22

HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 5 .3

Key Issues

5.3.1 Issue Issue 1 - Erosion Erosion and Sedimentation The construction of highway/road projects normally involve substantial earthworks which inevitably produce high sediment laden runoff which in turn adversely affects surface water quality by increasing turbidity and nutrient levels. The increased sediment (both suspended and bedload) may result in aquatic fauna (eg fish) mortality, increased aquatic flora (algae and weeds), and reduced navigability due to aggradation. Discolouration of water will also adversely affect the aesthetics. The goal for highway/road projects should be zero sediment discharge to surface water, achieved by designs which balance cut and fill (eg minimum cut to waste), and construction methods which incorporate slope protection, fill compaction, sediment control structures and buffer buffer zones zones adjacent adjacent to waterc watercoursours- es. Erosion is a naturally occurring process which in Malaysia typically produces around 800 t/km2/yr. t/km2/yr. Accelerated, or soil erosion occurs when the land is modified by man. Accordingly, the soil erosion status of the land needs to be determined, and the amount of erosion and sedimentation due to project activities predicted.

-

reduct reduction ion in coasta coastall water water qualit quality y, redu reduced ced aesthetics

-

reduce reduced d water water clarit clarity y, makin making g in-st in-strea ream m food harvesting difficult

Potentialment Beneficial Effects : -

beach beach repl repleni enish sh sour source ce of of alluv alluvial ial aggr aggrega egate te

5.3.2 Issue 2 - Vehicle Vehicle Exhaus Exhaustt Emissions All All comb combus usti tion on engi engine ne pow pow ered ered vehi vehicl cles es travelling on highways and roads emit contaminants into the air as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, whether these be diesel, gasoline (leaded and unleaded), compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). Vehicle emissions include C02, N02, CO, lead and particulates. The dispersion of gases such as N02 and CO can be determined using simple charts (Nomographs) or computer models. A reduction in emissions is beyond the control of JKR, so adverse effects are best minimised by buffer zones, roadside planting and careful routing. However, JKR can support MOT and DOE in lobbying lobbying for a catalytic catalytic conversion on vehicle engines to reduce carbon monoxide, lead free petrol, and regular tune-up to reduce reduce unburned unburned hydrohydro- carbons. carbons. Potential Adverse Effects :

Potential Adverse Effects : -

-

cloggi clogging ng of of gills gills and filter filters, s, resu resulti lting ng in in aquatic fauna mortality

-

increa increased sed nutrie nutrients nts and and sedim sediment ent,, increa increasin sing g aquatic plant growth (including weeds)

-

-

reduce reduced d visib visibili ility ty due due to to total total suspen suspended ded particulates (tsp) and photo-chemical smog

-

increa increased sed carbon carbon monoxi monoxide de affec affectin ting g human health

-

increa increased sed lead lead level levelss affec affectin ting g human human health health

-

resp respir irat ator ory y diff diffic icul ulti ties es

discol discolour ourati ation on of stream streamss and and rivers rivers,, reduces aesthetics

aggrad aggradati ation on down downstr stream eam,, enhan enhancin cing g flood flood-ing and reducing navigability

Potential Beneficial Effects : -

none


Page 23

HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 5.3.3 Issue Issue 3 - Vehicl Vehicle e Noise and and Vibrations

5.3.5 Issue 5 - Routing Routing Through Through Pristine Natural Environments Environments Potential Adverse Effects :


dist distur urba banc ncee due due to nois noisee

-

distur disturban bance ce due due to to vibr vibrati ations ons,, buil buildin ding g damage in severe cases

-


remo remova vall of of rain rainfo fore rest st redu reduct ctio ion n in biod biodiv iver ersi sity ty remo remova vall of terr terres estr tria iall habi habita tats ts redu reduct ctio ion n in wetl wetlan and d are areaa altera alteratio tion n of of flow flow regime regimess & modifi modificat cation ion of aquatic ecosystems openin opening g up surr surroun oundin ding g areas areas for exploi exploitatation open openin ing g up up are areas as to squa squatte tters rs

pede pedest stri rian an safet afety y Potential Beneficial Effects :

The goal for JKR should be to reduce noise and vibrations at residential and commercial boundaries to acceptable levels (ie less than 55 dBA and 50 mm/s respectively), respectively), achieved through noise barriers and good road surfacing.

5.3.4 Issue Issue 4 - Routing Routing Through Through Urban Areas


comm commun unit ity y seve severa ranc ncee disp dispos osse sess ssio ion n of of lan land d resettlement noise noise and vibrat vibration ionss (ref (refer er issue issue 3) exha exhaus ustt emis emissi sion onss (ref (refer er iss issue ue 2) 2)


-

open openss up are areas as for for dev devel elop opme ment nt and and income generation open openss up are areas as for for (re (re)s )set ettl tlem emen entt opens opens up up areas areas for viewin viewing g and and ecoto ecotouri urism sm

5.3.6 Issue 6 - Routing Routing Through Through Modified Environments Environments


render rendering ing agricu agricultu ltural ral units units unecon uneconomi omicc taki taking ng out out lan land d of of pro produ duct ctio ion n chan chang ge in lan land use


improv improved ed access access of goods goods to market marketss or processing facilities

easy easy acce access ss to/f to/fro rom m high highwa way y incr increa eassed mob mobilit ility y


Page 24

HIGHWAY HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS 5.3.7 Issue Issue 7 - Highway Highway Spills Spills


adds adds inte intere rest st to the the sce scene nery ry


thre threat at to huma human n lif lifee thre threat at to aqua aquati ticc eco ecosy syst stem emss thre threat at to wild wildli life fe

5.3. 5.3.10 10

Issu Issue e 10 10 - Modi Modifi fica cati tion on of Surface Water Hydrology by Drainage, Culverts and Bridges

Potential Beneficial Effects : Potential Adverse Effects : -

none -

5.3.8 Issue Issue 8 - Contam Contaminate inated d Stormwater Stormwater Runoff

Substances, deposited on or alongside the roadway due to normal operations include oil, solid waste (litter), grease, rubber, rubber, lead, sewage (rest areas) and carbon. These substances are washed into the waterways during rainfall, and the "first flush" of the stormwater runoff is often highly contaminated.

-

dewate dewaterin ring g stream streamss affec affectin ting g aquati aquaticc ecoloecology floodi flooding ng upstre upstream am of constr constrict iction ionss and and downstream where flows are augmented altera alteratio tion n of the hydrol hydrologi ogical cal flow flow regim regimee


reduct reduction ion in downst downstrea ream m flood flooding ing due to impoundment upstream

5.3. 5.3.1 11


threat threat to aquati aquaticc ecos ecosyst ystems ems and food food chain oxicity

Issu Issue e 11 11 - Modi Modifi fica cati tion on of sub-surface water hydrology due to built up of road embankment and introduttion of drainage system.

Potential Beneficial Effects :

Potential Adverse Effect :

-

-

alteration of natural sub-surface hydrological flow regime due to damming (cause way-like construction of roadway) effect and changes in drainage pattern.

-

reduct reduction ion in water water flow flow/yi /yield eld in certai certain n streams and increase in others.

-

flooding of roadway due to to “overtopping".

none

5.3.9 Issue Issue 9 - Modifica Modification tion of the Landscape by Earthworks & Structures


scarri scarring ng of hill hill slop slopes, es, degrad degrading ing the scenery and blocking views


None


Page 25

6.0 EIA REPORT FORMAT ELEMENTS ELEMENTS 6.1

COVER

The cover of the EIA should have the Project Initiator at the top of the page, the Title of the Project (including the location of the project) in the centre of the page, and the organisation which prepared the EIA at the bottom of of the page, together with the date.

6.4

TITL ITLE OF OF PR PROJECT

The title of the project will be provided by the the project initiator, and will be common to all feasibility study reports. The title must include the location of the project, including the state(s).

Example

6.2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Two executive summaries are now required to be incorporated into all EIA's, one in English and one (Ringkasan Eksekutif) in Bahasa Malaysia. The executive summary should be brief (less than 10 pages) and wherever possible provide tables and figures to assist the reader understand the nature of the project and its likely effects on the environment.

6.3

NEW EAST EAST - WEST WEST HIGHW HIGHWA AY PROJE PROJECT CT Simpang Pulai to Gua Musang Package 1 - Simpang Pulai to Pos Selim PERAK

INTRODUCTION

This chapter sets out the nature of the project (brief description), the requirement for the EIA (e.g. a prescribed prescribed activity under the EQA, or a condition of project financing) and introduces the reader to the contents of the EIA. The introduction will also include a summary list of the EIA study team, listing the positions, academic qualifications and role in the project of every specialist, consultant and researcher who contributed to the EIA, together with their signatures.


Page 26

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT

6.5

PROJECT INITIATOR

DOE need to be completely clear which organisation has initiated the project, and to whom to direct correspondence. Accordingly, the chapter setting out the project initiator will include the full name and address of the organisation (together with telephone and facsimile numbers), and the name and title of the appropriate person to whom enquiries regarding the EIA should be directed.

Example

JABAT JABATAN KERJA RAY RAYA MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Cawangan Jalan Ibu Pejabat Kerja Raya Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50582 KUALA KUALA LUMPUR LUMPUR Telephone (03) 2919011 Facsimile (03) 2921022 Contact: Encik Kamalaldin bin Abd. Latif Penolong Pengarah Seksyen Piawaian, Spesifikasi dan Alam Sekitar Telephone (03) 4407790 (direct line)

6.6 6.6

STA STATEME TEMENT NT OF NE NEED ED

In describing the need for for the project, it is important to clearly describe the transportation (and/or other) problem(s) that the proposed project is intended to overcome. The statement of need should outline the background to the project and the reasons for it being proposed. The need for the improvement over the current situation which the project will fulfill must be demonstrated to exist.


Page 27


6.7 6.7

PROJ PR OJEC ECT T DE DESC SCRI RIPT PTIO ION N

(b) (b)

Reco Recogn gnis ised ed haza hazard rdss suc such h as floo floodi ding ng,, coastal erosion or slope instability

(c) (c)

Sign Signif ific ican antt disr disrup upti tion on to esta establ blis ishe hed d communities

(d) (d)

Dest Destru ruct ctio ion n of of prec precio ious us eco ecosy syst stem emss

If more than one option still remains open as a result of the pre-feasibility studies, then a detailed description of the transportation concept should be given.

(e) (e)

Sign Signif ific ican antl tly y grea greate terr econ econom omic ic impa impact ctss than other options.

As a guide, the highway/road description should include:

6.8.2 No Project Project Option. Option.

A detailed description of the highway/road highway/road project must be given, including a description of the preferred project option option (if one option has emerged emerged as a result result of pre-feasibility studies).

(a) (a)

Desc Descri ript ptio ion n of of the the high high-w -way ay/r /roa oad d proj projec ectt supported by all available technical data

(b) (b)

Map, Map, diag diagra rams ms and and phot photog ogra raph phss suff suffiicient to enable a reviewer to clearly understand the nature of the project and the location of all the project components

(c) (c)

A summ summar ary y, pref prefer erab ably ly in tabl tablee form form,, of the technical, economic and environ mental features which are essential to the highway/road project.

6 .8

PROJECT OPT OPTIONS

Included in the discussion of project options should be the "no-project" option, which should cross refer to the discussion on the need for the project. This will include discussion on transportation problems that will continue to grow as a result of a "no-project" decision. The impacts of not proceeding with the project should be presented in this chapter. This provides the project initiator with an opportunity to highlight any technical, economic or environmental (including social) benefits that are likely to accrue from the highway/road highway/road project which would be denied to the public if the project does not proceed.

6.8.3 Alternati Alternatives ves to the propose proposed d project. 6.8.1 General In discussing project options, the chapter should begin with a concise summary of how the reasonable options were selected, and provide the basis for the elimination of options determined to be not reasonable. Justification for eliminating an option can include: (a) (a)

In the discussion of options, alternative transportation management systems should be described. This discussion discussion would include upgrading existing transportation systems. Before major new highway/road projects are proposed it must be demonstrated that upgrading existing transportation systems will not solve the transportation problems identified in the chapter setting out the need for the project.

Sign Signif ific ican antt con confl flic ictt wit with h Sta State te or Municipal system planning


Page 28


6.8.4 6.8 .4 Route Route Option Options. s. Each feasible route option should be presented as a brief brief written description along with appropriate graphics and data displays. Graphics can include maps, conceptual diagrams, aerial photographs, satellite imagery and other types of visual aids. Data displays should include preliminary assessment matrices, bar charts, graphs and tables. The discussion on route options must identify which option is preferred and why. If a preferred route option has been arrived at as a result of a weighted rating decision methodology, then this evaluation process should be presented.

nents is not all inclusive, and other subcomponents should also be considered as appropriate. However, the matrix serves a useful purpose in screening out not only those issues which are of little significance, but also those sub-components of the environment which are not affectaffected by the proposed project or ro route ute options and hence do not need to be described in detail in this chapter of the EIA. The following aspects of the existing environment are normally described in detail for highway/road projects.

6.9.2 Physical Physical ( Physico Physico - chemical chemical ). -

Geology and soils

-

Geomorphology

-

Clim Climat atee and and met meteo eoro rolo logy gy

6.9.1 General

-

Surface hydrology

This chapter sets out a concise description of the relevant existing physical (physicochemical), ecological (biological) and social (human) components com ponents of the environ environment ment which could affect, or be affected by, the highway/road project and route route options.

-

Water quality ity

-

Air quality

-

Noise

-

Land use

6 .9

THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

The need for the project, project description and the project options form separate chapters in the EIA, and a description of the existing traffic volumes of the highway/road should have already been presented in these chapters (refer to 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8) as background information to the EIA. Traffic volumes will also needto be addressed as a component of the social environment, under transportation services (refer to sub-section 6.9.4). Within the three main environmental components, there are numerous subcomponents which are set out in the preliminary assessment matrix. The list of environmental subcompo-

6.9.3 Ecological Ecological ( Biological Biological ). ). -

Terre errest stri rial al habi habita tats ts

-

Terrest errestria riall fauna fauna (includ (including ing wildlif wildlife) e)

-

Terrest errestria riall flora flora (inclu (includin ding g tropi tropical cal rainforest)

-

Aqua Aquati ticc hab habitat itatss

-

Aqua Aquati ticc faun faunaa (inc (inclu ludi ding ng fis fish) h)

-

Aquatic fl flora


Page 29

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT -

Wetlands

- Cult Cultur ural al aspe aspect ctss

-

Mangro Mangrove ve and other other estuar estuarine ine vegeta vegetatio tion n

-

Commun Community ity servic services es (inc (includ luding ing infras infrastru truccture)

-

Marin arinee ecos cosyste ystem m -

Trans ranspo port rtat atio ion n serv servic ices es

-

Income

-

Labour force

-

Heal Health th and and saf safety ety

A preliminary assessment should be undertaken to identify whether there are any ecologically sensitive areas that may be affected by the proposed highway/roa highway/road d project. The area to be studied will invariably need to extend beyond the immediate line(s) of the road route(s) as ecological effects can be fairly wide-spread. To determine if there are ecologically sensitive areas and/or threatened or endangered species, initial contact should be made with relevant Government (e.g. DOE, Forestry Department) and non-governmental organisations (NGO's) such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). If these departments or agencies advise that there are no sensitive ecological areas, threatened or endangered species, then the EIA should document document such correspondence. correspondence. If ecologically sensitive areas and/or threatened or endangered species may be present in the vicinity, then an ecological assessment should be undertaken. This assessment assessment should inclu include: de: (a)

In the chapter describing the existing environment, all culturally sensitive (e.g. burial ground) locations of features should be clearly identified. In describing transportation services, this chapter should also describe other ongoing or planned projects for the area that could impact on, or be impacted by, and the options being considered. Other related Federal, State State or local municipal highway/road projects should be described and their interrelationships, if any, with the highway/road options currently being considered should be discussed.

An on-site inspection

6.10 6.1 0 IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSM ASSESSMENT ENT (b) (b)

Inte Interv rvie iews ws wit with h reco recogn gnis ised ed exp exper erts ts in in the field

(c) (c)

A lite litera ratu ture re revi review ew to dete determ rmin inee spe speci cies es distribution, habitat needs, needs, and other ecological requirements

6.10.1 General

(d) (d)

Fiel Field d sur surve veys ys and and stu studi dies es if nece necess ssar ary y.

6.9.4 6.9 .4 Social Social (Human) (Human).. -

Landscape

-

Popula Populatio tion n of of comm communi unitie tiess (inc (includ luding ing trends)

In the same way that the previous chapter described the relevant components of the existing environment, this chapter sets sets out out and discusses the potentially significant adverse and beneficial impacts that the project (preferred and/or options) could have on the physical (physico-chemical), ecological (biological) and social (human) components of the environment.


Page 30

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT Correctly predicting traffic volumes is one of the most important sources for implementing the EIA. Traffic volumes translate directly to emission volumes and other direct and indirect impacts. In setting out and discussing the potentially significant environmental impacts of the proposed project, consideration should be given to possible indirect, cumulative, synergistic or antagonistic environmental effects. It must be clearly stated at the outset that highway/road projects have positive economic and social impacts, in enhancing economic development through transport links; mitigation of traffic congestion; and reduction in travel time. Accordingly, Accordingly, whilst the focus of an EIA EIA is usually on ways of mitigating potentially significant adverse environmental impacts, if a costbenefit approach is to be adopted the environmental benefits also need to be highlighted, particularly the positive social impacts. The discussion should include comments on: (a) (a)

The The comp compon onen entt of the the env envir iron onme ment nt (e. (e.g. g. air quality) being affected

(b) (b)

The The sou sourc rcee of of the the imp impac act, t, usua usuall lly y the the key issue (e.g. vehicle exhaust emissions)

(g) (g)

Indi Indire rect ct (sec (secon onda dary ry)) imp impac acts ts and and thei theirr signif-icance (e.g. acid rain due to com bustion of fossil fuels)

(h) (h)

Adve Advers rsee envi enviro ronm nmen enta tall effe effect ctss whic which h cannot be avoided

(i)

Util Utilis isat atio ion n of fin finit itee res resour ources ces.

The following environmental components are discussed in the context of impacts normally associated with highway/road projects.

6.10.2 Physical -

Highway/road projects may adversely affect the local geology and soils through removal of lateral support or loading resulting in major land slippage. slippage. In addition, although not usually locally significant, a major highway can effectively sterilise any mineral resources beneath it and similarly take soils out of production. The extent to which these aspects become significant will depend upon the value placed upon the particular geological and soil resources.

(c) (c)

Dire Direct ct imp impac acts ts and and the their ir sig signi nifi fica canc ncee (e.g carbon monoxide poisoning)

(d) (d)

The The nat natur uree of of the the impa impact ct (e.g (e.g.. phot photoochemical smog)

(e) (e)

Why Why the the impa impact ct is judg judged ed to be sign signif ifiicant (e.g. respiratory difficulty and lung damage)

(f) (f)

In the the case case of an imp impac actt of unkn unknow own n significance, any courses of action considered necessary to assess the impact (e.g. ambient air monitoring, vehicle exhaust emission monitoring, contaminant dispersion modelling)

Geology and Soils

Geomorphology (landforms)

Historically roads often used to be aligned along former walking tracks which followed the contours. Modern road design had tended to modify these winding roads and today highways are usually aligned as straight as possible to minimise costs and transport times. Landforms along major highways are therefore typically significantly modified, resulting in deep cuttings and extensive embankments.


Page 31


-

Climate and Meteorology

Climate and meteorology will mostly impact on, rather than be impacted by, the proposed project. However, there may may be sensitive locations where the highway/road project will alter the micro-climate. In other locations the interaction of the project and the local climate and meteorology may produce significant adverse impacts such as photochemical smog, especially in basins or valleys which do not have adequate flushing of contaminants.

-

Surface Hydrology

Except where the routes are aligned along watershed (or catchment) divides, highways and roads have the potential to significantly alter the surface hydrology of the areas through which they traverse. Watercourses Watercourses which have significant flows (mean or flood) are usually bridged or culverted. Most bridges will be designed designed to pass pass the 100 year return period flood beneath them, but most culverts will be designed to head up for flood flows greater than about a 5 or 10 year return period. Where roads traverse estuaries, the road formation often forms a causeway with only a few culverts being provided to allow for the passage of tidal flows. Where flows are small or even ephemeral, they may be intercepted by road drains and diverted into different water courses and even, in some cases, into different catchments. The effects of highways and roads on surface hydrology may therefore be to create impoundments (permanent or temporary) upstream of the roads, impair the navigability of watercourses due to barriers and may change river geomor-phological characteristics, and to dewater streams due to diversion, thereby impairing fisheries, aquatic ecology and other beneficial water uses.


Page 32

-

Water Water Quality Quality

Water quality is controlled by DOE under the Environmental Quality Act (Clauses 25 and 29). 29). Water quality can become degraded as a result of highway/road projects due to erosion and sedimentation (particularly during earthworks associated with construction) and due to contaminants deposited onto and later washing off the road surface (e.g. oil and lead) and road sides (e.g.litter). Water quality can also become degraded from the use of herbicides used to control roadside vegetation, and from sanitary services provided at rest areas. Accordingly, the main pollutants are suspended solids (SS) arising from road construction, and organic and inorganic contaminants which result in a high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) or Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), arising from both road construction and operation. DOE guideline limits for these components are currently, in mg/f.

SS BOD COD Lead Oil & Grease

Parameter

Standard

(abo (above ve wate waterr sup suppl ply y int intak ake) e)

(bel (below ow wate waterr sup suppl ply y int intak ake) e)

50 20 50 0.10 < 2.0

100 50 100 0.5 10.0

Highway spills pose a major threat to water quality, and the EIA should review the existing system for controlling and cleaning up such spills and if necessary prepare a specific Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

Page 33


Air Qualit Quality y

Motor vehicles using petrol, diesel, or gas (LPG, CNG) as fuel, emit a wide variety of gaseous and particulate materials, of which a small proportion are harmful to people, plants and animals. The amount of pollution produced depends on the engine type, size, age, state of maintenance, speed and operating condition. The contaminant concentration falls off rapidly with distance from the source as the emission disperses into the atmosphere or is deposited on to the ground. The main pollutants from vehicles are: Carbon monoxide (CO)

A possible long term health hazard is provided by potential carcinogenic materials in the environment. Amongst Amongst vehicle emissions are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). (PAH). It has been estimated that at least 50% of PAH in the urban atmosphere can be be attributed to motor motor vehicles. The PAH exposure levels in urban areas are equivalent to those produced by smoking one cigarette per day. Exhaust fumes produce a marked adverse reaction from people. This reaction probably involves a combination of the sight of black smoke and malodorous. These are both nuisances and are not thought to constitute a direct health hazard. A large number of comcompounds, some of them hydrocarbons, contribute to the malodorous smell of the exhaust gases.

Hydrocarbons Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Particulates (smoke), including suspended particulates Lead Oxides of sulphur (SOx)

Air quality in general is controlled by the Environmental Quality Act (Clauses 21 and 22) and the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978. Carbon monoxide is possibly the most important pollutant producing short-term effects on human health. It is rapidly absorbed into the blood stream, reducing the oxygen supply to the body and giving rise to headaches, dizziness and ultimate collapse (coma and death). Malaysia does not currently have limits for CO exposure, but the US Federal Air Quality Standards specify concentrations of CO of 35 and 9 ppm which should not be exceeded more than once a year for exposure periods of 1 hour and 8 hours respectively. To put CO exposure in context, the exposure levels in urban areas are typically equivalent to smoking one cigarette per day.

Of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (N02) can be a hazard to human health and plants under certain conditions. The main oxide of nitrogen emitted from vehicles is nitric oxide (NO), which at normal concentrations has no adverse effect on plants or humans. However, NO oxidises to N02 as it is dispersed in the atmosphere, and this may adversely affect the human respiratory system and plant growth. In Malaysia the DOE limits for N02 are 320 ug/m3 (1-hour average). DOE have also set a 24-hour average proposed goal of 94 ug/m3. A short term effect which may pose long term hazards to health for certain people is produced by the photo-chemical oxidants (ozone (03), N02 and peroxycetyl nitrate (PAN)) formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen as these pollutants disperse away from the highway. Ozone is a health hazard since it is highly reactive and unstable, nd it can exacerbate respiratory problems and inhibit growth in plants. The amount of lead emitted from vehicles is indirectly controlled by the Environmental Quality (Control (Control of Lead Concentration Concentration in Motor Gasoline) Regulations 1985, which


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EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT sought to reduce the lead level to less than 0.40 g/l by 1 January 1986 and less than 0.15 g/1 by 1 January 1990. The new limit (0.15) forms the basis of a European Community Air Quality Directive that the annual mean concentration of airborne lead should not exceed 2 microgrammes per cubic metre in places where people may be continuously exposed for long periods, such as residential areas alongside trunk roads. Severe lead poisoning may occur when the blood level exceeds 80 Ntg/m3, and lead can result in a range range of physiological physiological and behaviour problems. -

Noise

In evaluating the impact of noise from a proposed highway/road project, it is necessary to identify the numbers and types of activities which may be affected. Special attention should be given to identifying the effects on noise sensitive areas such a schools, hospitals and residential areas. Noise is often defined as unwanted sound, and for the purposes of these guidelines is taken to be the perceived sound emitted by road traffic or other sources near the site of a road. A sound wave travelling through through air is a regular disturbance in the atmospheric pressure. These pressure fluctuations, when within the audible range, are detected by the human ear, producing the sensation of hearing. The audible range of the human ear is very large, but its reception of the different frequencies in the audible range is not uniform. The level of sound is expressed in terms of the logarithm of the ratio of its rms (root mean square) pressure to a very small reference prespressure. The unit used is the decibel (dB), defined as twenty times the log of this ratio. As pressure changes are proportional to the square of the energy changes a doubling of the energy level is equivalent to a 3 dB change. change. A change of only 1 dB within the audible range is just perceptible, whereas a change of 10 dB is experienced by the average listener as a doubling or halving of loudness.

Experience has shown that in order to rank the loudness produced by road vehicles the sound pressure level has to be adjusted to give comparatively more weight to the frequencies which are detected most readily by the human ear. The "A" weighting has been found to give the best correlation between perceived and actual loudness, and measurements measurements to which this weighting has been applied are described as being in dB(A) units. In describing the noise impact from proposed highway/road projects, it is necessary to evaluate the existing noise levels as well as make predictions of changes in noise levels resulting from the project. Ambient noise levels can be easily measured and future noise levels can be predicted using manual techniques or computer models. Noise contour maps are a useful technique to visually display existing and predicted noise levels. Significant noise impacts occur when predicted noise levels exceed DOE limits or predicted noise levels are significantly greater than existing measured noise levels. Noise is controlled by DOE under the Environmental Quality Act, Clauses 21 and 23. DOE guideline limits for noise are typical ly 65 dB(A) for industrial boundaries and 55 dB(A) for residential and commercial boundaries. Many countries consider 55 dB(A) to be too noisy for night time residential areas, and adopt lower values (eg 45 dB(A) in Japan and New Zealand). Vehicle noise is controlled by the Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987.

-

Land Use

All the land which will be required for for the highway/road project, including the formation, cut and fill batter slopes and rest areas, will have an existing use even if this current "use" is growing mangrove or tropical rainforest. The EIA land use impact analysis should should assess the consistency of the options (particularly route options) with the development plans


Page 35

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT existing or proposed for the area. If increased pressure for development is anticipated, the discussion should include an assessment of the type, location, and time frame in which the induced development is expected to occur. occur. The changes in existing land use as a result of the project must be described, and any conflicts between proposed future land use(s) and the project identified.

The most serious potential impact on terrestrial fauna from road projects, however, is the opening up of areas of precious ecology which roadways allow, and this is often encouraged by the states as a means of generating income (e.g logging).

-

6.10.3 Ecological -

Terrestrial Habitats

Development in Malaysia is occurring at a rate that few species can adapt to and, because of the interdependence between wildlife habitats, development in one locality may cause significant changes in the status of animals and plants over a wide area. In many cases there will be no effect but if a highway/road project is likely to produce such changes, as assessment should be made of the ecological impact. The EIA should include an authoritative opinion that the proposed project and selected route alternative is not likely to destroy any sensitive ecological areas nor jeopardise any threatened or endangered species.

The issue of tropical rainforest depletion has gained worldwide media attention because of its implications for a reduction in the worlds biodiversity. It is not only the plant species which are threatened by deforestation, but the wildlife (insects, reptiles, mammals and birds) for which the forest is their home (habitat). If a highway/road project will result in deforestation, then the impact of the removal of forest for road construction needs to be quantified (in terms of hectares cleared and important (threatened, endangered or rare) species removed. This will involve an expert in Terrestrial Flora (botanist) walking representative sections along the surveyed road route(s) in order to provide an authoritative statement on the impact of the highway/road project on terrestrial flora. -

-

Terrestrial Flora

Aquatic Habitats

Terrestrial Fauna

Malaysia is rich in terrestrial fauna, having some of the largest mammals (elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard), birds (hornbill, eagle) reptiles (crocodile, python), and insects (beetles, butterflies, stick insects an grasshoppers) in the world. Unfortunately, due to forest clearance, logging and hunting, many species of terrestrial fauna are becoming threatened with extinction. Road projects in themselves usually take only a relatively small area of habitat, but some wildlife may find a road-way a physical or psychological barrier to sources of food, water or trace elements (eg salt licks). Large mammals (such as elephants) may also pose a danger to motorists if they do cross a roadway.

Highways and roads generally impact aquatic habitats indirectly, through flow alteration as a result of drainage works, increased sediment as a result of earthworks or substances resulting from leaks or spills on the roadway. The effects are generally expressed in a reduction in aquatic fauna species and an increase in aquatic weeds. -

Aquatic Flora

The main impact of highway/road projects is the increase in aquatic flora due to sedimentation arising from earthworks. This effect will often be felt for a considerable time after earthworks are completed, due to sediment trapped within the waterway. waterway.


Page 36


Wetlands

Wetlands, like tropical rainforests, have gained considerable attention over recent years because of the rate of which they they are disappearing. Previously seen as areas of idle land, swamps (wetlands) were typically drained and converted into arable land at the expense of the fauna and flora which inhabited them. Wetlands are now recognised for what they are - unique ecosystems which often contain rare and endemic species of plants and animals. Wetlands are also important for temporary ponding and attenuation of flood peaks, and the drainage of wet-lands has often resulted in increased flooding (frequency and size) downstream. Highway/road projects which cross wetlands therefore need to address both the biodiversity and flooding issues in determining whether to allow a causeway to be constructed across the wetland, or whether to re-route or bridge the roadway. -

Mangroves

Mangrove forests are important as they both stabilise and trap fine sediment within estuaries and serve to protect coastal margins, but more importantly their trunks - roots provide a habitat for fish spawning. If a coastal highway were to take out a significant area of mangrove, it is not only the reduction in vegetation which needs to be evaluated but also the potential reduction in the fishing, with its consequential socio-economic effects.

6.10.4 -

Social

Landscape

The impacts of highway/road projects on the landscape fall into two categories, visual intrusion and visual obstruction.

Visual obstruction is the blocking of the view by the road structure, whether this be an earth embankment or a flyover. flyover. This is a reasonably objective effect which in principal can be demonstrated from particular view angles. For visual obstruction to be a relevant issue there must be a view, there must be observers, and some part of the n new ew scheme must appreciably cut off the view from the observers. Visual intrusion is more subjective and relies upon the opinion of the particular viewer as to whether the impact on the landscape is negative or positive, and its degree of significance. Traffic adds another dimension to the degree of visual intrusion, together with secondary impacts such as exhaust emissions. A major highway/road project can intrude on the landscape because it is large, but more important because it is man-made and can therefore be out of character with the rest of the landscape landscape by virtue of its alignment, materials, or lighting and/or on account of the traffic moving on it. The degree of visual intrusion of a road therefore depends upon the quality and type of landscape through which it runs, and assessment of visual impact is usually undertaken by qualified landscape architects.

-

Population and Communities

Land access for new, or widening existing highways or roads can directly displace individual households, thereby requiring compensation and/or resettlement. As set out in World Bank OD 4.30 and in Annex 111/2 of Appendix A2, the whole issue of displacement / resettlement has gained considerable prominence over the last 10 years. Lending agencies now place such importance on this issue that loans are unlikely to be approved approved unless it can be demonstrated that the resettlement resettlement issue can be resolved without significant adverse social impact. It is therefore imperative at the outset of a project that the facts be obtained as to the


Page 37


extent of land acquisition required, the number of people who might be displaced, and the procedures which will be adopted by the agencies responsible for the acquisition and compensation/resettlement process. Highway/road projects can therefore therefore have marked effects on population and communities. The ribbon effect where development occurs alongside roads is typical of how roads encourage settlement. Highways and roads can, however, result in destabilising existing communities, due to by-passing communities or cutting communities in two (community severance) Community severance is the separation of residents from facilities and services they use within their community, from friends and relations (and possibly also from place of work) as a result of changes in road patterns and traffic levels. The effect of community severance resulting from road routing are most widely felt during construction and in the first few years after construction.

-

Cultural Aspects

Many highways and roads projects incur delays due to the discovery of sites of cultural significance such as burial grounds, or other such sacred sites.

-

Community Services

Community services are usually enhanced as a result of highway/road projects, as they bring people closer (in travelling time) to facilities such as schools and hospitals.

-

Transportation Services

Transportation services are also usually significantly enhanced as a result of highway/road projects, with buses and taxis increasing in number.

-

Labour Labour Force Force

The potential social impact of putting a temporary labour force into a new community are often very significant. These range from adverse effects such as the spreading of disease, brawling and other anti-social behaviour thus affecting the "host" community, to beneficial effects such as improved local business servicing the labour force. -

Health and Safety

Adverse physical health impacts from highway/road projects are widely recognised to arise from vehicle emissions, but adverse psychological (mental health) impacts of highway/road projects are also potentially significant. Driver stress encompasses adverse mental and physiological effects experienced by a driver travelling a road network. Factors which contribute to driver stress include road layout, geometry, geometry, surface riding characteristics, junction frequency, vehicle speed and flow per lane. Driver stress includes both physical and emotional tension. Driver frustration is caused by a driver's inability to drive at a speed consistent with his own wishes in relation to the general standard of the road. Frustration increases as speed falls in relation to expectations and may be due to high flow levels, intersections, roadworks, or to difficulties in overtaking slower moving traffic. Fear can be induced in a driver by the presence of other vehicles, inadequate sight lines, the likelihood of pedestrians (especially children) stepping onto the road, inadequate lighting, narrow roads, roadworks and poorly maintained surfaces. Driver stress, just like tiredness, can cause accidents. Road safety involves not only drivers but passengers, cyclists and pedestrians. Good road design, incorporating median barriers and side guard rails, and provision for cyclists and pedestrians, can greatly reduce both driver stress and accidents.


Page 38

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT A particular aspect of of road safety which may need specific attention within the EIA is the the possibility of spills of hazardous substances which could endanger communities in the vicinity of the highway. For highways and roads which pass through, or close to, urban areas, a specific emergency response response plan (ERP) may need to be prepared. However, the onus for the preparation for such an ERP should be on the companies transporting transporting hazardous materials, not the highway/road project initiator.

summarised in the preceding chapter) are best described under the key project activities. Table 6.1 sets out the main highway/road project activities, together with the potentially significant environmental impacts arising from those activities and suggested mitigation measures.

6.11 6.1 1 MITIGA MITIGATIO TION N AND AND ABATEMENT MEASURES

6.11.1 General Various impacts will occur at the different stages of a project, and it is usual to split the project activities into the following three phases when discussing mitigation and abatement measures. -

pre-construction (including feasibility studies and design)

-

construction, and

-

post post const construc ructio tion n (inc (includ luding ing operat operation ion and maintenance)

For example, removal of vegetation and earthworks associted with construction activities may result in the destruction of rare or endangered species (animals or plants) and reduction in water quality due to sedimentation. A significant reduction in air quality, however, will probably only occur once the highway or road is operational. The practical measures measures which can be incorporated into the design and/or construction (via specifications in the contract documents) of the project to minimise or mitigate the potentially significant adverse impacts (identified through through the scoping and EIA EIA process and GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 39


S T N E M M O C E O D S T C A P M I L A U D I S E R S E R U S A E M N O I T A G I T I M

* I E S

e n o n -

g n i t t u c e s i m i n i m l a i r t s e r r e l t a i f r t o l s e a r v r o t e m d e n r a y r n ) s a o ( r i t t o a t a p l e i m g b e e a T v h -

e n o n -

s e t n n i a l t s s a i s r s a u o y b e a v l r l u a c s o l & y s r o l e p t t m u e c -

t c i l f n o c l a i c o S -

e n o n -

& h t l a e h

e t n s i a s a c a d e r o r e r e a l a a d d : e n l e e a r i , ( c a e e e l e b l b i n c i r l e y s l e t s s r o a . l t u p ) n o r e l l t i i n v e c e e v d w v r e a h e p t c a o e h r i h y s u w a w n a l a i r t s e r r e l a i t r t f s o e l a r r v e o t d m e n r a y n ) r s o ( a i t r t a o a p t e t i g b m e a e t v h

-

-

d n a g n i t n u h , s n o p a e w l g o r i n t n h s o c i f

s s m e a s e a t t s e i n s i k o d s r t r t e e i a s t l e i p n t i o s s t a a t 3 i r g f a w i p f o h d t e i i l c m t s i o u w n r u t u s m i p s i y m u r n i n u q m b o i c m e

-

- - - - -

) g n i e f h i l d c a l i o p w / o g t n i t t a n e h u r h ( t -

e n o n -

y t e f a s

N O I T Y C T U I V R T I S T N g C O i n t A C Y t u - E C E V e R R n i P U S L

d l e i F n i e l p o e P

) s ( s p m a C e s a B

, ) s k ) c s a d , r s t a p s i p l m s e a e h c c c ( r o a s f ( r e g s n l e t p i r i o c i a c l e h l e e C v h

0 . 1 . 1 1

2 . 1

3 . 1

4 . 1


Page 40



I E S

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

g n i t t u c e s i m i n i m -

s m a s e s e t s t i a n k e o s s i t r d i d e e a e l i t t p o 3 t s s s t n r a t i i i f f a w p o g d t h t a i i l c m e o u u s s t r m w i p n i i y s u r n n u i u c o m e q m b i - - - - -

e n s t s i a a a c d e r l o e r e r a a a d : d e n e l e i r a , ( c a e e e l e b l n r c b i i l e y s s l t e s o r a ) . l t u p n l o r l t i i e n v e c w e v d e v r e h r a i p e c e o e h r h y s n u w a w a -

l a i r t s e r r r e t l a i f r t o s l e a r r v e o t N m d O e n r a I y n T r A a o ) s i r t G t a ( I o a p t t i T m e g b S e e a E T v h V N I -

L N I O O I S T / Y C L T U A d l I R C e i I V T I S N F T e H h C N C t O A n i C - E T e l E p o R O E e P G P 0 . 1 . 2 2

e n o n -

t h g i l y 0 a 0 d 8 o t 1 o k t r 0 o w 0 6 t 0 c i r s r t s u o e r h -

y b d n n u o i b t a r r o e p o h c n g e n t r i l l i r r e d t e e t m a i l r o e s i p -

y t e f a s & h t l a e h -

l a i r t s s e r r l a e r t i t s f s o e l r a r v e t o d m n e r a ) y n r s o ( i a t r t a o a t p t e i g b m a e e t v h -

e c n a b r u t s i d e s i o n -

, t t n a e t i m n i o b a d s h e t c c s i , d i u t d u d a i l o u u f l r q f i c p a l g e u n t a l s & i l r i a y r d i d y w t l h a f o u t o q & t r e c u l e e a d s p t a ) e i s m w ( d i -

) s ( p m a C e s a B

, s r s e k t c p , a o r i s t c p s l e m s h a , c e c ) c r s a e ) o ( f t s g s d s i a n e i l g p r i c i n i l a l e l h e i l r h C e v d (

& s e l s o t i h p g g n n i i l g i r i g D d

2 . 2

3 . 2

4 . 2


Page 41



e n o n n o r i t o a t s n ) n e e s p m e y s m u o a p h o c h d s n a & a c ( n f o i o d n t a y l a a i t r o e g w h e y t n b o -

I E S

t e s s a d e c u d e r , e m o c n i f o s s o L -

N O N ) s I O e T I s Y C I T u o T U S h I R I & V I T ( S U T N Q d n C O C a A C A l e r i E D u N q R A c P L A 0 . 1 . 3 3

d n a l d a n i a c o s n s o t i e t c a s l r a p u e p v m i o p d a i c d n m e o o c n u w o d o c e l r f e -

n o f t o i a n o d o i s i m v o m r o p c , c t n a e e v i m t e l a t n t r e e s t l e r a -

s s e n s s e l e m o h s t n a p u c c O f o l a v o m e R 2 . 3


Page 42



I E S

e n o n -

g n i t n a l p d n a g n i p a c s d n a l -

t a t i b a h / n o i t a t e g e v f o l a v o m N e r O I T -

N A y P r O a U I r T C o p Y C C m U O e T I R Y T V f I T S R o T N A n o C O R i A C O t s c u g - P t r n i E M s d l R E n o i u P T C B 0 . 1 . 4 4

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

s r e s u r o m a f e r t w s o l f n i l a u & d i m s e r a e r e t s d i n v w o r o p d

h t i w r e v o c d n a e t s a w d i l y i o l s a y d l r u i o b s -

, s t e l i o t d e m t e a c t s i r y b s a f - k n e a r t p c e i t d p i e v s o r r p o -

g n i t t u c e s i m i n i m l a i r t s e r r l e t a i f r t o s l e a r r v e o t m d e n r a y ) r n s a o ( i r t t o a a p t t e i m g b e a T e v h -

-

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

r e h t a r s p s n a o r i s t / o e p g / a s c d e c i i c f i i t c s e e p s p n e a s u h t

e r r u o f c e s r s e o n t i e a t v n o o c m e e r r n u e c h e s t l e a l l s d i i f o v d p o i s a n r p d l

-

, l i s o l l i o p t s e d u i u d l f y t c i i l l a u u a q d r r y e t a h w d n a d e e c s u a d e e r r g

m a e r t s n w o d w o l f n i n o i t c u d e r -

s t a r , e s a e s i d -

e s a e s i d -

y l p p u S r e t a W

l a s o p s i D e t s a W d i l o S

l a s o p s i D e g a w e S

e c r o f k r o W

l o r t n o C t s e P

& g n i c i v e r e S c n a e n n t i e h n c a i a M M

2 . 4

3 . 4

4 . 4

5 . 4

6 . 4

7 . 4


e f i l d l i w g n i r e g n a d n e -

-

Page 43



I E S

e n o n r e t s a t u w d , l n o o t r i t n a o r c e p o o t f y o a r s s r s u e o h c t i e n s m a i l

l a i r t s e r r f e o t s d s n o a l t n n o e t n i a t a t a t e i m r g b e a p e v h -

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

g n i t r e v l u c e t a u q e d a e d i v o r p -

l o r t n o c , n o i t y a i r t l i e c p a o f f o e c s n r a u n o t e h n t i i a m i l m -

s k a e l d n a s l l i p s , e s i o n -

-

d e t e a r t e a g g n a e v d e n r e l , r a o m e r i n a s r a e r r d o i e s s v t o d n a c a e o r l p r -

g n i r a e l c e s i m i n i m -

t s u d , e c n a b r u t s i d e s i o n

, n o i t a t e g e v t a t f i o b l a a h v l o i a r m t e s r e t r r n e e t n a f o m s r s e o p l

, n o i t a t e g e v t a t i f b o a l h a l v a o i r t m s e r e r y e r r t a r f o o p s m s e l o t

-

-

-

a y n g u o l a f o r d y & a h r o e l c f a f c i r u t a s u f q o a n o n o i t t a c r e e f t l a f e -

n o i t a t e g e V f o l a v o m e R

s s e c c A g n i t c u r s t s d n a o o C R

y r a r o p m e T g n i t e c g u a r t n s i n r o a C D

) s r t e n z e o d m p l i u u q b , E s w g n a i s t n a i r a e p h c O (

2 . 5

3 . 5

4 . 5

5 . 5

N f O o I l T a Y C G v o T U N m I R I e V R I T S P P T N I & C R n s o e A O T i r C i - S t l u t o E E c m u R T e r t P I S D S 0 . 1 . 5 5


Page 44

EIA REPORT REPORT FORMAT FORMAT ELEMENT S T N E M M O C E O D S T C A P M I L A U D I S E R

e n o n -

d e i f i d o m f o t c a p e m p i a l s c a d u s n i a v l -

m a e r t s n w o d n o i t a d a r g g a -

e g r a l d h t n d u i o w r a g d n i a t o t r u l c u e a s h i m t r s i e e n v i e i r m d t - -

e s u o t t s u d o t d e s o p x e s r s e k r k s o a w m -

, g , i n d i c f e t r s s u o l a t p p ( x , t e n g r h e i n e s e t v m n a n o a m l , ( r d y e p , n r p g u a n o r i r & ) n g o p ) d e i o n m g s e t e e i n o c p t e r t , t t d m l a y o a i r o d s m h p -

n o i t a t e g e v f o l t a a i v t o b a m h e l r i a r y r t a s e r o r r p t e m e t & -

n o i s o r e , y t i l a u q n r i o i a t a d t e n c e u m d i e d r e , s t s d u n d a -

N O I T t n , Y C r U S e s T e ) I R K m g p g s V T R i r i I e S O u q d T N p , E s a C O W r r g e c A C H i n z s o s , - T t a l d k E R r l e u c R A p u P E O b r ( t

s d a o R l u a H g n i t c u r t s n o C

) e g d i n u t l c s a n l i y b r a o m \ ( & g g n n i t l t i i u l r C d

0 . 1 . 6 6

2 . 6

3 . 6

S E R U S A E M N O I T A G I T I M

I E S

e n o n -

e r e n h o i t w a t r e n p e o m f i o p u s r q u e l e o n b h i a i t t s i n s o m o i l c p - r e t a w & g a n n i t u c f a e f c f i e a t a c s , u n k q a a a b r e d u l t s d n a i d n a t y e l s i l r a s l i a o o i u l p n s q f - -


s e p o l s l l i f g n r i o h c t n u e c f b e o r t o h f g e i e b h m t i 6 m t o i l -

h c n e b h c a e n o n i a r d a e c a l p -

e r a s l i o s f i e l g n a e p o l s e c u k d a e e w r -

Page 45

e n o n -

d e i f i d o m f o t c a p e p m i a l c s a u d n s i a v l -

m a e r t s n w o d n o i t a d a r g g a e r o f e b e g a n i a r d l l a t s n i & h g c n n l i l e i b f -

h s a w l e e e t h i w a r n p i o r t p u p p a , k s c u a s r t e i t r i l e i v c o a c f

3 . 6 r e f e r

-

-

g n i t c e f f a k c o r r o y l t i e o f s a s e s o & o h l , t l t s a u e d h -

n o i s o r e , y t i l a u q n r o i t a i a t d n e e c u i m d d e r s , e t s d n u d a -

e r u l i a f e p o l s -

e n o n -

l a i r e t a m l i f t c a p m o c -

s r u o h g n i k r o w t i m i l -

g n i l i p e r e h w e c n a b r u d t e s l i d v o e v s i n i o s n i -

k c o R & l i o S g n i t r o p s n a r T

g n i l i F

n o i t n e t e R d n u o r s G e r g u n t i c d l i u r u t B S

4 . 6

5 . 6

6 . 6

Page 46


I E S

e n o n l o r t n o c , n o i t y a t i r l i e c p a o f f o e c s r n a u o n e h t n t i i m a i l m -

s k a e l d n a s l l i p s , e s i o n -

N O I S T K t Y C R n T U O e I m p V R T W i I u T S E q G E C N O A g A C n N i t - I a E r e R A p P R D O 0 . 1 . 7 7

e n o n -

e z i s d n a s l e l y n e n t a a h c u q e e d n i l a -

S T N E M M O C E O D S T C A P M I L A U D I S E R

e n o n -

f i s w o l f l a u d i s e y r r a e s d s i v e c o r n e p

f i s k n a b d o o l f e d i v o r p

-

-

y r a s s e c e n


e n o n -

n o i t a r e p o f o s r u o h t i m i l -

r e t a w n i n o i t c u d e r & n y o t i l s i a o r e u q

s m a e r t s f o g n i r e t a w e d

g n i d o o l f s m a e r t s n w o d

I E S

-

-

-

S N T O R I E T V t ) C Y L n s T U U e r I m o R C p t V i T I S u a T N & q v a c C O S E x g A C E i e n , - G t g a n D r E I i e l i R R p p P B O (

r e t a W e c a f r u S g n i t r e v i D

n o i t a r r e t l A w o l F

2 . 7

3 . 7

e c n a b r u t s i d e s i o n

0 . 1 . 8 8

e n o n -

e r e h w t n e m p i u q e e n l i b a i t s n s o o c p -

o n e r u s n e o s t t s e c e r u f f t c e u e r s t s r e e v z d i s a -

a r r o l e t a F w & g a n n i t u c f e a f c f i t a a , s u k q a a e d l n d a n a y i s t l l l a i p s u q -

s e r u t c u r t s f o m a e r t s p u g n i d o o l f -

s m a e r t s n w o d n o i t a d a r g g a -

r e t a W e c a f r u S y g g l o n i o r r e d t l y A H 2 . 8

Page 47


I E S

e n o n -

l o r t n o c c i f f a r t -

s k c u r t h t i w n o i s i l l o c -

N O I N e T O t a g Y C I e T U r T I R A g g V M A I T S T R g n C N O i t O F A C r - D o p E A s n R O a r P R T 0 . 1 . 9 9

S T N E M M O C E O D S T C A P M I L A U D I S E R

e n o n -

s k c u r t r e v o c -

y b s n e e r c s d n e i w t n a g e e r k o g r g b a -

s d a o r p e e w s -

n o i t a r e p o f o s r u o h t i m i l -

s n o i t a r b i v d n a e s i o n -

y r a s s e c e n s a e c a f r u s r e t a w -

y t i l a u q r i a d e c u d e r , t s u d -

g n i t c a p m o C d e n t a a g g n e r i y g g a L A 2 . 9


I E S

e n o n -

n e m u t i b g n i y r d t s a f e s u

e e c t r i s u o t s a o l i t f l a d i n r l a e t a e r m c u s e s s e c e x d i e v n r o r u p t e r r o

-

-

l i o o t e u d y t i l a u q r e t a t w n e d e m c u e c d e r r o -

N O I T Y C T U ) t I R n d V e T I S G m i g r T N N e i v r C O I a o A C C P e l A b g E F i n i x R e y f R U a l P S L ( 0 . 1 . 0 0 1 1

Page 48


I E S

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

e n o n -

e s v o a e , r e m o t a t e a r n i i e r r r n p o a / o o b i r & e t a p p h t d a a s t o f i m i l o e g s e m l m v o e e t c d e r s c , o e a h e s t t i , i r l w s e o r v o e n h h m o o c r c s t o f

h t i d n a w l i s o p s m f u d o h s m u i b m i b n t e u i r a l m t l a m e g r m e e v v 0 o 0 c 3 e r

-

-

e t i s m o r f t n e m p i u q e l l a e v o m e r -

e t a t e g e v e r , y r a s s e c e n f i e d a r g e r -

e t a t e g e v e r -

, n o i t a t n e m i d e s s & i c t n e o h i t s s o e r e a -

n o i t a t n e m i d e s s & i c t n e o h i t s s o e r e a -

s c i t e h t s e a -

s c i t e h t s e a , h t l a e h -

l i o p s s u l p r u s / e l b a s t i u p s n m u U d 2 . 1 1

) s ( e t i S p m a C 3 . 1 1

p m u D h s i b b u R 4 . 1 1

N O I T Y C T T U N I R E V I T s S M a T N N e C O O r A C D A w o E N A r R B r o P A B 0 . 1 . 1 1 1 1

e n o n e t i s m o r f s e t s a w d i u q i l l l a e v o m e r -

s c i t e h t s e a , y t e f a s -

y t i l a u q r e t a w n i n o i t c u d e r -

t n e m p i u q E 5 . 1 1

s e t s a W d i u q i L 6 . 1 1 Page 49


I E S

e n o n s e p o l s l l i f d n a t u c , s e d i s d a o r t n a l p -

y t i l i b o m d e c u d e r s e s s a p r e v o / s e s s a p r e d n u e d i v o r p

e n o n t x e t n o c e p a c s d n a l n i e b o t n g i s e d

o n e r u s n e o s t t s c e e r f u f t e c u e r s t r s e e v z d i s a

-

-

-

s t m e o l i r o f t s e d t n s a a s w n o t i a t e a r t t s l r o o / t r & e n p , i s a t p n o o h c s -

s c i t e h t s e a -

s e r u t c u r t s f o m a e r t s p u g n i d o o l f -

g n i s i r a y t i l a u q r e t s a e g w r a n h i c n s o i i t d c u m d o e r r f -

e c n a r e e f i l v e l i s d y t s i w o c i n t u t r e e m i h t r s m r e o a a c b - - -

N O s I n T g i C Y E S , U T S s r R I N e T V E i r r s S I S a N T E B g n i O C R , y k A P a C r D w a T M A d S O a O o d n P R R a 0 . 1 . 2 2 1 1

s t r e v l u C d n a s e g d i r B 2 . 2 1

e n o n -

l o r t e p , s p o ) s h s t e l ( i o s t e , i t s i n n o e i m t a A t s 3 . 2 1

d n a y t e i r s , r a s e r e i v d i c e d e n o i p b e s t a d i n e r e r n h t e o i g f t n c o a u s d d s n e o l e r s e i r r a b f o n o i s i v o r p y b s e c c a t i m i l ) t y c l a l p a c m i i g o e l s r o e c v e d o a t n ( i s t n a e e r m a h e c v a t o i i r s c n n e e s -

y r t s e r o f c t o i m e o u n o d e t c n r e e u t l d m u e p c c o i r n l g a e h v a e n r e d o

t n e o m t l e e t t u d e s s e t r i f f e n o n e o b i l s i s a i v a c o e r r o p a s

-

-

n g o n i i t d i c v n u o j r p d y a o b r s d s n e a c c s a a e e r g a a f r f u s o t o l n c l i n u e p o p t n e m p o l e v e d ) r t o f c a d p n m a i l l p a u i c i g n f e i n n e e b p o ( -

s e i t i v i t c a l a i t n e u q e s n o C 4 . 2 1

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I E S

d e c u d e r , y t i l i b o m e d m e t s i l a e r e v c a r n t i -

l a i c i f e n e b l e v a r t d e c u d e r , y t i l i b o m d e s a e r e c m n i i t -

N O I T C Y U T R I T V E S I G N T A S O C U A C D s s T A e S c O c O P R A 0 . 1 . 3 3 1 1

s , e s e c n l n l i a l b a r c u i t g s l i o d i o e s s i y o n h p e s i o n t c u r t s n o c r o g n i d a o r s e r t e u i o r r r a e r b -

e v i s s e c x e o t e u d e c n a b r u e s t s i i d o n ) d a o r & s e l c i h e v ( e s i o N 2 . 3 1

s e c n r e i a d i c d n s n i s a e d n l y e t i s i l i a y b r r t a e o i c v i a n i r d , p e y s t c i e u l r a d e r u q f o -

o t e u d s s e n l l i , y t i l a u s q t r n i a a n i d e m c a u t n d o e r c -

s n o i s s i m E 3 . 3 1

e n o n -

e n o n -

s n g i s r a e l c e d i v o r p

e c n a t s i s e r d i k s d o o g e r u s n e

) P R E h ( g u l n r o a a l s c p h i t a t e c e s r a s e a r o p n o g d p d e a s t f a a e l o r r o u n y o c h e p o i t n t p a e y r l g e i a r r v p e h e a e r m e p e w h

-

-

e g r a l r o f s s a p r e d n s u l a e d m i v o m a r p m -

-

e f i l n a m u h o t r e g n a d

e f i l d l i w & n a m u h o t r e g n a d

-

-

s t n e d i c c A 4 . 3 1

s k a e L d n a s l l i p S 5 . 3 1

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e n o n -

e n o n -

r e t a s w p / l i o m u s e c e a a g l p i n y a r r a d s s i n e c n e o n i t a e r r a e p h w e s

) P R E h ( g u l n r o a a l s c h i p t a t e c e s r a s e a r o p n o g d p d e a s t f a a l o e r r o u n y e p o c o i t n h t p a e y r g e l a r e r i v p e e h a r m e p e w h -

-

I E S

d n a e f i l d , l i s y t i w e r l a s m u u q a e r r r e e t t t a a s n w i w g n i i n m a r n e e r o t i g s t n c n a w u d d n d o e r e -

N O I ) T h s C Y u l U T F f f R I F f o t s n T V r u f i S I O R N T N y r l r e O C U t a A R a l C u c D w i T t A m r S r o a O t O p P R S ( 0 . 1 . 4 4 1 1

e f i l d l i w & n a m u h o t r e g n a d s n i a r D r e t a w m r o t S o t n I s l l i p S 2 . 4 1


I E S

t n e m y o l p m e d e s a e r c n i t n e m y o l p m e s e d i v o r p , l a i c i f e n e b -

e v i s n e t n i r u o b a l

L n O i N t t R O u I T C T l N C Y O a c U T C i n a R I N h T V S I O c e N T I M T O C A A T & C l E a T S G u n O E a P V M 0 . 1 . 5 5 1 1

m o r f y t i l a u q r e t a s w e u d d i e s s e a r e r c i c x e t o d e n i f d n a m a l c o t t i m i l , e s s u n o l i o t i r t d n n o c o c o t t a e r h t , y t i l a u q r e t a w d e e f i c l u d l d i e r w -

s e d i c i b r e H f o e s U 2 . 5 1

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I E S

e n o n -

t n e m y o l p m e d e s a e r c n i -

k a e p f f o k r o w , l o r t n o c c s i r f f u a o r t h

t n e m y o l p m e s e d i v o r p , l a i c i f e n e b

-

-

s s e r t s r e v i r , c i f f a r t o t s y a l e d -

N O I s T e r C u l i U Y E a T R I C F T V S I N e p o N T A l N O C E S A T f C o r N i T I p S A a O e P M R 0 . 1 . 6 6 1 1

t n e m e r i u q e r r u o b a l -

e c n a n e t n i a M l a r e n e G 2 . 6 1


e n o n -

e n o n -

l o r t n o c c i f f a r t e d i v o r p

k a e p f f o k r o w , l o r t n o c c s i r f f u a o r t h

-

-

y t e f a s

s s e r t s r e v i r d , c i f f a r t o t s y a l e d

I E S

N O I T C t U Y n T G e R I N T V I S I C m e v N T A a O C F P A R g C n U h i T S S - c E t O a P R P 0 . 1 . 7 7 1 1

f o s h t g n e L r o j a M t g n n e i y a m l - e v e a R P 2 . 7 1


g n i v i l f o d r a d n a t s d e c u d e r -

d r a d n a t s g n i v i l d e v o r p m i d n a y t e f a s d e v o r p m i , y l a i t i c l i a f u e q n r e i b a

h t i w e c n a t s i s s a , n o i t a n s o n i t e a p c o m o l e c r -

-

I E S

s s e n i s u b f o s s o l n N e O m I n g T i l C a T e U Y T N R R I E o T V S I M T N T N e u O C O D A C D s s N a T S A p B y O P A B 0 . 1 . 8 8 1 1

c i f f a r t d e c u d e r -

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6.12 RESIDUAL RESIDUAL IMPACTS IMPACTS

6.15 REFERENCES

Potentially significant environmental impacts which remain after mitigating measures have been applied are termed residual impacts. These residual impacts need to be clearly stated so that the project proponent is made fully aware of the long term effects of the project when making the decision on whether or not to proceed with the project.

Scientific and technical publications used or quoted in the EIA report should be listed.

For highway/road projects, typical residual impacts are set out in Table 6.1

6.13 6.13 SUMM SUMMAR ARY Y AN AND D CONCLUSIONS The assessor should draw appropriate conclusions in each section of the EIA report. It is useful however, to have the conclusions summarised in a series of brief statements referring to relevant sections of the reports, together with a summary of the key issues associated with the highway/road project.

6.14 6.14 DAT DATA SOUR SOURCE CES S& CONSULTATIONS The individuals or agencies consulted and the environmental data collected during the EIA should be quoted to support conclusions in each section of the EIA Report and should should be fully documented in this section. Documentation of consultations with specialists should include the persons names and the organisations they represent, the form of the communication and the data. Written opinions received from specialists should be appended. The form, extent and results of any public participation during th thee EIA process should should be reported in full.


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7.0 MONITORING 7.1

General

As set out in Sections 1 & 2, an EIA is a planning tool, designed to ensure that full consideration is given to its potential effects so that wherever possible these can be mitigated by careful design, construction and operation. To ensure a highway/road project achieves its environmental objectives, it must be monitored during construction and once it is fully operational. Whereas mitigation measures focus on project activities (primarily so that there can be incorporated into contract documentation packages), monitoring focuses on the key environmental components.

7.2 7.2

Phys Physic ical al Envi Enviro ronm nmen entt

7.2.1 Noise Noise & Vibrations Vibrations Construction noise and vibrations will rise from heavy machinery (bulldozers, trucks, piling rigs and scrapes) whereas operational noise and vibrations will arise from normal traffic traffic (trucks, cars & motorbikes). Ambient noise levels should be recorded at specific loca-tions such as residential boundaries, and many precision grade sound level recorders are now available (eg Kjaer type 2203). All sound level records must be calibrated to ensure ensure that noise levels recorded are demonstrably reliable. Cabrication units are readily available (eg Bruel & Kjaer electronic calibration model 4230). Vibrations are normally recorded as vertical velocities or acceleration using using compact seismographs (eg NOMIS). Standard ISO 2631

(1980) covers all effects on people or periodic or transient vibrations whereas ground level recordings of vibration vibration will normally suffice, some structures (eg houses) can amplify the ground acceleration and in such cases the recorders should be set up in adjacent buildings.

7.2.2 7.2 .2 Air Qualit Quality y During construction the main containment is dust. (particulates), and as with noise particulates should be monitored at a specific location such as an urban boundary. Dust or particulates are defined as deposited particulates, suspended particulates an visibility reducing particulates. Each of these definitions is defined by their size, and the specific atmospheric monitoring method used for their measurement. Of most concern to DOE are deposited particulates which, because of their aerodynamic diameter and density, fall from the air. In general terms deposited particulates has a diameter greater than 10-20 /,m, and can be monitored using a deposit gauge consisting of an open cylinder with an internal diameter of 200mm and a depth of 400 mm, as described by ISO/DIS 4222.2. Once a road is operational, the main air quality indicators are total suspended particulates (TSP) and visibility reducing particulates arising from diesel powered vehicles, N02, CO and lead. Suspended particulate matter (TSP) requires high volume samples, as described by AS 2724.3. Monitoring Monitoring of TSP should be undertaken over a period of at least a year, year, for the data to be meaningful.


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MONITORING N02, CO and Pb can be monitored at road or urban boundaries using portable gas analyses (eg Monitor Lab 8441 contains NOx analyzer and Data Logger, Logger, Monitor Labs 8830 CO analyzer) and compound sampling techniques. As with TSP, TSP, long term monitoring is recommended for meaningful results.

encouraged during biological monitoring. To monitor the larger scale scale effects of encroachment, comparative air photo interpretation or satellite image evaluation can be useful monitoring tools.

7.4

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

7.2.3 7.2 .3 Water ater Quality Quality The main water quality indicators are suspended solids solids (SS), (SS), oil and grease, grease, and and solid waste (litter). Suspended solids should be monitored both upstream and downstream of the highway/road activities, taking note of the river stage (low flow, flood, etc) and the weather conditions.

Follow up surveys of community groups which the EIA predicted could possibly possibly be affected affected should be undertaken every 5 years. Information on the health and safety of the communities is available through annual health statistics, and information on population and community location is available through census data (every 10 years).

If excessive litter is entering a waterway as a result of illegal dumping alongside the roadway, BOD levels may also need to be recorded.

A complaints register should be maintained maintained at the local JKR offices, and all complaints should be followed up by staff of the environmental unit.

If no oil sheen is visible on the water, then it is likely that the oil concentration is less than 10 ppm. With all the above water quality indicators, qualitative assessments may prove adequate for monitoring_ purposes, with quantitative measurements only necessary for compliance purposes. Biological monitoring may also be an alternative to physico-chemical monitoring if it is the in-stream values which are the main perquisites for a high level of water quality.

7.3 7.3

BIOLO IOLOG GICAL ICAL ENV NVIR IRO ONM NMEN ENT T

Monitoring of the biological environment will be mostly restricted to sensitive areas such as mangrove forests, wetlands and forest areas containing rare or endangered species of flora flora & fauna. Liaison with interested groups such as DOE and reputable NGOs (eg WWF & Malaysian Nature Society), Society), should be GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

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REFERENCES

8.0 SELECTED REFERENCES PERT PER TAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF MALAYSIA MALAYSIA A. Salam Abdullah. 1990. Poisonous Plants in Malaysia. Abdul Rahim Nik. 1985. Watershed Watershed Management in Malaysia: A Perspective. Wallaceana Wallaceana December 1985. Amin JM, Ibrahim I, Taib Taib K.A (1993). Some Erosion Characteristics of Residual Residual Soil Slopes in Malaysia Int. Cont. on Environment Management Geo-water and Engineering Aspects, Wollongong. Anon 1974. A Blueprint for Conservation in Peninsular Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nat. J. 27:1-16. Anon 1987. Malaysian Wetland Directory. Directory. Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Kuala Lumpur. 316 pp. Appanah, S. & Weinland, G. 1993. Planting Quality Timber Trees in Peninsular MalaysiaA Review. Argent, G. G. & Lamb, A. & Phillipps, A & Collenette, S. 1988. Rhodedendrons of Sabah. Asian Development Bank, 1990. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects, Office of the Environment. Asian Development Bank. 1991. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Agricultural and Natural Resources Development Projects. Office of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, Manila. Asian Development Bank. 1986. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects. Infrastructure Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila. Aw, P.C. (1990). The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Suncyai Aring Area, Kelantan Darul Naim, District Memoir 21. Azmy Hj. Moliamed. 1992. Potensi Rehung Buluh. Barlow Barlow, H.S. 1982. 1982. An Introductio Introduction n to the Moths Moths of South South East Asia. Basu, K.S. 1992. Rattans (Canes) in India - A Monographic Revision. Beccari, O. 1991. Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo. Bennet Bennett, t, E.L & Goin Goinber berk, k, F. 1993 1993..

Prohos Prohoscis cis Monkey Monkeyss of of Born Borneo. eo.

Berry P.Y. 1975, 'The Amphibian Fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur. 130 pp.


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REFERENCES Boulenger Boulenger G.A. G.A. 1912. A Vertebrate ertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsul Peninsular ar.. Taylor and Francis, Francis, London. London. 204 pp. Brifettt, C & Sutari Supari. 1993. The Birds of Singapore. Briffett, C. 1992.A 1992. A Guide to the Common Common Birds of Singapore. Briggs, J. 1991. Parks of Malaysia. Briggs, Briggs, J. 1988. 1988. Mountains Mountains of of Malaysia: Malaysia: A Practical Practical Guide Guide and Manual. Manual. Bugliarrelo, G., G., Alexander, A., Barnes, J., Wakstein, C. (1978). The Impact of Noise Pollution: A Socio-Technological Socio-Technological Introduction. Pergamon Press Inc., New York. York. Burgess Burgess P. 1969. 1969. Ecological Ecological Factors Factors in Hill Hill and Mountain Mountain Fores Forests ts of the the State State of of Malaya. Malaya. Malay. Nat. J. 22: 119 - 128. Chai, P. P. 1993. Borneo Alive - Exploring Sarawak's Rainforest. Chin, H.F. & I.C. Enoch. 1988. Malaysian Trees in Colour. Chin, H.F. & Yong H.S. 1988. Malaysian Fruits in Colour. Chin, H.F. 1977. Malaysian Flowers in Colour. Choo-Goh, G.T G.T., ., Hails, C.J., Harrison, B & Y.C Y.C Wee. 1990. A Guide to the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. Chou, Chou, L.M. L.M. 1990. 1990.

A Guide Guide to the Cora Corall Reef Reef Life Life of of Singa Singapor pore. e.

Chou, Chou, L.M. L.M. 1992. 1992. A Guide Guide to the Dange Dangerou rouss Marine Marine Animal Animalss of Singap Singapore ore.. Chou, L.M., Portirio 111.A. 1992. An Underwater Guide to the South China Sea. Corbet A.S and Pendlebury H.M. 1978. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsular. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 578 pp. Corbet, A.S & Pendlebury, H.M revised by Eliot, J. N. 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Corner, E.J.H. 1992. Botanical Monkeys. Corner, E.J.H. 1988. Wayside Trees of Malaya. Corner, E.J.H. 1992. Botanical Monkeys. Cramphom J. 1983. Sungai Trengganu Fish Survey, 1980. Malayan Naturalist. 36(4): 1620. Dansfield, Dansfield, S. 1992. 1992. Bamboos Bamboos of Sabah. Dansfield Dansfield J. 1979. 1979. A Manual Manual of the Rattans Rattans of the Malay Peninsu Peninsular lar Malayan Malayan Forest Forest Records. Records. 29: 270 pp.


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REFERENCES Davison, G.W.H. 1992. Birds of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Dansfield, S. 1992. Bamboos of Sabah. Davison, G.W G.W.H. .H. 1988. Endau-Rompin: A Malaysian Heritage. Davison, G.W G.W.H., .H., Phillipps, K., Alias, K. 1989. Pengenalan Burung-Burung Malaysia. Department of Environment. 1989. A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Assessment Guidelines. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Lumpur. Department of Environment. 1990. Environmental Quality Report. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknoloji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Department of Environment, 1989. A Guide to the Preparation of Terms of Reference for Highway/Road Projects, (First Edition) EIA Unit, DOE, October October 1989. Department of Environment. 1992. Peta Punca-punca Pencemaran Air, 1992. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji Teknolcji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Department of Environment. 1992. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Procedure and Requirements in Malaysia. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Department of Environment. 1989. Environmental Quality Report. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknoloji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Design Dimension Sdn Bhd. 1989. Waterfalls of Malaysia.

Design Dimension Sdn Bhd 1992. Malaysia Agricultural Park: A Gift to Humanity. Design Dimension Sdn Bhd. 1992. Rivers of Malaysia. Feasibility Study of Supporting Road System for the East-West Highway Final Report (1981), Volume 1 & 2, Malaysia International Consultants Sdn Bhd. Fleming, W.A. 1989. Butterflies of West Malaysia. Foo, T.S. T.S. 1990. A Guide to Wild flowers of Singapore. Frahm et al., 1990. Mosses & Liverworts of Mount Kinabalu. Francis, C.M. 1984. Pocket Guide to the Birds of Borneo. Friends of Penang Hill, Jutaprint. 1991. Penang Hill. Frim, 1991. Manual of Forest Fruits and Seedings. Glenister A. G. 1971. The Birds of the Malay Peninsular Oxford University Press, London. 291 pp.


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REFERENCES Gopalakrishnakone, P P.. 1990. A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals. Gremli, M.S., & Newman, H. 1993. Marine Life in the South China Sea. Gumit Singh, Singh, K.S. K.S. 1991. Where's Where's the greening?. greening?. Hails, C & Jarvis, F. F. 1987. Birds of Singapore. Hajek, J.J (1977) Leq Traffic Noise Prediction Method. In Environment and Conservation Concerns in Transportation: Energy, Noise and Air Quality. Quality. Transportation Research Record 648, TRB, pp.48 - 53. Hans Urich Bernard. 1991. Insight Guide: South East Asia Wildlife. Harrison J.L. 1969. The abundance abundance and Population Density of Mammals in Malayan Lowland Lowland Forests. Malay. Nat. J. 22: 174 - 178. Henderson M. R. 1974 Malayan Wild Flower - Dicotyledon. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 478 pp. Hj. Kamaruddin, K. 1992. Hutan Hujan Tropika Semenanjung Malaysia. Ho, S.L. 1992. Coral Reefs of Malaysia. Holloway, J.D. 1976. Moths of Borneo: with special reference to Mount Kinabalu. Holloway, J.D. 1986. Malayan Nature Journal. The Moths of Borneo, Part 1: Key to Families; Families Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Ratardidae, Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropidae and Limacodidae. Holloway, J.D. 1988. The Moths of Borneo, Part 6: Family: Arctiidae: Subfamilies Syntominae, Euchromiinae, Arctiinae; Noctuidae misplaced in Arctiidae (Camptoloma, Aganainae) Holttum, R.E, & I. Enoch. 1990. Gardening in the Tropics. Holloway, J.D. 1985. Malayan Nature Journal. The Moths of Borneo, Part 14: Family Noctuidae: Subfamilies Euteliinae, Stictopterinae, Plusiinae, Pantheinae. Holloway, J.D. 1989. Malayan Nature Journal. The Moths of Borneo, Part 12: Family Noctuidae, Trifine Subfamilies: Heliothinae, Hadeninae, Acronictinae, Amphipyrinae, Agaristinae. Agaristinae. Holloway, J.D. 1987. The Moths of Borneo, Part 3: Superfamily Bombycoidea: Families lasiocampidae, Eupterotidae, Bombycidae, Brahmaeidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae. Holloway, J.D. 1983. Malayan Nature Journal. The Moths of Borneo, Part 4: Family Notodontidae. Holttum R.E. 1964. Orchids of Malaya. Government Printing Office, Singapore. 759 pp. Hong, L.T. et al. 1990. Proceedings of the International Rubberwood Seminar. Inger, R., & R Stuebing. 1989. The Frogs of Sabah. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

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REFERENCES Inger, R. 1990. The Amphibia of Borneo. Inger, R., & P.K. Chin. 1990. The Freshwater Fishes of North Borneo. Institut Pengajian Tinggi. 1986. Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Malaysia. Institut Pengajian Tinggi, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Lumpur. Jacobson, S.K. 1986. Kinabalu Park. Kalyuzhnyi, D.N., Kostovetskil, K ostovetskil, Y. Y. Davydov, S.A. & Akselrod, M.B. (1960). Effectiveness of sanitary clearance zones between industrial enterprises and residential quarters. In Survey of USSR literature on air pollution and related occupational diseases, Washington. pp 179 - 183. Kamaruddin, M.S. 1991. Rafflesia: Magnificent Flower of Sabah. Kayastha, S.L. & Kumar, V.K. (1980). Noise as a factor in environment pollution of Kanpur city. Philippines Geog. Journal. 24(3), pp. 127 - 142. Khoo, K. C. et al., Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia. Kiew B.H. 1984. Conservation Status of the Malaysian amphibians: Malayan Naturalist 37 (4): 6 10. Kiew, R. 1987. Malayan Nature Journal. The Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition: Endau-Rompin 1985-1986. Kiew R. 1989. Conservation Status of Palms in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Naturalists 43 (1&2): 3 - 15. Kiew B.H. 1984. 1984. Conservati Conservation on Status Status of Turtles Turtles,, Terrap Terrapins ins and Tortoi Tortoises. ses. (2): 2 - 3.

Malayan Malayan Naturalist Naturalist 38

Kiew, R. & Kay Lyons. 1992. Malayan Naturalist. Annotated Bibliography - Malayan nature Journal 1940 - 1990. Kiew B.H. and G Davison 1982. Conservation Status of of the Malaysian Malaysian fauna: I Birds. Malayan Naturalist 36 (2): 2 - 34. Kiew R. & G Davison. 1989. Relation between wild palms and other plants and animal. Malayan Naturalists 43 (1&2): 37 - 42. Kiew, R. 1991. The State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia. Kiew B.H. 1982. Conservation Status of the Malaysian Fauna: I Mammalia. Malayan Naturalist 35 (3): 3 - 19. King B. et al. A Field Guide Guide to Birds of South-E South-East ast Asia, Colin Colin London. London. 480 pp. King, B.F., B.F., Dickinson, E.C. E.C. 1987. A Field Guide to the the Birds of South-East Asia. Koh, Joseph K.H. 1989. A Guide to Common Singapore Spiders. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

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REFERENCES Koh, P.T., P.T., K. Hsuan & Avadhani Avadhani,, P.N. P.N. 1990. A Guide to t o Common Vegetabl Vegetables. es. Kottelat Kottelat Maurice, Maurice, Ng Peter K.L. and Lim Kelvin K.P. K.P. 1992. 1992. A note on recent recent collections collections of freshwater fish from Terengganu and Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Naturalists 46 (2): 7 12. Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Lampe, R.E. 1985. Malayan Saturniidae from the Cameron and Genting Highlands: Highlands: A Guide for Collectors. Lamure, C. (1975). Noise Emitted by Road traffic. In Road Traffic Noise (Eds. Alexander, A., Barde, J.P., J.P., Lamure, C., Langdon, F.J.) F.J.) Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London. pp 85 - 129. Lau, D., Penans - The Vanishing Nomads of Borneo Lim, R.P., & S.W. Lee. 1992. Hill Development - Proceedings of the Seminar. Lim, Francis L.L & Lee, Monthly T.M. T.M. 1989. Fascinating Snakes of South East Asia - An Introduction. Lim Boo Liat. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia. Lim, K.S. 1992. Vanishing Vanishing Birds of Singapore. Lim B.L. 1979 Poisonous Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 61 pp Lim, M.T. 1989. Malayan Naturalist. Conservation and Utilisation of Malaysian Palms. Lim Kelvin K.P. K.P. 1992. A Guide to the Amphibians & Reptiles of Singapore. Lim, K.S.. 1991. Pocket Checklist of the Birds of Singapore. Lim C.K & Barlow H.S, 1988. Frank Swettenham & George Giles Watercolours & Sketches of Malaya 1880-1894. Lim B. L. 1981. Ular-Ular Bisa di Semenanjung Malaysia. Locke, A. 1993. Tigers of Terengganu. MacDonald, S (1967). Geology and Mineral Resources of North Kelantan and North Trengganu, District Memoir Geology Survey West West Malaysia 10. Macmillian, H.F. H.F. rev H.S Barlow, 1. Enoch & R.A Russell. 1991. Tropical Tropical Planting and Gardening Madoc, G.E. G.E. 1985. Burung-Burung di Semenanjung Malaysia. Madoc, G.E. G.E. 1992. An Introduction to Malayan Birds.


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REFERENCES Madoc G.E. G.E. 1956. An Introduction to Malayan Birds. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 234 pp. Malayan Nature Society, Penang Branch. Nature Trails of Penang Island. Marsh C.W. C.W. and Wilson W.L. W.L. 1981. A survey of primates in Peninsular Malaysian forest. University Kebangsaan Malaysia. 107 pp. McClure McClure H.E. 1969. 1969. Estimation Estimationss of birds birds population population density density in primary primary forest forest of Malaya. Malaya. Malaya. Nat. J. 2: 179 - 183. MDC Sdn Bhd. 1986. Malaysia, Environmental Quality Act and regulations. MDC Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. Medway, Lord. 1983. The Wild Mammals of Malaya (P. M'sia) and Singapore. Meredi Meredith, th, M. et et al. 1992. 1992.

Giant Giant Caves Caves of of Borne Borneo. o.

Milton O. 1963. Field notes on wildlife conservation in Malaya American committee for International Wild Life Protection Special Publ. 11: 18 pp. Mohamad, A. 1991. Pokok-Pokok Untuk Tanaman Bandar. Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan. 1985. Tigers in Malaysia: Prospects for the future. J. Wildlife and Parks. 5: 1 - 23. Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan. 1989. Asia Rhinos - An action plan for their conservation IUCN Gland Switzerland. 23 pp. Mohd. Khan bin Momin Khan. 1970. Distribution and population of siamang and gibbons in the State of Perak. Malay Nat J. 24: 3 - 8. Mohd. Nor, S. Wong, Y.K., Ng, F.S.P. 1990. The Tropical Garden City - its creation and maintenance. Mohsin A.K. Mohammad and Ambak Mohd Azmi. 1983. Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang. 284 pp. Morgan, R.P.C. R.P.C. 1974. Estimating Regional Variations Variations in Soil Erosion Hazard in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal. 28(2): 94-106.

Morgan R.P.C. R.P.C. 1986. Soil Erosion and Conservation. Longman England. 298 pp. Nathan, A., Y.C Y.C Wong. Wong. 1990. A Guide to Fruits and Seeds. Ng, F.S.P F.S.P.. 1989. Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol. 4. Ng, P.K.L. 1988. The Freshwater Crabs of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.


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REFERENCES Ng K.L., Peter. 1992. 1992. A Guide to Freshwater Life in Singapore. Ng F.S.P. et. al. 1990. Endemic Trees of the Malay Peninsular FRIM Research Pamphlet No. 106. 118 pp. Ng F.S.P. 1978. Tree Flora of Malaya Vol. 3. Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries, Logman Kuala Lumpur. 339 pp. Ng F.S.P. 1979. Tree Flora of Malaya Vol IV. Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries, Logman Kuala Lumpur. 549 pp. Ooi A.C. 1988. Insects in Malaysian Agriculture. Overseas Economic cooperation Fund, 1989. OECF Environmental Guidelines. Parris, B.S., Beaman, R.S., Beaman, J.H. 1992. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu - Ferns and fern Allies. Payne, J. 1990. Wild Malaysia. Payne, J., Francis, C.M & Phillipps, K. 1985. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. Pengurusan Lebuhraya Bhd, 1989. New Klang Valley Expressway North-South Interurban Toll Expressway. Erosion Control Interim Report, Volume I. Phillip Phillipps, ps, A. 1988. 1988. A Guide Guide to the the Parks Parks of Sabah Sabah.. Piggott, A.G & C.J. 1988. Ferns of Malaysia in Colour. Polunin, I. 1987. Plants and Flowers of Singapore. Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Poore, D. 1987. The Vanishing Vanishing Forest: The Human Consequences of Deforestation. Protection of Wild Life Act 1972. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1991. Orchids of the Solomon Islands and Bougainvillaea. Rubeli, K. 1986. Tropical Rain Forest in South-East Asia: A Pictorial Journey. Journey. Santiapillai, C. and Jackson, P. 1990. The Asian Elephant - An action plan for its conservation. IUCN gland Switzerland. 79 pp. Sato, T. 1991. Plants and Flowers of Mount Kinabalu. Searle, A.G. A.G. 1980. An Illustrated Key to Malayan Hard Corals. Seidenfaden, G & Wood, J.J. 1992. The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Sepakat Sepakat Setia Perund Perunding. ing. 1991. 1991. Preliminary Preliminary Geology Geology report report,, Projek Projek Jalan Raya Raya Simpang Simpang Pulai Pulai Gua Musang - Kuala Berang, Pakej 6, - dari Aring ke jambatan Pasir Pulau. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

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REFERENCES Shaari, K., Abd. Kadir, A & Mohd. Ali, A.R. 1992. Medicinal Products from Tropical Rain Forests - Proceedings of the Conference. Shaari, K., Khoo, K.C & Mohd Ali, A.R. 1991. Oil Palm Stem Utilisation - Review of Research. Silcock, L. 1989. The Rainforests - A Celebration. Sitit Hawa Yatim, Zainuddin Baatu and Mat Isa Marzuki. 1986. Survey of mammal and bird species at eight game/forest reserves. J. Wildlife and Parks. 5: 24 - 52. Smythies, B.E. 1981. The Birds of Borneo Soepadmo, E. & K.G. Singh. 1973. Proceedings of the Symposium on Biological Resources & National Development. South East Asia Association of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. 1985. Series of Seismology, Vol III - Malaysia. Spenser St John. 1986. Life in the forest of the Far East: Travels in Sabah & Sarawak in the 1860s. Stevens W.E. 1986. The Conservation of wildlife in West Malaysia. Office of the Chief Game Game warden. Federal Federal Game Department, Seremban. Malaysia. 116 pp. Strange, M & Jeyarajasingam, A. 1993. Birds - A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Strien Nico J. Van 1986. The Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus Sumatenses (Fisher, 1914) in the Gunung Leuser National Park Sumatra, Indonesia: Its Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Verlag Paul Parey. Hamburg. 200 pp. Supplementary Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering for East-West Highway Project (Phase 2) - Final Report (1982), Malaysia International Consultants Sdn Bhd. Symington C.F. 1974. Foresters' Manual of Dipetocarps. Malayan Forest Records No. 16 University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. 244 + 144 pl. Tan, T.W T.W., Hugh & C.S Hew. 1993. A Guide to the Orchids of Singapore. Tan, T.K. T.K. 1990. A Guide to Tropical Fungi. Tho, Y.P. 1992. Termites of Peninsular Malaysia. Tweedie, M.W.F. 1983. The Snakes of Malaya. Tweedie M.W.F M.W.F.. 1983. The Snakes of Malaya. Singapore National Printers. 167 pp. Tweedie, M.W.F & Harrison, J.L. 1988. Malayan Animal Life. U.S Department of Transport, 1987. Environmental Impact and Related Procedures, Final Rule. Federal Register, Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Administration. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

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REFERENCES Vermuelen, J.J. 1991. Orchids of Borneo Vo. 2. Wan Mohd. W.R., W.R., Dansfield, J & Monokaran, N. 1992. A Guide to the Cultivation of Rattan. Wee, Y.C. Y.C. Nature Society Singapore. 1992. Proposed Golf Course at Lower Peirce Reservoir -An Environmental Impact Assessment. Wee, Y.C. Y.C. 1992. A Guide to the Ferns of Singapore. Wee, Y.C. Y.C. 1993. A Guide to Medicinal Plants. Wee, Y.C. Y.C. & K. Hsuan. 1990. An Illustrated Dictionary of Chinese Medicinal Herbs. Wells, D. 1990. Malayan Nature Journal. Malayan Bird Report, 1982 - 1987. Whitehead, J. 1993. Exploration of Kinabalu. Wells D.R. 1985. 1985. The forest forest avifaun avifaunaa of Western estern Malesia Malesia and its Conser Conservation vation.. ICBP ICBP Technical echnical Publication No. 4: 213 - 232. Whitmore T.C. 1975. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East. Clarendon Press Oxford. Whitmore T. C. 1972 Tree Flora of Malaya Vol Vol Il. Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lang. Logman, Kuala Lumpur. 473 pp. Whitmore T. C. 1972 Tree Flora of Malaya Vol Vol I. Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lang. Logman, Kuala Lumpur. 473 pp. Whitmore, T.C. 1972. Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol. 1. Whitmore, T.C. 1972. Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol. 2. Whitmore T.C. 19 Palms of Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford University Press Kuala Lumpur. Wischmeier, Wischmeier, W.H. W.H. & Smith, D.D (1965). Predicting Rainfall-Erosion Losses from Cropland East of Rocky Mountains. Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation. USDA Agriculture Handbook, 282. Wong, I.F.T I.F.T. 1974. The Present Land Use of Peninsular Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur. Wong, K.M. 1990. In Brunei Forests. Wong, M.P. 1991. Sipadan: Borneo's Underwater Paradise. Wood, E.M, et al. 1987. Malayan Nature Journal. The Coral Reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.00, Annex A3: Environmental Screening. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.50,: Cultural Property.


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REFERENCES World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.00, Annex Al: Sample Outline of a Project Project Specific EA Report. Report. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.00, Annex A: Environmental Assessment. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.40,: Tribal People. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.00, Annex A2: Checklist of Potential Issues for an EA. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.00, Annex D: Wildlands: Their Protection and Management. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.30,: Involuntary Resettlement. World Bank, 1989. World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.36,: Land Settlement. Wyatt Smith J. 1979 Pocket Check List of Timber Trees. Malayan Forest Records No. 17. Wyatt Wyatt Smith J. 1961. A note on the freshwater swamp, lowland and hill forest types of Malaya. Malay Forest. 24:110 - 120. Yap, S.K., & S.W. Lee. 1992. In Harmony with Nature - Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity. Yates, S. 1992. The Nature of Borneo. Yong H.S. 1981. Magnificent Plants. Yong H.S. 1986. Malaysian Butterflies: An Introduction. Yong, H.S. 1990. Orchid Portraits - Wild Orchids of Malaysia and South-East Asia. Zulkifli Yusop, Yusop, Anhar Suki and Baharuddin Kasran. 1990. Postlogging Effects on Suspended Solids and Turbidity - Five years Observation. O bservation. Paper Presented at the Workshop Workshop on Watershed Development and Management. 19-23 February, February, 1990, Kuala Lumpur.


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US Department of Transportation, FHWA ENVIRONMENTAL HANDBOOK

March 1985 ( Adapted to Malaysian Conditions, May 1993 ) ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST

This checklist is used to identify physical, biological, social and economic factor which might be impacted by the proposed highway/road project. In many cases, the background studies performed in connection with the project clearly indicate the project will not affect a particular item. A "NO" answer in the first column documents this determination. Where there is a need for clarifying discussion, an asterisk is shown next to the answer. PHYSICA PH YSICAL. L. Will Will the proposal either directly direct ly or indi indire rectly ctly ::YES OR NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 11. 12. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 21.

IF YES, IS IT SIGNIFICANT? YES OR NO

Apprcciabl Apprcciably y change change the the topograph topography y or or groun ground d surface surface re lief fcatures ? Destroy, cover, cover, or mod modiify any uni uniqu quee geologi geologicc or physical physical features ? Result Result in in unstabl unstablee earth surface or increase increase the exposure exposure of peopl people or property to geologic geologic or seismi s eismicc hazards ? Result Result in or be affecte d by soil soil erosion erosion or or siltati siltation on ( whether whether by water or wind ? Result Result in the increase increased d use use of fuel or or energy in in large large amounts amounts or in in a wasteful manner ? Result Result in in an increas increased ed in in the the rate of use of any natural resource ? Result Result in the substanti substantial al depleti depletion on of of any nonrenewabl nonrenewablee resou res ource rce ? Viol Violate ate a ny pub publi lished shed Federal, Federal, State, or or local local standards pertaini pertaining ng to hazardous waste, solid waste or litter control ? Modi Modify fy the the channel of a river river or stream or the the bed of of the ocea ocean n or or any bay, inlet or lake ? Encroach upon a floodpl floodplain ain or or resul res ultt in or be affe cted cte d by floodwaters floodwaters or tidal waves ? Adverscly Adverscly affec t the quantity quantity or quali quality ty of surface water, ground groundwater water or public water supply ? Result in in the use use of wate r in large amounts amounts or in in a wasteful waste ful manner ? Affect wetl we tlands ands or ripari riparin n vegetatio vegetation n? Violate Violate or be inconsistent inconsistent with Federal, Federa l, State, or loca locall wate r quality quality standards ? Result in changes in air movement, movement, moisture, moisture, temperature t emperature,, or any a ny climatic conditions ? Result in in an incera incerased sed in air poll pollutant utant omissio omissions, ns, advers adversee effec eff ects ts on or deterioration of ambient air quality ? Results in in the the creat cr eatio ion n of of object objectio ionabl nablee odors odors ? Violate Violate or be inconsi inconsistent stent with Federa Federal, l, State, or local local air standards or control plans ? Results in an increased increas ed in noi noise se levels or vibration vibration for adjoini adjoining ng areas area s ? Result in in any Federal, State, or local local noise noise sriteria being equal or exceeded ? Produce Produce new ligh light, t, glare, glare, or shadows ?

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March 1985 ( Adapted to Malaysian Conditions, May 1993 ) ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST ( Cont. )

BIOLOGICAL. Will the proposal result in ( either directly or indirectly ): YES OR NO

IF YES, IS IT SIGNIFICANT? YES, OR NO

22. Change in in the diversity diversity of of species or number number of any species of plants plants ( including trees, shrubs, grass, microflora, and aquatic plants ) ? 23. Reduction Reduction of the numbers numbers of or cncroachment upon upon the critical critical habitat habitat of any unique, unique, treatened or endangered species of plants plants ? 24. Introductio Introduction n of new species of plants into into an areas, or result in in a barrier to the normal replenishment of existing species ? 25. Reduction Reduction in acreage of any agriculatural agriculatural crop or commercial commercial timb timber er stand, or effect prime, unique, or other farmland of state or local importance ? 26. Removal or deterioration dete rioration of existing existing fish fish or wildli wildlife fe habitat ? 27. Change in in the diversity diversity of species or numb number er of any species of animals ( birds, land animals including reptiles, fish and shellfish, benthic organisms, insects or microfauna ) ? 28. Reduction Reduction of the numbers numbers of or cncroachment upon upon the critical critical habitat habitat of any unique, unique, treatened or endangered species of plants plants ? 29. Introductio Introduction n of new species of animals animals into into an area, or results in in a barrier to the migration or movement of animals ? SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC. Will the proposal directly or indirectly : 30. Cause disruption disruption of orderly orderly planned planned developm development ent ? 31. Be inconsistent inconsistent with any elements elements of adop a dopted ted communi community ty plans, plans, policies or goals, or the urban strategies ? 32. Be inconsistent inconsistent with with a coastal zone zone management plan plan ? 33. Affect the location, location, distrib distributi ution, on, d densil ensily, y, or growth rate of the human population of an area ? 34. Affect life-style, life-style, or or neighbo neighborhood rhood character charac ter or stability stability ? 35. Affect minori minority, ty, elderly, elderly, handi handicapped, capped, transit-dependent, transit-dependent, or other specific interest groups ? 36. Divid Divide e or disrupt disrupt an establi e stablished shed communi community ty ? 37. Affect existing existing housi housing, ng, require require the acqui ac quisiti sition on of residental residental improvements or the displacement of people create a demand for additional housing ? 38. Affect employm employment, ent, indu industry stry or commence, commence, or require the displacement displacement of businesses or farms ? 39. 39. Affect property property valu values es or the local local tax base base ? 40. Affect Affe ct any community community facil fac iliti ities es ( includi including ng medical, medical, educational, scientific, recreational, or religious institution, ceremonial sites or sacred shrines ) ? 41. Affect Affe ct public public utiliti utilities es,, or publ public, ic, fire fire emergency emer gency or other public public services ? 42. Have substantial imp impact act on excisting excisting transporting transporting systems or alter alter present patterns of circulation or movement of people and/or goods ?

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March 1985 ( Adapted to Malaysian Conditions, May 1993 ) ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST ( Cont. )

YES OR IF YES, IS IT NOT SIGNIFICANT ? YES OR NO 43. 43. Generate Generate add a ddiition tional al traffic traffic ? 44. Affect or be affected affec ted by existin existing g parking parking faciliti facilities es or resul res ultt in demand for new parking ? 45. Involv Involve e a substantial substantial risk risk of an explosi explosion on or the the release of hazardous aubstances in the event of an accident or otherwise adversely affect overall public safety ? 46. Result in in alterations alterations to waterborne, rail rail or or air traffic traffic ? 47. Suppot Suppot large large commercial commercial or residential residential developm development ent ? 48. Affect a signi signifi ficant cant archacolo arc hacologi gical cal or histori historic c site, structure, object, or building ? 49. Affect wild or scenic rivers rivers or natural landmarks landmarks ? 50. Affect any a ny scenic scenic resources or result iin n the obstructi obstruction on of of any scenic vista or view open to the public, or ceration of an aesthetically offensive site open to public view ? 51. Result in in substantial substantial imp impacts acts associated with construction construction activities activities ( e.g. noise, dust, temporary drainage, traffic detours and temporary acces, etc. ) ? 52. Result in in the use of any publi publicly-o cly-owned wned land from from a park, recrea tion tion area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge ? MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE

YES OR NO

53. Deos the project project have the potential to substantiall substantially y degrade the quality of the environmental, substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels, threaten to climinate a plant or animal community, reduce the number or restrict the range of a rare or endangered plant or animal or climinate important examples of the major periods of Malaysian history or prehistory ? 54. Does the project project have the potential to achieve short-term, short-term, to the disadvantage of long-term, environmental goals ? ( A short-term impact on the environmental is one which occurs in a relatively brief, definitive period of time while long-term impacts will endure well into the future. ) 55. Does the project project have environm environmental ental effects which which are indi indivi vidual dually ly limi limited, ted, but cumul c umulatively atively considerable considera ble ? Cumulatively Cumulatively considera ble means that the incremental effects of an individual projects are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable probable future projects. projects. It includes includes the effects e ffects of other projects projects which interact with this project and, together, are considerable. 56. Does the project project have environm environmental ental effects which will will cause substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly ?

Page 70

CHECKLIST 1.

2.

3.

This This list lists s all all sign signif ific ican antt env envir iron onme ment ntal al effe effect ctsa sa know known n to to have occurred in past highway and road projects in developing countries. This This is arra arrang nged ed to perm permit it:: ((1) 1) read ready y acr acree eeni ning ng out out of of non-pertinent items by checking the column 'No Significant Effects'; and (if) ready grading of significant environmental effects by degree of effect. The The che check ckin ing g pro proce cess ss of (2) (2) abo above ve fumi fumish sher ers s tthe he info inform rmat atio ion n needed for preparing the IEE.

Table 1: Checklist of Environmental Parameters for Highway and Road Projects For (Name of Project)

Page 71

Page 72

ANNEX I SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY COMMONLY ASSOCIATED ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECTS

The following is a listing and brief description of environmental problems commonly associated with highway and road projects which have not been normally considered in the planning of such projects. An additional listing (Annex 1.1) describes other environmental aspects of 11 & R projects which are normally considered by Bank staff in the planning and preparation of these projects.

A.

Envir nviron onme men ntal Probl roblem ems s for for Major 11 & R Rehabilitation Projects (Most Bank 11 & R projects have been in this category.):

1. Projec Projectt Plann Planning ing : Projects usually involve few if any significant adverse environmental effects because they are limited to rehabilitation of existing 11 & 11, hence problems commonly associated with new H & R projects can hardly be expected to occur, including problems associated with disruption of surface hydrology, hydrology, excessive erosion and silt runoff, inadequate attention to resettlement issues, issues, encroachment into preprecious ecological areas or into historical/cultural monuments, flooding due to inadequate culvert capacity, etc. The 1EE effort for such projects should be limited to checking with government officials concerned (including national highway agency and NEnPA) on whether there have been any significant complaints on any environmental issues stemming from construction and use of the existing H & R system, and if so, to prepare the TOR for an EIA for evaluating these complaints and for recommending mitigating or remedial measures which should be considered in the planning of the new project.

2. Constr Construct uction ion Stage Stage : (a) (a)

Will ill the the proj projec ectt con const stru ruct ctio ion n ope opera ratio tions ns against excessive soil erosion/silt runoff from cut-and-fill areas, including use of temporary holding ponds be needed?

(b) (b)

Will ill any any expo expose sed d area areass be left left witho without ut proper resurfacing/replanting which would result in continuing excessive erosion?

(c) (c)

Will ill the the cons constr truc ucti tion on oper operat atio ions ns invo involv lvee other hazards of the type listed in Annex 111/1?

(d) (d)

Will ill the the cons constr truc ucti tion on plan plan incl includ udee pro provi vi-sions for monitoring to ensure contractor's compliance with specified constraints?

3. Post-cons Post-construc truction tion monitoring monitoring (new project) :

Will any continuing postconstruction monitoring be needed for ensuring adequate environmental protection? (See Annex 111/3.) 111/3.)


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SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECT

B. Environment Environmental al Problems for New Major 11 & R Projects

1. Encroa Encroachm chment ent oil. oil. Preci Precious ous ecology : Will the proposed H & ll. routing encroach upon precious ecological resources, including forests and swamps, which could be avoided by feasible rerouting and if not, how can these losses be feasibly mitigated or offset? (See Annex 111/5.)

2. Encroachme Encroachment nt on Itisto Itistorical/ rical/cultu cultural ral ntonunntonuntents/areas: Same question as for (1) above.

3. Intpairrne Intpairrnent nt of fisher fisherieslaq ieslaquatic uatic ecolog ecology y and other beneficial water uses : Will the changes in surface hydrology caused by the project result in impairment of valuable fisheries/aquatic ecology, or of other valuable beneficial water uses, and if so, how can these be feasibly mitigated or offset?

4. Erosio Erosion n and and siltat siltation ion : Will the project result in excessive erosion and silt runoff (and impairment of downstream water quality or in damages to land values) due to excessive erosion/silt runoff from exposed areas which are not properly resufaced or replanted?

5. Environmental aesthetics :

6. Noise Noise and vibrat vibration ionss : Will the project result In noise and vibration nuisances to neighboring properties and if so, how can these be feasibly minimized and offset? (See Annex 111/6.)

7. Air pollut pollution ion hazard hazardss : In urban areas, areas, will the project result In discharge of air pollutants from motor veldcles, veldcles, especially carbon monoxide, which under adverse weather conditions could cause serious air pollution hazards to nearby areas or communities, and if so, how can these be minimized or offset? (Note: Usually the control of carbon monoxide from motor vehicles is feasible but for most other air pollutants the problem must be approached from a regional rather than on a highway project basis.) (see Ref. 11.18, 20).

8. Highwa Highway y runof runofff pollut pollution ion : Surface runoff from highways may contain sufficient petroleum drippage plus spilled materials (including toxic and hazardous materials) which can adversely affect aquatic ecology and environmental aesthetics (see Annex 111/4 and Ref. 11.2).

9. High Highwa way y spi spill llss : One of the most serious hazards posed by highways is accidental spills of hazardous materials. The EIA should review the the existing system for controlling and cleaning up such spills including appropriate recommendations, from the regional point of view (see Ref. 11.2 and Annex 111/4).

Will the project result in unwarranted depreciation of environmental aesthetic (scenic) values due to (a) lack of resurfacing/replanting of exposed areas, (b) blocking of scenic views, or (c) inattention to the aesthetic appearances of the H & R structures (see lief. 11.6, 7).


Page 74

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECT 10. 10.

Cons Constr truc ucti tion on stag stagee prob proble lems ms : ( See Annex 111/1. )

4. Erosion Erosion and and silt runofr runofr.. Same as B(4) B(4) above.

(a)

erosion and silt runoff: Will the construction procedures protect against excessive erosion/silt runoff from cutand-fill areas, including use of temporary holding power if required?

5. Dust nuisances nuisances:: Does the projec projectt design design give reasonable attention to minimize dust nuisances caused by road usage? (See Annex 111/8.) 6. Construct Construction ion stage: stage: Same as B(9) B(9) above. above.

(b) (b)

othe otherr- cons constr truc ucti tion on haza hazard rds: s: See See Anne Annex x 111/1.

(c) (c)

moni monito tori ring ng:: Does Does the the cons constr truc uctio tion n plan plan include adequate monitoring to ensure contractor's compliance with specified constraints?

11.

Post Post-c -con onst stru ruct ctio ion n monit monitor orin ing: g:

7. Post-cons Post-constructi truction on monito monitoring: ring: Same as B(10) above.

Does the project plan make provision for any needed continuing post-construction monitoring for assessing assessing the actual environmental impacts of the project and for recommending needed correction measures? (See Annex 111/3.)

12. 12.

Criti ritica call re review view crit criter eria ia::

Does the project involve any of the overall project critical review criteria listed in Annex 111/10?

C. Environment Environmental al Problems for Rural Rondo

1. Encroachme Encroachment nt into into precio precious us ecolog ecology y: Same as B(1) above. 2. Encroachme Encroachment nt into historical/ historical/cultu cultural ral n:oitun:oituments/areas : Same as B(2) above. 3. Inrpairnte Inrpairntent nt of Tsher Tsheries/a ies/aquatic quatic ecology ecology and and of other beneficial water uses: Same as B(3) above.


Page 75

ANNEX 1.1 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY IUNDLED BY BANK B ANK STAFF IN THE PREPARATION PREPARATION OF H&R PROJECTS

A.

Prob Proble lems ms Rel Relat atin ing g to Proj Projec ectt Plan Planni ning ng and and Des Desig ign n

1. Disruptions of surface hydrology hydrology resulting in impairment of beneficial water uses including fisheries, navigation, community water supply, recreation and others. 2. Disposal of sanitary wastes for for highway toilet facilities. Usually this involves appropriate appropriate use of subsurface leaching systems. 3. Traffic congestion and hazards at access and exit points, especially for expressways. 4. Provisions in project post-construction post-construction operations operations plan for for minimum adequate O&M program. (See Annex 111/9.)

B.

Prob Proble lems ms Rel Relat atin ing g to Soc Socio ioec econ onom omic ics s

1. For rural roads, does the road network plan provide for reasonably equitable equitable set-vice to rural residents? 2. With respect to resettlement, are the proviions for property compensation and and for rehabilitation rehabilitation reasonable and fair? (See Annex 111/2.) 111/2.)


Page 76

ANNEX 11 REFERENCES FOR OBTAINING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECTS

1. Detailed Design and and Environmental Irnpact Assessment of the Second Second Stage Stage Expressway System, (Final Report), PCI Consortium for NEB, Bangkok, 1986. 2. Errvironrnental Considerations in Highway Planning by California California Departrrtent Departrrtent of Transportation, John Meersman, etal., for Department of Civil Engineering, Standford University, December 1978, approx. 250 pp. 3. Environmental Impact Impact Assessment for Bali Irrigation Project, Project, H. Ludwig for ELC/ADC Consortium for DGWRD, Jakarta, 1981. 4. Environmental Impact Impact and Related Procedures, Procedures, Department Department of Transportation, Transportation, Federal Register, Washington, Washington, D.C., 30 October 1980. 5. Environmental Intlmct Assessment Policies for Thailand, P. Ruyabliorn and and fl. Ludwig, National Environment Board, Bangkok, 1985. 6. Errvir-ortntental IrrrpactStatement, PA-23, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1985. 1985. 7. Environmental Quality Standards Standards and Criteria, Criteria, the Problem in Developing Countries, Countries, P. P. K.ira vanicli, S. Pairojborioboon, and H. Ludwig, NEB, Bangkok, June 1985. 8. A Graphical Graphical Solution Solution Procedrtr Procedrtree for Estimating Estimating Carbon Carbon Monoxide Monoxide Concentratio Concentrations ns Near Roadways, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, Washington, D.C., March 1981. 9. Guidance Guidance Material for Preparatio Preparation n of Environmen Environmental tal Documents, Documents, Federal Federal Highway Administration, Washington, Washington, D.C., February 1982. 10. Guidelines for Review of En viron"tentat Impact Statements, Vol. Vol. 1, Highway Projects, USEPA, 1976. 11. "Highway Maintenance, It Costs a Lot Only If It's Not Done", P. Fossberg Fossberg and C. Harral, World Bank Report, July-August 1979. 12. Interim Guide for Environmental Assessment Assessment (HUD Field Office Edition), Voorhees Voorhees for Department of Housing and Urban Development, June 1985, approx. 500 pp. 13. Manual ofNEB Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental Environmental Impact Evaluations, National Environment Board, Bangkok, April 1979, approx. 160 pp. 14. Mathematical Approach to Estimating Highway Inq)act on Air Quality Q uality,, Vols. Vols. 4 and 5, USDOT, Washington, D.C., 1972.


Page 77

REFERENCES FOR ONTAINING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECT

15. Mobile Source Emission Factor Tables Tables for Mobile 3, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., January 1986. 16. Noise and Vibrations, Vibrations, Present State and Countermeasures, Japanese Environmental Protection Agency, 1982. 17. "Use of Vegetation Vegetation for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise", R. Harris and L. Cohn, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, ADCE/USA, November 1985. 18. "Vail "Vail Pass Highway, Respecter of Urban Ecology", Civil Engineering, ASCE, June 1980. 19. "Viaduct Built from the Top Top Down", Engineering News-Record, 28 October 1982. 20. West Side Highway Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Federal Highway Administration, Region One, 1977.


Page 78

ANNEX III

GUIDELINES ANN FOR ALL TYPES OF PROJECTS

Annex Annex III/1 III/1 :

Enviro Environme nmenta ntall Cons Constra traint intss for Projec Projects ts Involv Involving ing Major Major Construction Operations

Annex II III/2 :

Resettlement


Post-C Post-Cons onstru tructio ction n Envi Environ ronmen mental tal Monito Monitorin ring g Prog Program ram (EMP) (EMP)


Contro Controll of of Pollut Pollution ion Emissi Emissions ons and Hazard Hazardous ous Materi Materials als

Anne Annex x III III/5 /5 :

Encr Encroa oach chme ment nt into into Fore Forest stss and and Swam Swampl plan ands ds

Anne Annex x III/ III/6 6 :

Effe Effect ctss and and Aba Abate teme ment nt of of Nois Noisee and and Vib Vibra rati tion onss


Dams Dams and and Rese Reserrvoir voirss


Envi Enviro ronm nmen enta tall Stan Stand dards ards


Oper Operat atio ions ns and and Main Mainte tena nanc ncee Prob Problg lgms ms

Annex Annex III/1 III/10 0:

Critic Critical al Parame Parameter terss for Overa Overall ll Projec Projectt Environ Environmen mental tal Revie Review w


Page 79

ANNEX III/1 III/1 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECTS PR OJECTS INVOLVING INVOLVING MAJOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS OPERATIONS

A.

Introduction

1. Most major construction projects of all types involve certain impacts on environmental resources that are significant and can be very serious if not properly managed during project planning and implementation, and which tend to be overlooked by many planners and engineers because it was not necessary to worry about them in the pre-environmental pre-environmental protection eras. These constraints, which must be evaluated for all projects at least at the IEE level, to determine whether any follow-up EIA will be needed, are described below. below.

B. Environmental Constraints During During Construction Phase Phase

2. Almost all major construction projects projects impose quite significant temporary hazards hazards to environenvironmental resources during the project's construction phase. Hence these hazards need to be accounted for and the proper protection measures included in the project FS, and their cost included in the project's construction budget. The FS/ElA FS/ElA should describe these hazards and how they will be managed. 3. The most common serious problems posed posed by most major construction projects projects (during the construction phase) are shown as follows:


Page 80

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECTS INVOLVING MAJOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

a.

HAZARDS

CONTROL METHODS AS NEEDED

Runo Runoff ff eros erosio ion n duri during ng rain rains s from from unpr unprot otec ecte ted d excavated ar areas re resulting in in ex excessive soil erosion. Can be very damaging to marine ecology, ecology, beach/recreational areas.

a. (i) (i)

Care Carefu full plan planni ning ng of cutcut-an andd-fi fill ll to mini minimi mize ze erosion, in including re resurfacing/revegetation of exposed areas.

a. (ii)

provision of dikes to hold runoff to settle out soil particles (with use of flocculating agents where affected resources are sensitive, such as corals)

b.

Safety of workers from accidents.

b.

Appropriate safety measures ( consistent with local country economics ).

c.

Communicable disease hazard to workers from lack of sanitation (water supply and excreta management.

c.

Provision of decent housing, water supply, and excreta management).

d.

Insect vector disease hazards, especially malaria from imported carriers

d.

Appropriate control of anopheline species in workers' camp area, especially spraying.

e.

Slum hazards, i.e., wher e will workers live after construction is completed if they decide to stay?

e.

Appropriate planning for this, such as provision of acceptable permanent housing.

f.

Cul Cultura turall hazar azards ds due due to diff ifferen erenc ces in cust custo oms of imported workers and local villagers.

f.

Appr Approp opri riat ate e plan planni ning ng for for for for this this contingency.

g.

Use of hazardous materials (toxics, inflammables, in incendiaries, ex explosives).

g.

Appropriate planning and controls. See Annex 11 111/4.

h.

Dust Dust/o /odo dors rs/f /fum umes es whic which h are are haza hazard rds s or to workers or nearby residents.

h.

Appr Approp opri riat ate e plan planni ning ng nuis nuisan ance ce and and cont contro rols ls..

i.

Nois Noise e and and vibr vibrat atio ions ns whic which h are are haza hazard rds s or nuisances to workers or nearby residents.

i.

Appr Approp opri riat ate e plan planni ning ng and and cont contro rols ls..

k.

j.

Quarrying operations : (i)

Safety precautions

(i)

Appropriate procedure to safeguardworkers, nearby workers / residents, and wildlife.

(ii)

Failur e to clean up / aesthetics.

( iiii)

Degradation of envir on onmental replantblasting area.

k.

Appropriate planning and prompt repairs when accidents occur.

Accidents or other disruptions of utility services (water, gas, etc.)


Page 81

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECTS INVOLVING MAJOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS l.

Description of street traffic for prolonged periods including : (i)

Traffic congestion

(ii)

Blocking of access to buildings

l.

Careful construction schedulling

m.

Pollution of groundwater by dumping of construction spoils.

m.

Careful planning for spoils disposal.

n.

Local flooding from watering of excavation, flushing, pipes, etc.

n.

Appropriate planning and controls.

o.

Dredging and filling in lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries, coastal areas.

o.

Careful planning for water use.


Page 82

ANNEX III/2 III/2 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX RESETTLEMENT

A.

Introduction

1. Prior to the Environmen Environmentalist talist Movement, Movement, it was common practice In the DMCs, for major projects requiring resettlement of families living in the proposed project area, to compensate these facilities only for their nonmovable properties, with little attention to the problem of "rehabilitation", that is, of assisting the family in finding finding occupation elsewhere and in achieving an earnings level equal to the without-project condition. The rehabilitation problems were simply left by the project planners (including the participating international assistance agency) to the local government's Ministry of Public Welfare (which invariably had no sufficient funds for this purpose).

C.

Additional Information

5. Study Study of equitable equitable resettl resettlement ement soluti solutions ons in Southeast Asia has been pioneered by the Mekong Committee (Bangkok). This work has been summarized in the Mekong Committee's publication No. MKG/36, "Environmental Effects of Pa Mong", 1976.

2. Since Since the the advent advent of of the EIA EIA proces process, s, it is is now becoming increasingly recognized that provision of funds for rehabili-tation (as well as for property compensation) must be an integral part of the project's core budget.

B.

Rehabilitation

3. Rehabilitat Rehabilitation ion usually usually will require require training training of the resettler in how to manage his new occupation, for example, example, a lowlands paddy farmer who is moved uphill to grow upland crops, or is moved to an urban center for employment. 4. In addition addition to training training,, rehabilita rehabilitation tion costs costs usuallywill include some sunsidy to com com pensate the resettler over the period before he can be expected to achieve earnings equal to his earnings in his original without-project setting. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 83

ANNEX III/3 III/3 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX POST - CONSTItUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (EMP)

A.

Purpose of EMI'

1. Prior to the the establis establishment hment of the the EIA process, project implementation was usually limited to the phases of: (i) planning/design, and (ii) construction/startup. The EIA process has added a third phase, (iii) postconstruction monitoring, with the purpose of making periodic checks checks on the actual environmental impacts of the project over the years following completion of construction, as compared with those pro jected at the time of project appraisal. This environmental monitoring program (EMP) furnishes feedbacks for use in correcting any serious project deficiencies and for use in planning of future projects.

B.

Component of EMP

2. Virtual Virtually ly all major major projects projects will will exert exert signifsignificant environmental impacts, hence will require an ElA which must include the proposed post-construction EMP. This should include:

2. Report Report preparati preparation, on, includ including ing freque frequency ncy and distribution 3. Cost Cost est estim imat atee 4. Fundin Funding: g: Recomme Recommenda ndatio tions ns for sharing of costs and for financing. 5. Benefit/co Benefit/cost st analysi analysis: s: An approxi approximate mate evaluation of benefits versus costs for the EMP, based on with and without EMP conditions, to show that the EMP is cost beneficial (not just additional overhead). The The E MP should be the the minimum cost-program needed.to protect sensitive affected environmental resources. 6. Provision Provisionss for for periodic periodic review/revi review/revision: sion: The EMP should Include provisions for annual evaluations of the data collected, In order to delete collection of data which are not needed, and to add collection of Important data not includincluded in the program.

1. Technic echnical al aspect aspects: s: a. Roles of NEnP NEnPA, A, nationa nationall executin executing g agency, agency, and project management (usually the project management is responsible for the detailed monitoring, using consultants as heeded, to be done following TOR prepared by NEnPA). b. Administra Administration tion and coordinatio coordination n (usually the the EMP will involve a steering committee with membership from all significantly affected national agencies). GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 84

ANNEX III/4 III/4 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX CONTROL OF POLLUTION EMISSIONS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

A.

enforcement is the rule in practically all ICs, it is not the rule in most DMCs, because of lack of understanding in DMCs that effective monitoring is essential to the overall pollution control process and hence the lack of willingness to fund the monitoring.

Use of Treat reatme men nt Proc Proce ess Equipment Developed In Industrialized Countries

1. One of the most most diffi difficult cult environmen environmental tal protection prolems in developing member countries (DMCs) relates to the use of processes for removal of pollutants from waste emissions which depend upon the proper functioning of equipment of thetypes used in the industrialized countries (ICs). The Project Consultants responsible for designing/implementing the system commonly assume that, because such equipment does solve treatment problems when used in the ICs, the same will happen in the DMCs. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, the Project Consultants are usually not involved in the project beyond the construction and start-up phases, when they themselves are present to furnish expert guidance to ensure proper equipment operation. The assumption made by the Project Consuilant is that the equipment will be operated and maintained in the DMCs at the same level of quality as in the ICs. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case, even when the Project Consultants' contract provides for training of local O&M staff while the Project Consultants are on the job. 2. The reason reason for for this this is shown shown clearl clearly y in the the history of pollution control activities everywhere, including the ICs, in which it is noted that pollution control equipment is operated properly only when the applicable laws and regulations on maximum tolerable emissions are actually enforced, including operation of an effective periodic monitoring program. "No monitoring, no functioning" is the common saying. While such

3. The project project FS FS must must take the differ difference ence in in O&M capabilities into account when selecting processing equipment and in planning the O&M program.

B.

Cont Contro roll of of Haz Hazar ardo dou us Was Waste tes s

4. Control Control of hazardous hazardous wastes, wastes, especia especially lly spills, including toxic, incendiary, incendiary, explosive and inflammable materials, both within the project area or on access routes, again usually means use of IC-type equipment, hence involves the same problem in the quality of O&M to be expected as described in (1) above.

C.

Environmental Standards Standards

5. In dealing dealing with control control of wastes wastes and haz ardous materials, one of the aspects to be considered by the Project Consultants in doing the FS/EIA FS/EIA Is the existing environmental standards of the country. These must be taken into account because of their legal aspects, but the Consultants must also realize that the existing standards may not be very appropriate because of the fact that most DMCs/NEnPAs are still in a


Page 85

CONTROL CONTROL OF POLLUTION POLLUTION EMISSONS EMISSONS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS beginning state of developing capability in the difficult problem of setting appropriate standards. Instead, the MOM tend to copy IC standards which may be quite unaffordable, or to set standards which are too low. Details on this are given in Ref. 12.1 (Item 12 below). 6. The Job Job of the Projec Projectt Consulta Consultants nts is is to make an objective evaluation of the problem and to recommend the optimal costeffective solution which will be reliable, together with the justification.

D.

Plant Area D Drrainage

7. The plant surface surface drainage drainage system system should should be carefully designed to prevent flooding of the plant area (a matter of proper civil engineering design which is often overlooked in the DMCs). 8. The plant plant drainag drainagee water water has been often regarded in DMCs as "clear" or "clean", whereas it usually contains considerable oil from plant machinery drippage so that an API-type separator is needed prior to discharge. 9. The plant plant drainag drainagee may also also contain contain spilled spilled toxic materials, such as chromium spilled while loading hoppers feeding chromium into the cooling water system (see Item 6 below).

E.

the used water may contain a large large quantity of pollutants which may be very difficult to remove because of the large volumes involved. This plus heating of the water may drastically impair stream ecology and water quality. quality. 11. Where recirculatory cooling towers are used (the usual case), various types of chemical compounds are added to the recirculating water for purposes of slime and corrosion control, and usually these contain toxics, especially chromium (which in the hexavalent form is very toxic to people, animals and fish). Hence provision provision mustbe made for removal of the toxics from the cooling tower blowdown, and extra special care is needed to ensure that the system will be kept properly functioning to achieve 100 per cent treatment of all blow-down, that is to ensure against reserve supplies of chemicals for chemical treatment systems, and for electrolytic systems a reserve power supply or a place for temporary storage of blowdown.

F.

Stora torag ge of of Mat Mater eria ials ls in Plan Plantt Yard

12. It is common practice in DMCs DMCs to store solid materials either plant inputs or out puts, in open areas where they are exposed to rain, resulting in washing away of some of the materials into the plant drainage system. The environmental implications of this need to be assessed, and roofed-area storage furnished, if necessary.

Cooling Wa Water Sy System

10. Plant cooling water systems in DMCs sometimes are of the non-recirculating type (single pass) which require huge volumes of water to be extracted from a nearby surface stream, and while the used cooling water Is usually returned to the stream (to maintain the stream flow quantity in the dry season), GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 86

CONTROL CONTROL OF POLLUTION POLLUTION EMISSONS EMISSONS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

G.

Dispo isposa sall of of Pla Plan nt San Sanit itar ary y Sewage

13. It is often possible, possible, when a sizeable investment is being made in building an effective system for treating plant industrial liquid wastes to save considerable money for treatment of the sanitary sewage produced in the plant plant or nearnear- byworker byworker residenc residences, es, by processing the sanitary flow by septic tank treatment or primary treatment only, with the effluent then discharged to pass through the industrial waste treatment system.

H.

Final Storage Pond

14. It is generally necessary, necessary, as part of the plant's overall system for treating industrial wastes, to provide a final holding pond (fur nishing several days days of storage storage or more) as a final factor of safety before discharging to the environment, especially to protect against "spills" of untreated wastes. The ponding action evens out the discharge flow and thus can greatly reduce the environmental damage from the spill. In addition, the final pond serves to act as a final treatment or "polishing" "polishing" system.

I.

economical and safe solution will be to haul the waste for landrillihg disposal at a site where there is no potential groundwater use, with precautions to prevent surface runoff. For details, see Disposal of Industrial Solid Wastes in Eastern Seaboard, National Environment Board, Bangkok, 1984.

J.

Disposal to to Un Unconfined Ocean Waters

17. Whenever the plant is located near near the sea, where access access to unconfined seawater is feasible by use of a submarine outfall, this method of disposal will usually be much more economical and provide much safer protection to environment than systems discharging to streams or to confined marine waters such as estuaries and bays. For details, see Ref. 12.2.

K.

Post Post-C -Con onst stru ruct ctio ion n Moni Monito tori ring ng RequIrein ents: See Annex II/3.

Solid Wastes

15. Industrial plants can usually usually dispose of non hazardous organic solid wastes and refuse most economically by means of sanitary landfilling, either by building/operating their own landfills or by contracting for this service with a municipal system. 16. hazardous solid wastes represent represent a special problem requiring very careful planning and attention during operation. Usually the most


Page 87

ANNEX III/5 III/5 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX

ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT INTO FORESTS AND SWAMPLANDS

A.

Forests

1. Encroachme Encroachment nt into into forests forests and swampl swamplands ands is one of the most disruptive effects of highways, roads, pipelines and transmission lines and other adverse impact on the forest/wildlife resource which is often very severe. This is due both to (a) encroachment by the project per se; and (b) even more so the subsequent follow-up encroachment by people which is made possible by the access into the forest area furnished by the project, including encroachments by rural population in search of more farmland or firewood or food (poaching), by entrepreneurs in fields like logging and mining, and by illegal operators (especially logging). Careful attention must be given in planning the route alignment to select a feasible routingwhich minimizes the damage, and to the use of enhancement and protective measures (to be funded by the project) for offsetting unavoidable degradation. Enhancement and protective measures may include: (a) establishing forest reserves; (b) fencing off of the H&R and/or policed monitoring; (c) establishment of new rural village occupations so that the villagers will be economically better off by protecting the forst /wildlife than by using it up.

3. Whenever Whenever specia speciall enhanceme enhancement/pr nt/protect otective ive measures are to be recommended to be funded by the project, they should be clearly justified in terms of economic and resource conservation grounds, including projects of the future status of the forest/wildlife resource with and without the recommended special measures.

B.

Swamplands

4. A simila similarr proble problem m is encro encroach ach-me -ment nt into into swampland zones, either freshwater or estu aries, which are usually rich fishery reproduction/nursery zones, as well as habitat for waterfowl and other swamp-oriented wildlife. 5. In addition addition to the offsetting offsetting / protection protection measures noted above for forests, another alternative where intrusion intrusion into precious swampland Is unavoidable is to use engineering measures to recreate a similar swampland zone in the same vicinity.

2. For these reasons reasons evaluation evaluation of the the forest/wildlife problem in detail, including assessmtnt of the intrinsic value of the forest/wildlife resource in the overall national resource context may be required in order to determine the need for con-sidering alternative routings which will avoid degradation of precious irreplaceable resources whenever possible.


Page 88

ANNEX 111/6 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX

EFFECTS AND ABATEMENT OF NOISE AND VIBRATIONS

A.

Types of Noise and Vibrations

1. There are three three princip principal al types types of noise noise and and vibration environments, namely: (i) general audible noise; (ii) special noise; and (iii) vibrations. General audible noise is noise commonly encountered in the everyday living environment. This is the noise environment of most concern because many projects result in tempotempo- rary or permanent permanent increases in exposure of humans to general audible noise. General audible noise can be adequately described by either the equivalent A-weighted sound level (Leq) (which is best used to describe 8-hour exposures such as for occupational occupational health). A variation includes a nighttime weighing to obtain a day-night sound level (Ldn) which is useful for assessing 24-hour exposures such as from highways or airports. 2. Some noise, noise, such ns infraso infrasound, und, ultras ultrasound ound and high energy impulse, cannot be measured by average sound levels. Human exposure to such special noise (such as sonic booms) is infrequent (as compared to exposure to significant changes in general audible noise) and the abatement measures are not similar, thus special noises will not be further discussed.

B.

Impacts of of N No oise a an nd Vibration

1. Genera Generall audibl audible e noise noise 4. Commonly Commonly experience experienced d problem problemss caused caused by changes of levels of exposure to noise are public health and welfare effects. In the range of 55 dB to 75 dB, impacts are of the "annoyance" type resulting from interference with speech communication, general wellbeing and sleep. Response to such problems varieswith the receptor, for example schools, offices and similar receptors where ease of speech is of primary concern, will not have the same response to an increase from 55 dB to 60 dB as a busy commercial district. Above 75 dB, the possibility of severe health effects occurs such as loss of hearing (Ref. 3). 5. A summar summary y of prote protecti ctive ve noise noise level levelss used used as guidelines in the United States for preparation of noise criteria is presented in Table I (Ref. 6)

3. Many projects projects which which cause cause changes changes in gengeneral audible noise also generate vibrations. Vibrations Vibrations transmission may be generated by airborne noise (for example airborne noise from vehicular road traffic causing vibrations) or transmission may be structureborne.


Page 89


Table 1 : Yearly Ldn Vnlues that Protect Public Health and Welfare with a Margin of Safety ( US ) ( Ref. 2 )

Effect

Level

Area

Hearing

Leq (24) S 79 dB

All areas (at the ear)

Outdoor activity interference and annoyance

Leq 55 dB

Outdoors in residential areas and farms and other outdoor areas where people spend widely varying amounts of time and other places in which quiet is a basis for use.

Leq (24) 56 dB

Outdoor areas where people spend limited amounts of time, such as schoolyards, playgrounds, etc.

Leq (24) 45 dB

Other indoor areas with human activities such as schools, etc.

Indoor activity interference and annoyance


Page 90


2. Vibrations 6. Vibrati Vibrations ons of struct structures ures may may be due to to airborne acoustical waves or solidborne vibravibration. Groundborne vibration is likely to accompany some mitring, construction and other industrial activities. The frequency range of vibration inside buildings which may result in human response is between 1Hz and 80 11z with human sensitivity to acceleration (by vibration effects) decreasing with decreasing frequency. Some basic threshold values for acceptable vibration environments is presented in Table 2.

9. Noise enclosure enclosuress (barrier (barriers) s) attelruate attelruate noise noise by enclosing either the machine or or the operator. The enclosure should be as heavy as necessary to achieve the attenuation and should be impervious to air flow. An absorbent lining should be provided provided to limit the increase of noise level within the enclosure resulting from reverberation. Partial enclosures on barriers are of limited use and the dimensions must be several times the wave length of the frequency of sound. They must be placed close to the sound source or receptor (Ref. 4).

7. Structura Structurall damages damages may may be caused caused in in indusindustrial areas by vibration-exciting machines, in mining areas by blasts, blasts, in construction zones by pile driving or other activities, in residential areas from traffic on roads and railroads, etc. There are three general categories of of damage, namely; (i) threshold damage consisting of visible cracks in nonstructural members such as partitions, facings, plaster walls; (ii) minor damage consisting of large permanent cracks in nonstructural and structural members; and (iii) in settlement and displacement of foundation.

C.

Noise and Vi Vibration Abatement

1.

Noise control in industry try

8. Noise control control at at an industry industry is usually usually achieved by reduction of noise at the source or insertion of a barrier between the noise source and the hearer (receptor). Reduction of the source is usually done by the machine manufacturer by modifying components or processes such as use of belt drives in place of gear drives, welding in place of riveting, insertion of resilient damping material between impacting metal parts, reducing response of vibrating surfaces by increasing the stiffness and mass, and reduction of air turbulence.


Page 91


Table 2 (Ref. 1) : Basic Threshold Acceleration Values forAcceptable Vibration Environments

Type of Place

Hospital Operating Rooms and Other Such

Time of Date

Continuous of Intermittent rms Acceleration ( m / sq / sec )

Impulse Shock Excitation Peak Acceleration ( m / sq / sec )

Day

0.036

0.005

Night

0.036

0.005

Day

0.072

0.1

t

N

Night

0.005

0.01

Anytime

0.14

0.2

t

N

0.28

0.4

t

N

Critical Areas

Residential

Office

Factory and Workshop

t

Anytime

= durati duration on seco seconds nds of vibr vibrati ation, on, for durati durations ons greate greaterr than than 100 100 sec, sec, use use t as as 100 100 sec. sec.

N = number number of discrete discrete shock shock excitations excitations that are are one one sec or less less in in duration duration.. For For more more than than 100 excitations, use N = 100. Daytime is 7 am to 10 pin. Nighttime is 10 pin to 7 pin.


Page 92


2. Vibra Vibratio tion n contro controll in industry 10. Abatement measures to prevent vibration vibration from having harmful consequences include: (a) reducing vibration at its source, at the design stage, and by various steps to improve balancing and centering of moving parts and reduce play between them, and careful design of gears and transmission transmission systems; (b) a reduction reduction of working hours and/or the introduction of short pauses during the working day; and (c) when manual operation of a vibrating tool cannot be avoided, shock absorbers may be mounted between the body of the tool and its moving parts, vibrationdamping materials may be inserted between the handle and the operator's hand, special vibration-absorbing gloves may be worn, the tools can be suspended to reduce the influence of the vibrating mass, and duration of exposure can be reduced by avoiding over-specialization of workers (Ref. 4).

3. Noise and vibrat vibration ion abatem abatement ent during construction 11. Most abatement measures during during construction are similar to those described below, that is, use of sound barriers and noise reduction from equipment and vehicles. Additional abatement measures may be required in special cases such as use of vibration-free piling tnetliods where con ventional pilingwould be hazardous. Except in special situations, because noise and vibration from construction are of a transitory nature, no attempt is usually made to keep them below the threshold of human perception but rather to prevent health or structural damage. Thus the key to control is effective monitoring and enforcement (Ref. 3 and 6).

4. Noise Noise and vibrat vibration ion abateme abatement nt for projects with permanent effects on urban or suburban noise environment 12. Activities which may affect the "neighborhood" noise environment are many, from the local restaurant or market sounds to an airport. Most control measures are regulatory, including land use zoning and environmental quality standards for noise. Most abatement measures which have been developed for noise and vibration for highway and airport projects are applicable as well for other projects (Ref. 1 and 2). These measures are summarized as follows: a. Acquisitio Acquisition n of property property to serve serve as a buffer zone between the source and the receptor b. Construct Construction ion of noise noise barrier barrierss or or devices; however, however, costs alone alone often rely on barrier as a general alternative measure c. Noise insulation insulation of publicpublic-use use buildings buildings such as schools and hospitals d. Managemen Managementt measures measures such as prohibiprohibition of certain types of vehicles for highways; time use restrictions for industry, industry, highways and airports; and flight pattern restrictions for airports e. Improv Improveme ement nt of equip equipmen mentt or vehicle vehicle structure, for example USEP USEPA A has demonstrated noise reduction from trucks from about 82 dB(A) down to 72 dB(A) at a cost addition of about 3 percent over the baseline price (Ref. 2) f. Improv Improveme ement nt of of struc structur tural al desig design n including buildings, airports, highways, railways and other structures to reduce transmission of noise and vibration


Page 93


REFERENCES

1. Dentonstration of Truck Progrant Progrant 1, Program Program Suntntary, Suntntary, Truck Truck Noise Reduction, Reduction, PB-82220328, EPA, December 1981. 2. Department of Transportation, Transportation, Pederal Highways Administration Noise Policy and Related Environmental Procedures (Federal Noise Series, Vol. Vol. 111) EPA EPA (PB-285940), July 1978. 3. Guidelines Guidelines for Noise Noise Impact Impact Analysis, Analysis, USEP USEPA (Report (Report No. 550/9-82 550/9-82-105) -105),, April April 1982. 4. Occupationa Occupational. l. Health Health Safety Safety,, ILO, 1972. 5. Protective Protective Noise Noise I,etiels I,etiels (Conden (Condensed sed version version of EP EPA Levels Docume Documents), nts), EP EPA (550/9-79 (550/9-79-100) -100),, November 1978. 6. "Vibration Problems in Civil Engineering", O'Neil, D.B., Instrumentation for Ground Vibration and Earthquakes, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1978.


Page 94

ANNEX III/8 III/8 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

A.

Approp ropriat iate St Standards

1. Setting Setting of appropri appropriate ate standard standardss (and/or (and/or cricriteria for environmental quality is a basic task facing the national environmental protection agencies (NEnPAs) (NEnPAs) of all D1VICs, D1VICs, and probably the most complex, difficult and confusing of the host of problems. At first glance the problem seems simple enough. All the NEnPAs need to do is to: (i) review the standards (and/or criteria) utilized in other countries; (ii) adjust these to be appropriate for the local national situation; (iii) establish these officially through legislation and promulgations; and (iv) monitor to see to it that the standards are followed and complied with. However, on Item (ii) above, adjustment, to be appropriate for local situations, is a most complex assignment because setting the standards which are indeed appropriate for local use involves not just the basic principles of environmental protection, such as preserving scarce and irreplaceable natural resources, maintaining community environments that are reasonably clean and fit to live in, etc., but also involves, at equal depth, the basic principles of the national economic situation. This means consideration of what is affordable, and the national cultural traditions and values including the mole of enforcement in the government's relationship to society and socioeconomics. 2. A common common appr approac oach h used used by NEnP NEnPAs As is to review the latest standards in use by IC IC agencies (which Dave done most of the work on the subject), and the standards set by the international assistance agencies (IRAs), which are often adaptations of the IC standards. The USEPA USEPA standards have been the most used, because not only has EPA EPA done the most work on the subject, but also has a liberal publications distribution

program so that EPA EPA publications are relatively readily available. The next step is to obtain a standard to be utilized locally. Often this results in promulgation of a standard which is simply unrealistic in that the local national establishment will not be willing to make the expenditures needed to achieve it. 3. An approp appropriate riate approach approach to setting setting stanstandards in DMCs is to review the history of their evolution in the ICs, such as in the United States. Such review shows, except except for a few standards that are directly health-related (such as the amount of mer cury that a human can tolerate), most environmental standards bear a close relationship to the country's status in economic development. By this means the DMC official can obtain guidelines on selection of standards appropriate for the country's current development situation.

B.

Water ater Qual Qualit ity y Standa andard rds s

4. The principl principles es noted noted above above have have been been recognized in some DMCs in the establishment of water quality (WQ) standards much less strict than for the ICs. For example, the USEPA USEPA standard of safety of drinking water froni pathogenic hazards, as judged by the coliform index, requires an average maximum density of total coliform of I per 100 ml, which is readily met in ICs where O&M quality is high. An appropriate standard used in some developing countries Is 6 per 100 ml. Slmilarly, a turbidity of 5 ppm is commonly allowed for filtered water In developing countries, countries, com-pared to less than I ppm in the ICs.


Page 95

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS STANDARDS

C.

Occupational Health Standards

5. This is is another another area area of confus confusion ion in many developing countries, in trying to set meaningful standards for protecting the health and safety of workers, including protection from exposure to toxic substances, from explosions and fires, from excessive noise and vibrations, etc. Again, the answer Is not in copying IC standards, which may be unaffordable, but in setting requirements that match the existing economic/socioeconomic situation. 6. An excellent excellent reference reference for for detailed detailed informainformation on occupational health is the World Bank publication, Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines, Office of Environmental Affairs, World Bank, June 1984.


Page 96

ANNEX 111/9 : GUIDELINE GUIDELINES S ANNEX ANNEX OPERATIONS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE MAINTEN ANCE PROBLEMS

A.

Qualit lity of of O& O&M Eq Equipm ipment

1. One of the most most diffi difficult cult environmen environmental tal protection problems in DMC9 relates to the use of equipment for water and waste treatment, for air pollution control, and other environmental protection purposes, which depend upon the proper functioning of equipment of the types used in the industrialized countries (ICs). The Project Consultants responsible for designing / implementing such systems commonly assume that, because such equipment does solve problems when used in the ICs, that the same will happen in the DMCs. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, the Project Consultants are usually not involved in the project beyond the construction and startup phases, when they themselves are present to furnish expert guidance to ensure proper equipment operations. Tire assumption made by the Project Consultant is that the equipmentwill be operated and maintained in the DMCs at the same level of quality as in the ICs. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case, even when the Project Consultant's contract provides for training of local O&M staff while the Project Consultants are opt the job.

3. The project project ITS ITS must must take this this diffe difference rence in O&M capabilities into account when selecting processing equipment and in planning the O&M program.

B.

Reasons for Problem of Inadequate O&M

4. A common common assum assumpti ption on by the the Interna Internatio tional nal assistance agencies (IAA9) is that the O&M problem in DCs can be solved by use of appropriate training programs. While While these are helpful, the basic problem is usually the low levels of pay for O&M personnel. Once trained, the individual is prompted to seek employment elsewhere with pay matching his new skills level. 5. The 1AAs, 1AAs, Including Including ADB, need to give give more attention to this problem in formulating Bank-sponsored project's.

2. The reason reason for for this this is shown shown clearl clearly y in. the the history of pollution control activities everywhere, including the ICs, in which it is noted that pollution control equipment is operated properly only when the applicable laws and regulations on maximum tolerable emissions are actually enforced, including operation of an effective periodic monitoring program. "No monitoring, no functioning" is the common saying. While sucli enforcement is the rule in practically all ICs, it Is not tire rule in most DMCs, because of lack of under standing that effective monitoring is essential to the overall pollution control process and hence the lack of willingness to fund the monitoring. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES for THE THE EIA OF HIGHWA HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT PROJECT

Page 97

ANNEX III/I0 III/I0 : GUIDLINES GUIDLINES ANNEX

CRITICAL PARAME PARAMETERS TERS FOR OVERALL O VERALL PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW

Based on experience of the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, a number of questions have been developed for testing of the overall environmental appropriateness ofproposed projects. Adapting these to suit DMC conditions results in the following list of questions: 1. Will the project create unwarranted losses in precious/irreplace able natural or other resources? 2. Will the project make unwarranted accelerated use of scarce resources in favor of shortterm over long-term economic gains? 3. Will the project adversely depreciate the national energy energy and/or and/or foreign exchange problem problem to an unwarranted degree? 4 Will Will the project project result result in in unwarranted unwarranted hazards hazards to endange endangered red species species?? 5. Will the project tend to intensify intensify undesirable undesirable rural-to-urban migration to an unwarranted degree? 6. Will the project tend to increase increase the "income "income gap" between the poor poor and affluent sectors? sectors?


Page 98

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF QUARRYING QUARRYING ACTIVITIES

1.0

LEGAL LEGAL REQUIREMEN REQUIREMENTS TS

-

flyi flying ng roc rock k frag fragme ment ntss (saf (safet ety) y)

Quarries are listed within the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Assessment) Order 1987, and as such an EIA is mandatory mandatory under under section section 34A 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 for :

-

dust dust (air (air qual qualit ity y, hea healt lth) h)

-

sedime sediment nt (wate (waterr qualit quality y, aquat aquatic ic ecol ecology ogy))

Quarries :

2.1.3 2.1 .3 Activi Activity ty 3 (Rock (Rock Proce Processi ssing ng - Crushing & Screening)

Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, sandstone, marble and decoradecorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area of which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development.

2.0 2 .1

KEY ISSUES ISSUES General Issues

The key issues generally associated with quarrying activities are noise, vibrations and dust associated with blasting, and their adverse effect (or impact) on people living nearby (within 3 kms). These and other issues are presented in the following sub-sections 2.1.1 to 2.1.5.

-

dust dust (air (air qual qualit ity y, hea healt lth) h)

-

noise (health) th)

-

sedime sediment nt (wate (waterr qualit quality y, aquat aquatic ic ecol ecology ogy))

2.1.4 2.1 .4 Activi Activity ty 4 (Transp (Transport ortati ation on of Processed Aggregate)

-

truc trucks ks/t /tra rafffic fic (saf (safet ety) y)

-

spil spille led d aggr aggreg egat atee (saf (safet ety) y)

2.1.5 2.1 .5 Activi Activity ty 5 (Abando (Abandonme nment) nt)

-

vertic vertical al clif cliffs fs (safet (safety y, aesth aestheti etics) cs)

-

buildi building ng & plan plantt (saf (safety ety,, aest aesthet hetics ics))

2.1.1 2.1.1 Activi Activity ty 1 (Sit (Site e Cleari Clearing ng & Earthworks)

-

remova removall of forest forest cover cover & terre terrestr strial ial habita habitatt (biodiversity, (biodiversity, aesthetics)

-

loss loss of of faun faunaa & flora flora (biodi (biodiver versit sity) y)

2.1.2 2.1.2 Activi Activity ty 2 (Rock (Rock Extra Extractio ction nBlasting & Rock Breaking)

-

nois noisee (he (heal alth th,, tra tranq nqui uill llit ity) y)

-

vibr vibrat atio ions ns (hea (healt lth, h, sett settle leme ment nt))


Page 99


3 .0

3 .1

SPECIFI IFIC EIA EIA STUDIES IES

Noise Study

In order to undertake an assessment and prediction of noise around a proposed quarry site a Noise Specialist will typically carry out out the following tasks:

3.1.1 3.1.1 Assess Assessment ment of exi existin sting g noise levels

Noise measurements would be undertaken at the nearest residential area using equipment such as the following : -

Bruel Bruel and and Kjwr Kjwr precis precision ion integr integrati ating ng Soun Sound d Level Meter model 2231 with Statistical Analysis Module

-

Bruel Bruel and Kjwr Kjwr prec precisi ision on Sound Sound Level Level Meter model 2203

-

SONY SONY TCDTCD-D3 D3 DAT reco record rder er

The model 2231 meter allows measurements of L,o and Leq to be made directly on site. The model 2203 meter and DAT DAT recorder enables calibrated recordings of the noise environment to be made, so that additional analysis can be undertaken at a later stage if required.

3.1.2 3.1.2 Predic Prediction tion of noise noise due to to operation of the quarry

A computer modelling technique will need to be utilised to ensure that noise controls set by the Department of Environment can be achieved by the proposed quarry project. In some cases it may be desirable to measure noise levels from a trial blast at the site to confirm/calibrate the computer model.

3.2

Air Qua Qualit lity Studie udies s

In order to undertake an assessment and prediction of air quality around the quarry site, an Air Quality Specialist will need to carry out the following subtasks.

3.2.1 3.2 .1 Measure Measurement ment of ambie ambient nt air air quality

The main pollutant emitted from the quarry will be pulverised rock fragments. These finely pulverised rock fragments will range in size and form both deposited particulates and suspended particulates. Deposited particulate matter is dust or aerosol that, because of its aerodynamic diameter and density, falls from the air. In general terms deposited particulate has a diameter of greater than about 10 to 20/m. However there is no sharp dividing line between these particles and the smaller particles of suspended matter that more slowly fall out of the air. Suspended particulate matter is dust or aerosol that stays suspended in the atmosphere for significant periods. Its exact definition is dependent on the monitoring procedure adopted. In general terms suspended particulate has a diameter up to about 10 pin, although some particulate up to about 50 pm can be collected, and therefore measured, by the monitoring system. Ambient air monitoring for particulates (both deposited and suspended) can be undertaken using samplers specified in ISO/DIS 4222.2 and AS 2724.3.

3.2.2 3.2 .2 Predict Predictions ions of Dust Dust from Quarry Operations

It is usually sufficient to utilise simple models for predicting dust emissions from the various quarrying activities, which can be used along-side USEPA USEPA emission factors.


Page 100


3.3 3.3

Water ater Qual Qualit ity y Studi tudies es

Blasting, crushing and processing (washing) rock for aggregate results in fine material which can be washed into receiving waters thereby adversely affecting water quality due to suspended solids. It should be sufficient to sample the closest watercourse upslope and downstream of the quarry face for pH, COD, BOD, suspended solids and oil and grease in accordance with DOE requirements. The suspended suspended solids content of the water will inevitably increase as a result of quarrying operations, and practical recommendations will need to be made to ensure that the off-site water quality complies with DOE industrial effluent criteria.

The acceptance criteria need to take account of : -

Physiological Criteria

Human sensitivity to vibrations is very high with discomfort levels being affected by : -

3.4 3.4

Vibr ibratio ation n Studi tudie es

Depending on the quarry location, vibration limits may need to be determined for the quarry site on the basis of international recommended acceptance levels for : structural criteria



posi positio tion n of of aff affec ecte ted d per perso son n direct direction ion of inci inciden dence ce with with respec respectt to the human spine acti activi vity ty of of the the affe affect cted ed per perso son n community age and indivi individua duall chara characte cteris ristics tics time time of day

The intensity of perception depends on the physical vibration parameters : -



type type and and quali quality ty of of const construc ructio tion n and and build build-ing materials buil buildi ding ng foun founda dati tion onss age of buildi lding dura durati tion on of vibr vibrat atio ion n eff effec ects ts char charac acte teri risa sati tion on of of vibr vibrat atio ions ns

physiological criteria -

displa displacem cement ent,, velo velocit city y, acce acceler lerati ation on amplitudes dura durati tion on of even events ts and and dam dampi ping ng characteristics numb number er of occu occurr rren ence cess vibr vibrat atio ion n freq freque uenc ncy y

Structural Criteria

Induced vibrations vibrations may cause cause deformations and a range of forms of distress to building including : -

It may be desirable to monitor vibrations arising from a test blast at the proposed quarry site using seismographs set up at both the nearest residential residential area and at the closest ownship.

crac cracki king ng of wall wallss and and slab slabss aggr aggrav avat atio ion n of exis existi ting ng crac cracki king ng displa displacem cement ent of equipm equipment ent,, clad claddin ding g and and roofing elements fatigu fatiguee and and over overstr stress ess in princi principal pal load load bearing elements (continuous vibrations)


Page 101


3.5 3.5

Fauna auna & Flo Flora ra Stud tudies ies

Quarry sites usually only encompasses relatively small areas of land. The amount of habitat is therefore usually insignificant in relation to the surrounding land area. It may be sufficient to undertake a qualitative assessment of the existing fauna and flora, in order to confirm that the area is not ecologically sensitive through meetings with DOE, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Wildlife Department and Forestry Department.

3.6 3.6

Soci Social al Imp Impact act Studi tudies es

The views of the the nearest local community should be sought through interviews or a public meeting.


Page 102

Guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway or Road Projects

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