Grammar Summary for Ise II

GRAMMAR SUMMARY FOR ISE II 1. SECOND CONDITIONAL CONDITION AL

If  past simple' would  infinitive We use it to t o talk about unlikely or imaginary present or future situations and their present or future consequence consequence 2. THIRD CONDITIONAL

If  past perfect' would  have  infinitive We use it to talk about imaginary past events and their results. 3. USED TO

/sed to  infinitive We use it to talk about something that we often did in the past but we do not do it anymore (Ex: I used to visit my grandparents every weekend and to talk about a state that lasted for some time in the past (Ex: We didn!t use to t o live near the city centre. We can change it by "would# when we are speaking about things we did in the past and don!t do anymore. 4. RELATIVE CLAUSES We use them to give additional information about something without starting a new sentence. We have two types: a. $efini $efining ng relati relative ve clause clauses: s: they they give give essent essential ial informa informatio tion n witho without ut which the sentence would not make sense. %he relative pronouns we can use are: that & which (for things' that& who (for people. b. on) on)de defi fini ning ng rela relati tive ve clau clause ses: s: they they give give extr extra a info inform rmat atio ion' n' the the sentence would still make sense without this information. %hey are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. %he relative pronouns we can use are: which (for things and who (for people. *ther relative pronouns: Where When Whose Whom

%o talk about places %o talk about times& periods %o talk about possession %o speak about people as the ob+ect t of   the sentence

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5. MODAL VERBS ,ossibility Impossibility ,robability  2bility ,ermission 3uggestions and advice *bligation and necessity

0an' could' may' might 0annot (can!t' could not (couldn!t 1ust' should 0an' could 0an' could' may 3hould' could 1ust' have to

*ther expressions to give advice and make suggestions: 4ollowed by to infinitive It is (not a good idea

4ollowed by bare infinitive If I were you5 would inf 

4ollowed by )ing 7ow about& what about 

6ou!d (had better 

verb 8ing9 %ry  verb )ing

6. BECAUSE OF, DUE TO  2lthough they can be used interchangeably owing to their meaning' there is a difference in terms of use: ) )

$ue to  noun  Ex: $ue to +et lag' he didn!t sleep during the night' ecause of  other constructions  Ex: ecause of falling down the stairs' my 



leg hurt. 7. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

3ub+ect  has&have  been  verb )ing We use it to speak about actions that started in the past and continue in the present (Ex: 7e has been painting the house for five hours; for actions that began in the past and have recently stopped (Ex: I have been waiting for you for half an hour and for  temporary actions and situations (Ex: I have been working as a waitress for the past week.) 8. PAST PERFECT TENSE

3ub+ect  had  past participle We use it to speak about an action taking place before a certain time in the past' putting emphasis only on the fact (not on the duration of the action . REPORTED SPEECH

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We use it to inform about what someone said later in time without using the exact words the other person uttered. %hus' we need to make some changes: TENSES! ,resent simple ,resent continuous ,ast simple ,resent perfect ,ast continuous 4uture perfect 4uture continuous

,ast simple ,ast continuous ,ast perfect ,ast perfect ,ast perfect continuous 4uture perfect 4uture perfect continuous

MODAL! Will 0an 1ust 7ave to 1ay& might 3hould *ught to

Would 0ould 1ush 7ad to 1ight 3hould *ught to

TIME E"PRESSIONS: %oday %hat day ow %hen& at the 6esterday 5days ago ext year %omorrow

moment %he day before 5days before %he following year   %he next day& the

7ere %his %hese  2go %onight

following day %here %hat %hose ,reviously & before %hat night

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We use a reporting verb: say' tell
*ne thing 3omething else' also' plus 4or instance' like Even though' although' though In other words of even though, although, though. %hese are the

trends in their use: I' 9)&(&'! When the sentence begins by the

I' /-&'! E-' (0%+0 is the most common option

contradictory part' we use (0%+0. When the contradictory idea comes after'

in speaking. When we want to introduce a

we use --' (0%+0.

contradiction but we think it beforehand'

we use (0%+0. T0%+0 is very formal and elegant' a little  2s an adverb at the end of a contradictory poetic.

clause' we use (0%+0. It is hardly ever used.