grammar in context book 3

Review Lesson

PART 1: VERBS

A. Study Charts Affirmative

Negative

Be

He is tired. I am afraid. He was absent.

He isn’t tired. I’m not afraid. He wasn’t absent.

Simple Present Tense

I work. He works.

I don’t work. He doesn’t work.

Simple Past

I worked. I ate. I fell. I studied.

I didn’t work. I didn’t eat. I didn’t fall. I didn’t study.

Future

I am going to study. I will study.

I am not going to study. I won’t study.

Present Continuous

He is sleeping.

He isn’t sleeping.

Past Continuous

He was sleeping.

He wasn’t sleeping.

Present Perfect

You have broken the mirror.

You haven’t broken the mirror.

Present Perfect Continuous

We have been studying for two hours.

We haven’t been studying for two hours.

Modals

He can study. You should go.

He cannot study. You shouldn’t go.

Be—Present

Be—Past

I → am You, We, They → are He, She, It → is

I, He, She, It → was You, We, They → were

Part 1: Verbs

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B. Rules and Editing Practice Look at the rules and study the examples in the column on the left. Find and correct the errors in the edit column on the right. Not every sentence has a mistake.

Rule 1. For the simple present tense, use the s form for he, she, it, singular subjects, gerund subjects, and subjects beginning with every every and and no no.. Study

Edit s

She has a computer. He needs my help. Your composition looks good. Learning a new language takes time. Everyone deserves a good life. Nobody wants to get old. Wrong: She have a computer.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

My bro broth ther er wor workk in a restaurant. My best frie friend nd lives lives in Austra Australia lia.. Getting Gettin g a college degree degree requir requiree hard work. work. Nobody Nob ody know know how how I feel. feel. No one one have time time for for me now now.. Every child deser deserves ves love love.. Everybo Eve rybody dy want want respect respect.. That buildin building g needs needs repair repair.. ˆ

Rule 2. When the subject is I, is I, we, they they,, you, or a plural word, use the base form, not the -s form. Study

Edit

I like ice cream. You live near me. We walk to school. My parents live in China.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Note: People is a plural word.

They has free free time now now.. People Pe ople compl complain ainss a lot. My parents parents lives in in Germany Germany.. The studen students ts want more more practi practice ce.. All her her friends friends has has a cell cell phone. phone.

Some people have a hard life. Wrong: Some people has a hard life.

Rule 3. To form the negative of the simple present tense, use don’t don’t with with I, I, you, we, they, and plural subjects. Use doesn’t doesn’t with with he, she, it, and singular subjects. Always use the base form after don’t don’t or or doesn’t. Study

Edit

I speak Italian. I don’t speak German. We know the question. We don’t know the answer. He has a bike. He doesn’t have a car. She lives in Los Angeles. She doesn’t live in San Diego. Wrong: She doesn’t lives in San Diego.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Review Lesson

He don’t don’t know know your name name.. We doesn doesn’t ’t speak speak Frenc French. h. Some people people doesn’t doesn’t have have a cell cell phone phone.. They don’t want to go hom home. e. I don’t don’t like like his new new jacket jacket.. She doesn’t doesn’t lives in in New New York. York.


Rule 1. For the simple present tense, use the s form for he, she, it, singular subjects, gerund subjects, and subjects beginning with every every and and no no.. Study

Edit s

She has a computer. He needs my help. Your composition looks good. Learning a new language takes time. Everyone deserves a good life. Nobody wants to get old. Wrong: She have a computer.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

My bro broth ther er wor workk in a restaurant. My best frie friend nd lives lives in Austra Australia lia.. Getting Gettin g a college degree degree requir requiree hard work. work. Nobody Nob ody know know how how I feel. feel. No one one have time time for for me now now.. Every child deser deserves ves love love.. Everybo Eve rybody dy want want respect respect.. That buildin building g needs needs repair repair.. ˆ

Rule 2. When the subject is I, is I, we, they they,, you, or a plural word, use the base form, not the -s form. Study

Edit

I like ice cream. You live near me. We walk to school. My parents live in China.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Note: People is a plural word.

They has free free time now now.. People Pe ople compl complain ainss a lot. My parents parents lives in in Germany Germany.. The studen students ts want more more practi practice ce.. All her her friends friends has has a cell cell phone. phone.

Some people have a hard life. Wrong: Some people has a hard life.

Rule 3. To form the negative of the simple present tense, use don’t don’t with with I, I, you, we, they, and plural subjects. Use doesn’t doesn’t with with he, she, it, and singular subjects. Always use the base form after don’t don’t or or doesn’t. Study

Edit

I speak Italian. I don’t speak German. We know the question. We don’t know the answer. He has a bike. He doesn’t have a car. She lives in Los Angeles. She doesn’t live in San Diego. Wrong: She doesn’t lives in San Diego.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Review Lesson

He don’t don’t know know your name name.. We doesn doesn’t ’t speak speak Frenc French. h. Some people people doesn’t doesn’t have have a cell cell phone phone.. They don’t want to go hom home. e. I don’t don’t like like his new new jacket jacket.. She doesn’t doesn’t lives in in New New York. York.

Rule 4. To describe regular activity or repeated action, use the base form or the –s form for the simple present tense. Don’t use the -ing -ing form. form. Study

Edit

I always drink coffee in the morning. She never walks to school. Wrong: She never walking walking to to school.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I usually usually sitting sitting near near the door door.. We always watch TV at nigh night. t. She drivin driving g to school school every day day.. I brush my my teeth three three time timess a day. day. She doesn’t doesn’t eating eating breakfa breakfast st every day. day.

Rule 5. Use the correct form of be. (I am, He is, She is, It is, You are, We are, They are) (I was, He was, She was, It was, You were, We were, They were) Study

Edit

My parents are very kind. We are sorry about your problem. Your sister is intelligent. You were late yesterday. My brother was at the soccer game last week.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

My friends friends is is always good to me me.. We was was in Canad Canadaa last summer summer.. You were were in class class yesterda yesterdayy. Mostt people Mos people is kin kind. d. They wasn’t wasn’t here here yester yesterday day..

Rule 6. Do not use a form of be to form the simple present or the simple past tense. Study

Edit

I like my new dog. Wrong: I am like my new dog. She bought a new CD player. Wrong: She was bought a new CD player player..

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

She’s need She’s needss some some help. help. I’m kno know w Spanis Spanish h well. well. She was took took the the test last week. The accid accident ent was was happened happened at four four o’clock. o’clock. I left left my keys keys at hom home. e. He was was opened opened the prese present. nt.

Rule 7. Many past-tense verbs are irregular. Use the correct form. For a complete list of irregular verbs, see Grammar in Context Book 3, Appendix M. Study

Edit

She left early this morning. We saw the movie last night. I knew the answer. She fell down two days ago. Wrong: She She falled falled down. down.

1. They went went home home early early last last night. night. 2. She heare heared d the news news on the the radio radio this morning. 3. He see the the acciden accidentt yesterday yesterday.. 4. They wrote wrote a compos compositio ition n last night. night.

Part 1: Verbs

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Rule 8. After do, does, and did, use the base form. Study

Edit

Doesn’t she have a cell phone? Does she know the answer? Did you drive the car? Did he bring his book today? Wrong: Did he brought brought his his book today?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Did you you saw the movi moviee yesterda yesterday? y? Does she she underst understands ands the proble problem? m? Did you find find the newsp newspaper? aper? Does the the teach teacher er have have your your paper? paper? Does your fath father er knows knows your cell cell phone phone number? 6. Does he he has a laptop laptop compu computer ter??

Rule 9. To make the negative of regular and irregular past-tense verbs, use didn’t + the base form. Study

Edit

She saw the movie. She didn’t see the play. She studied French. She didn’t study German. Wrong: She don’t studied German. She lost her keys. She didn’t lose her wallet. Wrong: She didn’t lost lost her her wallet.

1. 2. 3. 4.

He didn’t didn’t went to the the party last Saturd Saturday ay.. I don’t don’t watched watched the news last night. night. She didn’ didn’tt find find a job last week. week. He took the the keys. He He didn’t didn’t take the money money..

Rule 10. In American English, the negative of have as a main verb is don’t have. have. The negative of has is doesn’t have. have. The negative of had had is is didn’t have. have. Study British: He has money. He hasn’t any time. American: He has money. He doesn’t have any time.

Edit Change to American English: 1. She hadn’t hadn’t time time to do her her homework homework last last night. 2. I haven’t haven’t money money for the bus. bus. 3. He has hasn’t n’t a car car..

Rule 11. Use was/were with born. Do not use did with born. Do not put an ending on born. Study

Edit

I was born in 1978. Wrong: I borned borned in in 1978. Where were your parents born? Wrong: Where did did your your parent born?

1. 2. 3. 4.

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Review Lesson

They were born in in Guatema Guatemala. la. I born borned ed in in July July.. When Whe n was your your paren parents ts born? born? Did Di d you born born befor beforee 1985? 1985?

Rule 12. Continuous tenses = a form of be + verb -ing . Study

Edit

We are correcting sentences. She was driving when she had an accident. They have been living in the U.S. for three years. Wrong: They have living in the U.S. for three years. The teacher is teaching us about verbs. Wrong: The teacher teaching us about verbs.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

He eating lunch now. He’s work now. I sleeping when the phone rang. They are driving home now. The baby has sleeping for four hours. I’m read a great book now. You have been working for six hours.

Rule 13. Don’t use a continuous tense with nonaction verbs (believe, care, cost, hate, have, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer, remember, see, seem, think (about), understand, want, and sense perception verbs: taste, smell, feel, sound, look ). Study

Edit

I remember my first day in the U.S. We don’t need your help now. I like your new shirt. Wrong: I am liking your new shirt.

1. Are you wanting to go home now? 2. I am not remembering the name of my first teacher. 3. This music sounds beautiful. 4. He is understanding English now. 5. Do you own a cell phone now?

Rule 14. Present perfect tense = have/has + past participle. Use the present perfect for: • actions or states that started in the past and continue to the present. • activities that repeat in a present time period. • an indefinite time in the past. Study

Edit

I have taken several art courses. She has been here since May. Wrong: She been here since May. The teacher has given several tests.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Note: Don’t confuse the -ing form with the -en form.

I have made many mistakes. They been here for two hours. I’ve look at the clock five times. She has eating dinner already. Have you ever been in France? We haven’t given our parents a gift yet.

Wrong: The teacher has giving several tests.

Part 1: Verbs

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Rule 15. Present perfect continuous = have/has + been + verb-ing. Use the present perfect continuous for actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Study

Edit

He has been studying for two hours. We have been working for five weeks. Wrong: We been working for five weeks. She has been giving me piano lessons for three years.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Note: Don’t confuse the -ing form with the -en form. Wrong: She has been given me piano lessons for three years.

You have been worked for two hours. They’ve been sleeping for five hours. I’ve living in Chicago for three months. She’s been taken English classes for three years. 5. She been sleeping for six hours. 6. I have studying English for three years.

Rule 16. After certain verbs (want, need, expect, try ), use an infinitive (to + base form). Study

Edit

I needed to find a job. Wrong: I needed to found a job. I expect to get an A in this course. Wrong: I expect get an A.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Note: If two infinitives are connected with and , don’t repeat to. The second verb is an infinitive without to. She wants to get married and have children.

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Review Lesson

She needs buy a new car. I wanted called you yesterday. She wanted to left early last night. She wants to finish college and finding a job. He expected to receive a letter yesterday. I like to receive and to send letters.

Rule 17. Include be and to with the following expressions: be supposed to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be able to. Be sure to put a d at the end of supposed, allowed, permitted. Study

Edit

Are you able to find a job? I am supposed to write my composition on the computer. Wrong: I supposed to write my composition on the computer. The child is not permitted to see the movie. Wrong: The child is not permitted see the movie. We are not allowed to talk during a test. Wrong: We are not allow to talk during a test.

1. You are able to speak English well. 2. We not supposed to talk during a test. 3. You’re not allowed park on this side of the street. 4. We not permitted to use our dictionaries during a test. 5. You’re not suppose to write on that paper.

Rule 18. Future = will + base form or am/is/are + going to + base form. Study

Edit

She will eat dinner later. She is going to eat dinner later.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Note: Don’t use be together with a simple future tense verb. Wrong: I will be eat dinner later. Note: Don’t use will and going to together. Wrong: I will going to eat dinner later.

He will coming home later. She will become a doctor. I going to visit my parents on Saturday. You will be have a good time on your vacation. 5. I will going to visit my cousins next week.

Rule 19. When talking about the future, use the simple-present tense in a time clause or an if clause. Study

Edit

She will eat dessert after she finishes dinner. If you are at the library, the librarian will help you. I will do my homework after I go home. Wrong: I will do my homework after I will go home.

1. When I will return to my country, I will visit my parents. 2. He will go to the movies if he will have time. 3. She will visit the Eiffel Tower when she is in Paris. 4. If I’m home before 10 p.m., I’ll call you.

Part 1: Verbs

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Rule 20. We show purpose with to + the base form. Study

Edit

He used a knife to open the box. She needs money to go to college. I came to this school to learn English. Wrong: I came to this school for learning English. Wrong: I came to this school for learn English.

1. I turned on the TV for watch the weather. 2. She used a spell check to check her spelling mistakes. 3. He came to the U.S. for improving his skills.

Rule 21. After a modal, use the base form. (Modals = can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must .) Study They can learn English. You should drive carefully. Wrong: You should to drive carefully.

Edit

1. 2. 3. Note: To make a negative of a modal, put not 4. 5. after the modal. 6. They couldn’t help me. Wrong: They don’t could help me.

She don’t can drive. I can’t to help you. You shouldn’t making so much noise. It may rain tonight. You must to leave immediately. You should not drive so fast.

Rule 22. Don’t forget the d in used to. Study

Edit

They used to have a dog. I used to live with my grandparents. Wrong: I use to live with my grandparents.

1. She use to own a house, but she sold it. 2. I used to live with my uncle. 3. They use to play video games.

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Review Lesson

Rule 23. After prepositions, use the -ing form. Some prepositions are for, about, of, from, after, before, in, without, by. Study

Edit

After finishing dinner, we watched TV. Instead of using a fork, we used a spoon. You can’t get ahead without working hard. She’s interested in learning about computers. Before eating dinner, wash your hands. Wrong: Before eat dinner, wash your hands.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He’s concerned about lose his job. He thanked me for give him my seat. Are you good at writing compositions? She complains about not get enough sleep. Instead of write your composition by hand, you can use the computer.

Rule 24. Don’t mix can and be able to. Study

Edit

I can play the guitar. I am able to play the guitar. Wrong: I can able to play the guitar.

1. Are you able to finish the job? 2. She can’t able to do her homework with the TV on. 3. I can’t help you.

EXERCISE

1

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct,write C. s He drink coffee every day. ˆ

You were late yesterday.

C

1.

She going to buy a new computer next month.

2.

She goes to the library once a week.

3.

My brother work very hard.

4.

She didn’t went home after work yesterday.

5.

My father have a new car.

6.

My cousin lives in New York.

7.

I watching TV last night when the telephone rang.

8.

My sister likes dogs. She doesn’t likes cats.

9.

I’ll be know a lot of grammar at the end of the semester.

10.

He speaks Russian. He doesn’t speak Ukrainian.

11.

She will take a vacation next month.

Part 1: Verbs

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R-10 Review Lesson

12.

He’s a doctor. He been a doctor since 1997.

13.

Nobody know how to fix the problem.

14.

We can’t able to help you now.

15.

I have saw a lot of good movies lately.

16.

He was driving to work when he had a flat tire.

17.

Last week, she was lost her gloves.

18.

I have eating Mexican food many times.

19.

She forgot to turned off the oven.

20.

If we will have time next week, we will go to the zoo.

21.

You should to buy a faster computer.

22.

I want eat lunch now.

23.

Every student need a textbook.

24.

She doesn’t has a computer.

25.

I not want to go outside now.

26.

You done a good job on your last composition.

27.

She quitted her job two months ago.

28.

My father was borned in 1945.

29.

She’s been talking on the phone for two hours.

30.

Were you excited about go to Paris?

31.

She can’t understand the lesson.

32.

I finded a job yesterday.

33.

She didn’t understood the explanation.

34.

Some American people is very friendly.

35.

She will become a teacher when she graduates.

36.

I’m not able find a good job.

37.

Most people want to be rich.

38.

You wasn’t in class yesterday.

39.

He has already taking care of the problem.

40.

She came to the U.S. for find a better job.

41.

They didn’t driving to Canada. They flew there.

42.

Be quiet. The baby sleeping.

43.

I want to go back to my country and visiting my parents.

44.

You not supposed to talk in the library.

45.

She expected received a letter, but she didn’t.

46.

She isn’t interested in watching the baseball game.

47.

I am not knowing the answer to your question.

48.

I use to walk to school, but now I take the bus.

49.

We visiting our grandparents every week.

50.

We’re not allow to write in our books.

51.

When I am at the post office tomorrow, I’ll buy stamps.

52.

Are we suppose to write a composition today?

PART 2: ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND NOUN MODIFIERS

A. Study Chart Adjectives

Adverbs

Noun Modifiers

Adjectives describe a noun.

Adverbs describe a verb.

Noun modifiers make nouns more specific.

He is a careful driver. He is a good cook. She is a hard worker.

He drives carefully. He cooks well. She works hard.

He has a driver’s license. He uses a gas stove. She is a city worker.


Rule 1. A descriptive adjective has no plural form. Study

Edit

His ideas are so different from mine. He has two wonderful daughters. Wrong: He has two wonderful s daughters.

1. Her children are beautifuls. 2. You have pretty eyes. 3. Boston and Chicago are Americans cities.

Part 2: Adjectives, Adverbs, and Noun Modifiers

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Rule 2. After a form of be or other linking verbs ( seem, look, smell, sound, taste, feel), use an adjective, not an adverb. Study

Edit

I am very proud of you. The pie tastes good. The coffee smells fresh. Wrong: The coffee smells freshly .

1. She seems responsible. 2. She is very carefully when she drives. 3. That music sounds beautifully.

Rule 3. To describe an action, use an adverb, not an adjective. Study

Edit

He speaks English fluently. I type very quickly. Wrong: I type very quick .

1. You should drive careful. 2. He spoke very quiet. 3. Please speak more softly.

Rule 4. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective: fast, hard, late1 , early . They do not use -ly . Study

Edit

She has an early class. She arrives early. He is a fast worker. He works fast. Wrong: He works fastly .

1. 2. 3. 4.

She worked very hardly last week. She talks very fastly. I’m trying hard to find a job. She came late to the meeting.

Rule 5. Good is an adjective. The adverb is well. Study

Edit

He is a good cook. He cooks well. Wrong: He cooks good .

1. He writes English very good. 2. He is a good writer. 3. I didn’t do too good on my math test.

1

Hard and late have an -ly form, but the meaning is different: Lately she has had a lot of problems. ( lately = recently) He’s lazy. He hardly does any work at all. ( hardly = almost nothing)

R-12 Review Lesson

Rule 6. Some -ed words are adjectives: concerned, located, situated, married, divorced, crowded, allowed, permitted, worried, tired . Don’t omit the -ed for these words. Since these words are not verbs, be sure to include a verb (usually a form of be). Study

Edit

My sister isn’t married. We are not permitted to use a book during the test. My college is located nearby. Wrong: My college located nearby. I’m bored. Wrong: I’m bore.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Are you tire? I’m not worried about my grades. She’s concern about her son. The elevator isn’t crowded. The college situated on the corner of Broadway and Wilson Avenues.

Rule 7. You can put very before adjectives and adverbs. You cannot put very before verbs. Study

Edit

You have a very good accent. You speak English very well. I want to meet your mother very much. Wrong: I very want to meet your mother.

1. 2. 3. 4.

I very like your new car. His new suit is very expensive. He dresses very stylishly. She very wants to be a pilot.

Rule 8. Use too much before nouns. Use too before adjectives and adverbs. Study

Edit

That car costs too much money for me. That car is too expensive. I can’t buy it. Wrong: That car is too much expensive. I can’t buy it.

1. He’s too young to retire. 2. He drives too much slowly on the highway. He can get a ticket. 3. It’s too much hot in here. Let’s turn on the air conditioner.

Rule 9. Use too, too much, too many only if there is a problem. If there is no problem, use very and a lot of . Study

Edit

My brother is a very good student. My brother is 14. He’s too young to drive. I ate too much candy, and now I feel sick. He has a lot of friends. He’s happy. Wrong: He has too many friends.

1. My brother got a scholarship to a good college because he’s too smart. 2. He found a job because he has too much experience in his field. 3. He finally found a good job. Now he makes too much money.


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Rule 10. When a noun describes a noun, the first noun is always singular. Study

Edit

She had a two-week vacation. I need a five- dollar bill. Wrong: I need a five-dollars bill.

1. Put your shoes in a shoes box. 2. We have a three-days weekend next week. 3. I need an eye exam. My eyes are bad.

Rule 11. This and that are singular. These and those are plural. Study

Edit

This watermelon is big. That watermelon is small. Those cherries are good. These grapes are delicious. Wrong: This grapes are delicious.

1. 2. 3. 4.

That shoes are mine. Those are beautiful boots. This are my English books. This gloves are too big for me.

Rule 12. Combine two affirmative statements with too. Combine two negative statements with either . Study

Edit

I exercise every day, and my sister does too. I don’t play tennis, and my sister doesn’t either. Wrong: I don’t play tennis, and my sister doesn’t too.

1. My mother doesn’t like sports. My sister doesn’t too. 2. She can’t speak Spanish, and I can’t either. 3. My mother likes classical music, and I too. 4. I don’t play tennis, and my sister doesn’t too.

Note: Include an auxiliary verb before too and either . My friend has a dog, and I do too. Wrong: My friend has a dog, and I too.

R-14 Review Lesson

EXERCISE

2

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. ly He drives very careful . ˆ

He speaks English fluently.

C

1.

Her daughters are very intelligents.

2.

He is very proudly because his daughter graduated from college.

3.

The bread tastes fresh.

4.

I’m too much busy today. I don’t have time for you.

5.

She very likes her new job.

6.

This books are mine.

7.

We had a three-weeks vacation.

8.

I don’t type very fast or very well.

9.

I can’t speak Italian, and my friend can’t too.

10.

She studied hard for the test.

11.

You are not allow to talk during a test.

12.

My house located in a suburb.

13.

I’m concerned about learning English.

14.

My sister has a Japanese car, and I too.

15.

They speak English perfectly.

16.

She doesn’t know him very good.

17.

My sister likes tennis. Her daughter does too.

18.

He’s always tire because he works so hardly.

19.

She gets up early every day.

20.

The bus is very crowd in the morning.


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PART 3: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A. Study Charts Short Adjectives and Adverbs

Add -er / -est Adjectives That End in - y

Change y to i , add -er / -est Longer Adjectives

Add more /most before the adjective -ly Adverbs

Add more / most before the adverb Irregular Forms

Simple

Comparative

Superlative

tall big old

taller bigger older

tallest biggest oldest

busy easy

busier easier

busiest easiest

important wonderful

more important more wonderful

most important most wonderful

quickly easily

more quickly more easily

most quickly most easily

good well bad badly far* far little a lot

better better worse worse farther further less more

best best worst worst farthest furthest least most

Language Note: Far, farther, farthest is used for distance. He rode his bike the farthest.

Far, further, furthest is used for concepts. He explained his idea further.

Examples

Comparison Patterns

Comparative Forms

He is taller than his father. He is more intelligent than his brother. He drives more carefully than you do.

• short adjective / adverb + -er + than • more + long adjective + than • more + -ly adverb + than

Superlative Forms

He is the tallest person in his family. He is the most intelligent person in his family. He drives the most carefully of anyone in his family.

• the + short adjective / adverb + -est • the most + long adjective • the most + -ly adverb

Equality with Adjectives and Adverbs

He is as tall as his brother. She doesn’t dance as well as me.

• as adjective as • as adverb as

Equality with Quantities

He has as much money as you do. • as much noncount noun as I don’t have as many friends as you do. • as many plural noun as

R-16 Review Lesson

Equality with Verbs

You don’t drive as much as I do. You eat more. I don’t eat as much.

as much (as)

Equality with Nouns

He is the same height as his brother. He and his brother are the same height.

the same noun (as)

Equality with SensePerception Verbs

She looks like her father. They look alike. A CD almost sounds like live music. They sound almost alike. This coat feels like real fur.

• • • • •

Equality of Characteristics

She is like her mother. They are both very talented. She and her mother are alike.

be like / be alike

Same

The new dollar bills are not the same as the old dollar bills. The new dollar bills and the old dollar bills are not the same.

the same (as)

Different

The new dollar bills are different from the old dollar bills. The new dollar bills and the old dollar bills are different.

different (from)

look like / look alike sound like / sound alike taste like / taste alike feel like / feel alike smell like / smell alike


Rule 1. Choose the correct form of the adjective or adverb. A simple adjective or adverb (tall, good, important, fast ) describes one thing or person. A comparative adjective or adverb (taller, better, more important, faster ) compares two things or people. A superlative adjective or adverb (the tallest, the best, the most important, the fastest ) points out the number-one item in a group of three or more. Study

Edit biggest

He is tall. He is taller than his father. He’s the tallest person in his family. Wrong: He is a taller person. Golf is a popular sport. Baseball is more popular than golf. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

New York is the bigger city in the U.S. Trigonometry is difficult than algebra. Chicago is a bigger city. Los Angeles is big than Chicago. My grandfather is very oldest. You drive most carefully than your brother. She is the more beautiful woman I have ever seen. 8. The dictionary is a heavier book. Part 3: Comparatives and Superlatives

R- 17

Rule 2. Use -er and -est with short adjectives (including adjectives that end in -y ) and short adverbs ( fast, late, early, hard ). Use more and most with longer adjectives and -ly adverbs. Study

Edit

My aunt is nicer than my uncle. Book 2 is easier than Book 3.

1. 2. 3. 4.

My aunt is more intelligent than my uncle. The car is running more smoothly than before. Jake is the tallest person in my family. He is the laziest person I’ve ever met. She is the most interesting person in my family. She dresses the most stylishly of all her classmates.

I am more old than you are. My sister is more intelligent than my brother. Who is the most lazy person in your family? What is the most unusual place you have visited? 5. My dictionary is heavier than my textbook. 6. He wrote the composition more carefully than I did. 7. You speak English fluentlier than I do.

Rule 3. Before a superlative form, use the. Use than before the second item of comparison. Study

Edit

New York is the biggest city in the U.S. Los Angeles is bigger than Chicago.

1. Books in the U.S. are more expensive books in my country. 2. My aunt is intelligent, but my uncle is even more intelligent than. 3. Alaska is largest state in the U.S. 4. Is Alaska larger than California?

Note: Omit than if you omit the second item of comparison. Los Angeles is big, but New York is bigger.

Rule 4. Don’t use more and -er together. Don’t use most and -est together. Study

Edit

You are older than I am. Wrong: You are more older than I am. He is the tallest person in his family. Wrong: He is the most tallest person in his family.

1. You drive more worse than I do. 2. You are the most youngest person in the class. 3. You type more quickly than I do. 4. She speaks more faster than you do. 5. This book is more better than the other one.

R-18 Review Lesson

Rule 5. With nouns, use the same . . . (as). With adjectives and adverbs, use as . . . as. Study

Edit

She and her husband are the same age. She is the same age as her husband. Wrong: She is the same age like her husband. She is as pretty as her sister. Wrong: She is the same pretty as her sister.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I am the same tall as my brother. I’m not as athletic as you are. A nickel is the same shape like a quarter. She isn’t as strong than her husband. Her shoes are the same color as her dress. I am not the same height my friend.

Rule 6. For sense similarities, use look like, sound like, feel like, etc. For other similarities, use be like. Study

Edit

She is like her mother. They have the same interests. The weather in Cuba is like the weather in Puerto Rico. Both islands are tropical. She looks like her mother. They have almost the same face.

1. I am look like my twin brother. 2. You are look like your father. You both love sports. 3. She’s beautiful. She looks like a movie star. 4. I look like my friend. We have the same character. 5. When you sing, you sound like Bob Dylan. 6. The weather in Chicago looks like the weather in Detroit.

Note: Don’t include be with a senseperception verb. Wrong: She is looks like her mother.

Rule 7. To make the negative of sense-perception verbs, use don’t or doesn’t . Study

Edit

She doesn’t sound like a professional singer. 1. Polyester doesn’t feel like silk. My photo ID doesn’t look like me at all. 2. He has an accent. He isn’t sound like an American. Wrong: My photo ID isn’t look like me at all. 3. This drink looks like coffee, but it isn’t smell like coffee.

Rule 8. The connector after the same is as. The connector after different is from. Study

Edit

“Large” is the same as “big.” Wrong: “Large” is the same like “big.” “Large” is different from “long.” Wrong: “Large” is different than “long.”

1. This dish is the same like the one you made yesterday. 2. My English book is different than yours. 3. Your idea is the same as mine.

Part 3: Comparatives and Superlatives

R- 19

EXERCISE

3

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. I am the most oldest of all my cousins. She is older than her husband.

R-20 Review Lesson

C

1.

He’s taller than his brother.

2.

He speaks English more better than his brother.

3.

He’s as smart as his brother.

4.

Alaska is the biggest state in the U.S.

5.

January is the colder month of the year.

6.

New York is one of the most interesting cities in the world.

7.

She is funniest girl in the class.

8.

He’s not as old as his wife.

9.

She is beautiful, but her sister is even more beautiful than.

10.

He’s not the same tall as his son.

11.

He and his wife are the same age.

12.

Oranges don’t taste as tangerines.

13.

She looks like her mother. They are both pretty.

14.

She isn’t look like her father. She has her mother’s eyes and smile.

15.

Asian music doesn’t look like Western music.

16.

Decaf coffee tastes like regular coffee to me.

17.

My house in this city is very different than my house in my hometown.

18.

A quarter is the same like twenty-five cents.

19.

He doesn’t have as many problems as I do.

20.

I don’t drink as much coffee my brother.

21.

You and I are alike in many ways. We both love sports and jazz.

22.

He is same his father in many ways. They’re both very intelligent.

PART 4: COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS 2

A. Study Chart Singular Count

Plural Count

Noncount

a peach one peach

some peaches

some milk

two peaches

two glasses of milk

a couple of peaches

a couple of glasses of milk

no peaches

no milk

any peaches (in questions and negatives)

any milk (in questions and negatives)

a lot of peaches lots of peaches plenty of peaches

a lot of milk lots of milk plenty of milk

many peaches

much milk (in questions and negatives)

too many peaches

too much milk

a few peaches

a little milk

several peaches

several glasses of milk

How many peaches?

How much milk?

a glass one glass


Rule 1. With noncount nouns, use much and little. With count nouns, use many and few . Study

Edit few

I don’t have many friends. I don’t have much time. She ate a few cookies. She drank a little milk. 2

1. 2. 3. 4.

We saw a little good movies. Much people came to the party. A few people were late. I get a little help from my friends.

For a list of noncount nouns, see Grammar in Context Book 3, Appendix A.

Part 4: Count and Noncount Nouns

R- 21

Rule 2. In affirmative statements, use a lot of , not much. Study

Edit

He drinks a lot of coffee. I have a lot of time today. Wrong: I have much time today.

1. I drank a lot of orange juice today. 2. The teacher gave me much information about registration. 3. You should drink much water every day.

Rule 3. With a unit of measure or container, use of . Use of with a lot and a couple. Study

Edit

I drank a cup of tea. She bought a loaf of bread. I have a couple of tickets for the baseball game. They ate a lot of cookies.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Note: If you omit the noun, omit of . They ate a lot of cookies, but I didn’t eat a lot .

Note: Don’t use of after a little. Wrong: I drink a little of juice every morning.

I always put a little salt in the soup. He put a little of sugar in his tea. He bought a jar olive oil. I need to buy a gallon of milk. Put a spoonful sugar in the tea. I need to buy a couple bananas. She uses a lot sugar. I have a lot of free time on Monday, but I don’t have a lot of on Tuesday. 9. I have a couple of questions about the grammar. My friend has a couple of too.

Rule 4. To emphasize a positive quantity, use a before few and little (to mean some or enough). To emphasize a negative quantity, use very or nothing before few and little (to mean almost none). Study

Edit

I saw a few good movies last week. I rarely see movies in my language because there are very few available here. I have a little money. Let’s go to the movies. I have little money. I can’t even buy a cup of coffee.

1. Their marriage was a failure because they had little in common. 2. He’s a lucky man. He has few good friends. 3. I can’t help you today. I have a little time. 4. I bought a few bananas. Do you want one?

R-22 Review Lesson

Rule 5. Don’t make a noncount noun plural. Some unexpected words that are noncount nouns are: advice, information, equipment, furniture, and homework. (See Grammar in Context Book 3, Appendix A for a list of noncount nouns.) Study

Edit

The teacher gave us a lot of homework. All this equipment is very heavy. I have a lot of information about the new courses. I want to give you some advice. Wrong: I want to give you some advices.

1. He bought a lot of furnitures for his new home. 2. My mother gave me a lot of advices. 3. Do you have any informations about the new biology course? 4. I finished all my homework. 5. He works with a lot of heavy equipments. 6. He put a lot of sugars in his tea.

EXERCISE

4

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. My counselor gave me a lot of informations about colleges. The teacher gave us a lot of homework last week.

C

1.

He has many money.

2.

He has many credit cards.

3.

There were a lot of people at the party. Everyone had a great time.

4.

I can’t talk to you now. I have very little time.

5.

She drank three glasses of water today.

6.

She put a little of milk in her coffee.

7.

The soup has no taste. There is no salt in the soup.

8.

He has a lot of mistakes on his test, but he doesn’t have a lot on his composition.

9.

There are some people from Guatemala in my class.

10.

I have much work to do. I have little free time today.

11.

The teacher gave me a lot of advices about how to study.

12.

You can get a lot of information from the Internet.

13.

Do we have a lot of homeworks today?

14.

I ate a little of rice with dinner.

15. A

little students were absent today.

16.

I sent a couple letters to my friends.

17.

I drink two cups coffee every day. Part 4: Count and Noncount Nouns

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PART 5: NOUNS: SINGULAR/PLURAL AND POSSESSIVE

A. Study Charts Regular Plural Forms Singular

Plural

girl boy box watch dish class lady shelf

girls boys boxes watches dishes classes ladies shelves

Irregular Plural Forms3 Singular

Plural

man woman mouse tooth foot goose child person

men women mice teeth feet geese children people (OR persons)

3

For other irregular plurals, see Grammar in Context Book 3, Appendix I.

R-24 Review Lesson

Possessive Forms of Nouns Noun

Ending

Examples

Singular nouns: teacher mother

Add apostrophe + s teacher’s mother’s

The teacher’s office is on the third floor. My mother’s name is Elena.

Plural nouns ending in - s: parents students ladies

Add apostrophe only

Irregular plural nouns: men women

Add apostrophe + s

My parents’ house has 3 bedrooms. Do you know the students’ names? Where’s the ladies’ room?

parents’ students’ ladies’

Thomas and Robert are men’s names. Mary and Susan are women’s names.

men’s women’s


Rule 1. For possession of singular nouns and irregular plural nouns, put the apostrophe before the s. For possession of plural nouns ending in s, put the apostrophe after the s. Study

Edit

The boy’s name is Sam. The boys’ names are Sam and Mark. The children’s names are Lee and Ann. The men’s names are Harry and William.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The childrens’ toys are on the floor. My parent’s house is old. All the teachers’ offices are on the third floor. My teacher’s name is Barbara. The child’s name is Kim. My parent’s names are Sylvia and Paul.

Part 5: Nouns: Singular/Plural and Possessive

R- 25

Rule 2. Possession shows ownership or relationship. Use correct word order and form for possession:

The man’s dog.

possessor + apostrophe s + possessed OR

The boys’ dog.

possessor + s apostrophe + possessed Study

Edit

The teacher’s office is on the second floor. My brothers’ wives are very nice. My sister’s car is new. Wrong: The car of my sister is new.

1. 2. 3. 4.

The students’ books

Books the students are blue. My parents’ house is near mine. The children toys are on the floor. The name of my brother is Fred.

Rule 3. Don’t use an apostrophe for a plural ending. Study

Edit

The workers are in the factory. Two girls are crying. Wrong: Two girl’s are crying.

1. How many cousin’s do you have? 2. Where do your brothers live? 3. Do your parents’ have a car?

Rule 4. To talk about more than one thing, use the plural form. After one of the, some of the, all of the, use the plural form. Study

Edit

She bought a lot of books. Some of my teachers are very strict. One of the classrooms has carpeting. Five people in my class speak Polish.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

R-26 Review Lesson

A lot of teacher at this school speak Spanish. Do you have a lot of friend? One of my brother lives in Boston. All of the orange are delicious. She has a lot of cousins.

Rule 5. Don’t put an s ending on an irregular plural noun. Study

Edit

They have beautiful children. Two women came late to the meeting. Wrong: Two womens came late.

1. There are two mens from Taiwan in my class. 2. The children are eating ice cream. 3. How many womens were at the meeting?

Rule 6. Use the singular form after every. Use the plural form after all. Study

Edit

Every child needs love. All children need love.

1. Every students passed the test. 2. All the students were unhappy with the test.

EXERCISE

5

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. women Only three woman came to the party. My sister’s son lives in Los Angeles.

C

1.

They have four childrens.

2.

There were two men in the office.

3.

One of my friend has twin sons.

4.

My parents’ house is not very big.

5.

Car of my father is new.

6.

What is name your sister?

7.

Do you have any brother’s?

8.

Robert and Paul are men’s names.

9.

Your sister husband is a very nice man.

10. All 11.

of the student in this class can speak English.

Every student in this class can speak English.

12. All

the teachers have offices. The teachers’ offices are on the second floor.

Part 5: Nouns: Singular/Plural and Possessive

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PART 6: PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 4

A. Study Charts Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

I you he she it we you they who

me you him her it us you them whom

my your his her its our your their whose

mine yours his hers — ours yours theirs whose

myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves —


Rule 1. After a verb or preposition, use the object pronoun. Study

Edit

I saw her at the park. You don’t know me very well. They always talk about us. Wrong: They always talk about we.

1. She loves her boyfriend and always talks

4

him

about he. 2. You know my parents. You met they at the party. 3. I want to know about your sister. Tell me about her.

For a list of word order of object pronouns, see Grammar in Context Book 3, Appendix F.

R-28 Review Lesson

Rule 2. Before a noun, use the possessive adjective. When the noun is omitted, use the possessive pronoun. Study

Edit

I have my books. Do you have yours? If you don’t have your dictionary, you can borrow mine. Our friends are in the U.S. Theirs are not.

1. We bought ours books at the bookstore on the corner. 2. Theirs parents don’t speak English. 3. They gave their children a good education. 4. My textbook is new. Yours is used.

Rule 3. After want, need, expect, would like, use the object form, plus an infinitive. Study

Edit

He wants me to mail the package. I expect them to answer my question. I want her to help me. Wrong: I want that she helps me.

1. My brother watches too much TV. I want that he read more. 2. The teacher wanted me to correct my mistakes. 3. The teacher expects we write five compositions. 4. My parents would like I called them every week.

Rule 4. You say something. You tell someone something. Study

Edit

He said his name clearly. He told me his problem. Wrong: He said me his problem.

1. He told the answer. 2. She said something, but I didn’t hear it. 3. She told her name, but I forgot it.

Rule 5. Don’t confuse her and his. Study

Edit

She loves her son. He loves his wife.

1. The boy gave her mother a present. 2. My sister loves his husband.

Part 6: Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

R- 29

Rule 6. Don’t confuse there, they’re, and their. Study

Edit

They’re my friends. Their names are Bob and Alice. They live over there.

1. These are my brothers. They’re names are Peter and Tim. 2. They take their kids to that park over there. 3. Their very nice people. 4. What are their names?

Rule 7. Don’t confuse it’s and its. Study

Edit

It’s a hot day today. How does an elephant use its trunk?

1. This is a grammar book. It’s interesting. 2. The library has it’s own computer lab. It’s on the first floor.

Rule 8. Don’t confuse your and you’re. Study You’re my best friend. I like your personality.

Edit 1. I don’t know you’re name. 2. Your a good student. 3. You’re late for class.

Rule 9. Don’t confuse who’s and whose. Study

Edit

Who’s your English teacher? Whose book is this?

1. Who’s coat is that? 2. Who’s your best friend?

Rule 10. Before the verb, use subject pronouns. After a verb or preposition, use object pronouns. Be careful with compound subjects and objects. If a compound subject or object includes the speaker, the speaker is last. Study

Edit

They invited my friend and me to a party. Wrong: They invited my friend and I. I spoke with him and his cousin. Wrong: I spoke with he and his cousin. My friend and I went to New York. Wrong: My friend and me went to New York. Wrong: Me and my friend went to New York.

1. Just between you and I, I didn’t study for the test. 2. Me and him had a fight. 3. I’d like to go with them and their friends to the concert. 4. I saw her and her cousin at the park. 5. I and my sister took a trip together.

R-30 Review Lesson

Rule 11. Use the correct reflexive form. See the chart on page R-28 for the correct form. Study

Edit

I looked at myself in the mirror. They always talk about themselves. Wrong: They always talk about themself .

1. All of you need to prepare yourself for the test. 2. He loves hisself very much. 3. The teachers always make theyselves available for help. 4. She corrected herself when she made a mistake.

EXERCISE

6

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with the underlined words and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. I don’t know yours parents. Who’s that man over there?

C

1.

Do you like dogs? Yes, I like it very much.

2.

Where’s your sister? I want to talk to she.

3.

They’re very lonely because they parents don’t live in the U.S.

4.

You didn’t bring your book today. You can use mine.

5.

Him and his wife bought a new house.

6.

My neighbors take theirs children to a museum once a week.

7.

He didn’t wash him hands before dinner.

8.

They helped theyselves to more dessert.

9.

My parents wanted that I become a teacher.

10.

I didn’t see my friends at school, but I saw them at the library.

11.

Mary speaks English well, but his brother doesn’t.

12.

I have two cats. I got them from my friend.

13.

They lost there suitcases at the airport.

14.

I know what movie you’re talking about, but I can’t remember it’s name.

15.

That boy is making a lot of noise. I want he be quiet.

16.

The teacher expects us to write five compositions.

17.

My parents gave my sisters and I a good education.

18.

He never likes to talk about himself.

19.

Who’s book is this? Part 6: Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

R- 31

20.

We lost ours books.

21.

They always look at themself in the mirror.

22.

I told them the answer.

23.

I don’t even know you’re name.

24.

She said me the secret.

25.

Me and my friends like to play video games.

PART 7: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER

A. Study Chart Examples

Explanation

Subject

Verb

Complement

She You Jack

speaks are didn’t go

English. early. to work.

A simple sentence has a subject and a verb. The basic sentence word order is: subject + verb + complement

I woke up late, so I missed my bus. My counselor didn’t have much time, but she helped me anyway.

A compound sentence combines two simple sentences with and, but, or, so.

When you are late, you miss important information. The man whom you met is my boss. I know that you passed the test.

A complex sentence has a dependent clause and a main clause. Each clause has a subject and a verb.


Rule 1. Every sentence must have a verb. Remember: Many -ed words are adjectives: married, worried, tired, bored, interested, crowded, etc. Study

Edit am

My teacher is very patient. The college is located downtown. The elevator was very crowded. They are satisfied with their grades. Wrong: They satisfied with their grades.

R-32 Review Lesson

1. 2. 3. 4.

I very tired today. ^ My sister is married. The bus crowded every morning. I concerned about your health.

Rule 2. A verb must have a subject.5 Study

Edit

I didn’t understand the lesson because it was too hard for me. It is important to have a good job. Wrong: Is important to have a good job.

1. Let’s stay inside. Is cold today. 2. Is impossible to learn English in a month. 3. I don’t like birds as pets because make a lot of noise.

Rule 3. Don’t repeat the subject with a pronoun. Study

Edit

My sister plays the piano. Wrong: My sister she plays the piano.

1. 2. 3. 4.

My parents they have a new house. My friend she is a doctor. Your brother is very nice. My friends and I we like to play soccer.

Rule 4. To introduce the subject, sometimes we need there + a form of be. Study

Edit

There were a lot of people at the party. Wrong: Were a lot of people at the party. There’s a map on the wall. Wrong: It’s a map on the wall.

1. 2. 3. 4.

It’s a telephone in the kitchen. In the park a beautiful garden. There will be a concert tonight. Are some Puerto Rican students in my class.

Rule 5. Put the subject before the verb in all clauses. Study

Edit

The children came home late. Wrong: Came home late the children. The little girl is very happy. Wrong: Is very happy the little girl.

1. The workers began to work when arrived the boss. 2. I didn’t go to work because the office was closed. 3. Everything that said the teacher is important. 4. Was very interesting the movie.

5

Exception: The verb in an imperative does not state the subject. Come here. Sit down.

Part 7: Sentence Structure and Word Order

R- 33

Rule 6. Don’t separate the verb from the object. Study

Edit

Verb

Object

She typed the report very slowly. Verb

Object

They opened the window carefully. Wrong: They opened carefully the window.

1. 2. 3. 4.

She likes very much her new apartment. He looks all the time at the clock. She opened her eyes slowly. You drove very quickly the car.

Rule 7. We do not usually put more than one word between the subject and the verb. Put a phrase before the subject or at the end of the verb phrase. Study

Edit

Once in a while, she eats meat. She eats meat once in a while. Wrong: She once in a while eats meat.

1. We every day practice grammar. 2. Every other day I visit my parents. 3. He in the kitchen eats breakfast.

Rule 8. Don’t use a double negative. Study

Edit

There aren’t any elevators in the building. Wrong: There aren’t no elevators in the building. Nobody wants to go home. Wrong: Nobody doesn’t want to go home. He doesn’t have any time. Wrong: He doesn’t have no time.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

There aren’t no Korean students in my class. I have no time for television. I don’t want no milk in my coffee. She doesn’t have any children. Nobody doesn’t know how I feel. I haven’t never seen the movie.

Rule 9. Put a one-word adverb (always, never, probably, even, just, especially, etc.) in the right place. Study

Edit

A. Between the subject and the verb:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I always watch the news at night. B. After the verb be: You are especially kind. C. Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I will probably call you later. He has never seen a play.

R-34 Review Lesson

She always is late to class. I have wanted always to visit London. You have never seen my vacation pictures. We are making probably progress. He can study with noise. He even can study with loud rock music. 6. They are probably right. 7. I don’t want to bother you. Just I need to ask you a question.

Rule 10. Most frequency words can come before the subject. However, always and never don’t usually come before the subject. Study

Edit

We never speak Spanish in class. Wrong: Never we speak Spanish in class. You are always right. Wrong: Always you are right.

1. Never he walks to work. 2. You always tell the truth. 3. Always I have coffee with breakfast. 4. Never she has gone to the zoo. 5. She is never on time.

Rule 11. Put an adjective before, not after, a noun. Study

Edit

She has a very interesting job. This is a very difficult lesson. Wrong: This is a lesson very difficult .

1. I saw a very long movie. 2. The U.S. is a country very powerful. 3. You did a job very excellent.

Rule 12. Enough follows an adjective or adverb. Study

Edit

I am old enough to make my own decisions. He speaks English well enough to take a composition course.

1. The little girl is enough smart to read the book. 2. He drives well enough now to get his driver’s license.

Rule 13. In comparing nouns (rain, problems, books), put more before the noun. Study

Edit

Seattle has more rain than San Diego. I have more problems than you. Wrong: I have problems more than you.

1. He has money more than I do. 2. I have more time than you do. 3. You have work more than I do.

Rule 14. In comparing verbs (read, cook ), put the comparative adverb after the verb phrase. Study

Edit

I read English faster than you do. You cook better than your wife. Wrong: You better cook than your wife.

1. I more quickly finished the homework than you did. 2. She writes English more beautifully than we do.

Part 7: Sentence Structure and Word Order

R- 35

Rule 15. If two nouns come together, put the specific noun before the general noun. Study

Edit

She has a winter coat. I need a coat hanger.

1. Can I borrow your hair dryer? 2. This wig is made of hair human.

EXERCISE

7

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with word order and correct them. If the subject or verb is missing, add it. Take out any extra words. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. We did at night the homework. It i

Is necessary to have a good dictionary. ^ On Monday and Wednesday, the teacher is usually in her office. 1.

Came in late the student and took a seat in the back.

2.

She always has problems with spelling.

3.

Because she has a full-time job, she has a lot of responsibilities.

4.

Is very important to know your rights.

5.

I have always wanted to visit Paris.

6.

Began registration on August 18.

7.

I don’t like very much my biology class.

8.

I found on the desk a dictionary.

9.

Whenever I have a problem, I talk to my father.

10.

She doesn’t know nothing about your problem.

11.

There’s in my class a Japanese woman.

12.

She can’t always come to class on time.

13.

He usually eats cereal for breakfast.

14.

Never he eats eggs for breakfast.

15.

He usually is sleepy in the afternoon.

16.

San Francisco a very beautiful city.

17. Are

R-36 Review Lesson

C

a lot of closets in my new apartment.

18.

She’s almost finished with her composition. Just she has to write a title.

19.

She opened carefully the package.

20.

Once in a while, Mary eats ice cream.

21.

I don’t speak Spanish. Only I speak English and Italian.

22.

I didn’t understand nothing the teacher said.

23. After

arrived the teacher, the lesson began.

24. After

my brother found a job, bought a car.

25.

He doesn’t want to eat for dinner chicken.

26.

Came to the U.S. my father last year.

27.

I don’t have no time for you today.

28.

She left angrily the room.

29. At

nine o’clock starts the second part of the movie.

30.

Is very good the story you wrote.

31.

He will probably go to Mexico for vacation.

32.

I will be probably absent next week.

33.

Is he enough old to drive?

34.

She has a wonderful family.

35.

He earns money more than his wife.

36.

My parents they live in Montreal.

37.

I run faster than you do.

38.

Do you have a license fishing?

39.

I always listen to the news on the radio.

40.

I can’t quickly run.

41.

There’s a good movie on TV at 6:00.

42. Always

we study before a test.

PART 8: QUESTION FORMATION

A. Study Charts Be Wh- Word

Where Why

Be

Subject

Be

Complement

is

Is is isn’t

She she she? she Who

in California. in Los Angeles?

is

in Los Angeles? in Los Angeles? Part 8: Question Formation

R- 37

Simple Present Tense Wh- Word

When Why

Do/Does

Does does doesn’t

Subject

Verb

Complement

She she she she Who How many people

watches watch watch watch watches watch

TV. TV at night? TV? TV at night? TV at night? TV at night?

Simple Past Tense Wh- Word

When Why

Did

Subject

Verb

Complement

Did did didn’t

He he he he Who

bought buy buy buy bought

a TV. a DVD? a TV? a DVD? a DVD?

Modal Wh- Word

When Why

Modal

Subject

Modal

Main Verb

Complement

can

Can can can’t

She she she she Who

can

play play play play play

the piano. the guitar? the piano? the guitar? the guitar?

Aux. verb

Subject

Aux. verb

Main verb

Complement

are

Are are aren’t

They they they they Who

eating eating eating? eating eating

lunch. rice?

Continuous Tense Wh- Word

What Why

R-38 Review Lesson

is

rice? rice?


Rule 1. To ask about cost, spelling, and meaning, use normal question word order: Wh- word + do/does/did + subject + verb + complement. Study

Edit do you

How much did your book cost? Wrong: How much cost your book? What does DVD mean? Wrong: What means DVD? How do you spell your name? Wrong: How spell your name? How do you say “teacher” in your language? Wrong: How say “teacher” in your language?

How spell “Minnesota”? ^ What does friendship mean? How much cost your trip to the U.S.? How do you spell the name of your country? How say “hello” in your language?

Rule 2. Don’t use do/does/did with questions about the subject. Study

Edit

Who came to the party? How many people came to the party? Which people came to the party? What kind of people came to the party? Wrong: Who did come to the party?

How many students brought a dictionary today? Who did come late to the meeting? Who has my keys? Which student does have my book?

EXERCISE

8

EXAMPLES

Find the mistakes with question formation and correct them. Not every sentence has a mistake. If the sentence is correct, write C. didn’t you Why you didn’t call me last night?

Who called you last night?

C

1.

What means “invent”?

2.

Who lives in the White House?

3.

How do you spell your name?

4.

Where I can buy a good computer?

Part 8: Question Formation

R- 39

grammar in context book 3

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