1|ILM.Irfan
G-10 ICT||Unit-05
learnbyself.com
fzdp nkd;nghUs; (Computer Software) fzdpapd; td;ghfq;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fk;, gadu;fspd; Ntiyfis nra;tpg;gjw;Fkhf fl;lis, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng nkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika nkd;nghUshdJ gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software)
vdTs;s
1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) ,J fzdpapd; td;nghUspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F my;yJ ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;, fzdpapd; nraw;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;, fzdp Kiwikapy; VjhtJ gpiofs; Vw;gl;lhy; mjid epgu;j;jpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;Ng Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;. ,JTk; mjd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating System Software) b. nkhop ngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (translators) c. gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating system) ,af;f Kiwik vd;gJ xU nkd;nghUshFk; ,J gadu;fs; gad;ghl;Lf;fhf fzdpAld; njhlu;ghLtjw;fhd ,ilKfj;ij toq;fTk;, fzdpapd; tsg;gq;fPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Tk;, fzdpapd; td;, nkd;nghUl;fis Kfhik nra;tjw;fhfTnkdTs;s nkd;nghUl;fshFk;. Eg: Apple Mac, windows xp, Vista, 7, Ubundu, Ms Dos, Chrome OS, etc b. nkhopngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (Translators) fzdp epuyp nkhopapid gad;gLj;jp fl;lisapid my;yJ mwpTWj;jypid toq;Ffpd;w NghJ mjid fzdpapw;F tpsq;ff; $bajhf nkhop ngau;j;J nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s nkd;nghUl;fNs nkhopngau;;g;ghf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. Eg: Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler c. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) fzdpapd; td;, nkd;nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghl;L tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfTk;, mjpy; Vw;glf; $ba jtWfis epgu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfTk; vdTs;s fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,JthFk;. Eg: Antivirus Software (Avira, AvG, Kaspersky, ets) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software) gad;ghl;lhsu;fspd; nghJthd Njitfspid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;glf;$ba nkd;nghUl;fNs ,itahFk;. eg: MS Office, Photo Shop, Browser Software, Media Player, etc, CAD fzdpia ,af;f Muk;gp;j;jy;(Booting) Booting vdg;gLtJ xU fzdpapd; Mspia on nra;j gpd; OS ,id ,aq;fr; nra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU njhif nraw;ghLfshFk;. mbg;gil cs;sPl;L, ntspaPl;L Kiwik nkd;nghUspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk;. ,J gpd;tUk; njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wk;. POST – Power On Self-Test vDk; gupNrhjid ,lk;ngWk;. ,g;gupNrhjid %yk; fzdpAld; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s td;ghfq;fs; vy;yhk; rupahf njhopw;gLfpd;wdth vd;gJ gupNrhjpf;fg;gLk;. mt;thW gpiofs; fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; xyp rkpq;iQfis miy jpiuapy; nra;jpfis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;. gpd;du; bootstrap loader vdg;gLk; ROM ,y; ,Uf;ff; $ba tpN\l epuypahdJ OS ,af;fj;jpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil fl;lisfis td;jl;bypUe;J ngw;W fzdpapd; epidtfj;jpw;F (RAM) gjpNtw;Wk; (load) mjd; gpd; OS MdJ fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;il nghWg;Ngw;W njhopw;gLk;. gzpr;nray; Kiwikapd; tiffs; 1. tpd;Nlh];(Windows) gzpr;nray; Kiwik: ,J ikf;NuhNrhg;w; epWtdj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l gzpr;nray; KiwikahFk;. ,jid gzk; nrYj;jpNa ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,k;KiwikNa cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd fzdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfs;, tiuG(Tablet) ,yf;fkhf;fp fzdpfspYk; tpd;Nlh]; Nkhigy; vDk; ngaupy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gy;NtW gjpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
2|ILM.Irfan
G-10 ICT||Unit-05
learnbyself.com
cjuzk; : windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 Windows 8 2. Mac gzpr;nray; Kiwik: ,J mg;gps; nkrpd;nlh]; fzdpfspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mg;gps; epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mg;gps; fzdp jtpu NtW fzdpfspy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ,jidg; gad;gLj;j gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk; 3. Ubuntu gzpr;nray; Kiwik Linux gzpr;nray; Kiwikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,g;gzpr;nray; KiwikahdJ njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,ytrkhf fpilf;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jid www.ubuntu.com vDk; tiyf; flg;gplj;jpypUe;J ,ytrkhf gjptpwf;fk; nra;a KbAk; 4. Android gzpr;nray; Kiwik ,J Google epWtdj;jpdhy; ifalf;f rhjdq;fSf;fhntd nkd;nghUshFk;. ,jid ,ytrkhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
jahupf;fg;gl;l
,af;f
Kiwik
5. Hanthana Linux gzpr;nray; Kiwik. Linux ,iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jahu;nra;ag;gl;l xU gzpr;nray; KiwikahFk;. ,jid www.hanthana.org apypUe;J ,ytrkhf gjptpwf;fk; nra;a KbAk;. NkYk; gzpr;nray; Kiwikapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;F mika mjid gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;. 1. 2. 3. 4.
epfo;Neu ,af;f Kiwik (Real time OS) jdpg; gad;ghL jdpg; gzp (Single user single task) jdpg; gadu; gy;gzp (Single user multi task) gy; gadu; gy; gzp(Multi user multi task)
1. epfo;Neu ,af;f Kiwik (Real time OS) ,t;tpaf;f Kiwikapd; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w rfy nraw;ghLfSk; Fwpj;j fhy tiuaiwf;Fs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;tpaf;fKiwik cl;nghjpe;j ,af;fKiwik vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,it fzdpapd; td;jl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;L nraw;gLj;jg;glhJ khwhf xd;wpide;j Rw;Wf;fspy; gjpf;fg;gl;Nl nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;tpaf;f KiwikfshdJ ATM ,ae;jpuq;fs;, itj;jparhiy capu;fhg;G cgfuzq;fs; Ngd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 2. jdpg; gadu; jdpg; gzp ,af;f Kiwik (Single User Single Task OS ,t;tpaf;f Kiwik nkd;nghUshdJ xU Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy;; xU gadu; xU gzpapidr; nra;a khj;jpuk; ,lkspf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ xU gadu; Fwpj;j xU Neuj;jpy; xd;wpy; xU Mtzj;ij mr;R gpujp nra;aNth my;yJ jl;lr;R nra;aNth my;yJ tiyaikg;G Nritafj;jpypUe;J VjhtJ Mtzj;ij ngwNth khj;jpuk; mDkjpaspf;Fk;. ,k;nkd;nghUl;fspid epWt Fiwe;jsT epidtfk; NghJkhdjhFk;. ,t;tpaf;f KiwikfSf;F cjhuzkhf MS – DOS, Palm OS fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk; 3. jdpg; gadu; gw;gzp ,af;f Kiwik (Single User Multi Task OS) ,t;tpaf;f Kiwik nkd;nghUshdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; xU gadu; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gzpfisr; nra;tjw;F ,aYkhd tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;tpaf;f KiwikfNs ,d;iwa jdpahs; ghtidf; fzdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhFk;. ,t;tpaf;f Kiwik nkd;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp mjpfsthd nraw;ghLfis Fiwe;j Neuj;jpDs; nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,k;nkd;nghUl;fs; rpf;fyhd fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL $ba epidtf ,lj;ijAk;; gad;gLj;Jk;. ,k;nkd;nghUl;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshf Windows xp ,7,8 ,Mac OS, Ubuntu Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. 4. gw;gadu; gw;gzp ,af;f Kiwik (Multi User Multi Task OS) ,ttpaf;f Kiwik nkd;nghUl;fshdJ gy gadu;fs; Vf fhyj;jpy; gy gzpfis nra;tjw;fhd trjpfis toq;ff; $ba xd;whFk;. ,t;tpaf;f Kiwik epWtg;gl;l fzdpnahd;Wld; gadu;fs; gy Kidaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu; mNjNeuj;jpy; mg;gadu;fs; Vf fhyj;jpy; mf;fzdpy; gy;NtW nraw;gHLfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;.
3|ILM.Irfan
G-10 ICT||Unit-05
learnbyself.com
,k;nkd;nghUl;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshf windows server 2003, Linux Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; gzpr;nray; Kiwikapd; gzpfs; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
gadu; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;fy;(Provide User Interface) Kiwtop Kfhik (Process Management) epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management) rhjd Kfhik (Device Management) Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management) fhg;G Kfhik (Security Management) tiyaikg;G Kfhik (Network Management)
1. gadu; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;fy; xU gadu; fzdpapy; jdJ Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd fl;lis kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fis ,t;tpil Kfk; toq;Fk;. gpd;tUk; tifahd ,ilKfq;fs; fzdpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd i. fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; (CLI – Command Line Interface): ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; gadu; fzdpAld; njhlu;ghLtjw;fhf epidTj; fl;lisfisfs; kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fspid jl;lr;R nra;a Ntz;bapUf;Fk; ,t;thwhd OS fSf;F cjhuzk;: MS-DOS
J}z;b(Prompt)
%yk;
ii. tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk;(GUI – Graphical User Interface) ,k;Kiwikapy; gadu; fzdpAld; njhlu;ghLtjw;fhf rhsuk;(Windows), glTU(Icons), gl;bfs;(Menus), Rl;lhd;(Pointer) vd;gd fzg;gLk; ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L gadu; fzdpf;F jdJ Ntiyfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd fl;lisfis toq;Fthu;. ,k;KiwikahdJ CLI Kiwikapid tplTk; ,yFthdjhFk; 2. Kiwtop Kfhik (Process Management) xU epuyp/nkd;nghUs; nraypapdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; epiy Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf Mtzk; xd;iw mr;rply; nraw;ghlhdJ vkf;F xU Kiwtopahf;fkhfj; njupayhk;, Mdhy; ,j;njhopw;ghL fzdpapdhy; gy; gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Nl nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. fzdpapy; gy Kiwtopahf;fq;fshdJ xNu Neuj;jpy; ,lk;ngwyhk; cjhuzkhf xUtu; ghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl jl;lr;R nra;thu; mNjNeuk; ,izaj;jpypUe;J xU Nfhg;G gjptpwf;fj;jpidAk; Nkw;nfhs;thu;. ,t;thwhd gy Kiwtopahf;fq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; nraw;gLk; NghJ xt;nthU Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;Fkhd nraypapd; Neuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;, epidtf ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;, cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; ntspaPl;L myFfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfshdJ gzpr;;nray; Kiwik nkd;nghUspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk;. ,JNt Kiwtop Kfhikj;Jtk;. 3. epidtf Kfhik epidtf Kfhik vDk; NghJ mJ gpujhd kw;Wk; Jiz epidtfq;fis Kfhik nra;tjpidf; Fwpf;Fk; gpujhd epidtfj;ij gpd;tUkhW Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;fhf cs; tUfpd;w juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;;jy;fspid nraypapw;F mDg;Gk; tiu jw;fhypfkhf itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis tUtpisT myfpw;F mDg;Gk; tiu Nrkpj;J itj;jpUj;jy;. Kiwtopahf;fp Kbf;fg;gl;l Kiwtopfis epidtfj;ij tpl;L ePf;fy;. Kiwtopahf;fj;jpd; NghJ epidtfj;jpy; Vw;glf; $ba rpf;fy;fis jtpu;j;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 4. rhjd Kfhik fzdpAld; gy tl;lg;Gwr; rhjdq;fs;(Peripheral devies) ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tidj;J rhjdq;fisAk; gzp;r;nray; Kiwik nkd;nghUNs fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. rhjd Kfhikapd; NghJ td;$Wg; gFjpfshd rhjf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpfs;(Device controller) kw;Wk;; nkd;;nghUs; gFjpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jntdr; nrYj;jp nra;epuy;fs;(Device drivers) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. s
,d;W mNef td;ghfq;fs; nghUj;jpaTld; ,aq;ff; $baitahf(plug and play) jahupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; mtw;wpd; nrYj;jp nra;epuy;fs; gzpr;nray; Kiwikapy; epuyplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; nrYj;jp nra;epuy;fisg; Gwk;ghf epWt Ntz;ba Njit Vw;glhJ 5. Nfhg;G Kfhik fzdpapy; juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; Nrkpj;Jitf;f Nfhg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4|ILM.Irfan
G-10 ICT||Unit-05
learnbyself.com
mf;Nfhg;Gf;fis Kfhik nra;tjw;F Nfhg;G ciwfs;(folders) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. xU Nfhg;gpd; ngauhdJ gpd;tUkhW mike;J fhzg;gLk; mycv.docx mycv – Nfhg;gpd; ngau; .docx – Nfhg;gpd; ePl;bg;G(extension Nfhg;gpd; tif) Nfhg;Gf;fis Kfhkpf;fpd;w NghJ Nfhg;Gf;fspd; kPJ gzpr;nray; KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk; ,af;fq;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk; 1. Gjpa Nfhg;Gf;fis jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw cupathW Nrkpj;jy; 2. Nfhg;Gf;fis mopj;jy; 3. Nfhg;G ciwfis cUthf;fYk; mtw;iw mopj;jYk; 4. Nfhg;G, Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F kPs; ngauply; 5. Nfhg;G, Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpad ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fis khw;Wjy; 6. Nfhg;Gf;fisj; jpwj;jy; 7. Nfhg;Gf;fis %Ljy; Nfhg;G xd;wpd; gz;Gfs;/,ay;Gfs; tpz;Nlh]; fzdp xd;wpd; Nfhg;G ,ay;Gfshf - Read - Archive - System - Hidden vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; td;jl;L nfhj;jzpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk; rpwpa gFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,;t;thW cs;s ,lq;fspiyNa Nfhg;Gf;fshdJ gy gFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L Nrkpf;fg;gLk; khwhf jdp Nfhg;ghf td;jl;by; Xuplj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;glhJ. ,;t;thW td;jl;il rpwpa gFjpfshf gpupg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;l;bUf;ff; $ba Nfhg;Gf;fis gjpe;J itg;gjw;Fk; gzpr;nray; KiwikfshJ gpd;tUk; Kiwikfisg; NgZk;. MS-dos – FAT16 Windows 98, windows me, windows 2000, windows xp, - FAT32 Windows NT, xp, 7, 8 Mac OS X, linux – NTFS Linux - Ext4 Linux - ReiserFS 6. fhg;G Kfhik fzdpf;F Vw;glf; $ba gpur;rpidfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; a. mDkjpapd;wp cl;gpuNtrpj;J fzpdpapy; cs;s juTfis mopj;jy; b. er;Repuy; jhf;fk; ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfspypUe;J fzdpapd; juT kw;Wk; tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; ifahyg;gLfpd;wJ a. mDfy; cupik: xU Nfhg;gpid my;yJ miltpapid mDff; $ba xUtu; mtw;wpd; kPJ vd;d tifahd Nfhg;G ,af;fq;fis gpuNahfpf;f KbAk; vDk; tiuaiw nra;jiy ,J Fwpf;Fk;. c-k;: vkf;F cupikahd fzdpapy; NtnwhU egu; cs;Eioe;jhy; mtu; Nfhg;ig my;yJ miltpapid ghu;f;f khj;jpuk; KbAk; khwhf mjid mopf;fNth my;yJ khw;wk; nra;aNth my;yJ gpujpgz;zNth KbahjthW mDfy; cupik toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghJfhf;fyhk;. b.mDfy; fl;Lg;ghL: fzdpapw;F gadu; ngau; kw;Wk; flTr;nrhw;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l gadu; khjjpuk; fzdpapid gad;gLj;j KbAk;. c. er;R epuy; vjpu; nkd;nghUl;fis epWTjy;: er;R epuy; vd;gJ fzdpapw;F ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jf; $ba fl;lis mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. ,t;ntkd;nghUl;fs; vkJ mDkjpapy;yhky; ,izak; %yk; kw;Wk; er;R epuyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Njf;f rhjdq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; vkJ fzdpapy; epWtg;glyhk;. ,tw;iw ePf;f mtw;Wf;F vjpuhd nkd;nghUl;fis epWTtjd; %yk; mtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. c-k;. Avira, AVG, Symantec, Kaspersky, Avast, Windows security Essential, etc 7. tiyaikg;G Kfhik fzdpapd; tsq;fis kw;Wk; fzdpapy; cs;s Nfhg;Gf;fis tiyaikg;gpy; fzdpfSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F ,af;f KiwikahdJ xj;Jiog;G toq;Ffpd;wJ.
gzpr; nray; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fs;
cs;s
Vida
5|ILM.Irfan
G-10 ICT||Unit-05
learnbyself.com
1. backup nkd;nghUs;: Kf;fpakhd Nfhg;Gf;fspd; gpujpfis NtW rhjdq;fspy; Nrkpj;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhd trjpfspid toq;ff; $ba xU nkd;nghUshFk;. Start button – control panel – windows 7 recovery 2. tl;L guPlr ; pg;ghd;(error checking/disk scanner): td;jl;by; FiwghLfs; cs;s ,lq;fis ,J ,dk; fhZk;. td;jl;L ghfg;gpupg;G xd;wpd; kPJ right click nra;jy; - properties – tools – error checking – click check 3. tl;L Jz;lhf;fiy rPu; nra;jy;(Disk defragmentation): njhluhf gad;gLj;jg;gl KbahjthW vq;Fk; gutpf; fhzg;glf; $ba ntw;W nfhj;jdpfisAila epiy Jz;lhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. Jz;lhf;fq;fis njhluhf gad;gLj;jf; $bathW ntw;W epidtf ,lq;fshf ngupa epidtf khw;Wk; nraw;ghNl Jz;lhf;fiy rPu; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l epidtf gFjpahfTk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epidtf ,lk; xU gFjpahfTk; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;.
epidtfk; mt;thwhd ,lq;fshf ,lk; xU
td;jl;L ghfg;gpupg;G xd;wpd; kPJ right click nra;jy; - properties – tools – optimize and defragment device – optimize 4. Nfhg;G/juTfisr; RUf;fy;(file/data compression): mjpf nfhs;ssTila Nfhg;Gf;fisr; RUf;fp Fiwe;j nfhs;sTilajhf khw;wy; Right click on folder or file – send to – compressed 5. nfhs;gdp Kfhikahsu;(Task manager): ,jd; %yk; fzdpapy; nraw;gLk; nra;epuy;fs;, Kiwtopfs;, gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfg; gFjpasT gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; fzdpapd; jw;Nghija epyikapid fhl;Ljy;. ctrl + alt + del fis xd;whf mOj;Jjy; 6. Kiwik tOf;fis fz;lwpAk; fUtp(System diagnosis tool): fzdp my;yJ fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s nkd;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; td; nghUs;fspYs;s FiwghLfis ,dk;fhzy;. 7. er;R epuy; vjpu;g;G nkd;nghUs;(Antivirus): fzdp Kiwikf;F jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $ba my;yJ Kiwikapd; toikahd nraw;ghl;by; ghjp;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jf; $ba nkd;nghUl;fis milahsk; fhzy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw fzdpapypUe;J ePf;fp fzdpia ghJfhj;jy;. Control panel - Windows defender 8. clip board : juTfs; my;yJ Nfhitfisg; gbnaLj;jy;/ntl;bnaLj;jy; kw;Wk; xl;Ljy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ mr;nraw;ghLfSf;fhd juTfis jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;f ,t;nkd;nghUs; gad;gLk;. 9. juT xUq;fpizg;G nkd;nghUs;(data synchronize s/w): xU %yj;jpypUe;J ,yf;F Njf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;Fj; Njf;fj;jpypUe;J %y Njf;fj;jpw;FkpilNa juTfis Ngzy;; Control panel – sync center 10. tl;L gpupg;G nkd;nghUs;(Disk partition): ngsjPf uPjpahf xd;whf fhzg;gLk; td;jl;bid ju;f;f uPjpahf gy gFjpfshf gpupf;Fk; trjpfspid ,k;nghUs; toq;Fk;. ,t;thW td;jl;bid Njitf;Nfw;g gpupj;J Ntwhf;fy; td;tl;L gpuptply;(partitioning) vdg;gLk;. NkYk; ,t;thW gpupf;fpd;wNghJ OS fzdpfs; mtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp ngau;fis mjhtJ C, D vd toq;Fk;. Mdhy; Linux fzdpapy; ,tw;wpw;F windows Nghy; C, D vd ngau;fs; fhzg;glhJ. cjhuzk;: C, D
tl;L gpuptplypd; mtrpak;
fzdpapy; Njf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fis ntt;Ntwhf Njf;fyhk; cjhuzk;: nkd;nghUl;fs; xU gpuptpYk; juTfs; NtnwhU gpuptpYk; tpj;jpahrkhd gy gzpr;nray; Kiwikfis epWTtjw;F tl;L gpuptplyhdJ ngUk;ghYk; gzpr;nray; Kiwik xd;wpid epWTk; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. rpyNeuk; gzpr;nray; Kiwik nkd;nghUs; epWtg;gl;l gpd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Right Click on Computer – manage – Disk management 11. tl;L tbtikj;jy;(Disk Formatting): tl;L gpupg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd; juTfis Nrkpf;fj;jf;fjhf td;tl;L epidtfg;gFjpfs; nfhj;jdpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L jahu; nra;ag;gLk; ,e;epiyNa tl;L tbtikj;jy; MFk;. Right click on Drive – format
