GOM ARAMIS Tensile-Testing Nov2013

ARAMIS Application Tensile Test

GOM December 3, 2013

Tensile Tests Overview 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1

2-Frame Setup / Frame 2

· What is the Tensile Test and what kind of Specimens are used?

· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · What kind of Material Parameters are derived from the Tensile Test? · How are Tensile Tests measured and evaluated with common Measurement Devices and ARAMIS? · Which System Configuration is suitable and what are the main Differences?


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Tensile Tests Overview 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1



· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · What kind of Material Parameters are derived from the Tensile Test? · How are Tensile Tests measured and evaluated with common Measurement Devices and ARAMIS? · Which System Configuration is suitable and what are the main Differences?


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Tensile Tests What is the Tensile Test? 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1



· During Tensile Tests standardized standardized Specimens are loaded under Tension Load until Material Failure


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· During Tensile Tests standardized Specimens are loaded under Tension Load until Material Failure · Usage of a Loading Device, usually Universal Testing Machines are used, which are available from different Manufactures · Instron · MTS · Zwick · Shimadzu · Hegewald und Peschke · and others World-Wide


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· During Tensile Tests standardized Specimens are loaded under Tension Load until Material Failure · Usage of a Loading Device, usually Universal Testing Machines are used, which are available from different Manufactures · Instron · MTS · Zwick · Shimadzu · Hegewald und Peschke · and others World-Wide · The Testing Machine must be equipped with a Load Cell to record the applied Load on the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test 3-Frame Setup / Frame 1

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Tensile Tests What is the Tensile Test? – Specimen Geometries 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1



· Standardized Specimen Geometries are used depending on the Testing Purpose


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· Standardized Specimen Geometries are used depending on the Testing Purpose · Quasi-static Tensile Test · Usually long parallel Length

L0


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L0





· Standardized Specimen Geometries are used depending on the Testing Purpose · Quasi-static Tensile Test · Usually long parallel Length

· Plane or cylindrical Shape


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L0






· Standardized Specimen Geometries are used depending on the Testing Purpose · Quasi-static Tensile Test · High Speed Tensile Test

· Usually small parallel Length

L0


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L0





· Standardized Specimen Geometries are used depending on the Testing Purpose · Quasi-static Tensile Test · High Speed Tensile Test

· High Temperature Tensile Test

L0

· Usually long parallel Length · Cylindrical Shape


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Tensile Tests Why is a Tensile Test carried out? 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · These Material Parameters are based on the Evaluation of Strain and Stress


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · These Material Parameters are based on the Evaluation of Strain and Stress · Strain Values are evaluated from the Measurement of the Change of Length and Change of Width of the Tensile Specimen

· Longitudinal Strain:

ε=

· Transversal Strain:

ε=

y

L – L0 L0

B – B0


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x

B0





· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · These Material Parameters are based on the Evaluation of Strain and Stress · Change of Lengths / Strain Measurement


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · These Material Parameters are based on the Evaluation of Strain and Stress · Change of Lengths / Strain Measurement · The Stress ()is evaluated considering a uni-axial Stress State along the specimen, the Change of the Intersection Area ( A) of the Test Specimen and the Load / Force (F) acting on it · Stress:

=




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F A





· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · These Material Parameters are based on the Evaluation of Strain and Stress · Change of Lengths / Strain Measurement · Stress Calculation


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · Stress – Strain Curve


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out? · The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized · Stress – Strain Curve · Derived Material Parameters from Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Yield Strength · Tensile Strength

· N-Value


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· Why is a Tensile Test carried out?


· Stress – Strain Curve Independent Material Parameters

· The Tensile Test is performed to determine Material Parameters standardized

· Poisson’s Ratio · R-Value

· Stress – Strain Curve · Derived Material Parameters from Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Yield Strength · Tensile Strength

· N-Value


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Tensile Tests Material Parameters 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Stress – Strain Curve · Description of the Ratio between Stress and Strain  Curve


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· Stress – Strain Curve · Description of the Ratio between Stress and Strain  Curve · Evaluation of Stress – Strain Curve · Technical Stress

· Not considering local Specimen Deformation · Based on constant Specimen Width and Thickness


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· True Stress · Considering local Specimen Deformation · Change of Specimen Width and Thickness is evaluated from the local Measuring Data of the Test Specimens Surface


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· True Stress · Considering local Specimen Deformation · Change of Specimen Width and Thickness is evaluated from the local Measuring Data of the Test Specimens Surface


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· True Stress · Rm: Point or greatest Technical Stress · Ag: Corresponding Strain to greatest Stress Rm · Sf: Fracture Stress


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· Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Defined as Gradient in the elastic Area of the Stress – Strain Curve  Constant Value


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· Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Defined as Gradient in the elastic Area of the Stress – Strain Curve  Constant Value · Rp02

· Defined as Transition between elastic and plastic Deformation · Shift of the Gradient Line to 0.2% of Elongation (after ISO 6892-1 norm)


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Rp02




· Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Rp02 · N-Value · Describes the Hardening of Metal Materials in the Area of uniform Elongation  Constant

Value

· Defined as Gradient of the Stress – Strain Curve between 10% and 20% Deformation


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· Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Rp02 · N-Value · Poisson Ratio · Description of the Ratio of Expansion and Compression in the elastic Range of Deformation  Constant


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Value





· Stress – Strain Curve · Young’s Modulus · Rp02 · N-Value · Poisson Ratio · R-Value · Description of the longitudinal Anisotropy for Metal Materials  Constant


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Value



ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Common Measuring Devices

Tensile Tests Common Measurement Devices 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Reference length: 50mm, 80mm, …


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· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Universal Testing Machine · Measurement of the Travel of the Traverse


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· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Universal Testing Machine · Extensometers · Tactile Extensometers


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· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Universal Testing Machine · Extensometers · Tactile Extensometers · Video Extensometers


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· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Universal Testing Machine · Extensometers · Tactile Extensometers · Video Extensometers · Laser Extensometers


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· Strain Measurement Methods · One Strain Value is usually derived from the Measurement of the Change of Length of the Test Specimen during the Tensile Test · Universal Testing Machine · Extensometers · Length Measurement · Only based on two Points · Fixed Strain Reference Length, thus the local Sampling is limited · Different Materials and Specimen Geometries may require different Extensometers


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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Optical 3D Test Setup

Tensile Tests Optical 3D Test Setup 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· The ARAMIS Stereo Camera Setup is setup and positioned in front of the Universal Test Machine


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· The ARAMIS Stereo Camera Setup is setup and positioned in front of the Universal Test Machine · The ARAMIS System includes


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· The ARAMIS Stereo Camera Setup is setup and positioned in front of the Universal Test Machine · The ARAMIS System includes · Stereo Camera Sensor · Lenses

· Calibration Objects · Illumination · 3D Setup for the Measurement of Test Specimens Response in 3D Space


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· The ARAMIS Stereo Camera Setup is setup and positioned in front of the Universal Test Machine · The ARAMIS System includes · Stereo Camera Sensor · Sensor Control Device

· Synchronization of Tensile Test with Image Acquisition in terms of recording the Load Signal from the Load Cell installed in the Universal Testing Machine


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· The ARAMIS Stereo Camera Setup is setup and positioned in front of the Universal Test Machine · The ARAMIS System includes · Stereo Camera Sensor · Sensor Control Device

· Image Evaluation PC · 19” Rack-mount · Notebook (only for ARAMIS 2M and 5M)


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ARAMIS System System Overview 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1

System

Resolution

Framerate

Sensor

Illumination

Control PC

ARAMIS 2M

1624 x 1236 (812 x 618)

15Hz (Binning: 29Hz)

Adjustable and fixed base

Integrated LED

Notebook or 19“ PC

ARAMIS 5M

2448 x 2050 (1224 x 1024)

7Hz (Notebook) 15Hz 19“ PC (Binning: 29Hz)


Integrated LED


ARAMIS 4M

2400 x 1728 … 2400 x 168

168Hz … 1334Hz


Integrated LED

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS 12M

4000 x 3000 … 4000 x 370

58Hz … 464Hz


Integrated LED

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS HS

1280 x 1024 … 1280 x 128

500Hz … 4000Hz


External Halogen

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS HHS

2048 x 2048 ... 64 x 32

Up to 1.000.000Hz

Adjustable Item based base

External Halogen



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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Principle of optical 3D Measurement Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

Tensile Tests Principle of Optical 3D Measurement 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Digital Image Correlation (DIC)


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Stochastic or deterministic Pattern · Pattern follows the Deformation of the Test Specimen under Load or Motion


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Reference Image is recorded before the Tensile Test starts to provide a Reference for all Displacement and Strain Calculation · This Reference Image can be understood as a Displacement and Strain Calibration


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Reference Image · Acquisition of Images during the Tensile Test


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Reference Image · Acquisition of Images during the Tensile Test · To evaluate the Young’s Modulus and the Poisson Ratio a larger Number Images must be recorded during the Beginning of the Test, while the Specimen deforms elastically · After the Transition from elastic to plastic Deformation a lower Images Acquisition Frequency is typically used


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Reference Image · Acquisition of Images during the Tensile Test · To evaluate the Young’s Modulus and the Poisson Ratio a larger Number Images must be recorded during the Beginning of the Test, while the Specimen deforms elastically

· Additionally the Image Acquisition Frequency can be aligned to sample the Fracture Behavior of the Test Specimen

· After the Transition from elastic to plastic Deformation a lower Images Acquisition Frequency is typically used


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Reference Image · Acquisition of Images during the Tensile Test · To evaluate the Young’s Modulus and the Poisson Ratio a larger Number Images must be recorded during the Beginning of the Test, while the Specimen deforms elastically · After the Transition from elastic to plastic Deformation a lower Images Acquisition Frequency is typically used


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Image Processing · Pattern Recognition using Digital Image Correlation


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Image Processing · 3D Coordinates · Image Coordinates based on Facet Centers


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Image Processing · 3D Coordinates · 3D Displacements and Velocity


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· Digital Image Correlation (DIC) · Preparation of Tensile Test Specimen · Image Acquisition · Image Processing · 3D Coordinates · 3D Displacements and Velocity · Strain Tensor · Major and Minor Strain · Strain in X, Y, Shear Strain · Thickness Reduction · Strain Rates for all Strain Measures 3-Frame Setup / Frame 1

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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Tensile Test Evaluation in ARAMIS

ARAMIS Tensile Test Evaluation 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· ARAMIS Measurement Project Evaluation · Image Acquisition


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· ARAMIS Measurement Project Evaluation · Image Acquisition · ARAMIS Measurement Project Definition and Image Processing


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· ARAMIS Measurement Project Evaluation · Image Acquisition · ARAMIS Measurement Project Definition and Image Processing · 3D Measurement Data Post-Processing


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· ARAMIS Measurement Project Evaluation · Image Acquisition · ARAMIS Measurement Project Definition and Image Processing · 3D Measurement Data Post-Processing · Calculation of Tensile Test relevant Material Parameters


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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Local Effects on Specimens Surface

ARAMIS Local Effects on Specimens Surface 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Due to high Resolution local Effects are automatically sampled and can thus be analyzed


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· Due to high Resolution local Effects are automatically sampled and can thus be analyzed · Lüder’s Bands


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· Due to high Resolution local Effects are automatically sampled and can thus be analyzed · Lüder’s Bands · Flow Fronts


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· Due to high Resolution local Effects are automatically sampled and can thus be analyzed · Lüder’s Bands · Flow Fronts · Necking and Specimen Failure


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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test System Configurations and Differences for the Application of Tensile Testing

ARAMIS System System Overview 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1

System

Resolution

Framerate

Sensor

Illumination

Control PC

ARAMIS 2M

1624 x 1236 (812 x 618)

15Hz (Binning: 29Hz)


Integrated LED


ARAMIS 5M

2448 x 2050 (1224 x 1024)

7Hz (Notebook) 15Hz 19“ PC (Binning: 29Hz)


Integrated LED


ARAMIS 4M

2400 x 1728 … 2400 x 168

168Hz … 1334Hz


Integrated LED

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS 12M

4000 x 3000 … 4000 x 370

58Hz … 464Hz


Integrated LED

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS HS

1280 x 1024 … 1280 x 128

500Hz … 4000Hz


External Halogen

Only 19“ PC

ARAMIS HHS

2048 x 2048 ... 64 x 32

Up to 1.000.000Hz

Adjustable Item based base

External Halogen



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ARAMIS System Differences 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Differences for different Sensor Configurations

· Area of Interest

Measurement Areas of different Sensors


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· Area of Interest · A greater Camera Resolution leads to a larger Field of View with the same local Measurement Resolution


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· Area of Interest · A greater Camera Resolution leads to a larger Field of View with the same local Measurement Resolution · Adjusting the same Field of View will lead to a better local Measuring Resolution


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· Area of Interest · A greater Camera Resolution leads to a larger Field of View with the same local Measurement Resolution · Adjusting the same Field of View will lead to a better local Measuring Resolution


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ARAMIS Application Tensile Test Evaluation Tool

ARAMIS Tensile Testing – Evaluation Tool 2-Frame Setup / Frame 1


· Free ARAMIS Evaluation Tool is available · Macro · Manual


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GOM ARAMIS Tensile-Testing Nov2013

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