Eri Banno t)j!l!f:J}d_l Yutaka Ohno :A!I!f* Yoko Sakane j:JjfllJI-1Chikako Shinagawa .H.JII�-1-
The JapanTimes
ピーターのスキャン
AN INTEGRATED COURSE IN
ELEMENTARY JAPANESE
GENKI Eri Banno t/i!l!f:l}dlJ!
Yutaka Ohno ::k!l!fm Yoko Sakane t/itl/M-1Chikako Shinagawa .?nJII$-1-
The JapanTimes
Copyright© 1999 by Eri Banno, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane, and Chikako Shinagawa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. First edition: May 1999 32nd printing: November 2004
Editorial assistance: guild Illustrations: Noriko Udagawa and Reiko Maruyama Cover art and Editorial design: Nakayama Design Office Gin-o Nakayama, Mutsumi Sotoh, ond Mosotoko Muromotsu
Published by The Japan Times, Ltd. 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1 08-0023, Japan Phone: 03-3453-2013 http:// bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/ ISB N4-7890-0963-7 Printed in Japan
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Preface
Producing the materials for this textbook involved a long process of surveying students' needs, writing up the results, making detailed revisions to the material based on the surveys, and responding to the reactions and comments of students who used a trial version of this text. It has taken more than four years to complete this project. Our labor has been rewarded, however, because this book is based on our original plan to produce the ideal textbook-one that will enable students to learn Japanese smoothly, while also enjoying lively games and helpful illustrations.
We have an extensive list of people to thank for the completion of this textbook. First, our sincere thanks to Chiaki Sekido of the Publica· tions Department of The Japan Times for seeing this book through the publishing process. Particular acknowledgment goes to Kroko Toka· shiki who helped in the production of Lesson 11 and following, to our colleagues and trainees in the Asian Studies Program of Kansai Gaidai University who attempted the trial version and made invaluable sug gestions, to Kaori Tajima for her illustrations in the trial version, to Judy Okawa for translating, and to the teachers whose heartfelt guid ance encouraged us throughout the process. Finally, we would also like to express our gratitude to the foreign students at Kansai Gaidai University for providing us with the opportunity to write this book.
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A Day in Robert's Life
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Barbecue
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Kabuki
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Winter Vacation Plans
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After the Vacation
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Feeling Ill
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Introduction
I
Aim
and purpose
GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a textbook for beginners in the study of the Japanese language. Students can complete the elementary-level study of Japanese in the 23 lessons of this text, which is divided into two volumes. The book is designed mainly for use in uniYersity and college courses, but it is also effective for high school students and adults who are beginning to learn Jap anese either at school or on their own. Hopefully, students will have at least a basic knowledge of English, because grammar explanations are given in English. GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a comprehensive approach to developing the four basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) in order to cultivate overall Japanese-language ability. Much emphasis has been placed on balancing accuracy, fluency, and complexity so that students using the material would not end up speaking accurately yet in a stilted manner, nor fluently yet employ ing only simple grammatical structures.
H
Structure of the textbook
This textbook basically consists of three sections: Dialogue and Grammar, Reading and Writing, and the Appendix. A detailed explanation of each part follows. A.., Dialogue and Grammar The Dialogue and Grammar section aims at improving students' speaking and listening abilities by learning basic grammar and increasing yocabulary. The Dialogue and Grammar section of each lesson is comprised of the following components: enialogue The dialogues revolve around the lives of foreign students living in Japan, their friends, and their families, presenting various scenes that students are likely to face in their daily lives. By practicing natural expressions and aizuchi (responses that make conversations go smoothly), students are able to understand how sentences are connected and how some phrases are shortened in daily conversation. Because the Dialogue section of each lesson covers a lot of ne\Y grammar and vocabulary, students may feel it is too difficult
•
• to understand at first. Don't be overly concerned, however, because the grammar and vocabulary will gradually take root with practice. Dialogues are recorded on the accompanying CD. Students are encouraged to practice regularly by_ listening to the CD and carefully noting pronunciation and intonation. evo c abulary The Vocabulary section presents all the new words encountered in both the Dialogue and Practice sections of each lesson. Words that appear in the Dialogue are marked with an asterisk (
*
). Words are listed according to their function in Lessons
1
and 2,
and by parts of speech in Lesson 3 and following. In addition, all words presented in the text are also found in the Index at the end of each volume. Words found in the Vocabulary section of each lesson appear frequently in subse quent lessons, thus students are encouraged to learn them little by little each day. After Lesson 2, commonly used kanji equivalents of some words (J oyo Kanji) are also listed, but students are not required to memorize them. This textbook does not indicate a word's accents. The accent of a Japanese word varies considerably, depending on the region, the speaker's age (including the genera tion gap between speakers), the word's paradigmatic form, and its connection with other vwrds. Therefore, don't be overly concerned about the accent, but try to imitate as closely as possible the intonation heard on the accompanying CD. eGrammar Grammar explanations are detailed, so that students can easily study them on their own. Students at school are expected to read the grammar explanations before each class. This section also fully explains the items found in the Practice section that follows. Necessary explanations for the grammar and vocabulary that are not found in the Practice section can be found in the Expression Notes at the end of each Grammar section. ePractice This section includes questions related to what was taught in each section of the lesson, providing students with both basic practice and application. By answering the ques tions sequentially, students can naturally build up their Japanese-language ability. The exercises with only one answer are marked with
8) and recorded on the·c D, allowing
students the opportunity to practice on their own. The last part of the Practice section contains Review Exercises, which incorporate aspects of the lesson as a whole. For example, some questions combine various topics covered in the lesson, and some call for the creation of new phrases based on what was learned in the Dialogue section.
Introduction
Supplement
Finally, some lessons include additional or supplementary information. This includes expressions related to the topic of the lesson, as in "Time and age" in Lesson 1, or expressions suitable at certain times or places, as in "At the station" in Lesson 10. Words introduced in the Supplement section are found in the Index of each volume. B ... Reading and Writing
The Reading and \iVriting section aims to foster comprehension and writing ability by learning Japanese characters and by providing opportunities to practice both reading and writing. Hiragana is introduced in Lesson 1, followed by katakana in Lesson 2, and kanji in Lesson 3 and following. From Lesson 3, each lesson contains the following components: Kanji 1ist
Each new kanji introduced in a lesson is contained in a list, each with about 15 kanji. This makes it easy to memorize a few each day, rather than be overwhelmed with so many at once.
cp serial number (?)
kanji
(1)
(�) compounds
reading
017
including the kanji
* (it>') book ·a ?f. (.:::.;tY) Japan E?f..� (.:::.;l\Y:i) Japanese �*-�!v (�;t t t �lv) 1\Ir./i\Is. Yamamoto (boo�; basis)
(3) meaning
(7) stroke order (6) total strokes
Among the readings shown in (4) and (5), hiragana indicates the kun'yomi, or Japanese readings for a kanji, while katakana indicates the on'yomi, or Chinese reading. Both kun'yomi
and on 'yomi are sometimes altered in compounds of two or more kanji. For
example, the ordinary pronunciation of ¥ is "gaku," which becomes "ga(k)" when the kanji is used in the word ¥;ft. Such derivative readings are also included in (4) and (5). Although some kanji have many readings, only those readings that are useful at an elementary level are included. Shaded readings and words in each lesson should be memorized. The others are for reference, so students don't need to memorize them. A practice sheet for each kanji is provided in the Reading and Writing section of the ·workbook. Students should practice
•
• writing the kanji repeatedly, according to the stroke order shown on the kanji list in the textbook. ePractice GENKI I consists of kanji practice, readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. Kanji practice includes various types of questions, such as having students reconstruct a kanji from its various parts or make new words by combining kanji. By tackling these problems, students will realize the goal of practice-to become more proficient in their use of kanji. Basically, the readings are short and deal with subjects familiar to the students. They are easy to understand if the student has learned the vocabulary and grammar taught previously in the Dialogue and Grammar section. When readings include new words, a corresponding word list is provided. Finally, composition topics are given for writing practice. GENKI II contains readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. The readings employ various styles of Japanese, ranging from letters and fables to essays and advertisements. With a knowledge of the previous ly learned vocabulary, grammar, and kanji, the readings are easy to understand but grow longer and more difficult in later lessons. \i\Tord lists are provided for newly introduced vocabulary. Finally, composition topics are introduced. C .. Appendix Volumes 1 and 2 both contain an Index. The Japanese-English Index, in hiragana order, lists words found in the Vocabulary and Supplement section of each lesson. The number next to a word indicates the lesson in which the word was introduced. In the English-Japanese Index, English equivalents to Japanese words are arranged in alpha betical order. Also included in the Appendix are tables of verb conj ugations as well as sound inflections of the expressions related to numbers.
IH Orthography and font The basic text is written in kanji and hiragana. Kanji is used for the most commonly used characters, those that appear in the official list of J oyo Kanji. Hiragana is used instead, however, when the J oyo Kanji equivalent would not be necessary for beginning students of Japanese.
Introduction
<411
So that students can easily study the Dialogue and Grammar section, the pronuncia tion of every kanji is indicated in hiragana. However, to lessen the burden on the students and allmY them to study on their own, Greetings and Lessons 1 and 2 are represented in hiragana and katakana, as well as by romanized forms. It is best not to rely too much on the romanizations, but use them only as a learning aid. Students study hiragana and katakana in Lessons
1 and 2, respectively, of the Reading and ·writing
section. Students study kanji from Lesson 3 in the Reading and Vlriting section, where
pronunciations of the kanji already presented are not indicated in hiragana, in order to promote the students' increasing acquisition of kanji. The Japanese in the basic text is set mainly i n the Textbook font, which resembles handwriting and serves as a good model for students. Students will encounter a variety of fonts used for Japanese materials, however, and should be aware that the shape of some characters differ considerably, depending on the font used. Tote especially that with some characters, we find two separate strokes in one style are merged into a single stroke.
Example:
Textbook font
� '-
�
'
� ),
icJ ......,.
Mincho font
Gothic font
Handwriting
'2 � � �
� � rJ
--\"
'7
-
b
1......
-5( '--
t) ..,
0
�
"-
(._
<--
'---
�
�
t-'
�
•
•
(
Japanese Writing System
) 1
There are three kinds of characters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. All three characters can be seen in a single sentence.
7 v t:•
h
� Jt �--j�_
katakana
�
o
lJ.!f..C!ff�!?�-
1 watch television. Hiragana and katakana, like the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above example, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function words, and native Japanese words not covered by kanji_ Katakana, which has rather straight lines, is normally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example, the Japanese word for "television" is written in katakana as Tv t:' (terebi). Kanji, or Chinese characters, represent not just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used for nouns and the sterns of verbs and adjectives.
CDH 1.
i
r
a
g
a
n
a
Basic Hiragana Syllables
There are forty-six basic hiragana syllables, which are listed below. Once you memorize this chart, you will have the skill to transcribe all of the Japanese sounds.
�
\ \
a
z
ir
�
ka
�
j?
<
tt
'-
"
u
e
0
�
ki
ku
ke
ko
sa
*shi
L
-t
1!-
2(-
f:.
-t;
-:J
l
(::
tl
(})
� '-
su
ta
*chi
t:
t: m
nu
t1
u
��'
na
ha
se
*tsu
to
ne
"
hi
so
te
fi:J.
no
tl
"""
fu
I
1
J
he
I
ho I
There is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs, and so on.
Japanese Writing System
i
h.
ma
c
I
d)
mu
mz
Jf>
I
t
me
mo
l
ry
ya
yu
f)
G
ra
ib
yo
.;
:fL
ru
rz
;
re
ro
� **o
wa
I
£ n
.,..
I
I
*The syllables l, -t?, and -? are romanized as
I
tsu,
shi, chi, and
respectively,
which
is
closer to the English pronunci ation. **�is also pronounced as "wo."
The romanization is given for general pronunciation reference. 2. Hiragana with Diacritical lVIarks
You can transcribe 23 additional sounds by adding diacritical marks. With a pair of short diagonal strokes ( ,, ), the unvoiced consonants k,
s,
t, and h become voiced consonants g,
z, d, and b, respectively. The consonant h changes top with the addition of a small circle
C).
-/)f
�'
ga �,, '-
za
f!_ da
(;f' ba
(i
pa
<''
\..;
gi
gu
L:
f zu
}Z *
t; }Z
Tl bi
lj pz
*
"
-;; zu
..,.,._
�J"
bu
tj'
ge
-tf' ze
-(
�''
'go
�' zo
(::''
de
do
""'
'
be
1'
bo *
t:;· (ji) and
-5 (zu) are pro
nounced the same as
pu
pe
po
t (ji)
and ·f' (zu), respectively, and have limited use.
•
• 3.
Transcribing Contracted Sounds
Small �, f1:>, and J: follow after letters in the second column (i-vowel hiragana, except "'\)
and are used to transcribe contracted sounds. The contracted sound represents a single syllable.
�vp
kya
kyu
kyo
L�
Lvp
LJ:
sha
shu
sho
t�
t;;vp
tJ:
cha
chu
cho
1:: � nya
l:: vjJ nyu
t:: J:
u�
Uvp
UJ:
hya
hyu
hyo
7;.�
7;-vp
h.J:
mya
myu
myo
�) �
f) vjJ
f) J:
rya
4.
�J:
��
gya
.Js;' vjJ gyu
.Js;' '- J:
L�
5'�
\,.;
gyo
Lvp
LJ:
;a
)U
)0
rl�
(} vjJ
rJ' J:
by a
byu
byo
lj�
ljvp
LIJ:
pyu
pyo
nyo
ryu
pya
ryo
Transcribing Double Consonants
There is another small letter
--:J,
which is used when transcribing double consonants such
as tt and pp. Examples:
h' '"'? t:::. �
'"'?
h'
U: '"'? tJ �,- '"'?
L
katta
(won)
sakka
(writer)
ha12Qa
(leaf)
zasshi
(magazine)
cf. h' t:::.
kata
(shoulder)
Note that double consonant n's, as in sannen (3 years), are ''vritten with lv + a hiragana with an initial n sound (tj:, �=. �. b, or 0). Examples:
� lv :tl.lv
S lv ·� "' \ 5.
sannen annaz
(3 years) (guide)
Other Issues Relating to Transcription and Pronunciation
A Long Vowels
When the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowel
Japanese Writing System �
becomes about t"·ice as long as the single yoweL Be sure to hold the sound long enough, because the length of the YO\Yel can change one word to another.
B ti' � !v obasan
aa
B t;f' ;it;> � !v obaasan
(grandmother)
cf.
zz
4-' l'' ' '�' n 1..- " - rv
OJ11San
(grandfather)
cf. }_; C
Sllllll
(number)
uu
ee
� !v o;zsan
(aunt) (uncle)
The long ee sound is usually transcribed by adding an "'to an e-vowel gana.
There are a few words, ho\Yever, in which :Z is used instead of
� \. '1J"'
B tl �
oo
hira
The long
eega
(moYie)
oneesan
(big sister)
� !v
oo
"'·
sound is in most cases transcribed by adding an -J to an
a-vowel lziragana. There are, however, words in which the long vowel is transcribed with an B, for historical reasons.
hooritsu
(Ia w)
too
(ten)
B. Pronunciation of lv lv "n" is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however, depending on the sound that follows it. Japanese speakers are normally not aware of the different sound ,-alues of lv. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its •
•
pronunciatiOn.
2
C. Vowels to Be Dropped The vowels i and s,
t, p, and
h),
Example:
u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k,
or a t the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants.
T .:X "'C"T s(u)kides(u)
(I
like it.)
20ne variety of the �pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end of an utterance, lv indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown
here with a tilde above vowel letters. You hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the English interjection "uh-uh," as in "no.")
n� � �' li �
reai (romance)
B � >j:
onna (woman)
ho (book)
Followed by n, t, d, s, and
z
sounds, � is pronounced as "n."
Followed by m, p, and b sounds, �is pronounced as "m." ::>
� ll'
sampo (stroll)
Followed by k and g sounds, � is pronounced as "ng" as in "song." 1 �h:
maoga (comics)
•
• D. Accent in the Japanese Language Japanese has a pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low pitch. Unlike the English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced longer and louder, in Japanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length and stress. The pitch patterns in Japanese vary greatly, depending on the region of the country. Examples:
a
&.> �
_
it�i..
___
f::.IJ� I.\
_ _ __
(morning)
_-__ _
sa
..
:ma �
na
ka_.
ta
z
_
(name) (high)
Q)K atak a n a 7 a
j;
ka
� sa
1 z
7
:L
;f
u
e
7
7 ke
ko
y
.A
..tz-
*shi
su
se
")
;f ki
ku
0
:1
so
'J
T
*tsu
te
y.
;f-. ne
no
t
7
"""'
ha
hi
fu
he
*
-::<
' ....' ..
�
1-
ta
*chi
-T
-
na
nz
nu
/\
ma
mz
f ya
b
mu
;<
me
r
to
/
ho
-f:
mo
.:2
3
yu
yo
7
1)
Jv
v
0
ra
rz
ru
re
ro
7
wa
/ n
7 0
*The syllables romanized tsu,
Y, 7, and
as
'Y are
shi, chi, and
respectively,
to
give
a
closer English pronunciation.
Japanese Writing System �
I
;f'
ga
gz
-tf
y
:X
-{!
]l
Zll
ze
5'�
*-=f'
* 'j'"
/'\
c'
za
da
I
ba
�<>
gu
Jl
I
$
V-\?
V
'l3 slzo
bo
shu
7-..::z.
7-3
-=--\?
-=-..:z.
nya
nyu
-=-3
t-\?
t..:z.
��
.::. ..:z.
) -\?
'
clzu
....
'
•.:y (ji) and ':/ (zu) are pro
)
..:z.
Yj'll
and ;( (zu), respectiYelr, and
PO
have limited use.
;f'..:z.
;f' 3
Y-\?
YJ.
Y3
;a
]U
]0
t"-\?
c'..:z. byu ..:z. o t
t"3
;f'-\? gya
gyu
gyo
cho
nyo
t3 lzyo
hyu
myu
pe
kyo
T-\?
rya
be
nounced the same as � (ji)
�3
mya
I
I''
-"(
� ..:z. kyu ..:z.
hya
I
zo
7..
�-\?
cha
go
'/"
_,,
bu
bi
J
:f
do
pu
sha
ge
I
zu
pz
kya
7'
T de
pa
'
'
jf
i
bya
........ .. 3
o t-\?
myo
pya
pyu
byo
o t3 pyo
)3
'
ryo
The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana, except for the follo'\\i ng points.
(1) The long vowels are written with Examples:
-.
7J-
kaa
(car)
.A-t-
sukii
(ski)
.A-'Y
suutsu
(suit)
7-.::t-
keeki
(cake)
if--Jv
booru
(ball)
•
• \iVhen you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also. Example:
if-' - Jv(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign sounds that originally did not exist in Japanese. Examples:
7 1 7� 7 :t S/ � :; � 1� 77 7 1 7� 7 ;;t
.l'\ U rJ 1 - /
harowiin
(Halloween)
haiwee
(highway)
mineraruwootaa
(mineral water)
sherii
(sherry)
jeemusu
(James)
chekku
(check)
7 7 ''/ S/ 3 /
fasshon
(fashion)
7 1 1) t:• /
fi1-ipin
(Philippine)
71 7 �
kafe
(cafe)
7J 1) 7 ;;r Jv =- 7
kariforunia
(California)
/ '\ 1 7 � 1
� ;t 7 Jv ? :t - 5' ...
S/ � lJ -
��b. :A. 1� '')
7
T 1
/ � - -r 1 -
paatii
(party)
-r· .:z.
7' .:z.
.:y 1 7... :1
disuko
(disco)
dyuuku
(Duke)
-r· 1
-
7
(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with rf. For example, the word "Venus" sometimes written as �:.·· - -r A or rf 1 --t A .
IS
会話 火法 編
Greetings
------
a;t:; t;, l, L\c=5�'5
New Friends
-------
6
Io
x �i Y -c-r Question Sentences noun1 0) noun2
@ l:i 'IJ'Iv
·
cv
Time / Ag e
f.J'L\=50)
·····-----·-······--·-·-·····--········--······-----········---·········
Shopping
------
29
:{0
;: n -t n �n t· n ;: 0) I -t 0) I � 0) I
t' 0)
+ noun
t!.tLOJ noun
;: ;: -t ;: � -t ;: c:· ;: noun t noun 0 �
� � i � lv
--- b. / ,..._, J: ®=cr � 5 Ll::>
In the Classroom 7- J-.. O) *!JJR t-> < t- <
· · · · · - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - - · - - - - · · · · - - - - · - · · · · - · - · - - - - - · ··
Making a Date
Verb Conj ugation Verb Types and the "Present Tense" Particles Time Reference
--- i � /v iP Word Order Frequency Adverbs The Topic Particle �i
-------
53
5-1-
C M 4 � J ���(1)7- t'-..
The Fi rst Date
-----
72
X iJ� /b l'J * '9/ v � * 't Describing \Vhere Things Are Past Tense
t:. < f: lv -�F a� l\t' _, t; IJ\A.. c {) ® illfi: �\
®8 V'
Location s
'5 •
im
•
l,�j>5
F.J
•
-:>""
� <'::(.,
· · · · · · · · · · · - · · · · · - - · - · - · · · · · - · · - - · · · · · · - - - · · · - · · ·· · · · - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - · · - - - - - - - · - · · · ·
94
D a y s/W ee ks/ Month s/ Y ears - -- ---------- - --- --- -------------- 95
it�Jll�ff
45i'!t,(biJJ: .:: '5
A Trip to Okinawa
-------
96
Adjectives
w � (�)/ � � " � ( �) ·t
Degree Expressions
'""' * G J: � I'""' * G J: � -h� Counting
®!B�FcDC'
At th e P ost O ff ic e
®�Jimc·
At a Photo Sho p
IP?V'Iv""J;< l,�l,lv "I'
.. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - · - ·
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - - - · - · · · -- - - - - - - - - - · - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - ·
D/\- t'-.. c!lvCD-8
L\5(;::5
A Day in Robert's Life
---
112 113
I I4
Te-form ----- -c < tf.' f: v � ----- -c {) v � v ) --r· 9 I'""' -c �i v ) �1 * -lt !v Describing Two Activities
----- iJ� � ----- * G J: � -h�
®i§1cfRI) < /f$.x Q ih'5
�
D ire ction s
- -- -- -· - - ·· - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - · - -- - · · - - - -- - - - - - - · - - · - - - ----
..
130
l(&iO)�JI n' �<
u"\>ulv
Family Picture ------ 132
----- -r \- ) � �il�� v ) -c -r
1J•h
f,;.tJ;
Te-forms for Joining Sentences verb stem + �;: fi < ,_,
Counting People
- -1-18
Pa rt s of th e B od y - ---·· · · · ·----····· ·· ·- ·· · ······-· ·· ····· ·· ···········- - -- -@''f*0)$7.)' 13\ t3\fv tJ'f:Jt: ®'�Dt Fa m i l y ··-- --------- ------ ·------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------ 1 --l-9 11' �<
1�-�::f.:L-
Barbecue ------
1 50
Short Forms Uses of Short Forms '"'-' � v ) -c·
< t!. � v )
verb (f)iJWff � t:9 -�-
iJf,
h) and W � fa] f.t.�: t..: t;
fJ'i5\:f!;
Kabuki ------ 1 70
Past Tense Short Forms Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adj ectives
* t!. '"'--' -r " ) * -1t lv '"'--' h). � @'� Colo rs--------------------- -------· ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 89 l1'3
�f*�O)?le ,3,��9
J; LLI
Winter Vacation Plans ------
1 90
Comparison adj ective/noun + (f) '""-' -::::>
� I] t!.
adj ective + � �
c:· .:: il) �;:I c:· .:: �;: � -c· @'!RC' X.�
At th e Station ·· -- -- -- --···------·· -- --- ------ -- -----· - ------ ···- ----- --- ----- -- - - --· 2 08
f*b(l)®c '\'>�
After the Vacation ------ 2 1 o
-- t.:. lJ .-..... f.:_ lJ -t � .....__
.::
t iJ� J? �
noun
A �
noun
B
�0)? 5A z:· ®B* I� 1;;1v �
5 · I n t h e Japa ne se C l a ss - · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · - ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · 22
Feeling Ill ------ 2 2 6
.-..... ,�v -r·-t ---- '"9 �- � .-..... �� -5 iJ� v ) v ) -r· '"9 .-.....
(]) c:·
---- i;t. < t? � 1,- ) �t * � lv -- c:· G J: -5 Health a n d Illness · · · · · · · · · ·· ·· · · · · · · ··· · ·· ·· ···· ·· · ·- · ·· ·· · · ·· · - · · · · · - 2 46
®111 ti c11ii � 111v �-5 UJ:?�
(...__? ..:_.�:'--'-=> &JI_ ..;..; J__ - 1'-_�)
Expression Notes
CD i3 �i J: ? I t.o tJ iJ{ c -? � J: ? t:t t? T 17- � -tt lv 1.-) ? 'l � � T /t.:.t.! 1.- ) *- I i3 -h� ;Z '? � � 1.- )
1.- ) 1.- ) ;Z
1.-) ? 'l t? ? � � 1.- ) I
ti l.- ll ;Z ;Z ;c. '5 -r-tiP Pronunciation of ti umbers GiYing one's telephone number -tt /v -t!- 1.- ) � lv Referring to the person you are talking to Japanese names
s
(2);00)
@(��) < t.! �
�)
C��) JotliJ> I.- ) � � T
(��)
l7
c ? "f
On the pronunciaBig numbers ------ 39
tion of number words
t J: -::> c. ---- 6-1< I*� ®ff \> < 82 @ X OJ W"i ;Z -::> 1 10 -::> =�ra,� t�t� �;(_
!:
1,; �·A.IJ:A.
L- v)/ t: �-�il' C 7:t) ----- 1 04 @1t 'l.JtfJf
1 22 cv� < l)!f£ 1.- l c? t .t�� j)� @.i!it� ------ 1 -1- 1 ;,� @....... T � 160
@� M c Lfi3tO)fJ! iJ{ t.o tJ � TiJ{. ::: t!lv �- ::: r.Jiv @ti in negative sentences t.! it
1 98
·····
t;:
F71 7
�
1)>!/)
t;: ii ------ 2 I 7
①
惨会話文法編
配 ﹃﹂
主 ￨
\ �J
.
Greetlngs
こんにちは。
おはよう 。
こんばんは。
号竺o ぐ 、
おやすみなさ
。 、
L
Ohayoo.
Good morning.
Ohayoo gozai masu.
Good morning. (polite)
.:_ 10 �= 't l j o
Konnichiwa.
Good afternoon .
.: 10 t J 10 t j 0
Konbanwa.
Good evening.
� J: ") 7J: t? o
Sayoonara.
Good-bye.
Oyasuminasai.
Good night.
Arigatoo.
Thank you.
Arigatoo goz a i m a s u .
Thank you. (polite)
S u m i masen.
Excuse me.; I'm sorry.
l i e.
No.; Not at all.
lttekimasu.
I'll go and come back.
ltterasshai.
Please
Tadaima.
back. I'm home.
Okaerinasai.
Welcome home.
ltadakimasu.
Thank you for the meal.
� LJ: J: "J o .:·· �-- �.r \ :f T o
� Li J: -7
� -\" T h 7J: �
Jty � -/:;{ ?.:: -)
�.r \ 0
0
&tJ � -h{ ?.:: -7
.:·· �-- �, \ :f To
T h :f -tt h,o
\, \ "'? -{ � j T o �.r \
"'? --c G "'? L � �, \o
t: f:3_' \, \ ;f
0
� -/:;> ;Z_ � 7J: �
\, \ 0
\, \ f::. f:3_- � j T o
go
and
come
(before eating) Gochisoosama.
Thank you for the meal. (after eating)
t j t o9) :f L --c o
Haj i m e m ashite.
How do you do?
?.::'' -J ·F J: � L < o
Doozo yoroshiku.
Nice to meet you.
��! ./ f'-... l:)(�J: 5 /® 0 ti'c 5 .,...
E
-
x
p r e s s i o n
N o t e s
Ohayoo is used between friends and family mem
bers, while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquain tances,
gatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you similarly with ari are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. To give a concrete example, the social expectation is such that students are to use the longer variants when they speak with a professor.
c!d:: 5 fclb .,...
There are several good-bye expressions m Japanese,
the
choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indi cates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arriYes, or until fate brings the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world.
t; �
�, £ t.:.o
jaa, mata.
(between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon)
l-'?tl, 1t l l- £ To
Sh itsureesh i masu.
(taking leave from a professor's office, for example)
1, ) -::> l � £ To
lttekimasu.
(leaving home)
9c1J�1:tlv .,... Sumimasen attention,
(3)
(2)
means
(1)
"Excuse me," to get another person's
"I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble rou have caused, or
"Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.
l. \l. \;i .,... lie
is primarily "No," a negatiYe reply to a question. In the
dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them.
l. \? "C b ? v � l. \fl.\? "C � � 9/1: t't. l. \ �/l:) fJ' � 0 fJ
Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person who arri,·es home says tadaima
(I
am home right no·w) to the family
members, and they respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home).
CD
p
r
a
c
t
c
e
Act out the following situations with your classmates. 1.
You meet your host family for the first time. Greet them.
2 . It is one o'clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada. 3 . You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends. 4.
On a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot.
5.
You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you.
6.
It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store.
7 . You are watching TV with your host family. I t is time to go to sleep. 8 . You are leaving home. 9 . You have come back home. 1 0 . You are going to start eating. 11.
You have finished eating.
[� ! �
L
S
E
0
S
N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
1]
ct5t� 6 U l \C=bt2� N ew Fr ie nd s D
a
o
g
u
e
Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.
Sumimasen.
Mearii
Takeshi /1)
3
;,
ry
;J. 7 1)
-
t:::. tt L : Takes hi
nanji desu ka.
juuniji han desu. \'
Mearii 4
lma
:
;ii) � -h{ t::. -J
.::
Arigatoo
gozaimasu.
,,
�-' " \ � T o
cb CT) '
Takeshi
Ano,
..,
h
�
;}.
3
t: tt L
•
Mearii
;}.
h
�
h
�
�·
�
� � 0 7 1) '/-T t:.- " ' -�; { < CT) t;{ < -1t '- ' "('To Ee.
Takeshi ..,
4
,,
7 1) -
2
0 11> 7 1; � < -lt 'v \ "('' T1J'o ryuugakusee desu ka.
Arizona daigaku
no
gakusee desu.
.
,,
Soo desu ka.
Senmon
wa
nan desu ka.
. 7 1) -
Mearii
Nihongo desu.
l ma
ninensee desu.
Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome.
Takeshi: Um . . . are you an international student? Mary: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.
v
f;_ lu 0
c
a
b
I
u
a
r
y
* � CT)
a no
urn . . .
* \. \ ;!
ima
now
eego
English (language)
ee
yes
gakusee
student
. . . go
language
i_ \. \ ::..··
ex. t :: t .f ,0 ::..·· (nihon
go) Japanese language kookoo
high school
gogo
P.i\1.
gozen
A.i\1.
. . . sai
. . . years old
. . . san
Mr./Ms . . . .
. . . Jl
o'clock
\. ' � t (ichiji) one
ex.
o'clock . . . jin
people
ex. t : ti ,0
t ,0 (nihon
jin ) Japanese people sen see
teacher; Professor . . .
* � ,0 t ,0
senmon
major
*
soo desu
That's right.
daigaku
college; university
"(' ,0 ;b
denwa
telephone
� t t::_' 'f?
tomodachi
friend
IJ: :l i.
namae
name
* IJ: ,0/ i;t. t :
nan/nani
what
* t : t i .Z,
Nihon
Japan
* � tJ. .Z, � \. \
. . . nensee
. . . year student
� ,0 * "' '
;c. -7 --e i"
* t:_' \. \ f.; { <
ex.
\. ' i? tl ,0 �
\. ' (ichinensee) first-year student hai
yes
han
half
ex. t :
t t.l ,0 (nijihan) half
past two
*
•
tJ,0 ::..·· -}
bangoo
number
� 11> -} f.;{ < � \. \
ryuugakusee
international student
b t::. L
watashi
I
Words that appear in the dialogue
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
C o u n t r
e s
7 � l) tJ
Am erika
U.S.A.
1 �- 1) A
lgirisu
Britain
.:t - A r 7 1J 7
Oosutoraria
Australia
f;• lv ::.. <
Kankoku
Korea
Sueeden
Sweden
Chuugoku
China
i:J• i:J'' <
kagaku
science
7 :/ / lt /v � I'}> J
ajiakenkyuu
Asian studies
tt \, \ �-- �, \
keezai
economics
::.. < � 1, \ f; • /v tt l. \
kokusaikan kee
international relations
:::J / l:::" .::L - .Y -
konpyuutaa
computer
t lv ; \, \ fJt < -l:t i. ' L
jinruigaku
anthropology
seeji
politics
c:· :; * ;z u• t: t> T �) �' lv i:J " <
bijinesu
business
bungaku
literature
h� L
rekishi
history
L ::..·· �
shigoto
job; work; occupation
"' L �
ish a
doctor
h• " ' L � " , lv
kaishain
office worker
::.. "] ::.. "] -l:t- 1. \
kookoosee
high school student
shufu
housewife
t::· \, \ f; { < \, \ lv -l:t \, \
daigakuinsee
graduate student
t::· \, \ f; ,.
daigakusee
college student
bengoshi
lawyer
h f;• Jl:> � lv
okaasan
mother
h � J � Iv
otoosan
father
h tl -Z � Iv
oneesan
older sister
h t : \, \ � lv
oniisan
older brother
\, \ t 7 �
imooto
younger sister
h � J �
otooto
younger brother
I>
,
?
>)•
''
�
�
T
J;
:.;
T
t:
/Z 7
:I. i.
T
;,
�
I>
_ .:y / i.
-r:·
t:, vp ") ::_·· <
"-
M a i o r s
I>
l:
1-..
I>
u�
.,
;
t:
O c c u p a t
L
vp
)
�
h
o n s
.
< -l:t \, \
""- lv ::..·· L F a m i l y
G
-
r
a
m
m
a
r
X (� Y �g
"It is 12:30." " I am a student. " "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.
-c·9a
It is . . .
t I1J ") t: t t.l A., --c·· -t o
(It) is half past twelve.
Juuniji h a n desu.
I;� < -lt " \ --c·· -t 0
(I) am a student.
t : t i lv .:·· --c·· 1" o
(My major) is the Japanese language.
Gakusee desu.
Nihongo desu.
Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major" found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say:
---- u
wa
Where
t : t i .z, .:·· --c·· 1" o nihongo desu.
--- is the Japanese language.
--- stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in
the sentence identified as nihongo. For example, (My) major is the Japanese language. Senmon wa
nihongo desu.
Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. X (;t Y c·9 o -t
Watashi wa
:.
i
b f::. L t.l A. -
·
X is Y As for X, it is Y
t:
� L.. "('' T o
Suu Kimu desu.
I am Sue Kim.
!11r. Yamashita is a teacher. Yamashita san wa
sensee desu.
Mearii san wa
amerikajin desu.
l !ary is an A 'merican. v
Wa is a member of the class of \Yords called "particles." So is the word no, which we will turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themseh·es to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and " teacher," which are preceded by "a." I n Japanese, there i s no item that corresponds to "a," nor i s there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. \Yithout background situations, a sentence like gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations;
it may mean "We are/you are/they are students, " as well as "I am/you are/she is a student. "
g
Question Sentences
It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. ry rp 7 I;{ < -tt " \ "'{'' -t 0
ry rp ") !;>.' \
(I am) an international student.
(Are you) an international student?
1 ( -t!- \ \ '"' "t 1J • o Ryuugakusee desu ka. -
Ryuugakusee desu.
The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences 2
may also contain a "question word" like nan (what) . In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old), nannensee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words i n a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language.
-t!- /v t /v tj: Senmon wa
( -tt lv t lv tj: )
� /v "'('' "t 1J ' o nan desu ka.
(Senmon wa)
;(_ � \ .:· "'('' -t 0 eego desu.
(N!y major) is English.
What is your major?
1 lt is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese.
nan and nani. Nan is used immediate ji (o'clock). The other form, nani, is used before a particle. nanijin (person of what nationality).
2The Japanese question word for "\vhat" has two pronunciations: ly before desu or before a "counter" like
Nani
is also used in the combination
\, \ l
� ,{, t "('' T iJ �o
lma
What time is it now? If>
iJ
(\ \ J ) ( I ma)
nanji desu ka.
I)
\'
\
t "C'' T o
kuji desu.
It is nine o 'clock.
_;( J 1) - � .Z, t.;l: � ,{, � \, \ '{'' T iJ � o
t � 7 � � 7 � '. \ '{'' T o
Mearii san wa
J u ukyuusai desu.
nansai desu ka.
How old are you, Mary?
I'm nineteen years old. t : t;t .z, -li- "' \ --c-- To
Nannensee desu ka.
N i nensee desu.
What year are you in college?
I'm a sophomore.
"C'' h, b t.f',{, _::'' 7 tj � ,{, '{'' T iJ � o
1 86 cry 7343 "C'' T o
Denwa bangoo wa
lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu.
nan desu ka.
What is your telephone number?
0
It
is 186-7343.
noun10) noun2
No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means 3 "(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea (being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples.
t:. tt L � .z- cry --c-· ,{, b ti' ,{, .::-- 7 Takeshi san no
t�- '. \ i7 { < cry {t ,{, % \, \ daigaku no
a student of the Japanese language
gakusee
t : t l h, cry t�- '. \ ]ji < nihon n o
a college professor
sen see
t : t l .Z, .:·' cry ]ji < {t \, \ nihongo no
Takeshi's phone number
denwa bangoo
cr college
in Japan
daigaku
Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are i n the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it.
3
Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo ( Takeshi's
phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something
is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi.
noun1 (])
t
main idea further restriction
A phrase of the form "noun1 no noun2" acts more or less like one big noun. You can put i t wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:
Takeshi san no
kookoo no
okaasan wa
sensee desu.
Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.
�JJ2 / - �
E x
0�5 1j'fu
pre
5 5
ion
Note
5
®(]) � Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some thing someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example.
lctL VXX� Both hai and ee mean "res" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai,
ee
is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal
situations, un is used.
Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) T
.;,.
T
Teacher: :A � A. � lv ?
JV!r. Smith?
Student: kl:v)o
Here.
Sumisu san?
Hai
t 5 c·91J'� Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see."
Pronunciation of let� The particle �j: is pronounced "zva," not "ha." It
should be written with �i. All other instances of "zva" are written with b.
(ij\ w
b t.:. l,. O) -c·�n �i� .::· ? kt 37-8667-c·-to
Watashi no denwa ban goo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana
My
desu.
telephone number is 37-8667.
There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and
konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with
.:: � �;: iS �;!: and .::
lv �i � �;!: .
Numbers
..,. Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer
to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. -t!
6
0 -li o and tu,> are both commonly used. 1 J.... > i? , but pronounced as J.... > -:J in 1,. > -:J l�/v (one minute) and
J.... > -:J �
J.... > (one-year old). 2
�;: all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately,
as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as �: J.... >. 3
� lv all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as
in � �.1:./v, instead of � lvl-,. /v. 4
J: lv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J: blv-tt- V > and
four o'clock is J: C . In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as G (as in l,iJ)-:::> , April). The part that follows this number may change shape too, as in J: lv.l:.lv.
5
.::-· all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as .::·· ? .
6
? < , but pronounced as ?
7
t:t t:t is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L. iS C .
8
�;!: iS , but usually pronounced as �;!: -::> in �;!: -::J .1:./v and �;!: -:J � v > .
9
� �� ? is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < C .
10
-::>
C @> ? , but pronounced as C
in ?
19> -::>
-:J
.1:./v.
in C @> -::> .lP� and C
Giving one's telephone number ..,. The particle
19> -:J
� J.... >.
no is usually placed in
between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu.
itJvitl. \ ..,. The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want
to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead.
particular as kun), rather than as san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are ne,·er used in reference to oneself.
Referring to the person you are talking to � The word for "you," anata, is not Yery commonly used in Japanese. Instead, \Ye use the name and a title like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: ��
�
�
/\ - � � /v (j:
+
�
�
�
j 7 2jc-:;.,t I_; /v "t"' TiPo .X.
-
Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka. I� h 1:
-r
;t
"-
C'
""
instead of �\- t- � lv, � i:t t.: �j: 'A ? .:r. - 7/ t; !v "C'TiPo Haato san,
anata wa
sueedenjin desu ka.
Japanese names � \Vhen Japanese giYe their name, they say their family name first and giYen name last. Gsually, they don't haYe middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names.
Family name
Given name Men
vVomen
� C: -j
U' � G
� -5 .:
-t'f �
1,. :::. 1:;, � ?
lb
Satoo
Hiros h i
Suzuki
t..: h�tj:
lchiroo
L,
Taka h ashi
�t lv t;
Yuuko
<• lJ.
Megumi
< O'J. C:
Kenji
Kumiko
t..: i;t iJ)
�� -j �
i:t ta lJ.
1,. :::. Itoo
Masahiro
Tanaka
t -3
Yuuki
* � u' �
Naomi
� J: -3 .::
Kyooko
P
(D -y- 5 v 0
1f
r
a
Eill
;,
ree
I I
ichi
12
t:
� ,{,
13
san
5
shi
14
(yo)
15
_,, '-
16
� < � � / L l? nan a
8
17
shichi
18
t.l "l?
10
60
t vp 7 J:: ,Z,/ t tP 7 L t 11> 7 juugo
19
ku
20
L l1> 7
� \ t tP 7 rokujuu
juushi
.:"
70
� � t l1> 7 nanajuu
80
t l1> 7 � <
t.l "l? t 11> 7 hachijuu
90
7 � � / t 11> 7 L "l? juushichi
� 11> 7 L I1> 7 kyuujuu
t 11> 7 tj "l?
1 00
U' � \ hyaku
L l1> 7 � 11> 7 / t 11> 7 < juukyuu
juu
.:_'' t 11> 7 gojuu
juuhachi
� 11> 7 / \ kyuu
50
t vp 7 � ,Z,
L' 11>
.J:: ,Z, t \1> 7 yonjuu
juunana
hachi
9
40
7 t:
juuroku
roku
7
� juuni
juuyon
go
6
t
� ,Z, t � 7 sanjuu
juusan
J:: ,Z,/ L / ( J: ) yon
30
t ..P 7 '1f \ l? juuichi
ni
4
e
(Numbers)
... \ "l?
3
c
-li o / tv " \ zero
2
t
c
juuku
t : t 11> 7 nijuu
A. Read the following numbers. @)
B.
(a) 5
(b) 9
(c ) 7
(d)
(e) 1 0
(f) 8
(g) 2
(h) 6
( i) 4
(j) 3
Read the following numbers. @) (a) 45
(b) 83
(c) I 9
(d) 76
(e) 52
(f) I 00
(g) 38
(h) 6 1
( i ) 24
( j ) 97
(d) 6 - 6
(e) 1 0 + 9
C. What are the answers? 8J (a) 5 + 3
(b) 9 + I
(c) 3 + 4
( f) 8 - 7
(g) 40 - 25
0 u1J'Iv
(Time)
~ OJ C9 C9 CD \d; t
t: t niji
ichiji
��t
l t
=� t
sanji
yoji
goji
< t
t vp -J t
CD 0 0 7:> < t
L i? t
Li i? t
rokuji
shichiji
hachiji
~
kuji
(]
C) t Vi>
l: vp ") \ \ i? t
")
\ \ i? t t;i �
t: t
juuniji
juuichiji
ichiji han
(]
A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. ED Example:
Q : \. \ � lma
� � l: "'(' T IJ � o
Ex.
nanji desu ka.
A : \ \ i? t tJ � ·e-to lchiji han desu.
(2)
(1)
(C) Q) ------
(4)
e)
(5)
co
(3)
0)" Q
(6)
juuji
B. Answer the questions. 6J
Tookyoo wa
ima
nanji desu ka.
A · ::�-lf lv � lv l' --c· -t o Gozen
sanji desu.
0 3. Nairobi 9 : 00 P.M.
@ cfvt>(�fv 25 A.
(Tel ephone Numbers)
Read the following people's telephone numbers. 8J
� � L t::.
Example:
283-9547
�
;/)
;,
')
t : tj 1? � /v t7) � IP -) ::·· .,t lv tJ: tJ: ni hachi san no
Yamashita
kyuu go yon nana
,,
1 . ;l 7 1) -
951-0326
Mearii
2. t::. �t L
362-4519
Takeshi T
�
7-. -
691-4236
4 . o ; \' - r
852-1032
3.
Suu 7, If i> 1:::
Robaato
B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. till)
Denwa bangoo wa
B
:
nan desu ka.
283-9547 "C" T o Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.
A
283-9547 "'C'' T tlo
N i hachi san n o kyuu go yon
B
C.
lj v \ , Hai,
nana desu ne.
--c-- -to
.f -J
sao desu.
Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers. telephone number
name
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
® (: (�fu C.(J) jj' < tt L\ Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (]) (no) . ED Example:
student of the Japanese language
t : t i A..t :::.''. tJ) h { < -tt 'v \
�
nihongo no
gakusee
1 . my teacher
2 . my telephone number
3 . my name
4 . Takeshi's major
5 . Mary's friend
6 . student of the University of London
7 . teacher of the Japanese language
8 . high school teacher
Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). ED -r
Takeshi
�
2 . ;z - � A..t
1 . f::. t t L � A..t san
;'>
i!
;,
1::
3 . D J \ - � � h.t
4 . � � L f::. -tt A..t -tt v \
Robaato san
Suu san
Yamashita sensee
(a) national ity Example:
/1)
;,
'1
,,
/- 7 l) - � A..t
it)
�
Mearii san
;,
1 '
/- T 1)
,, -
;,
"'
�
lr
� h.t tj 7 .7- 1) n t A..t --c-- -t o
Mearii san wa
amerikajin desu.
(b) year in school Examp 1e:
&!)
i>
l
/' 7 1) ..1
. \
-
Mearii san
� I ... IV
*">
�
h
')
� \
..1 7 1) - � I tj /' - IV Mearii san wa
I� : � I � \- \ __,. ifcol iV� 1..,, --:f'J 0 ninensee d es u .
(c) age 1/)
;l
Example:
1>
\, \
'J
;,
�
7 1) - � lv
Mearii san
(d) school "'
;l
Example:
;,
l\
Mearii san wa
,,
')
'}
;,
;l 7 1) - � lv U: t I'P "7 � I'P "7 � \. ' "C'' T o
"'
�
7 1) - � lv
;,
j u u kyuu sai desu.
,,
?
;,
?
·'<"
'-:
;l 7 1) - � lv t.;i 7 1) '/-}- t::· ._. , h � < (J)
Mearii san
Arizona daigaku no
Mearii san wa
h � < -1t "' ' --c-- -t o gakusee desu.
(e) major "'
;l
Example:
;,
')
,,
,,
?
;,
;l 7 1) - � lv (J) -1:t lv t lv t.;i t : ti lv .:.-- --c-- -t o
Mearii san
Mearii san no
Hart, Mary Nationality
"'
�
7 1) - � lv
American
senmon wa
Kimura Takeshi
Kim, Sue
Japanese
(f;•/v :.. < 1.:' .Z,)
( 1 f 1) J. 1.:' At)
Korean
kankokujin
Smith, Robert British
Yamashita
sensee
Japanese
igirisujin
Year
2nd year
4th year
3rd year
4th year
Age
19
22
20
22
47
School
U. of Arizona
Tozai Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Tozai Univ.
COI?;lP�t�r.
business
Major
Japanese
en � L )
history
/... ..,
�
·�
,
,;
n
( :J / 1:' .2 - .1 -)
rekishi
B.
nihongo desu.
konpyuutaa
U'
t:
"'
.,.
( 1::' :; * ;z ) bijinesu
Pair Work-Ask and answer questions using the given cues. "'
;,
?
l'
;,
,.,
?
b·
Example 1 : ;l 7 1) - � lv / 7 ;l 1) iJ t lv Mearii san
n
amerikajin 4;.
?
,,
;,
,.,
�
lr
o · ;� 7 1) - � 1v t.;t 7 ;� 1) t.; t lv --c· -t h ' o Mearii san wa
A
it it ,
-t "7 --c-- -r o
Ee,
soo desu.
amerikajin desu ka.
(Japanese teacher)
n
�
n
Example 2: _I 7 1) - � lv / � lv b lv -tt '-< \ sannensee
Mearii san
sannensee desu ka.
Mearii san wa
t : b lv -tt �t \ -z-- -to
A · '-< " '-< " � , lie,
Mearii san
Arizona daigaku no
Mearii san
ichinensee
Takeshi san
nihonjin
Takeshi san
Nihon daigaku no
Takeshi san i"
1
juukyuusai t.
i"
6 . A - � lv / A ry T
.;
A - � lv 0 -tt lv �
�
�
�
t
�
Robaato san no I; ·
i>
/...
lv / t t '-< " �-- '-< " (economics) keezai
o F ,._ � � /v eT) -tt lv ;,
gakusee
-7' / t lv
senmon
Suu san no
8.
t.
.:r.
gakusee
sueedenjin
S u u san
7.
ninensee desu.
t
�
L
�
T
lv / t:' :; i, A bijinesu
senmon
1::
9 . 0 /" \-- � � lv / J: ;b. /v {t 'v \ yonensee
Robaato san 1,
1.r
�
�
10. 0 l '\' - � � lv / t : t rp
1 '-< \ "'?
� '-< \
nijuuissai
Robaato san
Yamashita sensee
nihonjin
Yamashita sensee
Hawai daigaku no
sen see
@ a5 C: 5 �fv {� i.J' L' l.J t-' L 'fv c9 A.
Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b). 1 . }; tJ' ch � lv
2 . ;f:; t : �t \ � lv
3 . '-< \ t 1 �
oniisan
okaasan
tillJ
i mooto
(a) occupation/ school Example:
};
�1
otoosan
� lv
..,
�
;,
�
l'
_� 7 1J - � lv (1) ;F:; � 1 � lv t.;t 1J , �t " L � " " lv --c-- -to Mearii san no
otoosan wa
kaishain desu.
(b) age Example:
}; � � :: A,;
�
otoosan
II
&') /)
_?( 7 1)
\\ -
:: A,; 0) b � � :: A,; U: l A,; t IP � ll '? :: otoosan wa
Mearii san no
�
' "C'' T
o
yonjuuhassai desu.
Mary's host family
}; � ') :: �
}; i;• J1J :: �
}; t : � , :: �
1_, \ t ') �
otoosan
okaasan
oniisan
imooto
(father)
(mother)
(elder brother)
(younger sister)
n ' "' ' L � "' ' �
L 1-P ..)
t.:· � \I;>'< � \ A,; -I!-� \
.: ') .: ') -t!:- 1.- \
Occupation/
kaishain
shufu
daigakuinsee
kookoosee
School
(works for
(housewife)
(graduate
(high school
student)
student)
23
16
.
a company)
Age
48
45
B. Answer the questions using the chart above. 1 . }; � ') :: � 1.! iJ • I_, \ l � 1_, \ � "(' T iJ ' o Otoosan w a
kaishain desu ka.
2 . }; � ') � � t.! � � � \- \ "("T iJ'o Otoosan wa
nansai desu ka.
3 . }; i; • J1J � � t.! -tt � -tt " \ --c·· - t i; • 0 Okaasan wa
sensee desu ka.
4 . }; i; • J1J � � t.! � � :: \- \ "(" T IJ'o Okaasan wa
nansai desu ka.
5 . ;b t : \- \ :: � t.! iJ' " ' L � " ' � --c- -t iJ·o Oniisan wa
kaishain desu ka.
6 . ;b t : \- \ :: � t.! � � :: 1_, \ "('' T iJ 'o Oniisan wa
nansai desu ka.
7 . \- \ t ') � t.! t.:· " \ iJ>' < -tt \- \ --c·· -t i;• 0 l m ooto wa
daigakusee desu ka.
8 . \- \ t ') � t.! � � :: 1_, \ "('' TiJ'o l m ooto wa
nansai desu ka.
� * clt.J(J)
nfv u � 5 (Review Exercises)
A. Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below. Example questions: •
1? 7j .i
i.. U: ? C\Yhat is your name?)
Onamae wa?
•
t:'' -:: n' I? Doko kara
·
L _::'' t:
kimashita ka.
(occupation) tj � ;\.; "'(' T n ' o
Shi goto wa
·
(\Yhere do you come from?)
� .i L f: iJ' o
nan
desu ka.
ij ,4.; tl ,4.; -tt '- \ --r, T iJ, o annensee desu ka.
•
7j ;\.; � I. \ "'('' T n'o Nansai desu ka. Senmon wa
t\ame
B.
nan
desu ka.
Occupation/ School
Nationality
Major , etc.
Age
Self-introduction-Introduce yourself to the class. Example:
.,.,
;,
ry
tj l.: � .i L --c o � 7 1) Hajimemashite. n
'l
7 1)
.:r·
�·
ninensee d es u
.
]uukyuusai desu.
•
;;.
/ " -
Mearii Haato desu.
'/-T t::' l. \ n � <
Arizona dai gaku no
!.i.
' '
-
� -I:J{
I:
r "'(' To
< -t!- �t \ "'('' T o lt \ .i I rna
gakusee desu. Senmon wa Doozo
nihon go
desu.
yoroshiku.
C.
Class Activity-Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major.
Senmon wa
nan desu ka.
A : t: t.i lv ::--"'C' T o Nihon go desu.
name 1 . Japanese
2 . econom1cs 3 . English 4 . history
;:> .
business
I
A g e
Time hours
minutes
'- \ i? L ichiji
2
t: L
2
� ,Z, L
3
J: L
4
.:·· c
5
goji
6
12
..
J: ,.\., "'�: ,.\.,
14
sanp u n
..
'--
.,...) �
L i? L
7
ij: ij: ..) ' ,.\.,
8
tJ: i? L
8
tj:
< L
9
L' ¥P -7 .;
""?
L' ¥P -7 ij: ij: "'; , ,z,
17
) : ,.\., / tj: i? .-). ,.\.,
L' ¥P -) tj: ""? ..; : ,.\., /
18
.-
hachifun
juuhappun
� \1) -) .-). ,.\.,
L' ¥P -) ti i? .-L ,Z,
kyuufun
10
L ¥P
-?
juppun
juuji
juuhachifun
.-) : ,z,
l' \1) -) � \1) -) .-). ,.\.,
19
j u ukyuufun
L � -) �.- \ i? t
20
L f1> -7 � = t
30
�= t �
juuichiji
12
nijuppun
The counter suffix ""' �
\, \ -? � '. \
�
sanjuppun
t: � " \
"'
:: lv � \, \ sansai
4
J: ,Z, � \. \ yonsai
""? .-)' '• ,Z,
is used to indicate "- y ears old."
5
:: � " \
9
gosai
6
nisai
3
"'�� ,z,
Oikutsu desu ka.
issai
2
--:>
� ,Z, L f1>
juuniji
Nansai desu ka.
..;: ,z,
juunanafun
happun
kuji
""?
juuroppun
nanafun
hachiji
I I
16
.-�: ,.\.,
7
L � -7 L
..
juugofun
roppun
shichiji
L ¥P -7 J: ,z, ..;: ,z, L ¥P -7 .:·· �. ,z,
15
6
""?
..._
juuyonpun
lv
gofun
.;
L ¥P -7 � ,.\., ....)' �• ,Z,
juusanpun
yonpun
rokuji
10
..
13
'
.-�: ,z,
L ¥P -) t: ;. ,z,
- ,.\., ..,...)' :a• ,Z, �
�--
'- \ ""?
juunifun
.; < t
9
L ¥P -7
juuippun
nifun
yoji
5
). lv
t:
sanji
4
I I
ippun
niji
3
'. \ ""? --� : ,.\.,
.; < � I, \
kyuusai
10
l' f-P -? � 1, \
I I
t f1> -) \, \ ""? � I, \
20
tj: f.: i? *
jussai
rokusai
7
ij: ij: � \, \
8
tj: ""? :: 1,. \
nanasai hassai
� f'P J � I, \
juuissai hatachi
*For 20 years old, li t:= � (lzatachi) is usually used, although I: l "" -? � " ' (nijussai) can be used.
� �� �
S
E
L
N
0
s
7'J \l \=50) S h o p p in g a
D
{!) �
�
'l
3
4
.:
Sumimasen.
Kore wa
;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C.
-t n t.i � !v -tr 1v ;Z 1v ---c·· "T 0
Mise no hito
Sore wa
h
ry
ikura desu ka.
sanzen en desu.
7 1) - : Takai desu ne.
;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C.
� n t.i � !v � !v ::: v "(=> < ;Z !v ---c·· ""to
Mise no hito
Are wa
I>
')
ano tokee wa
) aa,
ikura desu ka.
sanzengohyaku en desu.
\ '
;l 7 1) - : Soo desu ka.
;;.;. 4:1: � V' 'C.
•
Mise no hito "'
7
�.,
,,
Mea rii 6
n t.i
Mearii
V>
5
\ < G ---c·· ""t�J·o
T ;;.;. � -1:t !vo
�
e
\l
Mea r ii
"'
u
g
Mary goes to a flea market.
, ;l 7 1) - : 2
0
J,
'J
Are mo
takai desu ne.
.:: n t .1 4:1: 1v u ""? lf "(=> < ;Z 1v ---c·· _, J: o Kore wa
senhappyaku en desu yo.
.'
;l 7 1) - : Mearii
) aa,
kudasai.
sono tokee o
*
*
*
A man finds a wallet on the ground. a
L G � \ \ Yf 'C
.:: n t.i t=· n � � 1., \ ,..�. ---c·· ""t iJ ·o
Shiranai hito
Kore wa
"'
9
h
ry
· '
dare no
saifu desu ka.
;l 7 1) - :
b t::. L � � �., \ ,..L "('To
Mearii
Watashi no
saifu desu.
� ry 1.7 ,_- c::. 7 .::·· �-· '"' \ :i To Arigatoo gozai masu .
..
([) "i
.:t
After shopping, Mary goes to a restaurant. .:t
r
it
T
.,,
7 .x. - r v 7-.
'-
Ueetoresu
lrasshaimase.
\G
""?
L
"(=>
'-
.:
.,
7
\ � -1:t o � -=- ..:2. - � Menyuu o
c::.·· 7 -t· o doozo.
..............................
2�
2
Mearii 1 � �
c::
Doomo.
·�t T
3 7 :r... - r v A
c-· n -z-- -t h, 0
Ueetoresu
1) 4 ;( 7 �
�
Mearii -j
;(
'}
;t
�"
�
.fl.
-;-
Ueetoresu
) 6 ;( 7 1
Dare desu ka.
C /v -IJ• --:J ?
-
5 7 J... - r v A -
Kore wa
Tonkatsu?
.
'. \ '. lie,
\
,Z '
nan desu ka.
ib ib , c 1v h, "":) -z-- -t Aa,
�
0
tonkatsu desu.
h' � "'('' T h'o
Sakana desu ka.
� h' � t � ;b ry � -\t lv o t : < "'('' T 0 ;b '. \ L sakana ja arimasen.
Niku desu.
.
Mearii
) aa,
onegaishimasu.
kore o
*
7 Mearii j i._ ;(
t'
.tt
-t
8 7 :r... - r v A Ueetoresu
Sumimasen,
otearai wa
doko desu ka.
ib :C :. -z-- -to Asoko desu.
Mary: Excuse me. Ho\Y much is this? Vendor: It is 3,000 yen. Mary: It's expensive. \Yell then, how much is that watch? Vendor: That is 3,500 yen. Mary: I see. That is expensive, too. Vendor: This is 1,800 yen. Mary: Then, I'll take that watch. *
*
Stranger: Whose wallet is this? Mary: It's my wallet. Thank you Yery much.
vVaitress: Welcome. Here's the menu. Mary: Thank you. \Vhat is this? Waitress: Which one? Oh, it is tonkatsu (pork cutlet). Mary: Tonkatsu? Is it fish? \;I,Taitress: No, it is not fish. It is meat. It is delicious. Mary: Then, I'll have this. *
*
*
Mary: Excuse me. Where is the restroom? Waitress: I t is over there.
'. \
"'(" T J:
Oishii desu yo.
0
v
* * *
* *
* * *
0
T h
W o r d s *
t� fv a
c
t
b
a p 0
u
a
r
n t
.: n
kore
this one
� ft
sore
that one
;b ft, �-- n
a re
that one (over there)
dare
which one
.: C')
kono
this . . .
� CT)
sono
that . . .
;b cr)
a no
that . . . (over there)
�--CT)
dono
which . . .
;b � .:
asoko
over there
�· .:
doko
where
t=.' fl,
dare
who
J? �, , L �, ,
oishii
delicious
� 1.1 - �
sakana
fish
� !v ii•--?
ton katsu
pork cutlet
t: <
niku
meat
;;( =- ::L -
menyuu
menu
� � I, \
yasai
vegetable
i lv l!--?
enpitsu
pencil
1.1· �
kasa
umbrella
'h·tJiv
kaban
bag
( --?
kutsu
shoes
saifu
wallet
:;; - / ;('
jiinzu
jeans
t l .J:
jisho
dictionary
t "C iv l �
jitensha
bicycle
L /v ,):/v
shinbun
newspaper
7-/
teepu
tape
� tt l, \
tokee
watch; clock
toree n aa
sweat shirt
F o o d * * * * *
;,
1:
..
i
T h i n g s
L
*
I'
"'
-r
r v - -T I::
*
y
It
.t
�o:
;,
Words that appear in the dialogue
J- �
nooto
notebook
pen
pen
boos h i
hat; cap
hon
book
otearai
restroom
� -? � "'C A..,
kissaten
cafe
':}' h., :. -7
ginkoo
bank
� L J:
tos hokan
library
yuubinkyoku
post office
I ;J. 1) tJ
Am erika
U.S.A.
1 �- 1) :7-.
lgirisu
Britain
IJ· Iv :. <
Kankoku
Korea
t_,
C h u u go k u
China
keezai
economics
:J / t.o .:J.. - 7 -
konpyuutaa
computer
t.' � ;:t- A.
b i j ine s u
business
n� L
rekishi
history
}.; 1J if:> � A,
okaasan
mother
}.; � "J � ,Z,
otoosan
father
P I
a
c
e s
* }.; "'( if:> � \ \
n· ,Z,
11> -? lf ,Z, � J: < C o u n t r i e s ;,
n
�
lr
''
�
�
T
V)l
-7 :.· <
M a j o r s tt \, \ �-· �, \ :
:,o:
A. l'
r/ �,
n
"i
t-
J;.
T
F a m i l y '
M
0
n e y
M a t t e r s
* \, \ < �
ikura
how much
*
. . . en
. . . yen
takai
expensive
* " ' � -? L � " ' .;t -tt
Welcome (to our store)
*
( . . . o) onegaishimasu . .
*
(� � ) J::; ;tJ.n"" 'L.i T ( � � ) < t:.· � \ \
irasshaimase
( . . . o) kudasai
Please giye me . . .
*
L � ib
jaa
then . . . ; if that is the
� x. lv
* t::. tJ ' \, \ E x p r e s s i o n s
� ) �-- -7
*
(
*
�-· -? t
""'
. , please.
case, . . . ·F
( . . . o) doozo
Here it is.
doomo
Thank you.
G
r
m
a
m
a
r
What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of? We say "this thing," "that one," and so forth. In J apanese, \Ve use kore, sore, and are.
= n u:
\, \ <
� -·c- -tn'o
How much is this?
.C n Lt
:: A.t -tf A.t X. A.t --c-- T o
That is 3, 000 yen.
Kore wa
Sore wa
ikura desu ka .
sanzen en desu.
Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker (" this thing here"). Sore is something that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and
are refers to a thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over there"). .--: /...,
&�; n tj: h t::. L o:> ...-..::. / --c-- -t o Are wa
=
n tj:
Kore wa
"'
/...,
b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o watashi no
pen desu.
watashi no
.C n tj: Sore wa
pen desu.
.--:
/...,
b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o watashi no
pen desu.
There is also an expression dore for "which." Here we \Yill learn to use dore in sentences like:
t''n "'C"Tn'o Dore desu ka.
Which one is it (that you are talking about)?
In this lesson, \\·e \Yill not explore the full extent to \Yhich the \\·ord dare can be put to use, because there is a slight complication \Yith question \Yards like dare. Question v.rords like dare and naui cannot be follo"·ed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle ga and say: (::'' ft. h � � 1j: t: Dore ga
0
0
anata no
"
h.
"'"' / "{'' -t h > 0 pen desu ka.
'Z. (J)/t(J)/'®(J)/ c.'(J) +
Trhiclz one
s i
your pen?
noun
If you want to be slightly more specific than kore , sore, and are, you can use kono, sono, and ana together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone, while the no series must ahyays be follo\Yed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item in your hand is a \Yatch (tokee), instead of: -= n tt \, \ < b "{'' -t h · o Kore wa
How much is this?
ikura desu ka.
you can say: How much is this watch? Kono tokee wa
ikura desu ka.
Similarly, if you are talking about a \Yatch that is held by the person you are talking to, you can say: That watch is 3, 000 yen. Sono tokee wa
sanzen en desu.
And if the watch is far from both the speaker and lhe lislener, you can say: That watch over there is 3,500 yen. Ano tokee wa
sanzengohyaku en desu.
If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you can say: Which watch is 3, 500 yen? Dono tokee ga
sanzengohyaku en desu ka.
Since dono is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle wa with it; we must use ga .
To summarize:
0
z: n Clet-)
Z:(J)
noun
(let-)
close to the person speaking
-ttL (let-)
-t(J)
noun
(let-)
close to the person listening
®n Clet-)
®(J)
noun
(let-)
far from both people
c:n CtJ-)
c(J)
noun
(1J'' -)
u n known
t::fLO) noun
In Lesson 1 , we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's phone number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). vVe now learn how to ask who something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose," we simply add the particle no.
n tJ:
n
t::C1) -= Kore wa dare no
-t
�.�, t.f 1v --c-- i" �.�, 0
1
f n tJ: ;z_ - :: 1v 0 n' tJ'Iv --c-- i" o Sore wa
kaban desu ka.
Suu san no
kaban desu.
That is Sue's bag.
Whose bag is this?
D Vve
will learn j ust one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are
words for places . ...,.. ...,.. (._ (._
here, near me there, near you over there where
You can ask for directions by saying: Excuse me, where is the post office? Sumimasen,
yuubinkyoku wa
doko desu ka.
If you are close by, you can point toword the post office and say: (The post office is) rght i over there. (Yuubinkyoku wa)
asoko desu.
We will learn how to give more specific directions in Lesson 4.
0
noun
=5
In Lesson 1, \Ye learned how to say '·Item A is this, item B is that." \Ye now learn how to say "Item A is this, and item
B
is lhis,
Loo."
Takeslzi is a Japanese person. Takeshi san wa
h. t? ::.
nihonjin desu.
� h., t t : t i h., t h., "(•' ""t
Michiko san mo
0
J1ichiko is Japanese, too.
nihonjin desu.
Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both claim that a certain person is J apanese. The second sentence, however, is different from the first in that \Ye do not find the particle wa in it. \Ye have mo instead. Jl!Jo is a particle that indicates that that item, too , has the given property. One thing that you should watch out for is exactly "-here the particle is placed. In English, the \Yord "too" can be placed after the sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above example, mo must directly follo''" J1iclziko san.
A
let
X
c·9o
A is X.
.B ·
=5
X ·
c9o
B too
1'
1' two items
g
noun
is X.
1
shared property
Li � ® O �tt/v
To negate a statement of the form X zva Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu with ja a rimasen.
2
� j f�.' � h., lj IJ� < -t!" \, \ L � J6 � j -t!" A.,o Yamada san wa
Mr. Yamada is not a student.
gakusee ja arimasen.
1 We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat is a Japanese, but at the same time. she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation, '''e cannot say, Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to somebody that has been mentioned, is an American. leither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu. (Japanese speakers would say, Pallo zva amerikajin demo arimasu.) 2 l n the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu , which call for special attention: Are mo
takai desu ne (That one too is expensiYe), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot
be negated by replacing desu ·with ja arimasen, because takai and oislzii are not nouns. Are mo takai
ja arhnasen and oishii ja arimasen are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would haYe to say
takaku arinwsen and oislziku arimasen. We will learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in
Lesson 5.
Ja in ja arimasen is a contraction of dewa. In written Japanese, the uncontracted form is more common; thus, the above sentence more likely appears in writing as Yamada san wa gakusee dewa arimasen. affirmative:
(X I�) Y c·9 o
X is Y
negative:
(X I�) Y l./ f.> ® � *itlvo
X is not Y
Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or agreement to what has been said, then ne ( " right?") could be added. ')
l)
�\ -
:: /v Cl) -lt /v t /v t j v)� /v l.J >' < "(' T tlo senmon wa
Rii san no
.: n tj t: < t � � � l -tt lv tlo Kore wa
Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right?
bungaku desu ne.
This is not meat, is it?
niku ja arimasen ne.
Another particle, yo ( " I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure the listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative decree. � !v ;Q� -:::> tj :: ;Q� ij: t � � � � -tt lv J: 0
Tonkatsu wa
sakana ja arimasen yo.
Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu " is not fish. "t 7.
"t
''
"'
�
T
A � A :: /vlj 1 .:f 1) A t lv "C'' T J: o Sumisu san wa
igirisujin desu yo.
(In case you 're wondering,} Mr. Smith is British.
�JR / - �
Expression
V'J:5 l::fA.r
Notes
(-�) < t.:
(-�)�t.i'L Ho� * 9 .._. ( . . . o) onegaishimasu too is a request for item X . When used to ask for a concrete ob.iect,
(
. . . o) onef{aishimasu sounds
slightly more upscale than ( . . . o) kudasai. It is heard often when ordering food at a restaurant ("I will haYe . . . " ) . ( . . . o) onegaishimasu can also be used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and understanding.
(-�)c' -5 � .._. ( . . . o) doozo is used when an offer is made with respect to
item X. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when she is about to hand the menu to the customer. It may also be used when a person is
waiting for you to come forth with item X; a telephone operator, asking for your name, would probably say Onamae o doozo . ( 0 is a politeness marker. Therefore onamae is "your honorable name.")
On the pronunciation of number words .._. Note that the words for 300, 600,
800, 3,000 and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h , like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin with s, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at the end of the volume.
Big numbers .._. In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds ( hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for example, is niman ( = 2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( =20 x 1,000). 'While the next unit marker in vVestern languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100 x 10,000, that is, hyakuman . More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples.
234,567
-
23 X 10,000 4 X 1,000 5X 100 6X 7
10
�� t.::
�
-) � lv * lv J: lv it lv ::·· v �
< -? < t.:: � -3
l;t l;t
( n i j u usanman) (yo n sen ) (gohyaku) (rokujuu) (nana)
(�)\ \.i!)
p
ttfvlJ�5
CD 9 5 u 1 00
r
a
I , 000
V' "'(=' <
� = V' "'(=' <
2 , 000
� � if "'(=' <
3 , 000 4 , 000
::..·· u "'(=' <
5 , 000 6 , 000
� � tf "'(=' <
7 , 000
i;J. ij: V' "'(=' <
8 , 000
u. � tf "'(=' < � 1-P -? V' "'(=' <
9 , 000
40 , 000
d: � l �
yon sen
yon man
::_'' -1t �
5 0 , 000.
::_·' 1 �
J: � -\t �
go man
� < -1t �
6 0 , 000
� < l � rokuman
i;J. i;J. -\t �
70 , 000
tj: � -1t �
t:t t:t l � nanaman
80 , 000
l:J. "t? l � hachiman
� !-P -? -1t �
90 , 000
� 1-P -? l � kyuuman
kyuusen
kyuuhyaku
��l � san man
hassen
happyaku
900
3 0 , 000
nanasen
nanahyaku
800
� � -1{ �
�: l � niman
rokusen
roppyaku
700
2 0 , 000
go sen
gohyaku
600
� = -1t � sanzen
l � V' "'(=' <
\, \ i? l � ichiman
nisen
yonhyaku
500
1 0 , 000
*� sen
sanbyaku
400
e
@)
nihyaku
300
c
(Numbers)
hyaku
200
t
c
A. Read the following numbers. @)
B.
( a) 34
(b) 67
( c) 83
(d) 99
(e) 1 25
(f) 5 1 5
(g) 603
(h) 850
( i ) I , 300
( j ) 3 , 400
(k) 8 , 900
(1) 35 , 000
(m) 64, 500
(n) 92 , 340
Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. @) Example:
�
lv
Q : � / tj: \ ' < � ··e -t h�o Pen wa
A
:
ikura desu ka.
t.i t? t 11> -? ;Z. � --c-·-t o Hachijuu en desu.
� 2 � ... --.:
h.,
Ex. � /
(1) ;{_ lv 7.f-J
/
�
I ¥8 o I
I ¥5 o I ..
(4) t :i lv
� .....
tlfJfJ cs) -�;- tr 1v
1 ¥2o,ooo 1 '7)
;?
t:
(12) / - �
1 ¥6oo 1 (9)
(3) L /v ,) � lv
1 ¥1 , ooo 1
1 ¥11 0 1
�. ��·
(5) 7 - 7°
1 ¥1,5 oo 1
(2) -h' ::
l: L J:
1 ¥8,ooo 1 (13) tl' -J L
(6) < -J
(7) � �t \ \
&� 1 ¥3, 5oo 1 t:
·'
h.,
1 ¥1 o.oo o 1
-t'
(10) :; - / 7..''
(11) l: "C iv L �
1 ¥9,ooo 1
1 ¥2, soo 1 C.
Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B (p. 50). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of all items. Enpitsu wa
Hyaku en desu.
ikura desu ka.
8
Picture A
j¥1,2001
j¥36,0001
j¥10,oool
I ¥s,ooo 1
A. Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your friend. Your friend asks what these things are. Answer the questions. Pay attention to � n (kore) and trt (sore). @) Example
1:
your friend
Sore wa
You Example 2:
: � n Li � lv i:'' T 1;� 0 :
Your friend :
nan desu ka.
�
/\-
-: (ttj: """ / i:'' To Kore wa
pen desu.
.: (t tj: iJ iv i:'' T h ' o Kore wa nan desu ka.
You
:
� n tj:
Sore wa
t:
.fl.
� v
;(
-
�·
-r
n
-
toreenaa desu .
--c,- -:r 0
2 Ex.
(?)
� ( tl#[J
6 (1
��
Ex.
(g)
u
Friend
(2)
1
�
/
f�(6�
�� You
B.
Look at the picture and tell what each building is. SJ Are wa
A
:
nan desu ka.
Gb n U: � L Are wa
J:
IJ· !v "C'' T o
toshokan desu.
BANK
L i b .- a. ry
0 1:1
0 0
00 00
0 D
o o
00
0
o o
o o 0 0
0 0
Tozo.i o o Univer-sity o o D
0
(1)
(2)
(4)
C.
Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what they are using Z: ;tt
(kore),
tft
(sore),
or �;tt
(are).
Refer to the picture on p. 53
for the vocabulary. Example 1 :
Example 2 :
A • Gb n u: ij: lv "('' -t h Are wa
8
A ' f ;ft lj 7J: lv "('' -t h
0
Sore wa
J1J n t;t � tt 1.. ' "{'·--to Are wa
D.
>
nan desu ka.
8
0
.:: n t;t "" / "(' -t 0 Kore wa
tokee desu.
>
nan desu ka.
.-.:
A-
pen desu.
Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card 8 (p. 51). Ask and answer questions to find out the price of each item. Use Z:O)
(sono),
or 650)
Example:
(ana)
(kono),
t-0)
appropriately.
Customer : .:: 0) ti lv t;t Kono hon wa
1.. '
\ G "C"T h· o
ikura desu ka.
Store attendant : t : -1:t lv V' � < ;t lv -z·· -;- o Nisen hyaku e n desu.
Card A
Ex.
�
# /(5) ,--Je , r----'-, ¥2,100
Part I. You are a store attendant. Tell
Part II. You are a customer. Ask for the
the customer how much each item is.
prices ·of items (1)-(J).
Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner will refer to the picture 8 (p. 52) and tell you who it belongs to. Example:
A
:
.: n U: t:· n 0
h' � --c·· -tn'o
Kore wa
kasa desu ka.
,.,
1:
dare no •
8 : ./- 7 1} - � /v O) -h ' � •'(-'To Mearii san no
kasa desu.
Picture A (2)
(1)
ca�
(3)
Switch roles ''"ith your partner. (6)
(7)
&D
@J
(8)
c n w
Look at the pictures below and describe each picture.
6J Ex.
Example: Father nihonjin desu.
Okaasan mo
nihonjin desu.
�
8
� �*t.:�Jv=B r;: ta=Jv l.lfvc9
Otoosan wa
(5)
Japanese Mother
(2) ¥5,800
(1) second year
(3) 22-years old
Tanaka
Mary
(4) � tt " \
Takeshi
(5) vegetable
0
tokee
(6) U. of London students Robert
I /1)
®
�
!,)
® � Y U -��� �� �� � � � � � � *tt� A.
Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions. @) If>
3>
')
\'
Q · ;J 7 1) - � ,.Z, t.;l:
Example:
Mearii san wa
lie,
Takeshi san wa 7,
l;f
.n
t: L I ,.Z, t ,.z, -r·-t�;�o nihonjin desu ka.
nihonjin ja arimasen.
chuugokujin desu ka.
�
j,
V;
?
,.
2 . o r ,· - � � ..Z. t:i 7 ;; 1) 7J t ,.z, --c·· T �;� o Robaato san wa
amerikajin desu ka.
Yamashita sensee wa 7,
l;f
h
kankokujin desu ka.
�
4 . 0 / '\· - � � ,.Z, � -t!- ,.Z, t ,.Z, t;i t : ti ,.Z, .:_'' "(·' -f /; � 0 Robaato san no
5.
1"
senmon wa
nihongo desu ka.
1
/Z - � A, � -tt" ,.Z, t ,.Z, tj tt \, \ �·· \, \ -{'' T /; � 0 Suu san no
Takeshi san wa
senmon wa
keezai desu ka.
Toozai daigaku no
Robert
gakusee desu ka.
Amerikajin desu.
�
h
q
7 . � 7 1)
,,
;;
c /...
/...
:: � U: o / r·· / t:· " \-hi < r7J -h" < * " \ i:·· -t n'o
-
Rondon daigaku no
Mearii san wa
gakusee desu ka.
8 . t: tt L :: � t .:i t : h. � -tt ... \ ··c-· -t t; · o Takeshi san wa T
n inensee desu ka.
-;
9 . A. - :: � t.:i " \ 1? h. � -tt- " \ -c·· -t t; ·o S u u san wa ;;
If h
ichinensee desu ka.
l:
10. O r \' - r :: � tj: J: b � -tl- \ \ '"C" T -h ' o Robaato san wa
yonensee desu ka.
Hart, Mary
�
Kim, Sue
Smith, Robert
� � L t:-l!-.0-lt�,
Kimura Takeshi
Yamashita sensee
Nationality
American
Japanese
Korean
British
J apanese
School
U. of Arizona
Tozai Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Tozai Univ.
Major
Japanese
history
computer
business
(Japanese teache r)
Year
2nd year
-!-th year
3rd year
4th year
B.
-------
Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) are. Your
(J
partner w i l l refer to the p i cture on the next page and answer the questions . .,
Example:
A
·
.:: "
Kore wa
8 ' ;{_ ;{_ ' Ee,
(2)
�
:: � r7J :: " \ _.� . ...C" T -h ' o
q
q
-
\'
-
:: � r7J :: " \ ..) t � � ry j -tt � o •
saifu ja arimasen.
' 1:•' 1" -h· 0 :: � (/) � I, \ ....��
Rii san no \'
l ) - :: � (/) Rii san no
(3)
Ex.
saifu desu ka.
Mearii san no
A ' .:: n t.:i lJ
"
-
\ " \ X.. , � 7 l)
lie,
(1)
,,
q
Mearii san no n ;, ') \'
Kore wa
B ·
h
n t.:i � 7 1)
'
.._
saifu desu ka. " \ ....J,. ll 1:·· -r 0 saifu desu. �
(4)
�
(5)
(6)
(7)
�
�
;l j
�
,,
l) -
Mearii
?
"
l) Rii
l -) .:. Yooko
@ * c l1J (J) ftiv u � 5 (Review Exercises) A. Role Play-One student is a store attendant. The other is a customer. Use Dialogue I as a model.
B.
Role Play-One student is a waiter/waitress. The other student goes to a restaurant. Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using Dialogue II as a model.
�=�--c " ' L J: <
Af'!!!l !"
h.
�
If h
h'
h
\\
"?
t,
1f / r-· 1 ·; 1-
I>
\'
1"
<
'>
\'
li /..,
L·
/ \ / / \' - jf-
7 1 '7-- 7 1) - L.
-
l:
,,
?
-t
S/ .:z. - 'A
�· n
. ..,
Pair Work
CD C. �======����==
Example:
A
:
7.. lv 7..f "'J Li \ ' < G i:'' T h ' o Enpitsu w a
ikura desu ka.
Hyaku en desu.
Picture B
1 ¥3,7oo 1
1 ¥4,soo 1
I ¥9,ooo 1
1 ¥7,ooo 1
Pair Work
(D D. ��==::::��==���====�=:=
Example:
Customer
:
.:: � ti lv l;i Kono hon wa
Store attendant
" \ < ?:, �C" T IJ'o ikura desu ka.
t ::: -tt lv U' �
:
< .:t lv ""(·· To
Nisen hyaku en desu.
Card B
---� �(1
Ex.
(3)
1
�#� 1 1
¥7.3so
1
¥2,1 oo
Part I. You are a customer. Ask for the
Part II. You are a store attendant. Tell
price of items (1)-(5).
the customer how much each item is.
Example:
A ·
:: n tJ: Kore wa �
8
�
?
t.:· n O) h' � i:'' T h ' o dare no
�\
kasa desu ka.
;l 1 1) - � A.- 0) h' � Mearii san no
··e-r
0
kasa desu.
Picture 8
-r
�
7-. Suu
t::. tt L Takes h i
}!/)
J;
;l /
')
\\
1) -
Mearii
7,
I!
J?
t
0 / \· - rRobaato
�1
L t:*lv*" '
Yamashita sensee
I
t h
n
C l a s s r o o m
e
.:. < l.f' A_, kokuban
t-·
;,
-;:
/..,
r v t·
t; - j- /
terebi
kaaten
I I
.i �-· mado
keshi go m u tsukue
Useful Expressions ;f:d;• ry .i L f.: o ------ 1 understand./! understood. Wakarimashita.
.f:J 7;• � .i -{t- h-o -
------- !
don't understand./! don't know .
Wakarimasen.
I'P -? < �
'-
Yukkuri
itte kudasai.
t -?
'-
' -? -z < t:.' �
' t? �-·
Moo ichido
t? .J:
-?
Chotto
�
'- ' -?
'-
'o ------ Please speak slowly.
-z < t:.' � '- 'o ----- Please say it again.
itte kudasai.
.i
-?
-z < t:.' �
matte kudasai.
'-
'o ------ Please wait.
(;e3a l t
N
o
s
s
E
3')
..............................
T- �O) m� 5R Making a Date t-<
-\':><
(!)
o
a
D
u
g
e
Mary and Takeshi are talking. � 7 ') - � lv ... il! *- l;i f: I,. \ "( 1,. \M � L 1 T h ' o
1
t: tt L :
2
� 7 ') - :
�':
L •-» "} J: -?
-c '? "C'' T b o t: \. \ "( \. \ '? "t:, "'('' � 5� L l To --c·· t , -...: ..{.._:: !-)
t: �
To
3 4
f: tt L :
-c J "(•' T h ' " • • • • L � .;b , ± Bi 8 t : �@j � Jt l -\:t /v h 'o
5
� 7 ') - :
± Hi 8 l;i t:, .;:
6
t: tt L :
l: � .:b ... B llii B l;i �·· '? "C'' Th'o
([)
� l: -;
!::" .t 1 U'
! : ? .t 1
-::>
! l ..
;t \ ' i;'
;,.
t: . . . . . .
V'
On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's.
1
� 7 'J - :
B t;t l '? .:·· �-· �,- \ 1 To
2
;b � � /v :
;b l;i J: 7 o _lf- 1,. \ "'('' T bo
3
� 7 ')
.Z .Z , � 8 l.:i *�� t :1t � l To *�� --c·· � w � Jt l To
4
� � lv : B IrA
I,. \ 1,. \ "('' T b. o M* .:·· .; �;� ry l T h ' o
5
� 7 ') - :
Jt*
6
;b � � /v :
7
� 7 1) - :
s
B � � lv :
:C 7 "C'' T h ' o l: � it; ,
9
� 7 'J
�,. \ -? --c � 1 To
�A
-
:
IrA
-
:
��
� .t
<
L
-)
::.: .; "(•''t
=·.!: 1
>;.:,(,
t=
,:.. .t 1 t'
\\
I:
it \ \ IJ'
1ht
0
B)t .:·· l;i /v l;i ?
IH.
�""' l -lt /v o '=
" \ --:) "C G -::> L � " \o
h.
t:'' � B*.@J � Jt l .t \ \ I;•
J-J.
Takeshi: :\Iary, what do you usually do on the "·eekend? Mary: Let's see. I usually study at home. But I Takeshi: I see .
.
.
ometimes see moYies.
then, "-ould �·ou like to see a moYie on Satu rday?
:\Iary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit
[ inconYenient]
Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday? l\lary: That's fine.
:\Iary: Good morning. Host mother: Good morning. You are early. aren't you? Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today. I will see a moYie in Kyoto. Host mother: Good . -\round what time ,,-ill you come back? .
l\Iary: Around nine. Host mother: How about di nner?
M ary : I will not eat. Host mother: I see. Well, ha,·e a nice dar. l\Iary: Good-bye_
. . . )
*
;n: p�
t.:.fv
V N o
u
n
o
c
a
2':
b
u
I
a
r
y
s
Enterta inment and Sports
* ;Z_ I. \ I,rt j? A_, 1;>' < �- -?
L
�@I
movie
13�
music
:/.t.Ro o�� ;f a�
magazine
:A ;f - '/
sports
y-·· - ]'
date (romantic, not calendar)
j- :::. ;z. t:· 7v
tennis
�::·· ::r- ;;f
video tape; VCR
TV
Foods a n d Drinks
if:> � .::·· U: A_,
.fJH�rt&.
breakfast
j? � tt
:t?5�
sake; alcohol
:t? t? f>
j? >-t'K /
green tea
::1 - l:: * ti A_, .::·· (;;l: A_,
coffee
1Jt1ifpi[
dinner hamburger
�{ifpi[
lunch
7�
water
Pla ces
*
1,. \ .:{_
home; house
� t?
home; house; my place
LL
language lab
1;>'-? .:: �
school
..::r..JL-.1:./V
Time morning tomorrow when today at about
.:: .z, tr .z,
�1!5t
tonight
*
L !'P �
�*
weekend
*
�·· J: � u·
Saturday
*
t : t? J: � Zl
±BI B B ifili B
*
.i --:::>
Words that appear i n the dialogue
Sunday
u
j � q : "t
-lii:- 8
eYery day
.;1 \. \ (JA,.
�l!Jt
eYery night
ff < 1� "6
to go
e r b s
- v
*
\. \ <
*
1;• X. "6
(destination t : l ""-)
to go back; to return
(destination t : I""-) � <
lllj <
to listen; to hear
cry �·
�k �'
to drink
t.;l: 1j: -t
�-t
to speak; to talk
("-' � )
("-' � )
(language � I "'C") J:
*
*
( "-' � )
�� ��
to read
j:; � "6
� � "6
to get up
t=. """ "6
� """ �
to eat
h. �
:i_ "6
to sleep; to go to sleep
h. �
Ji "6
to see; to look at; to watch
u
- v
e r b s
("-' � )
("-' � ) I r r e
g u
I
a
r
v e r
< �
*- "6
*
-t �
*
""' A,. � J: -? -t � v
SfH� -t -!>
�
*
l.;l:� � \ v
to
("-' � )
�tudy
.!f. \. \
e r b s not at all
*
t=. � \ "'( \. \
::k :m:.
usually
*
i? J: -:> �
*
� � �-· �
E x p r e s s
;c -? "'(•' -t � "'('' t �-· -? "'(•' -t 1; '
not much
a little
* /.(
J: <
*
�)
early
��
*
"-'
good
J:i> .i � + negatiYe -lf A-. -tf' A-. + negatiye
*
(
e s
\� \
*
(destination t: I""-)
to come to do
A d j e c t i
A d
b s
sometimes · often; much
o n s That's right. ; Let me see. but
How about . . . ?; How is . . . ?
G
0
r
m
a
m
a
r
Verb Conjugation
Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms:
(1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present tense negative forms.
,
There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation
patterns, and an example of each is below. ru-verb
u-verb
verb bases
tabe
ik
dictionary forms
�"(.@ (to eat)
(to go) fj< �I
present, affirmative
�"'* 9
1jTI*9 �I
present, negative
�"'*ttlv
r:r�*ttlv �I
stems
�"'
fj� �I
�
�
� �
iz.......::: � belongs to the group of verbs called the " ru-verbs." Ru-verbs are so called, because t:
you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. V\Te learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:
Another major group of verbs is called the "u-verbs." The dictionary form of an u-verb like it < can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u . The ,,
long forms like 1t � � T and 1t � � -\t lv, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes ,.
l•
imasu and imasen. You may find the u-verb conjugations slightly more difficult than the
ru-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel i. We learn six u-verbs in this lesson:
I.Hi :
1t < ,,
1The use of the term "dictionary forms" i s by n o means restricted t o listings i n a dictionary. They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these Yerbs.
In later lessons, we "·ill haYe many opportunities to refer to the parts like iz� and .ff � , t:.
which come before l T and l -1t lv in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we \•
will call these parts (same as bases \Yith ru-Yerbs, and bases plus i with u-Yerbs) "stems. "
I n addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs ." Note that the vowels in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms. irregular verbs
9-Q (to do)
dictionary forms
< -@ (to come)
u*9
present, affirmative
�*9
u * ttfv
present, negative
� * iifv
u
stems
These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb
>'fM! T 6 , which conjugates just like the verb T 6 .
.....;A...;.!.;
I t is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. I t is a good idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary
form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like .ff < ,, .ff � j T. This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6 , because
they may be irregular verbs like T 6 and < 6 , or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just "
If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply 2 to them, you know why it is wrong to say x Jt � l T and x ')\i l T.
happen to end with the consonant
r.
�
�.@ (= a ru-verb) h
verb bases
mi
lr i..
�m-@ (= an u-verb that ends with -@) ty.;<_
kaer
long forms stems
2Things are not as bad as you might expect after reading the above paragraph . The key lies in the second from the last syllable in a dictionary form. The irregular verbs set aside, if you see the vowels a, o, or u right before the final .; , you can be absolutely sure that they are u-verbs. (We have not learned any such verbs yet.) Unfortunately for us, the logic does not follow in the other direction; there are ru-verbs and u-verbs that have the Yowels i and
e
before the final ; . � ; has the vowel e before ; and is a "
ru-verb. ·�· ; , on the other hand, has the same sound sequence, but is an u-verb. h· ...
0
Verb Types and the "Present Tense"
In this lesson we learn about a dozen verbs that describe basic human actions. These are often called "action verbs," and the "present tense" of these verbs either means (1) that a person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in the future. Habitual actions: I often watch TV.
Future actions: I will go to Kyoto tomorrow.
A - � !v tJ: � a � i? t : IJ� ry j: -1!- lvo C. 1 i
0
lr ;<_
Sue will not return home today.
Particles
Nouns used in sentences generally must be followed by particles, which indicate the 3 relations that the nouns bear to the verbs. In this lesson, we learn four particles: ·c, t : , """'- , and � .
C
The particle --c· indicates where the event described by the verb takes place. 4 I will read books in the library. I will watch TV at home.
(;::: The particle t: has many meanings, but here we '"ill learn two: (1) the goal toward which things move, and (2) the time at which an eYent takes place.
(1) goal of movement I will not go to school today. I will return home.
3ln spoken language, particles are often "dropped." "�e will learn more
about such cases in Lesson 15.
4 l n later lessons, w e will be introduced to Yerbs that require particles other than "'(· to express location.
(2) time
I u·ill go to Kyoto on Sunday.
�-:� t : ;Jl J "fo ... ;;. ., , ..,
....
I zcill go to bed at elaeu .
1 -
(Some time words stand alone. "\Yithout the particle 1: tagging along, "\Yhich "\Yill be discussed in Section -! below.) Approximate time references can be made by substituting :.·· � or :.· � 1: for 1 : . Thus,
+- * :.'' .; ( t : ) ;oc l -t
LIll-_:, �
�
\
!"�
1' -
�
0
I will go to bed at about eleven.
The particle """'- , too, indicates the goal of moYement. The sentences in (1) above there
fore can be rewritten using """'- instead of r : . Note that this particle is pronounced " e . "
I will not go to school today. I u:ill return home. Note that """'- may replace the particle t : only in the goal-of-moYement sense. The particle
t: for time references and other uses. "\Yhich "·e "·ill learn about in later lessons, cannot be so replaced.
�
The particle � indicates "direct objects," the kind of things that are directly involved
in, or affected by, the eYent. �ote that this particle is pronounced " o . "
I dri11k coffee. I listen to tapes. I watch TV.
0
Time Reference
You need the particle t : "\Yith (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday," and (2) numerical time expressions, like "at 10:42," and "in September."
I will go on SzmdaJ•.
T * Ia + .::. � t = � �
t'l:>-1 1: ..t A....lt:Ji
t:
. ..<, ;
:.>
l 'to
I get up at 10:42.
:fL � t : lJ* (
/;'-?
I;· ;t
� j --r 0
I will go back in September.
You do not use the particle � = with (1) time expressions defined relative to the present
moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow, " (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when."
I will come tomorrow. I watch TV every evening. When will you go?
You normally do not use t : with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at
night," and (2) the word for "weekend. " Unlike words like s L t: and .titlJ)t above, how· ! ... JJ\. ever, these words are sometimes followed by � = . depending on styles, emphases, and
personal preferences. I read the newspaper in the morning. What will you do on weekends?
You can use .i -\t !v iJ · (
=
the present tense negative Yerb, plus the question particle) to
extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, .i TIJ>, cannot be so used. Thus a sentence like � ::..·· t.i lv � "t""- l T h ' can only be construed as a question, :,• ;.
t,
not as an invitation. � ::._'' l.± /v [t <.
1,. \ \. \
� 1;:� j -\t /v 'h' o to
"C'' T Po
j- :::.. :A � L j -\t /v 'h'o -J - /v ,
0
i? l ---:> C:: o
What do you say to having lunch with me? Sounds great. Will you pla31 tenn s i with me?
Um, it's slightly (inconvenient for me at this moment).
Word Order
Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them. Generally, sentences are made up of several noun-particle sequences followed by a verb or an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as 1.1', �. or l . Among the noun-particle sequences, their relati,·e orders are to a large extent free.
A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the follO\Ying, but seYeral other arrangements of
noun-particle sequences are also possible.
�l di
4'- 8
topic
time
hi..:L
� .: .;
�!::: :l tg --c· ...,. : :·;._ place
8 7.f.'-.� � . : .! ;,... .:
object
ifa1� L j 'to
""A- "" · ;
--
Yerb
I will study Japanese in the library today.
.ht.:L
J: <
L� :- ....
topic frequency
time
goal
.-:;· .{
Yerb
I often go back lzome at around seven.
H
Frequency Adverbs
You can add a frequency adYerb such as
�.�,
(even-day), l <
(often), and � � �-· �
(sometimes) to a sentence to describe how often you do something.
I sometimes go to a coffee shop. In this lesson, we also learn two adverbs "·hich describe how infrequent an activity or an event is; -tf �-1£ � (never; not at all) and Jr.> � ry (not often; not very much). These adverbs anticipate the negatiYe at the end of the sentence. I f you use -1f � -1£ lv or && � � , in other words, you need to conclude the sentence with � -1t � -
I do not watch TV at all. t:: tt L :?: 10 ti �
a
1
ry Jfa1� L j -\!- 10 o
Takeshi does not study much.
-.:,{,�·.:"
The Topic Particle (�
As we saw in Lesson 1, the particle t.i presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item
X, it is such that . . . "). I t puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment on. You may have noted that the topic phrases in sentences such as � 7 1) - � � t.i..:=.Sf� ;:, A-hA--Iti .
·r·-;- (Mary is a third-year student), and �t- cry..W. r , t.i E ;.f..'*-c·· -t (My major is Japanese hf.:l
�� t. h..
.: f!k . ::
language), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the subject of a sentence. \Ve see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where nonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle t.i. Jl ;
1) - :?: 10� il! ;f:. ti t:: " \ "C \ \M � L L�z;-, J ?
� :t :
1 -t-h'o
Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?
� .1 To � E tJ: * :li� t : ff �\ � .t "l
�.ti �
I'm going
to Kyoto today.
In the above two examples, t.l promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" " Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto . "
iz"'"' J: � /vo
lDt ::_'' tJ: lv tJ: ?
t:
l .t k
How about dinner?
I n this example, t.± is used
I
m
will not eat.
directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a
comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, BJt ::..-· t.±
lv, does not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.
�J.JI / - "
Expression
O.ic51:ffv
.... < I*� n Ll <
When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say "I'm
coming." in English. However in the same situation, Japanese.
N otes
fL�i1T � i T is used in bt:l-
"
* � is a movement toward the place where the speaker is. 1-T < <
is a movement in a direction away from the speaker.
\'
I ' m coming.
speaker's viewpoint
o c::l:: -::> C: ..,. i:> J: -:> t literally means "a little," "a bit, "a small amount," as "
in i:>
J: -:> t < t.:: � 1.- >
J: -:> t 1� -:> -r < f!_ � 1.- > for a polite r�fusal. In this
(Please give me a little) and i:>
(Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used
case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with 1.- > I, > .:Z_
( 1o),
because it sounds too direct. Will you see a movie on Saturday,'? Saturday is not convenient. {lit., Saturday is a little bit.)
.lh,
ffi �
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CD ��mc,�1J:�di*9 c '-' d: fJ'Iv
l3:1v
J;
@D
A. Change the following verbs into -*9 and -*ttfv. Example:
t:: � .:f> t::. � -:f>
�
t:: � -J. T t::. � j -l:t A-
1 . 0) ;t·
2. � <
3 . 7;;. -:f>
--1 . T .:f>
6 . I, \ <
7.
8 . -/; > � .:f>
9 . tl .:f>
1 1 . }; � �
B.
�
< ;
;) .
ti � T
10 . J: iL'
12 . � h.- � J: '? T .:f>
Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.
@D
(a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.
(1) 7 - 7°
library/2:00 (4) :1 - t -
(2) T ..=.. :A
L.L./4:30
school/Saturday
(5) 7 v t··
(6) v
McDonald's/5: 00
8.: *� !!k :::
t\ " r-�----_--
coffee shop/3:00
home/tonight
college/ every day
(b) Add the place to the above sentences.
C.
Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.
Example: Ex.
go to the post office
-
(1) go to the library
go to the post office
GJ
(2) come to school
8:30
1 : 00 (3) come to the coffee shop Sunday
(4) return home
(5) return to the U. S.
-��· @ /,\
tomorrow
5:30
D.
Pair Work-Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson.
Example:
A : B :
0 :$ i'g '"('' � �;t � �fth .i T IJ'o � l ! rrl.
� .., L
.!:
i._ i._ , �Jt h .i To / 1.. \ \r \ i._ , �Jt h .i -1t /0 o J:
.t
E.
Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.
1 . Before you start, both of you "·ill choose one item in each row of the table and mark it. 2 . In each ro\\·, using the Yerb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-no
question sentence and find out \Yhich item your partner has chosen. 3 . You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not giYe a\\·ay the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4 . \Vhen you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles
with your partner and anS\Yer their questions. 5 . Tabulate the score. You \Yin the game if you haYe scored higher than your partner.
Example:
A : � 1X t : ;ft � l T n ' o /)' '? ::. �
B :
\.
.'
' \. ' .Z
�
1t � l % ,Z,o
A : "��� -"1t � .i T n ' o � ..,
:::-
"(,.{.
� \
B : t;± \. ' � 1t � l To (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won. )
"' �=tr !t � -t "' � � � .., '"'-' � 1kh � -t
post office TY sake
"' � �ith � -t
book
L
date
�
"' �
� -t
I I I
I I
I
school
coffee shop
mone
video
green tea
water
coffee
newspaper
magazine
Japanese book
study
I
telephone
library
I cartoon ( � A-. h'') I
tennis
0 1DJB�(���*97J' tJ.Iv l..i
A.
<13
Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions.
BJ
Mary's Schedule get up
1 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tj fPJ* t = � � � --JIJ•o
8:00
eat breakfast
2 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tjfPJ* t : � ;fi l :-f'J � � --JI;•o
8:30
g o to school
12:00
eat lunch
7:30
A.M.
lj: h- l:
'..' A- l:
3:00
P.M.
play tennis
5:00
go home
6:30
eat dinner
7:00
watch TV
8:00
study
11 :30
go to bed
6'? ::. i
,,
3 . ;J. 7 1 ) - � fv tjfPJ* t : � ::_'' (j fv � 1z ""' � --J h • o t.,:A- t:
u;
t,
4 . ;J. Y 1) - � � lj-'fPJ * t : ::Z - C - � �;j. � T h ' o ": A- l:
drink coffee
4:00
b
5.
;!.
'l)
7 1) - � lv t:J:1PI* t = ") � t : 1}� 0 � 'Th'o /)';(_
l.t h- l:
6 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tjfPJ* t : � ;fti L � --Jh'o lj: h- l:
7.
-< iv .:O.d
;J. 7 1) - � fv tjfPJ* t : :Jt � T h ' o '..:lv
l:
h
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner what time they do the following things.
B : .1\..* t : � � � To l.;i;';,
l:
b
Your partner's schedule time )
get up
)
eat breakfast
)
go to school
)
eat lunch
)
g o home
)
g o to bed
C. Look at the pictures in I -B (p. 65) and I -C (p. 66}, and add the time expressions to the sentences. Example:
2:00
@D
�
(!) :::J - t: -��(h.*ttlvtJ\ 0)
A. Make suggestions using the cues below. Example:
drink coffee
�
:1
-
1::
-
BJ
� tt h. .i -\t /v iJ 'o 7:'
1 . see a moYie
2 . come to my house
-1 . eat dinner
i) .
7 . drink tea at home
8 . listen to the music
study i n the library
3 . play tennis 6 . talk at a coffee shop
B. Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures. Example:
Ex.
(4)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(6)
® ma2i-'��a;. *9 £ L\ 1='!5 fil:/v
J::
How often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the expressions below.
1. ;z if-' - 'J � L � T h � o 2. *!t� � �ft h � T h ' o � ..,
J:
L
3 . � :!" it t :: .ff � � T h � o 1:: L
! &·A-
"
4. � @ � )L � T h ' o ;t \ ' lr
;<,.
5 . :::1 - t: - � 1x h l T h � o 11)
6.
8 * 0) � � � 8fJ � l T h ' o
7.
-*JJ .:·· ti A.t � 1z""' � T 1.1� o
t: 1! 1...
t-;h,IJ'(
;, �
_:.
t:
(i) * t:61JO)**�
(Review Exercises)
nlvul1>?
A. Answer the following questions. 1 . -Mat t :: kl � � T h � o t-;
�A, L:
2 . t:'' _: "'(''�5£ L � T IJ � o ..-.::A.- � .! 1
3 . It \ -:J T V t:' � Jt l Th�o ;<,.
4 . ;z if-' - 'J � L � T h ' o 5.
iJ!?jZ tj: �-- _: t:: ,ff � l T h'o
6 . -*JJ
7. 8.
B.
,,
L•,-).1 � ;, �
�
b� 7 .: /,IJ.h,
-M' � 1z""'( l Th'o �· I : �
� BJt� j \ ' l.fh,
f:
M � L l Th'o �: !:
Mat .:·· � :OC 1 T h' o
� A,
L:
b
Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend. Example:
� 8 tj: ..:: at t :: L L t ::.:ft � l To .:=.. at t :: � :!" n --c-· 8 *� � �5! L l To .C. t �
::
l:
Lil-LI;
''
� at .:·· � -J i? t:: lJi ry � T o ;;, ( l:
&· ;t
:·h-
1.:
l:: l ! b•A,
: : I.!A, .:·
.....;1(, :-!i
C. Class Activity-Find someone who . . . name
1 . gets up at
7 o'clock.
2 . eats breakfast eYery day. 3 . speaks French. 4 . watches TV at home.
5 . listens to Japanese music. 6 . plays tennis.
D.
Suggest to a classmate that you do something together over the weekend. Use Dialogue I as a model. Example:
A : B � lv ti 7 .:::.. .A � L 1
T'h'o
B : li " 'o A : t � &.> , E � B � : j- .:::.. .A � L l {t lv 'h'o .: ?.!
.;
B : 8 Hi E !.i i; J: � : t? J: 1
A
'
U
;c 7 "('' T'h'o
:f
-?
t:
. . · · · ·
o
l' � &_, , ± � E tj t:'' 7
B : X.. X.. , " ' " ' i:'' T bo
1::" .l: .;
(l
"('' T 'h'o
(•4• I
N
0
s
s
E
L
..............................
�JJ 6i)CO) T- � The Fi rst Date ld:L/
a
(!)
u
e
Mary goes downtown.
:
1
� 7 1) -
2
�o � � " \ ;..__
3
� 7 1} - :
��
L
{!)
g
o
-t ;j.. ;i -tt lvo :
7
7 F -t- JL-- F t;± t:'' .: "C' t'IJ· o
o
Jb � IJi t: ") .:-- �-- 1. \ l To
In the evening, at Mary's host fam ily's house.
-
t::. t::' " \ l 0
1
� 7 1)
2
B X: � Iv :
B IJ · � � � � '- \ o B5tl® tJ: t:'' -J "C' L t::. IJ'o
3
� 7 1) - :
I � .. :i -tt !v --c- L t::. o JL :i -tt !v "C' L t::. o t::. tt L � !v t.;U
4
BX �
5
� 7 1} - :
b iJ • � l -lt /vo f3_' 1; • � ' - J..... "('' * � t: }j � � : :ft 2 l L f::. o
B X: � Iv : � -; � 7 1) - :
J..... IJ i f::. < � !v �t \ :i L t::. IJ'o
6 7
l:: i
:
lv :
10 11
�
--::>
�
, r-- -J L i: --c- -t 1J • o V' t: ')
!14
"\.,
�;
..
�\ t:
lj: l. \o j::; � "(-- �� � f::. ( � /v � � l L f::. o �;
l�L�
l::
.:j-".1 \' - � t : t :ft 2 l L f::. o lj: l. \ , J::; ;j.. � t·f "('' To
8 9
�
"
B X: �
lv
:
.).> ·'->,j. ..lp.. � } •. n - tv
ib � t;•' t: -J o
41
@
On the phone.
1
t::. �t L :
2
;�. 7
3
1)
-
4
t::. � t L :
5
;1.
6
t::. �t L :
1) 7
t.;t � ' , ;f..# "(" T o � t: ?
t L t L , t::. � t L � A.- --c·· -t f.l'o
;1. 7
1J
- ---c·· -to
t::. �t L � A.- , � E *- .i -tt A.- ---c·· L t::. tlo � .: .:.
:ff � .i L t::. l o '- '
.:Z
"?
o
/
�
" - 7 / y-· ''J 'Y 0) WI "C''- * M 1� i? .i L t::. o .! :t
. d ? L: lrlv �
/ " - -'f / y-· ''J 'Y L � � � .i -tt A.- J: o
7 7 F -T lv F' · · · · · · -:··60 h- ij: � " ' !
7
7 F -J- lv F ---c·- T l a
CD Mary: Excuse me. Where is :\1cDonald's? Stranger: It is in front of that department store. Mary: Thank you.
0 Mary: I'm home. Host father: Welcome home. How ''"as the movie? Mary: I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come. Host father: Oh, why? Mary: I don't know. So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone. Host father: Were there a lot of people? Mary: Yes, I took many pictures at the temple. I also went to a department store. Here's a souvenir for you. Host father: Thank you. Host mother: Oh, Mary, you had a phone call a little while ago.
Takeshi: This is Kimura. Mary: Hello, is this Takeshi? This is Mary. Takeshi, you didn't come today, did you? Takeshi: I went there. I waited for one hour in front of the Haagen-Dazs place, Mary: iot Haagen-Dazs. l\IcDonald's! Takeshi: McDonald's . . . I'm sorry!
V N o
u
o
c
a
b
u
I
a
r
y
n s
Activities
T ll"' / " 1 r
part-time job
h' \. \ t �
shopping
7 7 'A
class
People and Things
}.> � t� *
*
you
\. \ .tcl
*
dog
;l? h. � if' .: �-- t
;)? ±�
souvenir
-1-1�
child
.:'' lJ: lv
{!fp�
rice; meal
L � L A.,
�A
picture; photograph
-:J < i.-
*JL
desk
"( h{ h
.,_�
letter
;1-J .:
1tii
cat bread person
Places temple park
supermarket *
*
r·,� { - r
department store
/ '\ A, "( \ \
bus stop
tf' ;r 7 \. \ lv
hospital
;t 7 Jv
hotel
t i lv�
bookstore
� t:, v A. r 7 :.---
town; city restaurant
Time yesterday a little while ago *
"-'
t h' lv
cf. \. \ t:, t h' lv *
Words that a p pear in the dialogue
hour one hour
last \Yeek when . . . ; at the time of . . .
(�c?))
� "f "'? J: -J u·
Jj � E
:\1onday
1r J: -J u·
j(� E
Tuesday
T " \ J: -J u·
J}c.� E
\Yednesday
t < J: -J Z.f
*-� E
Thursday
� � J: -) if'
1t� E
Friday
U - v e r b s � -)
to meet; to see (a person)
(person t : ) *
(
� .:6
there is . . .
1,]> -)
to buy
1,] > <
to write
*
C:: .:6
to take (pictures)
*
j: "'?
to wait
* b iJ' .:6 R *
u
- y
\\
.:6
(� � )
r
f.J")
(person t : ( "" � )
to understand
e
�
thing
c� � )
�)
( �f.J")
b (a person) is in . . . ; stays at
.
(ptace t:) A d v e r b s "" <·· G
a n d
O t h e r
" \
E x p r e s s
about (approximate measurement)
* :.·tt> � f;j: � \ \
I'm sorry.
* t-:.' iJ' G
so; therefore
* f= < ::- lv
many; a lot
*
o n s
"'-' C::
together with (a person)
c::" -J L --c
why
* 7.f c:: 0 --e
alone
*
Hello? (used on the phone)
t L t L
L o ( a t
*
o n
w o r d s
7;;.. �
:Jp
7.f t3.' 0
ii_
j ;t
_,_.,_
�lJ
-J L .;
1k .;
fJ. 1,]>
�
} iZ.
J:
(�c?)) left ( '""'-' c?)) front ( ""'-' c?)) ( '""'-' c?)) back inside ( '""'-' c?)) on ( '""'-' c?) ) right
.
.
L t:
T
under
��� � \ \t�'
�
next
f t;f f .: '-
'-
M
near
( "-' 0)) ( "-' 0) ) ( "-' 0))
between there here
(A � B
0) )
G
r
a
m
m
a
r
X 1.7{ JiJ ry 1 -t means "there is/are X (nonliYing thing)." The particle 1.7'' introduces, or presents, the item X. You can use Jr.> ry 1 T when you want to say that there is something at a certain location.
There's a McDonald's over there. Note that JiJ t) 1 -t is different from other Yerbs we haYe seen so far on the following three counts. One, it calls for the particle t : , rather than ·e, for the place description. Two, the place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. Three, the thing
description is usually followed by the particle 1.7:, rather than t.;t. You can also use Jr.> ry 1 T to say that you have or own somethmg. •
TV
1:::'7?>' �
* M 7?" � t: �·A,
0 j 1t lvo
I don 't have a TV.
T7?'o
Do you have time?
� .1
1
We also use Jr.> ry .l -t when we want to say that an event will take place.
2
There will be an exam on Tuesday.
�
L t�
t.i E .:$-� 0 7 7 7-.. 7?{ � r:
r.:A- :::
0 .1 1t lvo
There will be no Japanese class tomorrow.
When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you 3
need to use the verb " ' .l T. Thus,
1
Note the difference between: 7 v t" ;Q ' JIJ � 1 1tlv (I don't have a TV), the negative ve rsio n of T v t"IJ >' JiJ � l T, and 7 v t· t;
f'
JiJ � 1 1t lv (I t isn't a TV), the negative version of 7 v t:-z:·--t.
21n a minor detail which we will not discuss any further here, when &iJ � l T is used in the sense of an event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle -z:·, like normal verbs and unlike the
other uses of ci:> � 1 T.
ote also that some time expressions (such as
Ri 8 t:) come with the particle
.:.� ,� y
8
•
t:,
and some others (such as &iJ L t: ) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the &iJ � l T sentences as well. 3 Note th at the same Yerb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: 1:> f .:: t: fflJ ¥ j:_ 1.1:, ' 1 To There s i an international student over there. ......... ..,�( �
Mary s i an international student. ;;l 7 1) - � lv l J: 'ilf f!F j:_ -z:· -To ' ' 1 T and &iJ � 1 �F ���- strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while -z:· --t is for description of
an attribute of a person or a thing.
� ;c
.:
t :: w � � '/.1{1, ry,.-jl;' ( -\t l '
(place (;:)
U
\
;i
-r
{thing
0
There's an international student over there.
tJ''
person
There is/ are . . .
15'
Describing Where Things Are
' Vve learned in Lesson 2 that to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word t'' -:: (where) and say X t.i �· -:: --c·· -t �J·.
Where's 1\!lcDonald's? In response, one can, of course, point and say :
"?
:7 1-· 1- 1H· t;t
{
� ;c �
:�
�
'-
}
-c·-t o
McDonald's is
{
over there. right there near you. right here.
'-
I n this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specificall y , we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like X t.i Y <1) iltr -r-- -t. 1- i..
( '7 7
F -T lv F Lt)
� 0 7> � -
r 0 "Btr "C·· -t o J. i.
It's in front of that department store.
Other useful words describing locations are as follows: location words
��
to the right of
V't.:0
to the left of
*X.
in front of
? v -3 X
ld: Y 0)
fri.fJ'
behind
C9o
on/above
v ft: �' 4 t(
underI beneath
ld: Y c Z O)®L \t.:z:-9 o
Y.
inside
5 X.
ctri. 0 s X
X is
near next to X is between Y and
Z.
}�1t t.± � :ltg 0 c: � � i:'' To .:: A.. .: .;
!:
-
; �·--
The bank is next to the lib rary.
The umb rella is under the table.
v A. � 7 / tJ:f'/ \' - � C: m F;t 0 Fa, :."'- � .. ,._
n. ..._
i:'' T
o
The restaurant is between the depa rtnzent store and the hospital.
One can use any of the aboYe location words together with a verb to describe an event that occurs in the place. To use these phrases "·ith Yerbs such as 't-� � and �""?, one will need :-:
the particle -r·.
:ft- t.± / ' - Jf / y· ''! 'J 0 WI --c· /. 7 1J ;. ;;:_-
-!?f:L
-
� lv � 1� t; i L t::. !
!
o
I waited fo r Mary in front of the Hiiagen-Dazs place.
0
Past Tense
The past tense forms of verbs look like the following, where -- stands for the stem of a verb. affirmative
negative
present tense past tense
;1. 7 1) - � /v tl: :1L a:f :::.'' 'h 7 1; I
I
t : lJ* � 1 L f::. o J:ri_
:ft- tJ: � 0 7 a ;$.. � � � 1� L 1 -tt lv i:'' L t::. o .:
bt:L
:; A..
.:
--:A,. �_,-1
Mary returned home at about nine.
I did not study Japanese yesterday.
The various details of formation of the long forms that we learned in Lesson 3, like the ru-verb/ u-verb/irregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense forms as well.
4
Another \YOrd for "near" that is also commonly used is t, h' < .
5Both X!J:Y � � � ry -c· i' and X!J:Y � J:
.::
-c·i' describe situations where two items
(X and Y) are found
side by side. For a � � ry sentence to be considered appropriate, items X and Y need to belong to the same category; two people, two buildings, and so forth . In contrast, an item can be J: .:: in relation to another item even if they are quite distinct. The telephone is by the restroom. 0 � � lJ: r 1 v �J: .: -c· To X
�4- h
't � IJ: r 1 v 0 � � ry "'(· To
-..-"' l"
--
(odd)
The past tense versions of "X IJ: Y --c· -t" sentences look like the following. negative
affirmative present tense
� !J f.' ® � *ttlv
past tense
�
u f-' ® � *ttlv c v t.:6
J.L T � .i. U: )ft 8 f::. ¥ 0 ¥ .i. --e L t::. o
,., £ L fo -ti- A.- -lt l '
1::: -j
::'\•ff\•IJ'{
I>'( -lt\•
Mr. Yamashita was a student at Tozai University.
s n �i a * 0 B3t@J t n' t : tiA-
"' ' '
�
;t � 1 � ..z, --e L t::. o
That was not a Japanese movie.
Expressions of quantity
m
Japanese are rather different from those in English. In
Japanese, if you want to add a quantity word like t::. < � !v to the direct object of a sentence, you can either place it before the noun, or after the particle � .
I took many pictures in Kyoto.
I ate a lot of vegetables.
• The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun, like - * M · Such a noun stands \ \ � 1: t>·JV
alone (that is, not followed by any particle) and usually appears immediately before the verb. :J. 7 1) - � ..Z, ti :C .:: --e t::. �1 L � ..Z, � - * rl3, 1� 1? l L t::. o '- \ t:. L .?·A... .;
Mary waited for Takeshi there for an hour.
For an approximate measurement, you can add <·· G " ' 7 after ---.... at M . t: >7·,(,
6As was the case with
the present tense L v J; � .i -1!- lv, written language would more likely have "'C" Ij: J;
� 1 -1!-lv -c· L t=. , instead of the contracted form L v J; 1) 1 -l:t lv -c· L t=. .
7As w e learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word ::: ;; .
�� t.! �
ot>f�l
0 7 E *� � .=. at M <-- G '- '�5! L .f L t� o .: .:A.. :::
': · h. .:
.-..:/,. :.s
;;·/,.
I studied Japanese fo r about three hours :yesterday.
The particle
C::
has two functions. One is to connect two nouns A and
B.8
I speak Japanese and English.
Jf:i�
�ri
�
t:
*.JIR t : fj" � £ L f:: u
-:; ;.;; -:. !] •
The other meaning of
C::
I went to Kyoto and Osaka.
is "together with " ; it describes with whom you do something. 9
_?( 7 1) - :: h- lJ: .A - :: h- t: �@] � : {j" � l To -,.�., ::. <
..
Jl!Iary will go to Ko rea with Sue.
We learned i n Lesson 2 that we use the particle t i n reference to the second item which shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use t when two or more people perform the same activity. �� t1 � 0)
ht.:L
7 � �� �: 1t � .f L t� o :. 1 l; t:
\'
I went to Kyoto yesterday. Professo r Yamashita went to Kyoto yesterday, too.
Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things. _?( 7 1)
-
:: h- t.! < --? � � " ' .f L t� o lr
Mary bought shoes. Mary bought a bag, too.
In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something in common. ObserYe that t replaces the particles
l.i, tJ:,
or � in these sentences.
You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions, and so forth.
8You can use
1:::
to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6.
9"With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10.
{£- t.i 7t:il!*::M� t : .ff � :f L t� o
ht:L
-1! "-'L.,-J.:-11 1::
I went to Kyoto last week.
''
I went to Osaka, too.
D / �- }- � A.t tl ± Bi 8 t : / � - 7 1 - t :.ff � ;f L t� o '' c· J: 1 U'
Robert went to a party on Saturday.
8 B$ 8 t = t /' � - T 1 - t = 1f � ;f L t� r.f
t :. ·t::, J: 7
,,
--
0
He went to a party on Sunday, too.
We put t after th e particle t: i n these sentences. More generally, particles other than tJ:, h{, and � are used together with
t , rather than being replaced b y it.
�J,m .,/ - "'
E x p r e s s i o n
V'J:5 (j'fv
X
OJiF.i � X O) fij
is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from
Lt
;i;;t
N o t e s
X"
or
"opposite X . " You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across, namely, If something
X O) U'i:r>1t). is behind X,
or farther away from a street and cannot be
directly seen because of the intervening you can also describe it as being
� ? /®? �
X,
in addition to calling it
X 0) 1& 0 ,
X 0) -:5 i? .
-j (._
In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying :Z -.::> ,
and her host mother saying J5 -.::> . :Z -.::> is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. J5 -.::> is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small
-.::>
at
the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.
=�mi.$: � � {;::
r.; 1J'Iv!Uv
li/u
and a half" is
=b u =b v �
(half) appears after the unit word like
=!eyFa1-*. rather than =-*!eyFa1 . 1;
t; IJ•/ull:/u
�rs,. Thus, t; tJ•!u
"two hours
r; ll:/u t; fpfu
tJ L- tJ L- is "hello," which is used only in telephone conversa
tions. Some people use tJ L- tJ L- when they place a call. Some other people use it when they receive a call.
�
�
p
r
a
c
t
c
e
CD7\.�t5'® � *9 t.:.!-' fJ' <
A.
Look at the picture and tell what you see, using 08 � * 9 or L '*9.
B. Answer the following questions.
6 . .:: ��1: (classroom) t : t_:' n -h� '. \ l T'h�o C
7 . f!J4� 1I! (zoo) t : -M h�-�. \ l 1" -h ' o ·-- · -
� ? .i:-?;th,
8. � � f-: � 00 (country) t : -M -h { � 0 l T-h'o �� =
< !:
9. � � t-: � � U : -M h { � 0 1 -f h'o \ ' i.
�· !:
C.
Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions.
School Monday
French
English
Computer
History
Tuesday French
Wednesday
Example:
After School
English
I club activity
Computer
Thursday
History
club activity
Friday
English (TEST)
party
Saturday
NO SCHOOL
date
Sunday
NO SCHOOL
part-time job
Q
club activity
'7 7 7'
party
F \ - j- 1 -
test
T A. �
� Btl E t : 7 7 / .A � c1) 7 7 .A IJ >' � ry � T tJ'o
i f? J: i
U'
-
A : t.l "' ' , � ry � To 1.
.f3 !!1l 8 t : � � c1) 7 7 .A il{ � ry � T IJ'o
;f?..t 1
-:_;...
i,_ \ \ .:·
- jl - (?) 7 7 .A h >'(b ry l T h ' o
2.
-*.Hi 8 t : :1
3.
;f.. Bfl 8 t : 7 7 / .A � c1) 7 7 .A IJ{ � ry � T IJ'o
4.
± Bfl 8 t : 7 7 .A IJ" � 0 � T tJ'o
L C J: i U' t:• J: i
5.
/ to .:Z.
=
(/'
1]<. Btl 8 t : 1PJ 1J " � 0 l T 1J , o
-t< • J: i U'
�1:
6 . �Bfl 8 t :-ffi} IJ>' � 0 j: T IJ ' o :. h.. J: i
7.
D.
�·
':.: .:
E Bfl 8 t :'ffi} IJ>' � 0 j: T h'o ! : "!S .J.:: 1
U'
:O: ; :
Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what plans you have on each day of the week .
•
:
l.ih,
::::
6)
!
Your Schedule
I
� Si B
,r-:; ! ; :.,'
I
*- Bi B fr J: -l tJ
Jj<. Jli B -r.
\
Your Partner's Schedule
J: .:; :.;-
;f:.. Jli B t
(
.!: ; :1
�Bi B :. A.. .!: ; :.1'
± Si B l::" l: i
j'
B lli B ! : ? ..t: i
u-
0 ��mrct c: z: c9tJ' e: v&: n'fu
A.
Look at the picture and tell where the following things are.
1.
�1t!oJ :.1'4--"l ( VI> ;
4 . � Ill
:: -i .t A...
B.
2.
��� �2 -?
"( A,..
5 . A. - / � -
3. / \'A. 1�
"'( \, \
6. �m
;./;,1'-' A..
Look at the picture and tell where the following things are.
1 . ;.. /v (f--:J 2. 7 7
''/ !-- (racket)
3 . * �+ t:
It l '
4. ��* "(' A, h
5 . ]j � tJ' A_, 6. t i' -) L
8J
8J
C.
Pair Work-Ask and answer questions to find where the buildings are. One student looks at map A. The other student looks at map B (p. 93). Don't look at the other's map. Example:
A
:
B
:
�� tj �-- ;: --c·· -t t;�o
.: -J ;t A.,
� III U IF 7 Jv C7) � ij: � .: -J ;t .{.
--c· -to
Map A
Ask where the following places are.
1 . *- -+ "*' f �\ '"''(
3 . TOJ � ;fX .: 1 .:: i
5.
�1��
2.
.� -.- .A 1f\ 1:
\
4 . *� l.lA., '('
>P-1 U'I... C!- � (
® 1t� (d:= + =mi c l.J t= ttlv ttl.\
A.
1:: litP5 1:: �I..\
Look at the information about Prof. Yamashita 25 years ago and answer the questions.
B
Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was twenty-two years old senior at a college good student his major-Japanese history Example: Q : � r 7t � tj *- ¥ � (college student) --c·· L t:: �;� o 'i' :1 L I'::: -ItA- -It • ' t�' '"'' < -1± 1 '
1 . � r 7t � tj .:r-1:�� --c-· L t:: �;� o ...� .: L t:-1!-A--1!-'' .: � L 2. � r 7!:� u-�� --c·· L t:: �;�0 1> ,; L t: -ItA.. -It • ' ' ' i:>t:>A.--1!-' ' 4 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r, t j * � "'(' L t:: �;�0 t: -1!-A.. -!t • '
-I±A.. L A..
;t ' ' .:·
1'1 L f: -!!- 1.,-!t''
-ItA- L A..
n �- l
1' 1 l
5 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r , tj� � --(· L t:: �;� 0
B.
Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen.
1. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and mark it. 2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen. 3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed correctly
the price :rour partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner
will not giye away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner.
Example:
A : .:C
(?) 1.1� t�f � ti .::. � P3
.: � 4 >t 4
...
(" L t::. -h� o
B : 1, \ \, \ .:Z. , .::. � fi3 t -'(-> S � j: -tt � "C" L t::. o . : :. 4 .:t 4
A : - � 1i. -1- P3 --c-· L t::. 1J ' o ' •
"> ;!. IV
1;• ti' �
¥ 5 , 000
t;� ::
¥ 600
tJ:' -7 L
¥ 1 , 600
� v - -t- -
¥ 3 , 500
* �+
¥ 3 , 000
� .� ... \
C.
:· -\!' IV ;/. IV
I I I
¥ 1 0 , 000
¥ 1 5 , 000
¥20, 000
¥ 1 , 000
¥ 1 , 300
¥ 2 , 000
¥ 2 , 000
¥ 2 , 400
¥ 3 , 000
¥ 4 , 000
¥ 6 , 500
¥ 8 , 000
¥ 1 0 , 000
¥ 1 7 , 000
¥ 25 , 000
Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present and choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your partner's questions. Example:
8 : 7° v -e· / � t;i 1;• ti' � "'(·· L f::. IJ� o
A : X.. � , t; • t J' � "'(·· L t::. o �.,
\ �., \ � , t;· ti' � t -'(-> S � j: -tt � --c-· L t::. o
® � BiB r�1CJ1£ u* u t�tJ' (j::> � 5 u
A.
t.,J:(;:
Change the following verbs into - * u t.:: and -*ttfvc· u t.:: . Example:
1.
tJ: � i"
9. T �
f:: """ �
�
f:: """ � L f::
t:: """ �
�
t:: """ � -lt h_. --c·· L t::
2. n· 7 1 0 . c: �
3 . J: t: n . jt; �
4 . n· <
5.
12. b �
< �
6. � �
13. � <
SJ
7 . ;F:; � �
14. iJ' � �
s. bn· �
15. (/) t_.·
B . The pi ctures below show what Mary d i d last week. Te l l what she did. Example:
� 7
1)
Ex. Monday
-
SJ
� h_. tJ: 13 B1f 8 t : @ :a: tit "C'' � 5! L � L t:: o lf-:>.J: � (I
�
l
(4) Friday
at a friend's house
--.:A,.�.t i
(2) Wednesday
(1) Tuesday
in the library
� b·A-
at home
at school
(5) Saturday
in Kyoto
at a coffee shop
(6) Sunday
at a department store
C.
Look at the pictures in B and answer the questions. Example:
ED
Q : ;1. 7 1) - � � l.± }j � 8 t : � :�" n --c·-�7� L j L t::. -h'o , .. --;; ..:: ..:. :t
�
...
,:. .?·4
.....:.f.... 3- _ ;
A : l.i '- ' , �7� L j L t::. o Q : ;l. 7 1) - � !v t.± Jl lli 8 t : �® � Jt j L t::. -h 'o ,.-."';; .:_ ;. :./·
A
:
" , '- , .:Z.
"'- �
t;•
A
Jt j -tt lv --c·· L t::. o ;
,
,
1 . ;1. 7 1) - � /v l.J: j( Si 8 t : .:.f- �* � :f" � l L f::. IJ ' o ��. l
:/ . ·
-: :; ;�
�?·
2 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± 7](. Hi 8 t : "3( -1t � t : rr � 1 L t::. �; 1"� ' :. .:. j'
:- � �- "":A.
•
0
�
3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � l.J: ;t.. Si 8 t : 8 *A_ O) � f:' "t t : 4 '. ' l L f::. -h'o � ( .; ; .,_,
.
: .:.A.. .: !..-
l:: t
h
4 . ;1. 7 1) - � lv t.J: �Wi 8 t : j:; -9=- t : rr � j L t::. -h'o .:- A. .! -1
:,
'"\: .,
...
_,
5 . ;/. / 1) - � � l.J: ± W1f 8 t : j- ..=. _A � L l L f::. IJ 'o 6 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± E !Ii 8 t : Jt �t ,4n � L l L t::. -h 'o .:;:, ..:: .:.
D.
J
s�
;')"
Look at the p ictures above and answer the questions. Example:
ED
Q : ;I. 7 1) - � � l.± }j Hi 8 t : 1PJ � L l L f::. -h'o
A
:
� :!" tg --c·-�7� L 1 L t::. o � L 1 tr/,.,
......:A,., -5 .; 1
1 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.±J](.Si 8 t :M � L 1 L t::. -h'o T , , _r 1
J'
-:..·.:.
2 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.± .klli 8 t :1PJ � L 1 L t::. -h'o 3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � {j: \, \ '"'::) �@! � Jt l L f::. IJ'o � \ ' ;;..:
) ..
5 . ;1. 7 1 ) - � � t.± �Wi 8 t : �-- .:: --c-- � .::·' t.± � � iz"'"'- l L t::. -h ' 0 _: . ;._.): 1
:;-
!;:;._
t;
6 . ;I. 7 1} - � � l.J: ;t.. !li 8 t : �-· .:: "("� f::' "t t : 4 '. \ l L f::. IJ'o (. ( .J: i :.J
E.
:: t
h
Pair Work-Ask what your partner did on Monday, Tuesday, etc.
B
:
7 =- ::z.. � L i L t� o
0 -T1ttO)B�� < �1d:�ch* u t::.tJ' ;:: c:=o
C::�
1�/v
J;
Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did the following activities when they were a child or in high school. A : -T-1� 0* / � ;fX O) * l < *- � Mt h � L t:: i7 'o
Example:
.:
!::' !.
�::. :.
.:
;
�::. :.
.: ;
.J:
!lA..
B : t.l 'v \ , J: < �!C h � L t:: o .J:
l.- \ 1.- \ � , S � ry � .,;. � -tt ,z,··e L t:: o .t
1 . ifa5! T � .-..: .{.�:1
�8
!V•I:�
2 . 7-. f- - 'Y � T �
l <
3 . B:k.@' � Jt � i. \ '
b
h.
t: � t:'' �
4 . � ��� t : .ff < .: i i.A..
,,
s � ry
5 . +#.* � :t < ' b'h
b·
-tf' h, -lf h,
6 . ::y-_ r � -t �
} }
.'"""' � L t::
---... � -tt A, --c-- L t::
® :J - l::: - =b�ch*9 (J)
A. Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change sentence (b) using :0 . Example:
(a) / \ / .1 \'- jf- tj ::: e P3 "C'' To 1: /J'<(>(i.fv
�
(b) :::1 - I:: - t.l ::: e P3 --c·· To t : V'<-( i.. l,.;
:::1 - I:: - t ::: a P3 i:' To - !: :,'·�<.i .. k
1 . (a) t:: t t L � ,Z, t.l * g-f � Ji �.- \ � L t:: o 1'-
It''
lr
(b) f:: tt L � A., t.l iJ' ti ,Z, � Ji 1.- \ � L t:: o b·
2 . (a) 0 .1 � - r � h, t.1 8 7.js:.. � � ffa 5� L � To !:
li/v
.:·
.-..:Jv:-:1
(b) � 7 1) - � h, t.l 8 *� � >fa 5� L � T o 1: Ill.-
.-..:Jv:.:i
.: ·
3 . (a) t:: tt L � h, t.l ±Hi 8 t: 7 lv -' ". 1 r � L � To �::_· j: i
:;'
(b) t:: tt L � h, t.l 8 BI 8 t : 7 Jl , -' ". 1 r � L j: T o t: "'.!:
i If
-J i? --r· 8 *-� � � L j: T o
4 . (a) � 7 1) - � A, t.l
1:
Ill.-
.:·
!.i�
(b) � 7 1) - � A, t.l �;fX --c-· 8 *-� � � L j: To ,;:., .: ;
.: I!A..
:::
:;:�
5 . (a) S l f:: , � 7 1) - � h, t.l f:: t t l � A, t : % \ \ � T o ;,
(b) Jb l f:: , � 7 1) - � A, tj .A - � h, t : % \ \ � T o ;,
6 . (a) 7t: 1!, LL t : .ft � j: 1:!:- h, --c-- L f:: o 1t/vl..o-i
i/1-.:t.Jio
,,
(b) � 0 -) , LL t : .ft � � 1:!:- h, --r· L t:: o �11.-.X.JV
l\
B.
Describe the pictures using =5. 6J m tt � lv T=. ;;..·:r
t *� i:'' i" o ;;• ( -tr- . \
-
student
(1)
�
®!® ---� .
0
(9)
@ * ccY'JO)��
(Review Exercises)
:tt lvu�?
A. Answer the following questions. 1 . 4f a ' -M"a� �:� � :i 't lJ'o �·A.. L ! l " � : t;,
2.
3.
;.;
t� \ , "( \ '-M" * M <·· G \ ';Jl :i 'tlJ'o �4 L .&·4 t>
4f a , -M"a� M Jfa?£ L :i 't lJ'o ;! 1 • ! : <;, t..: 4 L .&·4---=4 ��i
4 . J:
< t::· n � JE}.. -:·.tJ: 1v � �� :1 -r 1; (}- '!>
5 . J: ( :Zz f::· � t:
L
7 . � (J) 7 8 . ��' -;;- 4L..-7
'
t:
0
�:4'-** � . � l 'tlJ'o -;: .Q·h
.&·
�· -:: "(•'BJt _::·· t.;t lv � iz� :i L t� l;>
� Jl. � f: L "' l 4
.;fi(.
f:
0
( :: /v il � l L �� lJ'o t:
B. Pair Work-A and B want to play basketball together. The following is A's schedule for this week. (B's schedule is on p. 93.) Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Ask each other what the other is doing and decide on what day you will play basketball. Example:
A
: / \ 7..
A's Schedule "T ''J r (basketball) � L :i
-lt /v lJ ' o
B : \ \ \ \ "(-''ttl o A : lf-::> J1 a1f a tJ: �-· 7 .l: i U' B
: J1 B1fi a 1"-::> .l:
v'
ir l: i J'
SUN
---c·· 't lJ · 0
tJ: �:lit --c-· JtzH£ L :i 'to '
L � .&·4
---=4 �·�i
TUE WED THU FRI SAT
PaW-��
(12. - 5' p. f1'\. . ) ___ _
Example:
A
:
B
:
� I!J tj: (:'' .:: �· T IJ ' o
.: ; ,;_ ;._
� I H J: ;t 7 Jv 0
.: ; ,;_ ,<.
t 7J: ry --c·· -t
o
Map B
Ask where the following places are.
5. v A � 7 /
B's Schedule
Example: A
:
/ "' A 7
'/
� (basketball) � L j:
* /v f; • o 8 : \. \ \. \ "('' T tlo
A
:
fJ Hi E t.1 c:·· '? "C'' T IJ ' o
1'-?J: 1
lr l: 1
:.t
!f
SUN
6 p.I'Y\ . .Jo._9.9 1 �
MON
Stw;;!/
TUE
��
-the I ibr�r;
- --
---
WED
5h opp 1nj
THU
Di nn er
FRI SAT
---
o-..1-
in
fr\ eV\ d 15
Os o.. ko...
house
L o c a t i o n s
t£
�;� Lf !v (}) 9
>::: II ·
I.J't!.')
¢=:1
J:;:: (d:£
7o
h. '!!
g
c 5 � J: 5
D a y s/W e e ks/M o n t h s/Y e a r s Days 8 Bll 8 t :? i J:7V:
}j lrl 8
j(Iql 8
11-?J:-jif
lrJ:7V:
7
9
8
16
15
14
l:�-P7l?.&·
22
21
l :l:!'P11 :1 :t;,
l:l:w?' 't;,t:s
29
28
l :l:tt>7Li1?! :�
I :t;�t>1 (1 :t;,
25
I :t:�-P7J:?1.7'
I :l:!'P7::..'t :t:,
l:tt>7:_..,<., t:t;,
19
20
l:�-P?
l:tt>1!.±1?!:t;,
24
23
t:t;tt>?:_..,<.,t :t;,
13
l:tt>7l :l :t;,
18
l:tt>?L't:>! :-t;,
6
;t·\ 'n'
12
11
17
l:tt>1J,(! :t;,
l:tt>1::..·r:s
5
l:l1>7\ '�!:-t;,
�i?h·
�'J:-jif
\ \-?.&·
J:?.&·
10
:::_::'/) :_ ,&•
.!:7.&·
4
3
± Ri B
:...z,J:-jif
t
7·v:>IJ'
_;.-?.&·
�Ri a
:;f.Iql 8
-j\ \J:-jif
2
1
-?\ 't;t;,
':J:V)h·
7]<.Iql 8
(.;t-?.&·
27
26
I :t:I'P1 Lt?l :t;,
I :t.:�-P7J,(U?
31
30
::-.z,t;tt>?\ \�! :1;,
:_....z,t;r.r?! :�
Months '- ' � I;""'J (- }j ) ----J. anuary
L � /;i"'J ( --l: f.J )----July
� : hi"'J ( .::. )1 )
February
t;l � hi--? (-'"- f.J )
August
:?: lvhi"'J ( .::=. }j )
March
September
L h''"'J ( 1ZB J1 )
\ h''"'J (7L f.J )
April
L: vJJ -7 /;'' --? ( + J1 )
May
L: 11> -) '- ' � h''--? ( +- f.J ) -November
June
t ry 7 t : h''--? ( + .::. f.J )
::_·· h ""'J (.n. f.J ) � < I.Ji"'J
(� Jj )
October
-
-December
Time Words Day
Week
Month
I
I
Year
l
t; t t L t : h· �t'--? .i � -tt lv -tt lv L rp -J ( .::. h · f.J lfi) ( Jt � �) the day before yesterday the week before last the month before last the year before last h t t It \
� 0) -)
yesterday
�
J:
7
-tt /v L ry 7
(B'f 8 ) (4' 8 )
today Ji) L t� tomorrow Ji) :?: -? i: the day after tomorro\r
j
( 7t �)
last week :: /v L ry 7
( 4'�)
this week G '- ' L I'P -7
C *-�)
next week
-tt lv �t'"'J ( 7t f.J )
�
J:
b lv ( -t. � )
last month
last year
::_ lv �t·"'J ( 4' Jj )
:: t L (+if)
this month
this year
G �t , tt'"'J C *- f.J )
G '- ' tl lv C *- � )
next month
next year
:?: G '- ' tt."'J :?: G '- ' L vJJ 7 C� *- f.J ) (� *�) the week after next the month after next
:?: G �t , b lv (�*�) the year after next
E
s
N
0
s
..............................
sj
Tr i p t o Oki nawa
a
D
(!)
o
u
g
Robert and Ken are vacationing in Okinawa.
0 / '\' - }-
\, \ \, \ �� -{''i"bo
2
it
lv :
"C '7
4
it
lv :
·-e-t b o
'{A., :.
"'(" t , i; J: -? � � \ \ "C" i" b o ;,�
*
5
it
lv :
*
0 / �- }- � fv i:J: �,, fv lJ: A Jf - '/ IJ�-�T � "('' i" h"o -tt - 7 1 / h{�f � 'T
JiJ L f::
7 8
it
{[)
lv :
-
"C'' -t
'T
0
*-:fn : � ry 1 L J: -7 h" o
� ' "? L ..t
"C" t , � L \ JIJ ry 1 -tt" /v h "o t.:i'>i·
At the post office.
-t .1:7- 1 -tt" fv o
i:J:IJ{ � i:J:, 1 .:¥' 1} A 1 "('' \, \ \ � "('' i"h "o
-c+ P3 --c· -t 0
L '\"> JtJ , -c + P3 -lJJ -=t- � .:: tx B .w� "' \ L 1
"-' ;;,.·t:op"i;t A.,
3 4
e
0 .! '\' - }- :
-0.· �:l:�-!�1.i A.... :-· -?
\:
1 :. ;_ � ,
nb··
-t
0
;c n h · � , .n. + P3-w-=t- � -tx :.: t.:I1'1 X. A, � "?
--c
l \ "Q .� \ ,
® 1
On Monday at school.
t: lt L :
P / \'- �
� fu , tj: IJ>' � , tJ � IJ>' � J o :QR{ttj:� L IJ � -? f:: "('' TIJ�o � 1 .: i
fo !f>
X:.. X:.. 0 �tf'�i ct)�� tJ: � --c t 2 n " \ "'(' L t: J: o n .:. :·1-:>
3
t:.. tt L :
4
•
" \ " \ X:.. ,
&tJ � � � < &tJ � � -tt ..Z. --(· L t:.. o t:.. I t L � ..Z. c1) :r· - r tJ: �-- -? --c·· t.: l.. ·
L f:.. h'o
6 7
.;. ;z..
J: h � -? t:.. --c·· 't :fd. o t i < t �� 7J,. ::kilf 2 --c-- To Rll: 1t.#l c1) -lJJ 1'f t J: � h -? t:.. --c·· � � � .; : t.:.fr .; :h : - • ' --r .. .: .; :0 Th'o
t:.. I t L
·
Robert: �ice weather. Ken: Yes. But it is a little hot Robert: \Vow, beautiful sea! Ken: Let's swim . *
•
Ken: What kind of sports do you like, Robert? Robert: I like surfing. Shall we do it together tomorrow? Ken: But isn't it difficult? Robert: No.
Robert: Excuse me. How much is a postcard to Britain? Person at the post office: 70 yen. Robert: Then, two 70-yen stamps, please. And one 50-yen stamp, please.
Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard. Did you enjoy. the trip? Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. Takeshi: Good.
I like the
sea very much,
too. \Yas the airline ticket expensive?
Robert: No, it wasn't so expensiYe. How was your date, Takeshi? Takeshi: . . .
V _N o
u
n
o
c
a
b
I
u
a
r
y
s
*
-) 7:1-
sea
*
� -? "'C
postal stamps ticket
-tt - 7 1 /
*
*
*
surfing
L .p < t::_· �, ,
*!!!
homework
t::. "'-. t Cl)
iz"'-4�
food
t::. A., t J: -) if
�j:_ E
birthday
r "A r
test
"'( A., �
weather
Cl) 7:J. t Cl)
drink
t.i i>,l' �
postcard bus
*
*
*
L\ *
v ::: -J �
�1-r-ll
airplane
"'-..!(>
:g�&
room
ti• <
1�
I (used by men)
.!(> T h
1*-h
holiday; day off; absence
� J: ::: -)
4tZ1t
travel
a
•
d i
e c
t
v e s
� t::. G L " ' ;b "'? \ \ � "'::) \, \ " ' f IJ'f L �.- ' \, \ }.; }.; � t:; t L JS " '
new hot (weather) hot (objects)
·It L " '
busy (people/ days)
*�"'
large
oo 'En ' l'tii I, \
interesting
*"'
cold (weather-not used for
frightening objects)
*
f::. Cl) l " '
fun
J? l, \ ::. 1, \
small
--? l G � �,. , v) -!> \, \
bming
' L " '
difficult
>
*
*
Words that appear in the dialogue
old (thing-not used for people)
� � L '-' ' � T '-' '
easy (problem); kind (person)
� "' '
fc£ - a d j e c t � G '-' ' ( IJ: ) *
*
*
v e s � '-' '
� h '-' ' ( IJ: ) tJiv � ( �) L -r· -�;, ( � ) T � ( IJ: ) t:· �,- , � G \ ' ( IJ: ) t:· \ T � C lJ: ) t : �� �I;- ( lJ:) ;.r1j" b ( lJ: ) V' J. ( IJ: )
*
*
healthy; energetic
�IJ·
quiet fond of; to like
very fond of; to love liYely handsome not busy; to have a lot of free time
v e r b s
j:; J: <··
to swim
� < 0) � ��
A d v e r b s * *
( ......., -�;�·)
to hate
\ ' -? L ;: t :
(person t:)
to ask
to ride; to board to d o ; t o perform
R u - v e r b "(' l; · t t � *
( ,..,_, -�; :{)
;[. �
'
-
disgusted with; to dislike beautiful; clean
/ \
U
inexpensiYe; cheap (thing)
ili -/;• tt � a
n
d
0 t h e r -*t t :
( t:) ( �) .......,
.......,
to go out E
x
p
r e s s
o
n
s
together
-c n �J· G
and then
t:· \ \ l J: -j �);
It's okay.; Not to worry.; Everything is under control. very what kind of . . . [counter for flat objects] to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time)
G
0
r
m
a
m
a
r
Adjectives
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One type is called " �,. '- adjectives , " and the other type " 'd.: -adjectives.''
�,. '
and t:t are their last syllables when they modify nouns .
..,. '-adjectives:
'B t L � " ' � @I
an interesting movie
i. \ ' lr
� C0 '7 , 'B t L � " ' B.*.w � JL .t L t� o "- ' ' I;'
.: b " ':7't �
I saw an interesting movie yesterday.
h
a scary teacher
� T :7't� U: .: b " \ :7't � --r::·-t o
�·· 1 L f: -lth.-it''
-'d-h.-1±-•'
Professor Yamashita is a scary teacher.
'd.:-adjectives:
� n \, \ �· � � L <> L h.
a beautiful picture
* t� ---c·' � n " t: � � � tl. � .t L t�
�d
1::
5t !t, 7j: :7't �
17/v "'
-';:!-.{.-';:!-"
,
L <> L h.
1::
0
I took a beautiful picture in Kyoto.
an energetic teacher Professor Yamashita is an energetic teacher.
Japanese adjectives conjugate for tense (present and past), polarity (affirmative and negative), and so forth, just as verbs do. The two types of adjectives follow different conjugation patterns. 1., \-adjectives
�,. '-adjectives change shape as follows. You will want to be very careful
here, because the pattern is rather complicated. d3=b lt -3 L \
affirmative present
past
negative
d3 =ts Lt -3 L n:-·9
d3=5 Lt-3 < ® rJ *itlv
It is interesting.
It is not interesting.
d3 =5 Lt-31J'-=> t=. c:9
d3=ts Lt-3 < ® rJ *ttlvc Ltt=.
It was interesting.
It was not interesting.
It is interesting (and confusing) that the idea of past tense is encoded differently in the affirmatiYe and the negatiYe polarities: (}; t L J:,) IJ' "'? t.: ·c-i" is "past+ affirmative," 1 while ( B t L l:> ) < .f.> ry ,i {t h- --c- L t.: is " negatiYe +past. " Unlike verbs, adjectiYes conjugate fairly regularly. The only irregularity worth noticing at this stage is the behaYior of the adjectiYe '- ' '- ' (good). The first syllable of '- ' '- ' is changed to J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirma 2 tive form. L \ L \ (irreg ular)
negative
affirmative
present
L\L\�·SI
� < � � * ttfv
past
� 1J' -::> t::.. �·51
� < 65 0 *ttfv�· u t::..
fd:-adjectives The conjugation pattern of lj: - adjectives is much more straightforward. It actually is exactly the same as the conjugation table of --c·-t which follows a noun, as discussed in Lesson 4. 3 affirmative
:n::; 3[ ( fJ:)
1-tlu t!
present
past
:n::;3[ 1J f.> 65 � *ttfv
n3[cSI
1-Jiv t!
negative 1-Jiv '
--
She is healthy.
She is not healthy.
:n::; 3[ �- u t::..
:n::; � lj f.> � � *tt fv �- u t::..
She was healthy.
She was not healthy.
111v t!
111v ..
The final syllable Jj: is dropped in these long forms of lj: -adjectives.
1 Some
speakers follow a more regular conjugation, where ·r---t is inert in both polarities. For these
speakers, the chart looks like the following: negative
affimatiYe
2
present
"" • ' -c·--t
past
"" 11 ' ?
t: -c· T
""
""
< � • ' -c·--t < t:i. 11' --::>
t: -c· i'
There actually are alternate forms, J: • ' and J:: \ ' -c·-t, but they are much less frequently used than \ ' \ ' and
3 As
' ' ''-c· -t.
with l, ).. adjectives, some speakers prefer an alternative paradigm, such as the following: negative
affirmatiYe present past
""
-c -t ·
"" -c· L t:
""
l: -f> � \ \ -c· -t
"" l: -f> t:i. 11' ? t: -c· -t
II
fiT� (fc£) I� b L \ (tc:J:) 9
In this lesson, we learn two t: - adjectives that are very important from the grammatical
point of view. They are J!f � ( t:) (to be fond of; to like), and � G " ' ( 1J ) (to be disgusted T
with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the 4 particles IJ: and IJ:, respectively.
X
o .1 ,- _
[- :: lv l;; l: E 1:
{
*'-� o:> 7 7 .A 'h��t � "C" T o
1 .! /v :::
T
}
likes dislikes
Y.
Robert likes his Japanese classes. Professor Yamashita dislikes fish.
The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person. You may want to be cautious using these words in reference to your preference for a specific person, however, because J!f � -t 5 --c·· -t is usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest. Let us note three more things about 1-t � ( 1j: ) and � G " ' ( t: ) before we go on. One, if you T
like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of 1-t � -r-- -t and � G " ' --c·· -t, namely, ::kJtt � -r-- -t and ::k � G " ' "'C"T. These forms are more t_·, , T
T
t,·, .
common than the combinations of J!f � ( 1J ) and � G " ' ( ;j.· ) and the degree modifier � "'(
T
t , to which we will turn shortly.
Two, when Japanese people want to say that they neither like nor dislike something, they usually say: I
neither like nor dislike (it).
Three, you can use 1-t � 1J and � G " ' t: as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say things like:
T
4
1n contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle tt is used instead of -�;:. Thus,
5
Jn the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle (!) .: � -�; : can replace -�;:. Thus,
fL. IJ:Jf;ljH;t-» � -c·-tt;:, � �J: � G , , -e't'o <· � , ,- -r
h/.;L
r_(-
t= It L � lv IJ: .J 7 1) - � /v (l) .: � -�;:-» � "C'To Takeshi is in love with Mary.
T
I like vegetables, but I don't like meat. =
.J 7 1) - � lv t; :�r � -c·-t - -r
o
=
tL tJ: �L- cry*
B lf you
like
T
hf:L
� t;t -r v t:' ··e-t
0
This is my favorite T V program.
Degree Expressions
want to say things like "yery hot," and "a little hot," you can add "degree adverbs"
� "(
t (very) and t;, J:
�
-::>
(a little; slightly) before adjectives. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. This room is a little hot.
Instead of having sified forms,
*-tt
t:·,, T
� "(
t added to them, tt � ( 7J ) and � G " ' ( 1j:) have their own intenT
� ( 1j:) (like very much) and *- � G " ' ( 1J: ) (hate). "''
t� �t L � .{; tJ: ::z - t - -h { ::k.. -9-T � t� , ,
Takeshi likes coffee a lot.
.::f L. � ,{; tJ: � -? �
T
--r'-t o
7 J;i *\ � � " \ --c·· -t f.:#\
0
Ms. Kim hates natto (a Japanese fermented soy bean delicacy).
Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with � l will get
the Japanese expression for
"let's . . . , " which you
J:
can
-) or � L J: -) -h' and you
use to suggest a
plan of
action.
-#t t: � --�t --c·· Jta1! L .i L ' ' -? L
t
1::
L!
n'lv
--:,<,�" i
J:
7o
Let's study in the library together.
��};!i '{•' ::1 - l:: - � 1X.;. j L � .., >:
�
c .<-
J:
7 J;�o
Shall we drink coffee at a coffee shop?
B
Counting
There are two important things you should know about counting items in Japanese. One, we use different number words for different kinds of items; the words used for counting people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Two, number words often come after, rather than before, the items counted in a sentence. lJ - � ,{; tJ:
-w -t- � � ? "'(
item
.::=- tx
� A., j, \ \
number
1i " \ .i L t� 1.>·
0
Lee bought three stamps.
The number word, .:=.tx_, is made up of the numeral ..:=. and the "counter" tt. This counter :::- A..
:::- A, j� \
.1 \ \
is used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later lessons-for people, for books, for sticklike objects, and so forth.
�JJI / - �
Ex pre
OJ:: -5 l:ffv
5 5
i o n
N o t e
5
•lt l.A )/(;:-a�tJ'(fd:) ..
..,. tt l., lt > is used when we describe people and is not ''""!.>' used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use l\tfJ'
�;: �-- � iJ> ( i;t) . Takeshi is busy.
Tok)'O is busy I lively.
Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the subject "I" is omitted in the sentence.
B Hi B �i1't t_., 1t > l'·9 �}.fbi I arn busy on Sunday. l: "t? J: -j v
o
=
B HI B �i C:fM:J:)·tt l., v >l''9
t: "t? J; �) T.J
.h ..:t... t
t ,_:::.fJi
o
rtf\ \JV
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CD �L,c9 't.:.1J'
A. Change the following adjectives into the affirmatives. ED Example:
t::. h' I, \
�
tt'!v � �
�
1 . -\'=' T ... \
6.
�.,
\ -t- IJ�- L .... \
t::. IJ· ... \ i:'' T
t·f !v � i:'' T t:; t L ;t; \ \
2 . &.> "':) I, \
3 . � t.' I, \
4 ..
7 . \, \ \, \
8 . L f'IJ• �
9 . � : �t -'{'=' iJ' �
5 . "'? 1 � � \, \
1 0 . � if'L I, \ �
1 1 . V' 1 �
B. Change the following adjectives into the negatives. ED Example:
-\'=' T ... \ V' 1 �
C.
�
V' ! L � JiJ � ! -tt !v
2.
6 . � I, \ � I, \ l\
-\'=' i" \ &.> � 1 -lt !v
� I, \ -- · ; 7 . \ \ 1, \
1 . � {..' \, \
11.
�
3 . .:: b 'v \
4 . JiJ t::. � L I, \
8 . tf !v � �
9.
L f-h· �
5 . t.· f'IJ• L �., \ 10.
� if'L \ \ /j:
/ -tj- £,.. ij:
Look at the pictures below and make sentences. Example:
.::
O) * 't+ t.;t � 'v \ "'('' T o 1:: , . , ,
t:h·
.:_ O) * 'tf t.;l: !£ \ J!> � 1 -\t /v o 1:: I t ' '
Ex.
f> i"
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11) ::r:A-1- / 00/ ,/ioo I
0
2 0 3 0
4 0 s 0
(12)
I X 2 X 3 x 4 X 5 )(
JO 0
I
0/ /100 6 X
'1 )(
g X
q I<
JO )<.
Answer the following questions. Q : 8 ;$.. � 0 :7 7 ;z t.±D
Example:
1:
tlA., ::_·
t;flr
L "' ' �-- --th·o
3 . * � tJ: :k � 'v \ �' T h 'o
4 . fi�� tJ: � fl 'v \ �" T h ' o
5 . 8 ;$.. 0�""i� tj: � \, \ L \, \ �" T h'o
6. 8
IJ'? ::. -j
1 : !ilv
E.
8 0
9 0
(13) :r�l-
D.
' 0
� 0
......
f; f.;
L�
f:
'(>
;$.. 0 �""4� tJ: * 'v \ �'' T h'o
: : t i A.,
t:
!, �
'(> "f
Pair Work-Make affirmative and negative sentences with your partner. Example:
� n "' ' � �
:ft. it 0fi� � t.± � n "' ' �----to �- t , srz. 0fi�� t.± � tl "' ' t � Ji:> � �
�f :.� :.,
......._
,,
2 . \, \ \, \ -tr l" \ 5 • 1'51 f: IJ·
bt:L
"
-'(>
3 . .:: tJ 'v \
4 . � "' ' L "' '
7 . Jt � �
8 . U' l �
,�·,{, �
F.
Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives, and tell your partner. 7 7-. � U: � L < � � l -tt lvo � � L � ' i:·· -t o
Example:
t :fr l.
2 . �h CJ) 1BJ l.i
1 . �l d.i hf;L
�.,T.:L
5 . * * '.i
4 . �h CJ) �� ,-i 'j: nt�L
""-
-'! !;
�
CD �fJ' -=> t� c'9 t.:.fJ'
A. Change the following adjectives into the past affirmatives. Example:
t:: t.J� � \
-7
t:: 1.1 � 1.1 � -? t:: i:" -t
t-flv � ij:
-7
tt'lv � i:·· L t::
1 . � -t � \
2 . � '"'::) � \
3 . � t..' � \
4 . B t L .; � '
6 . � ' f t;•· L � '
7. � \ � \
8 . L -r· t; � ij:
9.
t: �-- � 1;� ij:
8J
5 . '"'::) i G ij: � ' 10.
� n � ' ij:
1 1 . U' i ij:
B. Change the following adjectives into the past negatives. Example:
� T� '
-7
� T < � � l -tt lv i:·· L f::
t-f lv � ij:
-7
tt' lv � t_ � � � l -lt lv i:" L t:
8J
3. � � L � ' 6. � \ � \
C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo and make sentences. 8J Ex. Okinawa-hot 1 . food-not expensive 2 . food-delicious 3 . hotel-not big 4 . hotel-new 5 . restaurant-not quiet 6 . sea-beautiful
7 . surfing-interesting
Example:
D.
Pair Work-Use the chart below and practice a dialogue with your partner, substituting the underlined parts. A and B are talking about A's vacation.
Example:
A is Robert . ----+
A : 1:f.. � t: �t:f,%" t : .ff � l L t;: o l"i!- �.t>
'(>T
,,
-t- ") "C'' T h • o �·· '7 --c·· L t;: 7J • o
B :
A : � "{ t ·
:1 1J • -?
i> ?
f;: "{·'"to
Ex. Robert
went to Okinawa
very hot
(1) Mary
saw a movie
scary
(2) Takeshi
stayed home ( '7 i? t: � \ � )
very boring
(3) Sue
went to a party
not fun
(4) Mr. Yamashita
went to flea market ( 7 1) - ? - 7 '/ � )
not cheap
(5) �,t,L ft.
@ �L \B��tc9� f;;fJ'
A.
C: ltl\
Look at the pictures and make comments o n them.
Example: Ex.
(4) A en::
* -t+
@)
----+
(1) ;t- 7 Jv
(2) 7 v �::·
(3) tElM
(5) A
(6) lBJ
(7) ��}j_
v �::
i?
L<>
B.
Answer the questions using the given cues.
Ex.
(1) 'A -
_?( 7 1) -
kind
A.
EIJ
(3) f::. tt L
beautiful
interesting
energetic
Pair Work-Choose the items from the following categories and ask your partners whether they like them. Example:
A
:
_?( 7 1) - � /v tj: � 7Ji'-9,f � -r-·-tn�o
B
:
tj: \,
1:<
'�
T
:9-f � "{" T / ::k-9-f � "{'' T 0 t�·,, T
T
1 . Foods: meat/ � --:::> 2::: 7 (fermented beans)/ice cream ( 7 1 7.. 7 1) - b ) 2 . Sports: aerobics ( J. 7 o t: :7 'A ) /skiing ( A. .:t -) /skating ( 7.. 7 3 . Music: hard rock ( / ' - F o
''/
:7 ) /jazz
( V .Y 7..·) /classical
�)
music ( :7 7 ':/ ''/ :7 )
4 . School Work: test/Japanese class/homework
5. Drinks: sake/ green tea/ coffee * If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use � �.--e t � � \ ' "(· t � ry .i -\t A-.o ..,.
B. Answer the following questions.
1 . 2:::'' /v � 'A f- - './ iJi':kf � "{'' T n 'o T
2 . 2:::" lv � 1<:�4h7J�-� � "C''Tn'o f:.
!. ?)
-;-
3 . 2:::' /v � ik. h4h7J�-�t � -r·--tn'o (/)
T
t, (J)
4 . 2:::'' /v � �® 7.1{:9-f � "C'' T n 'o ,; : i_ l \
·t
5. 2:::'' /v � � � 7.1{:9-f � "C'' T n ' o /;!vi)'(
T
0 �00i��* u &: 5 'aj
:ZL' 'IJ'
A. Change the following into * v � ? sentences. @) Example:
8 "*-� � Wlr i' ::
llh- .:
f.ilj:"
1 . ") i? t : I}� .;
8 "*-� � �* L � L 1:
lih-
.:·
!.J.f·
l
7o
2 . 1t .i. t : &fl <
3 . Bjt@I � JL ;
4 . U: iJi' � � p: ")
5 . ill T; � �t .;
6 . f:!j: ---?
7.
8 . � � � � .;
9.
IJ·.t
:�
-\t/.,-\t\'
:t \ \
,.
lr
B.
�
j7� <� f; J:
*- \ ' "'C' T tlo � (;
�
A : *- " ' --c·· -t tlo J? � � �x� � L � t'
� <"
�
l
7 T;�o
B : -t- 7 L � L J: J o
1 . � \, \ "{" T tlo h?
2 . + ;:. Bt "{'' T tlo l:wi
1:
t:
3 . .:.: Cl) fe3 *! ti � L " ' ---c· -t t1 o L.,.(f�' •
t:flr
4 . s L t: U: 1t.i. 0 ID!.i. 5.
a --c·· -t l o
S 0 v .A. J- 7 ::.--- t;;t J? �t ' L " ' --c·· -t J: o
6. s L t: l;;l r A 1- i;{ s ry � T tlo
@ * ccY')O)-� (Review Exercises) fl.Jvl.AP5
A.
F \" 7-.. t : :* ;
Pair Work-Make follow-up suggestions using * v � ? tJ'. Example:
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. 1. V\'ere you busy last week?
2. Were you fine last week? 3. Was your high school big/old? 4. Was your watch expensive? 5.
I s your bag new?
6. Is your room small/ clean?
7. Is your teacher kind?
;z,
;;.
1::
L ? L h-
�;:
0)
B.
Class Activity-Show and tell Bring pictures you took on a trip. Explain to your class where you went, what you did, how it was, etc. And later, other students will ask i n detail about the trip. Example questions:
�-- � t : {T � � L f:::. lJ�o ,,
:R � t J: �· -J --e L t:::. �;�0 'Z lv
�
t.:· n � 1t � � L t:::. �;�0
�1t;fl 0 -t}J 1f tJ: " \ :;- .: -) � �? ,,
.i!
C.
< G --e L f:::. 1;�0
Role Play- Using Dialogue n as a model, buy some stamps and postcards.
A t
t h e
p
0
5
t
O f f i c e
Usefu l Expressions .:: n.. jS mJi' \ \ L j: T 0 bl;
------
Can you take care of this, please?
li + P3 -fJJ -=t � ;:.;fj( < t::.' �. \ \o --- Give me three 50-yen stamps, please. ::: l:wL i. IV � .,
-c
:< IV .J: ' '
(�Jt�1f.) �' jSlm'-< ' L j: To -; U'IV
::. -; <
Make this (an airmail), please.
bl.>'
M 8 <,- G \ ' -1; � -1; � � j: T -h � o --- - How many days will it take? "-" IV ! : ;;
E li + P3 � : l;t � j: To
It will be 150 yen.
Gb � E P3 ·{'To
Another 100 yen, please.
lh-<
::.·
l:w? i.. IV
U'(>
Useful Vocabulary �0
counter
-w -=t ---- stamp
t;;J: -h� �
postcard
J..
+ EZ
parcel
M�1f.
airmail
f.f� 1f.
surface mail
1*-�
insurance
i!l!.
special delivery
� �71 a m
registered mail
j t" (' �>
.: --:J"?h
::. -j ( -j( J'IV
li 17 IV
I.>· Ci t: 61J
.. s m ••
7 D 7'' 7
L.. - aerogramme
#• ----- letter
.;. i L l
.;.>:,.·U'IV
i ( f: --?
DDDDDDD
,�
.... .... ..
Stamps
�--..M-... ,.. - -...-.. '' '' .. .. " .. .. .. '.
L_l�_JL_l_l_l_J
Postcard
A t
a
Customer :
P h o t o
S h o p
T h. i -tt fvo �Jt � :iW L }; � \ ' L i To '(>
t:ll)'
!
Excuse me. I'd like a reprint, please.
Shop clerk :
tj: \ 'o 7t5!?.... � � --c·· J: � L \ ' --c·· T i?' o : � T: (
Certainly. Would the glossy finish be all right?
Customer :
tj: \ 'o Yes.
Shop clerk :
.:. .:. t : ;g f.r c ��ft.� � }; fi \ ' L i To ;;.: j ;t
-;:·A., h !.!"A.,:-�
t:>b·
Please fill in your name and telephone number here.
Customer :
\ ' --:::> --c·· � i T i?' o When will it be ready?
Shop clerk :
1± J:. IJ � � tj: + .E. E
l:t:>-l :· ! : �
n
2 A- t:
It will be ready at three o 'clock on the 15th. .:
l.r
, ... A.,
t
�., \o
Please bring this receipt.
Customer : All right. Thank you.
Shop clerk :
� � h� 'C 7 .:·· �-- �., ' i L t;: o Thank you very much.
Useful Vocabulary iJt � :iW L '(>
!
----
reprint
JJU� ------ development ifA.,i·?
7L5R � �
----
glossy finish
7[.5R f;I L
----
mat finish
: i t: <
: -j
t: <
F � / 7 7 ---- panoramic 7-- 7 1 F. ---- slide 7° 1) / r ---- print
;f.. If ------ negative
1± J:. h � �
----
date/time something is ready 7 1 Jv £,. ----film
24{X� �
----
24-print roll
L
;,
.:!_ \ \ �
1� \ \ft" --( 7J � 7 -- disposable camera
-?lr
T
� i-rl!. ------ battery
"'(.,.{., �
iJ I 7.t
�q� � � ,;•
It A.,
---
receipt
(•6 = I L E s s 0 D J \- ��fv 0) - 8 A Day i n l \t;:>
D
..............................
6�
Robert's Life
[;:::t;)
o
a
N
g
u
e
(D In the class. 1
3 4 5
r � ,z,� )J\.. 0) � - :; � �iG ,z, --c-- < t::.· � " \ 0
� r :Jt:j:_ :
o /' ,- _
� r :Jt j:. :
o r ,·- r � lv� � � --c < t::.· � " \0 7 7 A "C- QI "C tj " \ tt .f -tt lv l o
'\' :i
\" 1
L fc-ltA.-1±<'
L tc -lt A.- 11- < ,
o"
._- - � :
� r 7t � :
� .! L t.: -1t A.- 4 t t '
: -? �
7t � � �Jz f-t-. �
.;!-lv-lt <'
�fzf4-.
2'- .t ·) l)' l .t
.O.,d ir L !
� t� t
-:::>
J:
h
:;
� n .1 L t::
hT
0
--c � --c < t::.· � " \ tl o � 8 1�" ' .1 T 1J, G o � t ' !:-t:> --::>n�
([) After class. o / ._- _ r � lv � A, 8 tj .:k. � --c-· L t:: ho
A
.. f:. t \ ....lv
.:. .l -7
2
0 / '\- - r
3
A
4
0 / '\- - I'
5
:A
-
. .
o " ._- - � � A.,� � L t:: 7 A I' IJ{ � 0 l T J: o
6
0 /' \' -
I'
i_ -? o
7
A
8
0 / '\' -
A.
A- � \, \ 1, \ "('' T J: o
� 0 IJ { �
"3 o T <·· � L .1 To
?.f.. � "(''T IJ'o
11 A.. 1:: -j
i_ X- o 0 / '\· - J-- � A., � �Hi 8 :. A.. .t i '-"
�
�:1*-.h .f L f:: 1;• G ;fd_o '\'T
t "\'=> � � 4- a t;:t * � : �J*-::> --c � � ?� L i -t .� .:. ..t
1
\ ,_z
lri.
"'""" h-.2-.:: i
@ On the bus. 1
B tJ � � ,z, :
� C1) � i' h .1 -tt ,z, 0 ::: C1) / ._- A tj rtn��. ��HJ£ ""'-rr � .1 -t ;�;, 0
2
0 / '\' - I' :
A. A. �
B tJ � � .z, :
ry l i'IJ' G o l,. \ 1,. \ i._ � t t -:::> ::: 7 --c·· - to -t <·· Ft ,.
3
''
L 7>A.. V'li'· 'A..
ff � .1 T J: . . . . . . � C1) � �'
}; Lf � � lv ...,
�
� -? �-- "3 ;c.�Th
"( < t: � \ \0
� -? "C'' T n 'o
�
'
t• -?
t· � � ,
t -t .h. l {t ,z,
��� � # t? � L ·-
# ...-.. :.. ......
• �
J:
-? n'o
0
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page. Robert:
.
.
.
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. We use it everyday. Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.
Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today. Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue? Sue: Yes. Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really? Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (Thafs why you didn't know about it.) Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.
0
Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am. Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag? Old woman: Thank you.
V
o
c
a
b
N o u n s *
*
* *
j:; 1;• tl
j:;it
*
I
a
y -�-�--
r
money grandmother; old woman
j:; t.;Ll6 � � � .,.; . .;
j:; }it g
bath
1; · � t
�!t�
kanji; Chinese character
��4�
� J: -) IJ· L J:
textbook
.:: � L \1> -J
A,-�
this week
L h � tf' J: -) " ' �
$ �W
Municipal Hospital
�'"'? �
1'b . )'.
next
7 v t>'f- .L>.
*
u
video game
--c-- � �
't �
electricity
-c-- � L �
�-
train
t : t "'?
fi;Ji�
baggage page
� - :; t:•
��
�
window
J: �
�
night
i? �t ' L I1> -J
*�
next week
i? lt \ t,l �
*1¥-
next year
:k�
tough (situation)
l
fct - a d i e c t t::. " '""-� ( 1j:) *
v e
U - v e r b s to play; to spend time pleasantly
;b � .; � .,
" ' � ('' j:; .; . ;; .,
*
*
*
�: t.i " \ �
13 (''
to hurry
j:; � g �: A.. � to take a bath
IJ· i.. T
�T
to return (things) (person � : thing � )
�tT
Wi T
to turn off; to erase
L�
n�
to die
Tb �
��
to sit down
t::. "'?
:ft "'?
to stand up
t::. tJ ::.. � T -J
t::. tJ ::.. � � -)
to smoke
1� -)
to use
+m -J
to help
'"'? 1; •
-)
"( "'? t!..' -)
*
��
Words that appear in the dialogue
(seat
( """-' � )
�:)
( """-' � ) (person/ task � )
*
*
l:)
tj: \, \ ;
to enter
t --::)
to carry; to hold
� T �'
(1)
(
,..._,
(
,..._,
�)
to be absent (from . . . )
("-' � ) (2) R
u
-
to rest
v e r b s
it �t ;
(
to open (something)
J? L .Z ;
,..._,
�)
to teach; to instruct
(person l : thing � ) *
J? 0 ;
to get off
(
*
h' 0 ;
to borrmY
(person t : thing � )
L�; --::) tt ;
"'(•' ;\_, .f? � h· �t
"'"'
�)
to close (something) to turn on
;
(
,..,_,
(
,..._,
�)
�)
to make a phone call
(person
�:)
t o forget; to lem·e behind
('"'-' � )
I r r e g u l a r
v
e r b s
--::) ft --c < ; *
1! n --c < � H= -? --c < ;
t -:::> -r < ;
A d v e r b s * it � --c-· J? -t- <
a
n
d
0 t h e r
,..._, .;; ,
*
tt -:::> ,: '7 --c·· -t
to bring (a thing)
E x p r e s s
1� --c··
later on
i!! <
(do something) late
G
*
to bring (a person)
('"'-' � )
("-' � ) o n
s
because . . . That would be fine.; That wouldn't be necessary.
* *
-t <·· t.f ;\, � '7 --c··-t .;; · I'P -:::> < 0
right away
* � --c·· -t h ·
Really? slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
G
H
r
a
m
m
a
r
Te-form
The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the " te-form . " Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in:
·
making requests (" . . . , please.")
•
giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I . . . ")
•
stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . . )
•
forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")
"
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate rules for
ru-, u - ,
and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five
subrules.
Le
First, with ru-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take � off and add "C . rbs
U -verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
u-verbs with final 5 , ::>, and �
,
� -::> L" .,
--
ffl -::> L j;
1 As
--
we discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs that end with the hiragana ¢ are ru-verbs and some others are
u-verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final
� syllable. If the vowel is
a,
o, or u, the verb, without any exceptions, is an u-verb. If the vowel is either
i or e, the verb can be either an u-verb or a rzt ·Yerb. Statistically speaking, there are many more ru-verbs, than u-verbs in the iru and eru camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority,
{
}
such as A. � (to enter), and ·� � (to return). .
.
:�· .
aru
. . . oru
c�
=
always u-verbs
. . . uru
{
.
.
.
zru
. . . eru
}=
often, but not always, ru-verbs
As far as te-forms are concerned, we observe that u-verbs that end with � will have a small -?, ru-verbs that end with {> do not.
u-verbs with final it, ,3\, and � �it
�fvc·
illf,3\
illifv c
J: -
J: --
®i:
-
®i:--
9E�
9Efvc
�.,. -
�.,. --
u-verbs with final <
�< tJ·
-
There is an important exception in this class:
rr<
"? -c rr , --
�
l\
l
u-verbs with final ('
�1< <'
�
ii5J:-
u-verbs with final 9
The irregular verbs T � and < � , and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows.
i rregular verbs
Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before ;t T) are totally different con structs in the u-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the ru-verbs (iz""- "( and iz""- ;t T ) covers the u-verbs also, thus coming up , ,
with unwarranted forms such as
,,
x
4?- '-< ' "( (see 4?- '-< ' ;t T) and h
h
x
�)i-4 "( (see �� .4 ;t T). It is J:
J:
probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in 1t < -:l: 6·
6·
� ;t -t-• '-< ' "( , than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjuga6·
tion table at the end of this volume.
Use a verbal te-form together with < t:: � " ' to make a polite request to another person 2
"please do . . . for me. "
-"li >?· L l
-
/ � lifj "' ' 't :.
< t3.' � "'
'o
Please listen to the tape that goes with the textbook.
T h :i -1:t !v o � J: "? � � ;{. i-; L
--c < t�- � "' 'o
Excuse me. Please teach me a little. ( Tell me, I need your advice.) =
A verbal te-form plus t " ' t. '"f'T means "you may do . . . ," which describes an activity
that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, """ "'C t
" ' " ' ''C -t i.J·.
�f4. � Jt "( t
:. l ; I?· L l
:t.
\, \ \, \ "('' T IJ ' o
May I see the textbook? Yes, you may.
To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the te-form plus tJ: " ' � t i -{t
lv . \, \ \, \ ,i ,
B
7,
No, you may not see the textbook. .
Describing Two Activities
You can use a te-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ( " I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by � , which only connects nouns.) /
-
r � 1-tr � --c , :1 t:o - L ! To ,.
I will borrow her notebook and xerox it.
2If you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te -form , by itself, can be used as a request.
� � r� �t - c ��
1t:'
Open the window, will you?
+a � .t 'i
tL
� * � : � � i: , >fa1£ L j ;; (
1:
},;
......::.(,!·!;
L t� o
Today I got up at six and studied.
� ':t t : .fr -:::> '{ , � _:'' tl � � �""' j L J: l o
L .t:
\'
�... .;
f:.
Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch. The te-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example belo,,·, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.
/ '\' _A t : *-:::> '{ , %;f± t : .fr � j To t7J
1.1·\'
L '<"
• '
I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.)
��A4:! � hf � n --c , -t.;; j � �0
� ! 1 �· L t
I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
A sentence that ends with -h ' I? (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth. (situation)o (explanation) 1J' 6o
iL..tJ +Il>t>Ya1£ L j:
ht�L
.: A.. li'A.. -"' A.-�!1
To
cb
L t-: 7 .A
3
� IJ>' cb ry j: T h ' � o
I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.
/ '\' .A t : * ry j: L J: ?>
J o :9 7 � - tj: � \, \ '{'' T h ' � o r��·
Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.
In Lesson 5 we learned � L J: 7 -h· meaning "let's . . . . " � L ·J: 7 -h' is also used in the sense of "let me do . . . , " in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying: I'll do it. 3 The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as :
� L t:. 7 7... l- 1J:� ry � -tn· G , :ft. IJ:�B.JtftM� L l To -"•1"-L
..:-<.. t..:..(..-...;A,.!-:-'i
We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.
Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag: Shall I carry your bag?
�J,R ./ - �
E x p r e s s i o n
UJc5 1:flv
N o t e s
Jl! \t) and � < mean "late," they have different ill < /i!IL \IIIJJ• Although both -� ·� �� usages, since Jl! \t ) is an adjective and � < is an adverb. J!! \t) modifies nouns to� J•.:8"" , or works as a predicate, and Jl! < mo difies verbs.
��
·
8�
I went to bed at one o 'clock yesterday. It's late. J&1 * h: �i, + � z:·· 0 iJ:g � 'L , J!! It ) � .:· �;t lv �lit« * '9 L:»-:i L: 8 8-t' ;,� t: On weekends, I get up around 10:00
t.,.,:):j:?
a
and eat late breakfast.
I went to bed late yesterday. You can also apply this rule to .!f! < / !j! \t ) . IH">
l;i\">
C 5 t> ..,. t• -:?
,
as
m
t• -:? {)
(Thank you very much), or with '9 1}. * -lt lv, as in c· -:?
very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation
of t• -:?
your gratitude or regret, you can just say c -:?
words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words.
f-i\ \V
P
r
a
t
c
c
CD ��rmrt"L < t.:t!t.' ® *c
A.
Change the following verbs into te-forms. Example:
2 . -h · 7
3 . l t:
7 . s .f ,..:, >
8. t: '6
9.
14. ti t: -t
13 . L �
£ill
h � -c
1 . t:= ""' ; , __
B.
-----7
h � -"5
e
-t ;
4 . I; • < 10. \ \ .f <·'
5. < ;
6 . � "?
11. \\ <
1 2 . tl '6
15. I;• .:{_ ;
Let's sing a te-form song!
(Battle Hymn of the Republic) £ill
.P l .
� - ? -c
.P 2 .
�7
� -? -c
� "?
l t;
l 10 -c--
� .f ..:,'•'>
I;• <
1;• \ \ "(
� t -t
� lv t:
u-verb
7 --? '6
-? -c
s .f 10 "'('' �t L -c
t: -? -c
t: '6
L�
\ \ .f <·'
L 10 -c-\ \ ,f \ \ "(''
te-form
t.' ..)� �
10 -c--
<
\ \ -c
<·'
\ \ "(''
(repeat twice)
T
C.
L -c
u-verb
te-form
What will you say when you want someone to do the following things? Example:
to speak slowly
-----7
� -? < � � L -c < t::.· :: " \ o !H:
1 . to call you tomorrow
2. to write a letter
3 . to open the window
4 . to drink tea
5 . to teach you kanji
6 . to bring a drink
7 . to wait for you
8 . to come with you
9 . to go to a hospital 1 1 . to bring a friend
10 . to return your book
12. to stand up
£ill
D. What would you say i n the following situations?
(3)
E.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Pl ease take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out. Example:
A :
�-
t. - � tz � "(" < t�- � ?)
" \o
�
B pretends to drink coffee.
CD T v t::: 7d: � "L =b L 'L' c91J'/T v t::: 7d:� z: r� L ' ':t*ttlv �
�
A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things. Example:
Eill
7 v t:• � Jt � ;z,.
�
7 v C:'' � Jt "C t I. \ I. \ "C'' T IJ �o
'tMi � t;� t t �
;z,.
1 . t� t;f :: � '?& 7
2.
4 . ill < !)� i.. � r
5 . 'k t�- � � 1t n --c < �
7 . R, :t t; � �t �
8 . 7 v I::'' 1f- t.. � T �
i"
h 'i:
.1: <>
l
'
-c-A�L
l?
-:>
3. .¥JL }; � g � = A. � '
6. -w� � Jk'j 1-;h->l' ( i> �
�i·
"
<
IJ.\
B.
What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with -<:t,L'
L Yc91J'.
1. You are in c lass. You realize you need t o go t o the bathroom as soon as possible . 2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.
3. You have forgotten to do the h omew ork . You are sure you can brin g it in tomorrow. 4.
You want t o ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in J apanese .
5. You w ant to smoke in a c offee sh op, an d there is someone sitting nearby. 6. You are at a friend's h ouse, an d suddenly remember that you need to make a
phone call. 7.
Y ou h ave run into a celebrity. C onvenient ly, you h ave a camera with you.
8 . Y ou h ave arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy. 9. Y ou and y our friend are in a dar k room, an d you feel somewhat un comfortable .
C.
You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A.
D.
ED
Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.
Ex ample:
��'i "'C'' t� tJ'-: � *"'? "'C tj \' tt � -lt h,o T
o•-,.:
*9 �z:, :::J-t::-��ctJ. @tijtg ®
Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms.
Example:
ED
�Jt� � "'C, :J -l::- � 1x� � T o �� �
�
(1)
oo
oo DO
B.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.
1.
l\
t: t
5.
h
J;,
n
6. :k¥ t:1t < t::\ 'I)'(
(;i:\\
,,
B�FJJ7.1'® �*it fvfJ' bo
(J)
A.
j:; }$\ g t:A 6 .).
® J�'A r:� �* �o
-c,.;._ L '(>
l
4. kt�''t t:% 7 1:: t
3. �lf!. � Ft ry ; ,.
2. J 't t:l)�; i.,. r
kt�''t 0 7 't t:ff <
t; 1J'Iv
Add reasons to the following sentences.
1.
7t.�tj:k� ·-e L t;:o
-\::t/vl•P·)
2.
3. &) 0 v A r 7 / t: 1t � j: L t;: a \'
5.
&) 0�@ � JL j: -1t ,Z,o ;(\1 I;�
f:..\ \........_lv
(name of a friend) 1.J{:k.P:t �-{'''"to t::."l. \
_,
h.
4. � 0 7 � 7 A � 1*- h. j: L t;: o '<>i'
B.
Pair Work-Ask each other why you think the following.
-M :: U: lv � iZ""' .f -tt Iva
Example:
i> ::.
f:..
A :
�
:ft. tJ: -¥A
bf:L
B : �-- �
:
.::·· tJ: lv � 1Z"'""
h -
L "'( "C'3n'o
A : &9:! ry J?�iJi'Jb r-·h
B :
.f -tt lva
f:
ry :!-tt lvn' t.:>
:ft. t .¥A .::··tJ: lv � iZ""':!
bf:L
i>
�-
t:
-tt lvo
B � lv tJ:?
a
.¥A, ·tt L " "'C"3n' t.:> i>
�
1 •·M'
'
2. � L t� Li V' :i --c·· 3o
3. �*' (name of a movie) � Jt :! 3o l-,.
Ln>'il '?
4.
� t7) �, (name of a restaurant) t:,ff �:! L t::.o
5. J?�7;{-tf /v-tf /v J9 ry ;! -tt" lvo 6. *-� lJ: E *-��>fa�! L ;! -tt lvo ' " ''hh,
1: llh,
:
:
---:.z,:-l-1
7 . *�' (name of a place) t:,ff � .f 3 o \\
:,\ 'L•!)1
0-rl/t:::�;� u* u� 5tJ' It
Pair Work-Propose to do the following things, using
* v J: ?f.J'.@)
T v e:·· � iff 3
Example:
It
.'
1. � � mnt �
2. rvc·���t�I>
4. 7!:.:£. t:&fl <
�.
:.�
7.
ikh���f�-?"'C < � �
t(7)
t,
10. � � M &tJ � l�
-
L
3. -=t1� � -r -? t::
I>
1t��7;·tt�
6. ����t�� �: t "?
L
·9. �Ji��� L �-LA,
!::
o
@ * ccY'JO)*l� (Review Exercises) n1vt.-�?
A.
Role Play-Play the roles of A and B with your partner.
Exam ple: Example-A
Example-S
Yo u are short of money and want
You are going on a trip tomorrow.
to borrow some money from your
You don't have money to lend to
fri end.
your friend.
A :
T.,;_j: � �IJ>', j?� � f€} ry b•tl
b·
-( t "< \ "< \ ''C"Th'o
B
0 t;�-c··-tt;·o �-· 7 L -co
A
0 JiJ L t:: tj�t:·t:, 0)�� a ··c---th· Go
B :
t:: {.
t; A..l: l"i U'
� .1 Th' Go --c--t, ht;L �t. t t;�h�J!J ry .i ��0 &; L t::, atzrrt:rr '' �1.:; h·n
(1) 1-A
1-B
You have a date tomorrow and
You just bought a brand-new car
want to borrow a car from yo ur
an d don't want anyone to use it.
friend.
(2) 2-A
2-B
You los t your J apanese t extbook,
You have a big t est in J apanese
but you need to study for a test
and need your textbook to prepare
tomorrow.
for the test.
(3) 3-A
3-B
You are asked to return your
Yo u asked your friend to return
frien d's vi deo today, but yo u for
your video to day . You need i t
go t to bring it. You want to return
today because you want to watch
it tomorrow.
it together with another friend.
(4) 4-A You
are
now
in
4-B your
friend's
You just baked a cake for your
house. You see a cake that looks
mother's birthday. Your friend is
very delicious. You loYe cakes.
in your house now.
B. Answer the following questions.
1. A,�0�*' M� L :i _,- -h' o .: A...Lt!)1
2.
Lt!)"lj" '"'?
(Answer with
-71�0*, J: \ M� L :i L f::."h'o .: �t
�
...
I::L�irl...
(Answer with
Jj,;.:
<;.:
4. 1[ llt 0 t? --c-- t::. t�r .:: �*- "? --c t "i:'I...L"
'"-'1.1•
"'
\
"'
\--c--..,-.;; ,0
T
5. :k!f: t:M�f� "? --c � :i ..,-.;;,0 t:.·I.,IJ'<
�·':
L
6. J: \ �Jl!. t:*- 0 l..,"h,o "("f...L<'
7.
L•o
8. -71� 0*, ..: l::'t
9.
?>
7't�, ffi;¥! � � h :i L t::.-h'
1:::.
o
hT
�--.:: --c--� t.f' :i L t:.-h' o h-'2
T1�0*, J: \ h�:: � � 4"-1�\r l L f::."h'o \
..: � t
lr h
� :.
� '? ""f
10. �·ft""'('' J: < *�11§- 0 l ..,-.;;,0 1::
Ltb·l...
"� "'C, �o")
>:,..· �:
UA,
b·
11. J: \ :77.A�1*-hl..,"h'o '(>-)
"�"'C,�o")
Dir e ctio n s Useful Expressions
_jL
_jL
irF-
4lt .ti:: t : aH 1; �' 6
;b t: abh{ 6
h.:--
u-t:.ry
!.
(turn left)
(turn right)
(go straight)
:!:
I .___ I __ 9 L_ �I
----.-----JI
-"'? V'l::.
§ <1>1t� � ;b t: abh{ 6 n
L/v.:·i
;,.s
:::. "':) §
.i.fo
.i
n
1,-1::. ·
Uf:'.ry
.i
(turn left at the second corner)
(turn right at the first signal)
it
�::.
(cross the street)
_
U'f:""Jf;:b
(left side of the street)
it
h':�- l;:h
(right side of the street)
D i rections
(north)
!: L
(east)
(west)
(south) *
*
A
:
T 7:1- j -lf h.to f�1�?oj IJ: (:::'' ;: "C''TfJ�o >'Pi (ffv��(
Excuse me, where B :
*
is
a post office?
.i -? -t <,, 1t-? --c... ..=. --J § 0) � �::lot: rtB 1;:-? "C \\
< t::' �
h?
¥)
b· �
h. !i'
fl\ 1�)6J tJ: ;,.<;, it 0) ::lo ;.�tq t: (b I, \0 >'Piiflv-"�< ;l;.C'iJ'.h
j
ry j -t J:
Go straight and turn right at the third corner. The post office is on the right side of the street. A : 2:::''-) b Jb ry 1;: <::: 7 :.,, �,," \ j
Thank you very much.
To
0
(•1
0 s s E IL %n�O)�� Family Picture 1J'
g
o
a
u
e
G) S ue is showing a picture of her family to her roommate, Michiko. hi?�:
�nU:A-:: .00��0�Jt --c·-Th'o ;,. �-<
L,•Lh..
2
A
3
h 1? � :
A-:: ;Ctj: �-·fl "(''Th 'o
4
A
�.n--C"To �{X0!3ift.i�h{P�h· tt"(l.r\� Lf-:o
s ht?� : 6
A
��
,: ").: "")
h· b" \" '--c· T Po
.:: n t.i X "C''To 7;}
7 8
7J
..............................
Gfv
G-\':>
t:<
D
1
N
it
1} 7J0%::f±t:ffJ�"(\,\� To i.I'"L<·
-:>t
ht>�
9 10
A
"' �To
T
\'.1
1"1�1Ji-_.Z_I.r\� To ,:=.�"(''To
12
...: 2:::. L
ht>�
f.l'?::.
'J
:- .{..�\'
-t- 7 --c·T h, o � -::; � �iii h { " ' �TPo t:J.:
--c· t �
14 15
lt..,.:.z.
J>tl
� 'J r; Jv t: 1:£.0 --c··" \ � To
11
13
:Z :Z o -kip t.i#.E":hi} L "C
1? J: -::; � *- -::;
--c " ' �T Po
A
([) A p hone ri n gs in Sue an d M i c hi ko's room. h 1? .:: :: .0� �M � L"C "'1..�.'(:
$q t:M t L "C
""""?
>::1:
"' �-lt �Co
"' �Th' o
�� A-:: .00�}![� /"t"C "' � To
''.!
L<>Lh..
h.
-t-7"C"Th'o };t L;;�.r,t··r·:th�-�ry �Th·�� lh'�t-:�JLt:*� 4
-lt" .0h'o
-*f t:{T-? "( t l.r \ l.r \ "C"Th'o \r \ \r \ "C''T Po A-:: .0t \\--:> L.::
6
o.t\- r
t f?.; lvo L
�
�
,
1" <·· ft � l 1"o
l\Iichiko: Is this your family picture. Sue? Sue: Yes. Michiko: Which is you? Sue: This. I \Yas wearing glassses \Yhen I was in high school. Michiko: You are cute. Sue: This is my father. He works for an American company. l\Iichiko: He is tall and handsome. Is this your elder sister? Sue: Yes. l\ly sister is married. She liYeS in Seoul now. She has one child. He is three years old. Michiko: I see. Oh, there is a cat. But he is a little fat. Sue: Yes, because he eats a lot.
Robert: :\lichiko, what are you doing nO\Y? Michiko: I'm not doing anything especially. I am looking at Sue's pictures. Robert: I see. I haYe an interesting Yideo. so if you like, would you like to come to see it? Michiko: That sounds good. Is it all right if Sue comes with me? Robert: Of course. Michiko: We'll come right now.
V N
o
c
a
b
u
a
r
y
o u n s
�iF
d!Jp
*
}/�- t-
(my) older sister apartment
"\ t -) t:
�
younger sister
-) t:::.
�
song
j?t:-)t
If.
younger brother
;ht:.:O)LJ't:
�O)A_
man
;h t:" \� lv
;h)(.�lv
older brother
;htl.Z�Iv
;h�$ �lv
older sister
;h /vt:O)V't:
-f;t;O)A_
woman
*
h'"\ L "'(->
%;f±
company
*
h' ?c'' <
��
family
h·h.
� �
hair
� J: -) t::-�.- \
)(.�
brothers and sisters
< t:
@]
country; place of origin
< ; �
�
car
*
*
:J / t:'' ,::.. L J: < t:-- -3
1Zx
cafeteria; dining commons
t?t?
:)(
(my) father
convenience store
T S/ � '/
T-shirt
T-£-
*
L\
�
§
eye
&�)hip
H!Hft
glasses
-
a
d i
e c
d6 t:::. � h""\"\
t
v e s
YtJ!h''"\"\
bright; smart; clever (conjugates like "\"\)
1.1•-:;;.:\,\\,\
great-looking (conjugates like "\"\)
* *
•
cute
h'b\,\\,\
-fl:-IJ>'t-:.h'" \ Jd:h"V' < \,\
;'Flt.h"� " \
tall
j�t. h''1t \,\
short (stature)
t:h""\
-fkt,\
long
U:�"'
i! I,\
fast
h. t' h'"\
�.E."\
short (length)
Words that appear in the dialogue
fct- a d j e c t iv e s
L h--1!---:::> ( tj:)
;f1 W
kind conYenient
U -v e r b s
� t::. �
to sing
-/;> ): :f,
to put on (a hat)
�
�0 :f,
to get to know
L-?"C'-\lT
�o-? "C'-'i -t
I know
LryJ-1!-h-
�0 ry i -lt ,Z,
I do not know
ii. t,'
to liYe
L:f,
*
-tt; Li <
(
'"'"'
t: t ,\, --c��.' i i")
to put on (items below your waist)
*
)
�
.
� :f, )
�
.
�
to gain weight "?
-c
'-
,
J: -t
to be on the heavy side
R u -v e r b s
*
(.lb-b{tl�)
-l;·�t:f,
to put on (glasses)
�:f,
�:f,
to put on (clothes above your waist) to work for
C'""' t::--:> � &') -c '- ' 1 T) to lose weight to be thin
Ir r e g ula r
* �t-? .:: A, -t :f, A dv e rb s
to get married
a
tJ>'
d
0 t h e r
Ex p r e s sio n s but
* tj: t: t + negative ,._....
n
t: ,{,
not . . . anything [counter for people]
* V'�ry
one person
t::. ry
two people
)
�
.
* "'""- --:::> t: + negative
not .. . in particular
* t t:> .; ,{,
of course
* l -/;•-? t::. t?
if you like
G
A
r
a
m
m
r
a
verbal "te-form," when followed by the helping verb 1.' �, means either of the follow-
•
mg:
1
(a) an action in progress, or (b) a past event that is connected with the present. vVhich of these two senses a given verb is used in is to a large extent determined by the semantic characteristics of the verb. The verbs we have learned so far can be roughly divided into three groups based on their semantics. (1) verbs that describe continuous states (2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time (3) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous We have not seen many Group 1 verbs. So far we only have Ji> � and
1.'
�.
The te-forms
of these verbs are never used together with the helping verb 1.' �, so we will have nothing to say about them in this section. Many verbs belong to Group 2. They include verbs such as �""'-;, � L', and .f�-?. When �
l
:
the te-form of a verb in this group is followed by the helping verb 1.' �, we have a sentence describing an action in progress. 7-
-
� .Z. t;;t A,� 5§1 L "C '-' " .:!: i' o � \ .t
Sue is studying right now.
"'h.� .t 1
t::. tt L � .Z. t;;t � � (}) *- � �'it .Z. -r--" ' 1 � \\
:_·
You can also use a
t.i.{.
�
J:
-to
Takeshi is reading a book in English.
--c 1.' .i T sentence to describe what a person does by occupation.
The first example below therefore has two interpretations: one, you are teaching English
right at this moment; and two, you are an English language teacher (but are not necessar ily in class right now).
1 The �
distinction between .�' � and � � that we learned in Lesson 4 does not apply to this helping verb
-c �' �: you can use
�
-c �' � both for living things and for inanimate objects.
ft. tJ: * � � � � --c '- ' .i To
nr:L
;t.
;-; L
:..·
I teach English. I I atn teaching English (right now).
1) -�A-. tJ: a.:$.���?! L --c '-' .i -to JV!ary studies Jap�;� es;. livfrn:y is studying Japanese ;1. 7
-
'A-
--
-< A. '-
0
(right now).
Verbs in Gr oup 3 describe changes from one stat e to another . If you get married, or *tiil�
It.-,.:.(,
T {>, for example, y our status changes from being s ingle to being married. \Vith these
v erbs,
2
"C " ' {>
indicates a past occurrence of a change which has retained its s ign ificance
until the present moment . In other ·words,
"C "' {>
describes the result of a change. 3
Professor Yamashita is married.
4
JV!ichiko is seated near the window.
Here are some more examples of Yerbs that are commonly used in th e
"'""'"C " ' {>
frame-
work.
N= -:J
A
L
-
� A_. tj: h � � t::
<
b·h
� A_. t� ""'? --c I. \ l T ...
Sue has a lot of tnoneJ•.
�o-"G
�p ""'? l
L
-7
;k-"G
.).�
tL r 7t 1:. tj: * � � �o ""'?
--c I.\;
'<':!
(knows)
:
L
}' J., � A-.l.±"t? J: ""'? �
:k-? "'C I.\.'!> ;�
(is overweight) -7
:t ·'
--c �. \ 1 -t
0
Professor Yamashita knows English.
. .
-f->-tt-"G
L: ; ".!A..".t-•
0
-f-> -1:!- --c I.\;
Tom is a little overweight.
ft. 0 ��tj: �
bf:L
(is thin)
iz-? "{I.\ l To
_;.�
t-;�1
--c t -f-> -tt --c '-' ' .i To
My younger brother is very thin.
2Among
the verbs we haYe learned so far, verbs such as � � �, 1f < , ��, *�, ;b -h· �, :± -h' �t �, J!t�, h ""'('" J£�, ?f.IJ, jRT, i$n�. fti� �.!It��. t"l-:>"'C < �. i!tt"'C < �. ��T�. *.�, �-lt�, ��belong to J.·t .. , J-, L -_, Group 3. In most cases you can determine \Yhether a verb belongs to Group 2 or 3 by checking if the verb \•
1#
.•
II•}
lt-,.:.A.
tn
.;�
�
allows for a phrase describing duration, such as - aHa, . Compare, for example,
0:1l.l.i�0-7-'*M-*��.hi Lf.:o X
• ·�� l Q·J{..lU
hf.:l
i
• ��
1 .6•,4
I read a book for an hour yPsterday.
;f.t- ti-*M?tt: 1 L f:.o (Ungrammatical, much as the English translation "I died for an hour" which
4>/':l
•
.r, 1 Q·A.. t
is also odd.)
UU:.: thus belongs to Group 2, and ?f.IJ to Group 3. �
L
3In Lesson 9, we will observe that this result of a change reading is actually not restricted to verbs in 4
Group 3, but can be associated with those in Group 2 in certain contexts. ote that the sentence does not mean Professor Yamashita is getting married.
8 .... ��\5.3Z:�ii ;f; ... ��; j.;
�
f/;
��"(\\;
JS X� h.t ti� � "'C \\iTo
1i. h.t "('' \\ �
;.;
X�� tiJft.Jj0:1i.A..t "'C''\\iTo
-t
��
!.H.i
1:: 1
�d
-t
My father and mother live in Tokyo. �t. �3($ ti a *-04�.±. t:fh50 --c �, \ �
"(\\; f/;50 (works for)
�
':-
r 1-
�1
(lives in)
; 50
')
Dad is up and awake.
(is awake)
-t
-n:
Mary is wearing I wears a T-shirt.
J'. 7
j.;
1i. t;
- � h.t tt T � -t" 'J � � "'C \\ � To
\\; �"( � ( wears)
l?t:L
?�
i>i:l
1:1!.4.-
l.>·l•L�·
?�
-to
lilly older sister works for a Japanese company.
Note that verbs like IT < and *; belong to this group. Thus IT-? "C "'; and * "C "'; (
\�
\�
!<
indicate the current states that result from prior movements, not movements that are currently in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences mean. 'o/ l�H:tf "'? "'C \\iTo \'
Somebody has gone to I is in China.
::,tP-).:: <
Not: She is going to China.
Somebody has come over to visit. Not: Somebody is coming over. Finally, a note on conjugation. The helping verb "'; conjugates as a ru-verb. Thus we have long forms as in the following example. negative
affirmative present
past
�"'\<:l. '*9
�"'\"Ll. '*ttfv
He is eating.
He is not eating.
�-"'\ <: l. \* IJ t::
�-"'<:t-'*tt.lv -c· u t::
He was eating.
He was not eating.
t=
t:
t=
t:
II To describe somebody who has long hair, one could say: r J.,. � 1v 0� ti-& �, \ --c,·-t 0 1.>•7,
�·!.>•
Tom's hair is long.
But in fact it "\YOuld be far more natural in Japanese to say:
Tom has long hair. (=As for Tom, he has lo,ng hair.) This applies not only to discussions of the length of one's hair, but to descriptions of a person's physical attributes in general. § ..,
* � "'
nn
If
�;_
A :: .0 tj:
+
iJ>.'
�
X.
,J,::'v\
,,
Person
A
has a body part which
l;•;f?l,\\-\
is .
. .
hl
In idiomatic collocations, ''"e also haYe: is tall
if•iJ>.'i� .... \ ii� iJi''v .... \ �
i>f�
0
V"(
\
is short
is bright/smart
Te-forms for Joining Sentences
In the last lesson, we discussed the use of verbal te-forms to join sentences. "\- and �-adjectives and "C"T after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two
elements to form longer sentences. The te-form of an "\-adjective is formed by substituting < "C for the final "\. The te-form of a lj:-adjective and a noun+ --c·-t sequence is formed by adding --c·· to the base or the noun. L \-adjectives: irregular: t,J. -adjectives: noun + c9:
3i:L \
?
L\L\
?
]'[;3[ ( t,J.) �lv �
?
:n:;3[c
?
S*Ac·
�·
S*.A. c·9 (;: liflvt;lv
�<<:
�.--
�<<: �lv� r::
-
liffvljfv-
� O)m 0)1Z""4� tt � < --c, h-it
t">
t:
\">f
}.; " ' L" \ --c-·-to
The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious. � O)A.t.i"' \"::) t U'l::
5t�--c-·,
ItA.
}.; t L.; "\ --c-·-to
•
That person is always energetic and fun to be with. � T �� lj 8 +A. "C'\
\'>.i Lt:%4-it••
1:
1!4L4
1!9+ fi& <· G " \ --c··-to .::4l:>O?!'\•
Professor Yamashita is a Japanese and he is about forty years old.
a
verb stem+
r:n< L\
If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their movement and its purpose this way:
destination of movement
(;:
{ } Ithe
purpose of movement
/'\.
{ �y< }
11::: ¥� ��� tJ'�
The purpose of movement can either be a noun like 1i" '�� (shopping), or a phrase ;-;·
!,.lTJ
consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth. Verbs describing the purpose of a movement must be in their stem forms. Stems, as we learned in Lesson 3, are the part you get by removing .i i' from the verbs' present tense long forms. stems:
f-"'C*9) 'Ch(*9) etc.
T-F�- r t:ln-ti'lv � j!(" \lt:rr � l L t:o IJ'
• •
I went to a department store to buy a bag. ;:< 7 1)- � lvt.l 8 +t:l8 +� � �1! L1t:* 1 L t:o !: !1/v
t: f.:A. .:·
""'A..,�. .d
5
Mary has come to Japan to study Japanese.
li:l
Counting People
The "counter" for people is A.. but "one person" and "t,Yo people" are irregular: -A.
and :::-A. . .;.t, �
,_,_
'..!' 1:: �
v- 'C ry
(-A.) ) t::. ry (::..A. ) :: !vt:!v (.=:.A.) �t:!v (ll9A.) :::_•' t: !v (.liA.) .; < t: !v (�A.) L t?t:!v/��t:!v (-tA.) tj t?t: !v (.1\..A.) � vp -) t: !v (JLA.) t vp -) t: !v (-t-A.) .,
,
one person two people three people four people fiYe people six people seyen people eight people nine people
-FJJ-..1,\J T'h'o
ten people
·::.<,.: .<,
To count people in a class, for example, you can add '"""'A. after the noun and the particle !:�
-h�-. and say:
I
person
1J''
X�
L
'*9
{L,. C1) 7 7 At: (LJ:) A rJ .:r. -f' :/ J-.. C1)��1Ji'-J-.. \\ l To L:.<.h·<1f•• '..1'1::.'1
.ht�L
There is one Swedish student in our class.
The place expressions are often followed by t: t;i instead of t: in this type of sentence.
� J.,J2 ./
0�51:ffv
-
I'-
E
x
p
r
e ss i o n
N o t e s
�,3\� ��means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social
30t
calL"
;o;;,
When I was a child, I often played with friends. You must not play around until late.
I went to Tokyo to have fun last weekend. Please come and see us.
Note that "to play" as used below requires different words. Sports: to play tennis
7;::. A �9 .Q
to play basketball Games: to play Yideo games to play cards
;
�9 .Q 7 v t• 7-L. �9 .Q
"A 7 'Y 1-
}- 7 /'-/�9 .Q
Music instruments: to play the guitar
.::r:·::1-�� t.'
fO\ �
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CDiDJ1d: uc:L '*91J' f..J:I;:
A . Look at th e pictures below an d an sw er t h e qu estion s. BJ
A
: /- 7
1)
-
:: lv t.i 7 v t:· � Ji. "'C "' \ � To ;h
(2)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(lO)
(8)
B.
(11)
Pair Work-What were you doi n g at th e followi n g ti mes y est er day? Be as specific a s po ssi bl e (wh ere, with whom, an d so on). Example:
2
P.:\1.
--7
A : �1k.=.wt::..··;;-M� L "'(\\� Lf:::.-h�o .:
.:
.:
t:
J;.. .·.:
B : ;JJ:.. t:· � � �� � --c-- � '� L "'C " \ � L t:::. o 1. 6
A.M.
2. 8
.· DL
3. 10
.-UI.
5. 6
P.l\1.
6. 8
P.::\I.
7. 11
P.:\I.
4. 12:30
P.::\1.
C. Class Acti vity -Let's play chara des . The teacher g i ves a sentence card to each stu dent. One of the students m i mes the sentence . All other stu dents guess what the person is doing an d raise their han ds when they recogn ize the action . The person t hat gets the most points is the winner. Example:
m o/ �!vt.± �'4i} ··e�$ \ '-z·· �,-' £ To f;. :..·.?·
�;!..
;.; J:
0 s:X:c!fvrctc� r:iifvc'l. '*9tJ' c?
�
A. This is Sue's family. Answer the following questions. 8J Example:
Q : }.; X� A, t.± �-·.:: t:1i !v -z·· \' £ Tt;�o �;
-.
A : }.;X�h,lJ=-.:z.-3-:7t:fi!v"'C··�,-,£ To �1
T
1. }.; :!t$ �!vtj �--.:: t: 1i !v -z·· \, \£ ni.
T
..., 1;•
0
2 . � � /vt.±T ./. 1) 7J t:1:£!v"(''l.,\£ Th�o �;�
3.
}.;-qt �!v t.±-FI � L --c 1.,' £ Th'o
4. }.;�i?�.Z,t.±1PJ� L-z�.,,j:Th�o
5.
}.;�rr�!vt.±��L-z�.,,£ Th�o
6. � �!vU�5:kt} L --c �,' £ Th'o
I•?.:A,
hi.
7. }.;X�!vt.±1PJ�-z-·Tt;�o �;
(.·A.,.�l\
�1
l:liA-
hi.
�?l:::
Father
h·••L<>
lives in N.Y.
Mother
<.:!:
lt�.:A...
8 . � � /vtj-FJ"�"('' Th'o �it:
9. }.;X�!vt.± a *-0%;f.±. t:i/;cV) --c �,' £ Th'o
B.
T
;:a.·h,.�l.'
">�
works for an American company
48 years old
high school teacher
45 years old
Sister
lives in Seoul
works for a bank; married
27 years old
Brother
lives in London
student; not married
18 years old
Pa ir Work-Ask about your partner's family and fill in the blanks below.
Jl "'(•' ..., 1;' 1PJh.:·\\ �..
}.;X::!v �1
}.;-qt�!v ,;.�,
}.;)L�!v !:� \
}.; :krp �!v h�
��!v
t-;�1�
��!v
\\b-lt:
M�L-z�.,,£Th' J;.Lt:
�-·.::t:1i!v"f'\ '£Th� T
�5:k�L-z�.,,£-th· (f "?.:A,
® WEBt!fv(ctf.'tt"Lt, ' * 9 (Describing People) t>ae tc.
A.
Look at the picture and answer the questions.
A :
6]
tj\ '� J. m � 10 tj �-tt --c \' .i -to ""'1 to
1. J. m � ;0 tj2\.. "? "{\\.i -th� o \'•!. t;
.;.�::
->C> .i
r1-
2. J. m � 10 tj T :./-\' './ � � "'C \'.i -th�o t;
';.
3 . 6JI]�.Z,tj1PJ � �"{\\j:Th�o .J: L&·b
4.
�:1:
:.
J.EB�/0tj:,/-/;( � tj\\"{\'j: -th�o
'C>.i
t;
5. eJIJ�.Z,tj&f>I.J>';f-J � h�tt"{'.\j:Th�o .J: L&·b
6 . eJIJ�.Z,tji.J•� � t�-?"{"'\.iTh�o .l: L&·.h
t
8. 6Jll � ;0 u��f·h>'1� \, \ "'C"-th�o .l: L&·.h
-\1:
i.l"(
9. J.EB�.Z,tj�IJ>'-&'-'"'f'Th�o -'(>;!
t;
&·7;.
t;;:&'
10. eJIJ � /0tj § IJ>',.J, � 1,\"'(''TIJ�o .l: L &·.!?
.,
..,,,
B.
Look at the picture below and describe each person.
C.
Class Activity-One student describes another student without mentioning the name. The rest of the class guesses who the student is.
Example:
�h').\1 'v '--c··-t o T �-\' '/ � � "{ 'v ' .i To :/- / 7.' � tj'.'"'C '.'.i-tt 10o
&·7;.
7;.1.:&·
7.;-
:.
® 7\:�lct'JT u < c: ��ttL' c9 1:::�\ tJ�<
A.
®1:::6
Make sentences using two adjectives.
Example:
-
7::.'!f: ..
:ffr L \'/ � tL \' t:t
@) ----')
* '* t.±:ffr L < -c.
r:. \ ,,;. <
l>f:?
�n\, -c---r o
* � \ \/ �: y f" I;• t:t
i-in
2. �t;:::�.z. 3 . t� t t L � A-.
-
4. r /'�- r
- tt�J·t:t/7::... � \\
5.
:ffr�f"�-! L !(..b·l(..-\tlv
(
.li"
f�:?·
(Bullet Train) -
7 . {1 C7) 00 C7).A._ bf:l
""�1::.1; �-� " '/ 1.1' -? ::: LT
6 . .A - � A-.
B.
�n�.r,t:t/��L�.r'
1:
�,�
-
�.r ' "
'
;.;;.; -
i! \ '/ --:1(.. 1.t:f•J 1:t ry
!H'
�J{ 1.1 {\'\'/ t�:!JJ 1;t !... �""'.!""'?
i>l:.!
it� t:t / t: �--� I;• t:t
I'!(.. �-
Looking back on your childhood, make sentences using the given cues.
Example:
my n ext- door neighbor - tall & kind ----')
1 . my t own
<:: t:t � 0 A. t .±, U'�
�1::.1; { � < -c -
f:b·
,
:f.Jt-lJJ "C'' L t� o Ll(..-lt-?
- quiet & nice
2. my teacher -big & scary 3 . m y house 4.
- old & not clean - long & n ot interesting
classes
5 . m y friends - kind & interesting - lively & f un
6. sch ool
7 . h omew ork -difficult & tough -small & cute
8. myself
C.
Describe the following items using two or more aqjectives.
Example:
my roommate ----')
{1 0 Jv- L. ;( - r (roommate) t.±:f.Jt -lJJ "C'' � t L .; "' "C''T o
bt:L
-
{1 0 'v- L. ;( - r t.± :f.Jt w -c-- "t 1.1 , ,
bt:L
L
1(..-lt -?
L I(.. -It-?
""::) j: � t:t " '-c-- "to
1. my hom etown
2 . my c ountry
3 . my Japanese class
4.
5. J apanese people
6 . p eople of my country
one of my f am ily m em bers
@)
0 B9Hlru�5ef��1"�*9 ;tl\ 1f
l\
�
A. Sue is going to the following places to do the things below. Make sentences like the example.
Example: Jf:;M� �!1 �
-
@D
-
1;• ..); � (Kabuki) � Jt; �
7..- � .Z. LL
1. ...LLil.-....L.LIV
-
2 . @J:!tg
-
3. 4.
-r·-7o � &j ;:.
!:: L .t lrlv
1zx
�1!J&J U'lv.'.t<
-
L � (!::" 1
tl>i
7. IIIJ
-
8. 7'/�- r
-
9. lP1 �tx
-
;!t:,
� ::_''t.i ,Z,
B.
::·
� 1z""; to
-I:JJ-=J- � 1{-) �?
�
n·
i'Qi ..); J>.::
<
.-::> �1{-) n·
�� � �x_; :::1
10. ��� �"'?
n·
ll'?
.i' lo
.:: i .:: i
<
* � 11§' � �
IJ/v -
,,
h
.'d!::
'( lv
:::
-
r;L
t:
-
� 1k
For what purpose would you go to the following places?
1. :::1 / t:•..::. �=
t:rr � 1 To ,,
�=rr � l l f::o
2 . ** �= � i :...t1 3. @.]:!itt: !::
4.
�=-fr � iTo
L .t h·lv
,,
t:l}� � l To
�t:
\ \ ;t
I;· f.
5. ::k¥ t: t�"n'
t=*-l l f::o
<
�'
® �(7)g����3l:OJAti'foJAL '*91J' �
�
ak�
o�
u���
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.
1.
.: 0)��& t: � O)A_;Qi'-FJ A\.\j: T h'o "
-{>
;-;�::.:
2 . .: 0)��& t:
:t?:::
t.;.{.:.{
A_;Q>'-FJ A\. \ j: T h 'o �;(..:,(,
--.-. --t: h..
(natwnahty)
3.
.: 0)��& t: �7]>'-fk \. \A_;Q>'-FJA. \.\� Th 'o
4.
.: 0 ��& t: 5t � t: A.h "M A. " ' � T h • o
" ......
<>
lr7-
�
c.:,;'
:.-•�:
�.. r.
(¥A, �
:.;J(,.:J(,
�·,{..:A.,.
®*c�O)��
tl.fvGIP5
A.
Answer the following questions.
1. �-· .: t: 1i. ,z, --e '- ' � -t
i" h
•
o
2. *'�1l� L --c '- '� T h'o
4.
8.7.fs-.0)� � �0-? !:!!;(.
if:
L
"('.\ � T h'o
5. E.;$.�0)7\':.i.lJ:�E--FJ�ft"C'-'� "Til·/li'-'"C'-'.i T h'o !:
lih, .:·
:. .:: 7
{l'J(,.;tl •
�.:
:.
6 . JL�h'.'-'l T h'o fPIA.'-' l T h'o ':-dt:• ·
7 . j:; 5><: � �'1
8.
{;J(,!:J(,
.z,/ j:; � � .z, ti �··.: t: ifJ 60 --c '-' :f i" h · o �-
9. �iJXO)*, .:-1.:-1
B.
?�
-J-1� 0)*, § ��Jlt � {�-? "( '. \ l .: �·t l:c· �::::.
t.:"i:h..L'i>
t
. :1!1(, ::.:
L
8 .7.Js:..� � �0-?
"( \.\ l
L f::. h'o L f::. h'o
Class Activity-Show a pi cture of your family to the class and describe it.
Parts
of
the
Body
&0(§)
tt (liN)
� L
(X.)
Family Someone Else's Family I.
I
Father
;bX��
Older brother Older sister Younger brother
0;
I I
B: Informal Situation
X
;f;X:�A..,
I
;!?��� ;1:;5(.�� .:. ..
;I? :It$��
!::-j
::., � ..
�
;I:;��A.,
5(.
;j:;J(.�A..,
:It$
A., ;I? I'>:It$� X.
l.Hl
lri;
i:. � \
J;t:
ht'l
l•:t
�� A.,
�
i>!:i!:
i>!:-il:
�
��A.,
Younger sister
. ��;it:
I
Husband
Grandfather
.::·' .;tA..
if_A.. /:K. 1 ��-.�.
*(See below.)
$!:�A.,
�1*1/� h•'l'·' ?j
*(See below.)
;l?l:\.\��
:fllX
;l?l:\.\�A..,
B tr .:b � ,z,
:fll�
;I? Lf .:b �A.,
:?%
;;<
Grandmother
I
Child
�� ....-)�
L ,.,. l:A.
I
\iVife
Own Family
A: Formal Situation
I
:;: .;
I
Mother
I
II.
...
�
f!'
-Ji?Cl)-f
;1?-f�A..,
*Depending on each person, several words are used for spouses, e.g., for husband, t� lv �,
1 't;,(l)J...., and for wife, :k�, '717, -n-�::lv, and so on. !.;"�
. .:.:..,!1
*
*
A : mt:F �,Z,C1JJ:;X � h.-tj-FJ�--c-·-tn·o f: (J.'Ir
�-)
�·A,��'
X ljli. f-�''("To �? t, : l•n?:;. \' [informal] h X � h.- tj li. f-� --c-· To
B : [formal]
*
How old is your father, Mr. Tanaka? My father is 50 years old.
:
: t�?:. �\ ;.
t: 1
A : mt:f�,Z,C1J};JL�,Z,tjt:''_:t:{i,Z,"'(··�,,.;t'tn'o "t
1:••
to �.?-
Where does your older brother live, Mr. Tanaka? B
To
My older brother lives in Tokyo.
[formal]
JL tj J!Cijn : 1i. h.- --c·· " ' j
[informal]
h 5L � A, ljJtt * t: 1i. A, --c··" ' j To
.1;1:
I:: "i !-li
.:\..
"t
� 'l�.t'l
-t
�A., and ;b:li$ ��when you talk to your older brothers Note that you can use ;1:;5(. tli. ,:\ and sisters. The younger brothP.rs and sisters are called by their names. Younger brother: Older brother:
J:;JL �,Z,o -:·.:
Hi, Big Brother. What is it, Taro?
(M8• I
L
E
s
N
0
s
..............................
J \-I'Z=t:-=r..- Barbecue a
(D
o
g
u
e
At school.
1
ht?:.::
t::. ttL�lv, ch Lt::. hlv � "f:'/ ---
2
t::.ttL:
\,\1,\"(''Ttlo f�tl,iJ{*� TlJ>o
-
"""'
4" .:1.-
� L 1-tt-lvh.,.o
�
3
77-t?:.::
4
t::.ttL:
tt lv�lvlj ?
5
ht?:.::
ttlv�lvl.l/JvF\'1 �l;{j;)� � i--?"C"'� Lt::.o
6
t::. ttL :
�-:t"f:'Ttlo Mh.,.t�--? i""'� i L J:
ht?:.::
1PJt \,\� �1,\���\,\l To
7
,,
�·t:
([)
�
::.:c:
:!/,tJ/,
h
7 h·o
t
Robert is cooking at the barbecue. J:.4'-"C'Ttlo 0/'\-- � �lvl.l#J.!T�<1)iJ{�t�i"'-Th'o l:.d 1'
2
0 /'\-- �
ry;i ry
i.. i.., J: <
� "f:·1-F � i To
\
'*"
*
5
0/'\·- �
��&>) j: L J:
8 9
� J 1}
-
hlv � :
7 lJ>o
j;)--?' l t::·tx j �"\ "('' < t::·::: "\0
h 1? :.::
7
�<
*
1.1 1.: 6
-t
� 7 1) :
-
tJ)
::: lv t
*-� � i -? i" " j L t::. h· � i
,,
l( \ � "? "'( T h j: -tl:-/vo
�of
t f> j;)'
*-1� !
1.1·.{.!=· \
'
o
gj
Michiko: Takeshi, would you like to haYe a barbecue party tomorrow? Takeshi: That's nice. Who will come? Michiko: Sue and Robert will come. I think Mary will come, too. Takeshi: How about Ken? Michiko: Ken said he had a part-time job. Takeshi: Too bad. Shall I bring something? Michiko: I think nothing is needed.
0 Michiko: You are good (at cooking). Do you like cooking, Robert? Robert: Yes, I often cook at home. Michiko: Shall I help you with something? Robert: Well then, cut the tomatoes, please. *
*
*
Robert: Shall we start? Michiko: Don't dlink yet. Mary said that she would come. Mary: I'm sorry for being late. Everyone: Well then ... Cheers!
, I
I
\It I
'l I
,.,
,
,,,
*
;n: P r::l �
t=lv
V N o u n
o
c
a
b
y
m
ram
�, " \ L � " \ A..t
4.-- :t± �
office worker
the day after tomorrow
7J � 7
camera
7J 7 ;f 7
karaoke
��
air
�t ::
��)J
this morning
.: A..t tf "?
��
this month
L .:-- ?:::
1±*
job; work; occupation
t::' \ \ � f < -tt \ \
*. ¥ 1:.
college student
' � J -
disco
"'( A..t � J:: tl -J
��f*
weather forecast
� .: .;
p)f
place
r? r
� "'? � t: � >
*
r
s
j-'' 1 :A ::J
*
a
� :: -? 1: � I})
<
*
I
u
tomato
l:.
summer
fPJ�>
something
/ \ - j- 1 . / \ - --..:. · .. � .:::z.. -
party
U: L
chopsticks
..) � rP
barbecue
?!-
;j\ - b :A j- 1
winter homestay; living with a local family
fct *
.i �t \ L I1> 1
�i!
eYery week
G 1, \ �f--?
*�
next month
•
a
d i e c t
v e s
L J: -J f' ( � ) ""-.. t::. ( � )
J:Jf-
skillful; good at . . .
(� ��- )
r .=r-
clumsy; poor at . . .
(� �{)
\1J 7 6>) � \ ( iJ )
1f /6
famous
Ji) I}) � f �). �
m � >'F-t �
it rains
Ji:> G -J
�7\: 7
to wash
\\ 1
g7
to say
u - v e r b s
*
*
Words that appear in the dialogue
( ......_, 1.1�)
* I, \ �
to need
* �� < �� * �t 7
to be late (for . . . ) tB ·�
-
......._,
t o think
J
* ��
to cut
* --:::> < � * t -? "'( 1,. \ <
to make to take (something)
R u - v e r b s t ;; t ;; .z;. �
t .; t ;; Jt � to stare (at . . . )
* tj: t � �
(
......._,
�)
to begin
r r e g u l a r
v
e r b s
(
7 .-Z. ""C ..Z. -t �
��T �
to drive
� ..z. t� < -t �
j.7bi-t �
to do laundry
� 7 t -t �
M� l* -t �
to clean
* � 1 7 � -t �
#:t.! 't �
to cook
A d v e r b s
( �:)
a n d
0
t h
e r
......._,
�)
E x p r e s s
7 7 ..z.
uh-uh; no
7 .-Z.
uh-huh; yes
* 1.1 · .-Z. tl \. \
*'tf
* �-· ..z. tl ..Z. C "'(·· -t tl) * j t=.· + negative * h ..Z. � -c-
j� � ( ""C'' T tl) That's too bad.
o n s
Cheers! (a toast)
not . . . yet all (of the people) together
G
0
r
a
m
m
a
r
Short Forms
In this and the next lesson, we will learn a new paradigm of conjugation, which we will 1
call "short forms. " Before we start worrying about their meaning and how they are used, let us first see what they look like. It should be obvious why they are called short forms. We will list the already familiar "long forms" to the right in the table below.
Present tense, affirmative long forms
short forms a
=±a:; �
verbs:
�d7-*9
J:
l. \-adjectives:
f.J'P l. \ l. '
fc:J: -adjectives:
ffitJ't�
f.J'Pl. \ l. n::·-g
b
[.,�
noun + c9:
J:
a
ffitJ' c 9
-
[.,�
b
�� c·9
��t.:
fJ'(ttLI--
h '
Present tense, negative long forms
short forms
�*fJ l.\
verbs:
c
J:
�d7-*itfu d
l. \-adjectives:
f.J'Pl.' < fJ l. '
fc:J: -adjectives:
flitJ' l..i � tc�: l. \
d
[.,�
noun + c·g:
�� l..i � fc:J:l.\
d
fJ'
J:
f.J'P l. ' < ® 0 *itlv flitJ' l..i � ® 0 * it lv V9'
�1: L.i � ® 0 *itlv tJ'
The following rules summarize how short forms are constructed.
Verbs and l. \-adjectives in the affirmative (a above) 7
same as their dictionary forms
fJ-adjectives and noun + c·g in the affirmative (b above) 7
replace c9 with t.:
l. \- and tc:�:-adjectives and noun + c9 in the negative (d above) 7
replace ® 0 *itlv with fJ l. \
1 Various names have been given to this paradigm. They include "plain forms," "informal forms," and " direct style." Long forms, on the other hand, are often called "polite forms," "formal forms," and "distal styIe . "
As noted in Lesson 5, the adjective " \ " \ is irregular. Its negative short form is J:: < � " \. Verbs in the negative need to be analyzed in more detail, because
and irregular
ru-, u-,
verbs conjugate differently. Negative short forms of verbs (c above) ru-verbs: Take the final -@ off and add tJ:l \.
u-verbs: Take the final -u off and add -anai.
�< 11'
�1J'fJ:l \
-?
�159
-?
w-:J
-?
ftf.::tJ:l \
9EtYJ
-?
9EtJ:tJ: L \
==a:; aJi:
-?
�*tJ:l\
l
��tJ:l\ l
-?
f'F 6tJ:l \
hi< <:'
-?
hi<1J''�l \
!J!J!,3\
-?
IJ!J! l
=
-?
�b�l\
J:
l.,
-::J (
d;;J:
d;;J:
;;:
l.,
f'F-@ -::J (
11'
-
�?
J:
11'
11'
( -@
��L\
(1)
J:
J:
irregular verbs:
vtJ:L'
9-@
(2)
exception: (3)
tJ: l \
�-@
With verbs in the negative, the following three points are worth noting.
(1) The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana ") are '"'"' :b � " \ instead of "' J;; � " \ ·
2
(2) The vowel changes with the irregular verb < � . (3) The verb &1; � in the negative is � " \.
R
Uses of Short Forms
We now turn to discussion of how we utilize short forms. In this lesson, we will learn to use the short forms in the following four contexts: • In represented, or quoted, speech ("I think . . . , " "She said . . . " ) • In casual conversations, as signs of intimacy • In making negative requests ("Please don't . . . " ) (See 3 on p. 157.)
2This suggests that the bases of verbs like
'.1{ -J and % -) actually end with the consonant
�
nant remains dormant when the base is f llowed lacking, but it surfaces with the vowel
a
following,
by the vowel
w.
This conso·
i, thus we have }{ \ ' .i T, where
w
is
•·
}{ .b ;J: \ \ . This mystery consonant also explains why
..
the te-form of such a verb has the small -?, just like verbs whose bases obviously end with a consonant, such as
� 6 and 1*-?. :t
• In expressing ideas like " I like doing . . . " or " I am good at doing . . . " (See 4 below.) Quotations
To quote a person's utterances or thoughts, you use a clause ending with a
predicate in the short form, plus � � -? "'C �., \ � L t� (They said " . \•
.
. " ) , � �� 1, \ � T (I think ht
that . . . ) , and so forth. � is a quotation particle, which does the job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" " ) in direct quotation.
0
0
.A - � A..- t.;L
Sue said that there would be
Casual conversations
P
an
exam tomorrow.
Two people who are close friends or family members speak with
short forms at the end of sentences, using them as a sign of intimacy. The use of long forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to " keep a proper distance" from the listener. Short forms, then, are like talking on a first name basis, while long forms are like using "Mr." and "Ms." It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. First of all, Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in many cases totally preclude the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship.
31\ote that the present tense in Sue's original utterance is presen·ed in .\ l aD·'s report. 4To sar that rou don't think something is the case. it is more common in Japanese to say it like - f.c lt) c .�, I,) 1 T (I think that something is not the case) than - c .�, It) a; 1!-lv (I don't think) . Therefore: nt
�L
(:fkt.�;l:) ;I. 7 lJ - � lv �;l: t.:. tt L. � fv iJHff � {; {> 1;;. t, ) c .![!. t,) * T J>f.: ..,. jj t.. I don 't think .11ary likes Takeshi ( = I tlzink J!ary doesn 't like Takeslzi.) 0
Second, license to use short forms is not mutual; senior partners may feel perfectly justified in using short forms 'Yhile expecting their junior partners to continue addressing them with long forms. Thus if somebody 'Yho is older, say, your Japanese language professor, talks to you using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you should return the favor. Here are a few observations on the grammar of short forms as they are used in casual conversations. • In the casual conversational use of short forms, question sentences do not end with the question particle -h', but with rising intonation alone. • The t=.· ending of �-adjectives and noun + --c·· -t constructions (b in the previous sec tion) is usually dropped. In casual conversations, U: " ' and " ' " ' i... are often replaced by the less formal -J lv and
-J -J lv .
To request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative verbal short form plus --c·· < t:: �
G .:: .:: --z-·· � Jt � tl � L '(> L A-
" '·
7j: \. \ --(·• \ f::_· � \. 'o
Please don 't take pictures here. negative short form + c
< t�ts.l-\
Please don't . . .
•
Short forms are used in constructions where verbs and adjectives are to be treated as nouns. Thus :tL I J: '"'-' -h {1tf .!- --c··-t / .!- G " , --c··-t can, besides describing your preference for -t
l>t;L
items denoted by nouns, such as �;, also describe your preference for activities, such as t> ::
swimming, drinking coffee, and studying Japanese. Add express the idea of " doing x."
(fld.±) a! : *-� � --
I like studying the Japanese language.
(fldJ:) :g� � � {f'*'T � O)t;{ � G "' ' --c·· To "' hf;L
<'
-< 1
t:
I don 't like cleaning my room.
(J)
to a verbal short form to
"To be good/bad at doing something" is "-'iJ''J:...f--r·-t (is good at . . . ) and "-'7J1T- ..f- "C·-t (is bad at . . . ) .
1:;1 -r
5
�
t,
like doing . . . person let
doesn 't like doing . . .
activity (verb) (J)fj\
is good at doing . . . is poor at doing . . .
It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the association between X
,..__,
1: � ' {> and the verb in the -ing form in English.
t� � t L � lv tj � � � � L "( I; >'T 4'- "('' T 0 ;t .. , ..: r.:..-:: t:.. �
Consider what 0 .1 '- 1- ::-. ..Z, t:i�'f*'- t : .ff � .;t L t: means. This sentence of course is about ;.; � !.•l)
�·
Robert and describes what he did. It is likely to be uttered when the topic of Robert has already been breached. Grammatically speaking, (1) the noun
o .1 ' -
1- stands as the
subject in relation to the verb .ff < (he was the person who performed the going), and ,. (2) the noun is, per the function of the particle t:i, presented as the topic of the sentence (as for Robert, he went to Okinawa). What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say: ROBER T went to Okinawa.
5To describe one's skills or lack thereof, we also often use a different set of expressions, namely, �-h� t:
< \ '-c·-t (is comfortable with . . . ) and �-hq: il{ -c -c·-t (is uncomfortable with . . . ) . fJ... tj: B .:f:.* � �T 0 -h � t < , , -c·-to 1 :.
1..1';1,.
1!/.,.
..:
L!�
I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese.
This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered with an extra emphasis on the name Robert. His identity is the new piece of information provided by this sentence. It is one of the functions of the particle l)t to (1) present the subject of a sentence in a way such that (2) the noun will "fill in the blank on the information sheet." The "blank on the information sheet" is a question word like t:n and M. The above �::
sentence will fill in the blank left out by:
f�';h,'b�5tf'�t t ::: ;ft � � L f::. 'b 'o i. l j; � �i?
Who went to Okinawa?
As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never followed by the particle t .l , but always by the particle IJ{. As we have seen, a noun that will provide the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle 'h''.
'(_-- � -:; 7 .A IJ� h t L ;; " ' --c·-t'b·o
Which class is (the most) interesting? a *-� � .7 7 -A IJ �- h t L ;s �, , --c· -to I:
lih-
:::_·
Japanese class is. ( ;:: � .7 7 A "(" ) f�' ;h,IJ>'� 'b�'tJ_ � '/.]• tt "( \ \ � T IJ•o
Who wears glasses (in this class)? � r 7r. .i. IJ"� IJ{tl � 'b· tt --c " ' � -to
'<" !. L t� -tth- -tt••
Professor Yamashita does.
Cl The word for "something" is
f!'h', and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is
Mt. "Some" and "any" in: positive statements questions negative statements
f.J' fcl f.�:I:: fcl f.J'
something
=b + negative fcl t.J:I::
not . . . anything
t.J:I::
anything?
These two words are used in places where th e part icles t.i, -h'·, and � are expected. In these cont exts, they are used on their own , without the help of p arti cles. We will learn in Lesson 10 what to do
in
cases where particles other than these are expected.
I, \ I, \ � , �t/dj:¥J t �� .1 -lt A, "{'' L f::. o � t:. b :.
No, the cat did not eat anything.
� JJ2 /
Od::-5 l:ffv
t---
E
x
p r e s s1 o n
N o t e s
-9-@ ...,.. Most irregular verbs are compounds of nouns and the verb 9 � .
If
you have learned an irregular veru, Lherefure, ruu have also learned a noun. verbs
nouns
#tl 5!fi9 �
"""-�.::?
ex.
f-l.Jlt!
ex. O J '\ � I- � /vO)��J.fti.tn ) J..., l.- )L"9o
#ft5�
"""-��?
to study
study
f-l. Jlt!9�
'h-7 ry
Japanese language study is fun.
1)�-j ry
to cook
���O)!!ti! J..., �.- �-r-9o
Robert's cooking is good.
cooking
Some of these nouns can be used as the "object"
t..: t1 L. � Iv ti$�0)ji� � L. * G t..:o .0..
'1>
7? �;
Compare: td1 L. � Iv t;t$�� tffl � L. * G t..:o � , (.;
the verb 9 � .
Takeshi cleaned his roorn .
-
.0.. '1>
of
(0\ W
-
p
�
tl.Jv
IJ�5
r
a
t
c
e
c
CD Short Forms A.
Change the affirmatives into negatives.
Example:
1.
2. £> �t {>
h .;
t;i t 60 {>
<
6.
9.
£> G �
10.
13.
Bt�
14. t -? ""'C 'v \ \
17.
� &0 7?{ ..), {>
5 . l;i
B.
t?· t? · "i ... \
�
t? · <
< {>
1. 11>
13. �
7 . -::) < {>
8.
1t lv t::. \ -t �
1 6 . t? · � {>
t::. n " < "i ... \
!J,Z, � t::'
�
It'� �
9. t::. ... \ .r-...,. h, f-3.'
1;• �t {>
15 . ti ... \ ,;
�
5 . h t 1; • ... \
4.
12 . £> {>
t::. n' '- \
� &0 ... \ t-3.'
3. -t L·
11 . h -t n {>
Change the affirmatives into negatives.
Example:
8J
8J
t � "i '- \
2 . J':> &0 t::'
3 . '- \ .:C t? { L '- \
6.
7.
L ,4, -tt --? t=.-
10 . 'v \ 'v \
4.
.!(-' , ... \
11. 1;> "?
.::
t? · h 'v \ 'v \
8. � *t 'v \ f-3_'
... \ ... \
12.
, � t-:.'
G '- \ t::-
® Informal Speech A.
Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then in the negative.
8J
1 . 4- a ' �5� -t {> � � -i
..-..:.{. �!1
?
3 . J: < }.; � � ik L' ? 'f) t, -:5. � a .. a *� � � -t ? 1 , , ,:?
(:
(Jh- .:.
f.!�:
2 . + a , :iJ:. t::' t:d : � � � .t i
�t
;,
?
4 . l < � Jf- t : jft {> ?
'f) �h- L -:6. � a .. 7 v e:· � Jt {> j: \ \ 1:?
;:,
?
7.
cb L t=. , ;k¥ t = *- 6 ? f�\ •I;' (
8 . 4- E ,
(
-' l i
9 . § ��- � t� -? "( \, \ 6 ? . l.: ' A,. L �·
"
1 1 . -iii- i/!, :g�& j: I •LH>i
�
"
::J
12. -iii- E , 57t51-t
6 ?
1.'., '- 'Lt;,i
6 ? � �tw�-t i l.:
t : .ft <
1 0 . *i!! , T. 1 A j
\\1 :. t:,
-ltlvf=
(
,,
?
B. Answer the following questions in i nformal speech, first in the affirmative, then
@D
i n the negative. Example:
·
Q : :7t � ? lt'/v :.
A
:
'J /v , ft � o / 'J 'J /v , ft � l: � � \, \o lf/v :.
lf/v :.
1 . (J j ?
2. ·J't L
3. E *-� 0 7 7 A t.± }; t L 7:> "'\ ?
4 . E *-� Ci) 7 7 A t.± � L'- \ ?
I:
\ •il;'
li/v :::
"' \
1: 1 1 /v :::
5 . .:: Ci') :fk�4· t.± \, \ \, \ ?
6 . 7t .i. t.± .:: h \, \ ?
8 . jS J�U6 1J { �t=f � ?
9 . .A $ - 'J h { � � \, \ ?
"
t:i'l;·
7.
-\1'/,.-\1' 1 '
!'- 1 -i IJ· L 1
p;.
?
'
t}J_!]j{J:-t- ?
�
l i ry
l.:.d 1'
�! i
It?.!: i 1./'
1 0 . 4- E t j: �
Hi 8
?
@ B �At� c�L'*9 1;: li'J:Iv (.;fv
A.
<15:0
r.;)jj1 Make a g uess about Mary, using -c!EtL '*9. � t:;t, Example:
good at Japanese �
;< 7
1)
- :: lv t;± E *� ]j>'J: -t- t�· � I� \, \ � T r:
f! A..
�.-
L.t-1
--r
;.; �
0
1 . often cooks
2 . drives a car
3 . doesn' t smoke
4 . listens to a Japanese language tape every day
5 . doesn't go home late at night
6 . doesn't drink alcohol much
7 . often goes to see movies
8 . not married 1 0 . busy
9 . likes Takeshi 1 1 . a good student
1 2 . not tall
13 . not scary
14. not quiet
1 5 . not a freshman
B.
Make a g uess about the person or place below an d answer the fo llowing questions . Example:
0 · .:: 0 A. tj: 8 *-A. ··c-- ' th'o : : 1!/v l.:/v
:..t �
A
.
i_ i_ ' E *'-A. t�· � I� \, \ � T 0 :: iilv l.: lv
\, \ \, \ i_
'
;.; L
E *A. t � � \, \ � I� \, \ � T 0 :: f!h.L· A...
nt
A
Picture A 1 . � 0) A. U: %:f± � "(•' -t 1; > 0 U t:
1.1·'-' l � � 'A...
2 . � !b "(''J1J'o
3. (} j "("'t 1J'o 4 . �J[ 1; >' \ \ \ \ "(•' -t 1;' 0 5.
j��=. l;,-� \ ' ·-e -r 1.1'o t: fr
-it
7 . #t� L "( \ \ j J 1J 'o It--> .: A,
8 . j:; 1i- � t:: < ::. l\A� "? --c " ' j -t 1.1 .. o t
:;•J.'J
9. J: < 1Z""' .i -t 1;• 0 t:
10.
J: \ ;z_ ;f- - 'Y � L j 't 1.1·o
11. 7 7 / _A � � �· L j 't 1J'o :-_·
u�
B
Picture B
2 . � !6 t: r!T 'l'' 't 1.1'o yp 1 ., , ,
�.:;,
6 . J.... IJ>' f: \ � .Z, 1:f. t\.; "'('' \ \ j T1J'o T
if �
7 . � � 0 A. LL t < �t �-- j 't 1.1 ' a if �
J? J:
8 . J: < 1±� � L j T 1.i ' o L
::: I:
9. -l. t: J: < m 1.1"N:· � j i' 1.1 ' o �-�
C.
j ¥"J )
pi.
Make a guess about the following things, using -C:JGtl ' * 9 . .,�
1.
the weather tomorrow
2 . the next test
3. what your classmates will do tomorrow
(!'0 .>( J7 U - L" L ' * u t� L. \�tJ'
A.
L.\
Report what the following people said, using - C: = -::> <: L '* u t.:. �I
A : + J1 t;;t ·Jt L 'v , � g "? .: A-.If"?
\ '"ti'
\'
;;( 7 1) -
SJ
--c �,. , ;i L t� o
Ex.
� J1
IJ: ·Jt
L �,. ' "'C'' T o
2. It L t� t;;t fl: �,. '�� tr: L :i T o ti ·
t�
4 . ;t - t. A. 7 1 tr: L "'C '- ' :i To
5 . B X � .0 t;;t�Jt.-w "'C'' T o l:: "i
L A- -tt-:>
6 . B � � .0 t;;t #:fJf �; { J:. + --c·' T o lr.h
8.
�d �
���j:�� tr: � L li· .:c· (
i. ,_
\
:_·
!.t �-
t.:d "f
;i % .0 o
· = t;
B.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Take notes and report to the class later, using - C: = -::> ""CL\* ut.:. �I
1 . 11!* IJ:1PJ tr: L :i T IJ' o Ln>1.1 -?
�!:
3. 8 /.f. (!) Jx. t�· � / 8 /.f. (!) �� t;;t �-· .0 � A_ "f:' T �;, o 1 : lllv
4.
1:: t
1: llh.-
ti· �- <
�·· .0 � A._IJ {�t � --c·' T IJ ' o J" �
T
:n ::.
0 �/\(fcJ: {., \ c < t� ts. l. \ t.:.
What would you say when you want someone . . .
Example:
not to look at your photo
�� � JL � '-< ' ""(" <
-
t:· � '-<
;...
- ..;"' _ I,..
1. not to speak English
2. not to call you
3 . not to come to your house
4.
5.
6 . not to sleep in class
not to smoke
7 . not to forget
'o
not to go
8 . not to stare at you
9. not to start the class yet
10. not to be late
11 . not to erase the blackboard yet ( :: < !ilv )
® f@ �m 9 � cr.xfj'�:r=cr c91J' l'(fv�J:.?
A.
9
Tell what Mary is good/poor at, using ...t-=Fc9 or ""F-=Fc9. L.;J;5 "§'
Example:
" t::
6J
tennis {good) -
;< 7 1)
-
:: lv tj: T .=. A iJ�' J:. -t- "('' T 0 t:"i -r
s·wimming {poor) -
� 7 1)
-
� 1v tJ: itt <·· 0 �;�- r -t- --c·· -to � J:
"'
f:
1. French (good)
2 . video games (poor)
3 . cooking (good)
-! .
5.
6 . taking pictures (good)
speaking Japanese {good)
7 . driving a car {good)
making sushi (poor)
8 . eating with choQsticks {good) Oct l- l')
9. writing love letters (good) ( 7 7'v 7' -)
B.
Pair Work-Ask i f your partner likes to do the following activities.
Example:
studying -
A : Jfa5� T � r7J i7"1f � --c-·-t n�o -t
-
B : Lt " ' � 1-f � --c·· -t / ::k.. 1-f � ""C:'T o -t
" ' " ' .:{. ,
to ' '
.
-t
� G " ' "C"T/ ::k � G "' ""C:'To f : \'
1. eating
2 . sleeping
3. singing
4 . doing shopping
5.
6 . stu dy i ng Japanese
7.
8 . doing laundry
doing cleaning
10. taking a bath *
playing sports
1 1 . driving a car
9.
cooking
12. washing a car
If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use -9.f � --c� t � G \, ' --c· t � � ;! -It lvo T
@ t�ttt.i"'i =t: � "A A c97J' ulv
A . Use the table below an d answer the q uestions.
ED
Q : t:· n 1J i 1 .:¥' 1) 7-.A. --c·· -t n·o
Example:
:
A
o1
t: A-
"·- r
� �v n i 1 .:¥. lJ :A A. --e-t 0 t:A-
1 . t=· n n �- �tOOA. --c·· -t b·o h·.Z. ::
(
t: A-
2 . t=· n n{#:t! � -t :6 c1> 1J{J:.-=t --c·· -t n · o ry r i ry
l:l'i -r
3 . t:· nn�· .... \ --:J t (always) 4 . t=· n n{.:y_
r�
t: 'X i:"�""'- l -t b·o
L l < !:" i
f:
L � L t:. h'o
5 . t=· n n {*-.b{�f � ·�c-- -t n·o I '�J
B.
-t
Robert
British
Mary
American
Sue Takeshi
I
II
went to Okinawa doesn't like last weekend cats
is good at cooking
cooks often
is good at skiing
does not cook had a date last weekend
Korean
is good at singing
cooks sometimes
Japanese
is good at sw1mmmg
always eats at had a date last weekend cafeteria
I
went to Tokyo last weekend
likes dogs
likes cats doesn't like cats
Pair Work-Use t he table a bove an d ask your partner questions w it h tttt1i.
@ �*' iCJ=t u*ttlv c ut=. v�-s*-=>
tc�:r:.
A . You went to a party but did nothing there. M a ke sentences using t he cues. ED Example:
1 �-
7 1 - t :. {t � � L f:. b" ... (eat)
�
� � - 7 1 - t :. D" � � L t:. n,., M t �"" � � lv --c· L t:. o
,,
� '\
1 . � � - 7 1 - t :. q � � L f:. b { ... (drink) ,,
2 . 7J 7 ::t ?- b{ j/; � � L f:. b{ ... (sing) 3 . 7 v t·· n ,- && ry � L t:. IJ ,., (watch)
4. 7J /. 7
� � --::> i: l.r \ �
L t:. b{ ... (take)
5. I'P h. � lv t :. % " \ � L f: �;�·... (talk) ;,
6. � � - 7 1 - t :. :ft � � L t:. b,., (do) ,,
�· . :
t:.
B.
Answer the following questions.
0 : � 0) -J O) lljt ='- lj: h., U:fPJ :0 � 11 � .i L t;: t;�o
Example:
.::k
: . :.:
-;. (
A : U \ \ , A F U f ''/ T 1 (spaghetti) � 11 � .i L t: o -? (
\ \ \ \ ;{. , M t 11 � .t -tt ,Z, ·r· L t;: o :: . :
-? (
1 . �t � , fPJ t;��""" .t L t: t;� o i:.
;;.: . :
2 . � 0) -} , fPJ1; • � \ \ ,i L f: fJ ' o lr
t;:::
3 . � 0) -} , T v t:' ··e (on TV) 1PJ 1; � Jl .t L f: :O'o ;:...· �:
�
4. 4'-' fPJ 1;� \ \ \ ' .t
5.
t;: ! :
;z.
.t -r 1;� 0
lm*, M :O� L :t '"t :O·u
L�i!-?
t.· .:
6 . 1!*, fPJ 1;� � 5� L .i T :O �o L » i .! -?
t;: . :
--<4� �1
® * c6fJO)��
:tl.fvlJtP?
A.
I nterview one of your classmates about any future plans and report to the class.
Example:
B.
A - � h., tj: 3R � 'J 7 Jv ""fT � \ , h .{.
\\
< � % -? "C \ ' .i L t: "
o
Pair Work/Group Work-You are planning a party. Decide on the following points and fill in the chart.
\ \ --? --c----r i:J
�-- ;:: --c·· L
�
.t T :O·
�-· ,4., t:i. / " - 7
1
- -r- '"t :0 �
fPI � �� -? --c \ ' � .t T t; � . �..1 :
u
t.:' ;h,1;"* .t -t :O � �
C.
Class Activity-Find someone who . . .
1. likes to study Japanese 2 . hates to do cleaning 3 . likes to sing 4 . is poor at driving 5. whose mother is good at cooking
D.
Pair Work-A and B are making plans for a one-day trip with two other friends C and D. A knows C's schedule and B knows D's schedule. Play the roles of A and B. Discuss your own and your friend's schedules using -C:= -:::> "L L '* �t�. L\
and find out which days all four of you are available.
B : '-' ' '-' ' ;{. ,
j{ �.- ,�� t:ft � � To \\ lr
L�
f-/\.. E LL
l:t:>-i(! � o : ::,
C:'' "J --c- T n'o
A : :ift. t�L M t L � -tt lvo --e t , C � lv n {�® � Jt t:ft < c: g -? bt.:l
i.. � ' �;:
�· ! :
'. \ j L
h
\\
\\
"C
f::. o
B : .
t � JiJ
• • • • • •
Student A A's schedule 1
16 23
7
24
1
C told A that he would . . . 18th: go to see
a
movie
24th: meet friends 26th: go to Osaka to have fun
18 25
19 26
1
1
20
study
21
quiz 27
22
party 28
2
9
part-time job
Student B B's schedule 17
16
shopping
23
19
18
20
21
\York
24
25
D told B that she would . . . 19th: do a part-time job 27th: go to eat Japanese cuisine 28th: go to Kyoto to see temples
I
26
I
27
1
22 tennis
29
28 work
(M9il I
E
s
D
.a
0
tJ\13\=0:_ Kab uki
(!)
_)( 7 1)
e
-
:
h · ��� � "'('' T h ' o ;b l ry �0 ry .i -tt ,z,o "'('' t
,
L
'
DJ
,. _ r � ,z, t.l };
t� � g -? "'( 1.- \ j: L f� o
..,
t� tt L :
-h· ..)� �
5
_)(
i_ i_ , -�f7.Jo .1, \ --J "'('' T -h ' o
6
t� t t L :
J 1) - :
{[) 1 .;
c:')-t:JJ 1f � .:: .tx t �
.):
{: J. \ '
G -? t� -h ' G , JL t : :ft � .i -tt ,z, h' o h.
*-Hi a "'C'' T o + .:: * -h· G -e9 a:f .i i, <
l:od !:
J: i U'
.1:
L:
L:
-
:
� n " \ "'(·· L
"'C'' "'C'" T o
t� tlo
ill "'C " \ :G A. t.l h. ,z,
� 5fJ c:')A. "'C·'T J:
2
t� tt L :
3
_)( 7 1) - :
4
f� tt L :
i_ i_ o
5
_)( 7 1} - :
l,. \ 1,. \ i_ , l f2' 1z� "'( \. \ .f -tl:- /v o
6
t� tt L :
t � ib , Ji " \ t : .ft � .i L J: -5 o
·e
U' l::.
v' �::.
:-;�:: ::
o
:4'- � --('' T -h ' o
!lJ\., 1::.
1
t J
� .: 'h "'('' ,
� .:'' l j: ,{, � 1z� l L f: -h ' o
�.. ;
i:.
to
\'
lr
At a concession stand.
t� tt L :
T h. .i -tt !vo J::; 4f- 3 � .:: --J < t3.· � " \ 0
,1i c:')A. :
.:: {-.�'\.. a fl3 "'C'' To
h-It
\\
During intermission at a Kabuki theater.
7 1)
@
9�
-t
4
4
u
g
..............................
_)( 7 1) - � ,Z, U: h · �� � � h"�f � "'C'' T h ' o
:
3
1
N
0
Mary and Takeshi are talking.
1 t� tt L 2
s
L
(t l::.
--:,;(, �::_
!: -ICJ(.,!.i-;:o(i<'('( ;t l(,
i
�-- -)
.;. � t
t
J6 0 h " �
J
.:·· �·- �,. \ l L t� o
t
L 'h -h · -?
Takeshi: �Iarr, do you like Kabuki? Mary: Kabuki? I don't knO\Y it well. But Robert said it was interesting. Takeshi: I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it? Mary: Sure. When is it? Takeshi: On Thursday. From 12:00 to 16:00.
CD Mary: It was beautiful. Takeshi: The people who appear are all men. Mary: Really? Takeshi: Yes. By the way, did you already eat lunch? Mary: No, I ha,·en't eaten it yet. Takeshi: Then, shall we go to buy it?
Takeshi: Excuse me. Two box lunches, please. Vendor: Here they are. Takeshi: And then, one tea and one coffee. Vendor: That is 2,800 yen. Thank you very much.
V No
*
o
c
a
b
I
a
r
y
u n s
I. \ " \ .:
" \ " \T
good child
I. \ .;
�
color
j:.; "'( ,Z, (:: '?
}; -#- � ·a lllll. 7.*-
boxed lunch
}; ,Z, -tt ,Z, f.J-:. v)� �
*
u
spa; hot spring Kabuki; traditional Japanese theatrical art
;f" :7 -
guitar
< T ry < -t ry � O)
�
medicine
� � 1k
::1 / -tj- - �
concert
.: ,z, c:··
�;_t:
< '-· ,z,
essay; composition
L It ,Z,
��.�jt
exam
L ,Z, h ,Z, -tt ,Z,
�Jtt��JR
Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"
....�� .
�
.A -{- �
ski
-tt ,z, t t" --:?
t::. ,z, .:--
7\:. �
last month
'" -i:Ji Jf!.t;o
word; vocabulary
1::0 7 /
piano
71 .1 7 �
-
a
m�
d i
e c
v e
s
-t I. \
� I;� I. \ < .; I. \
:;JF I.
,-W- I. \
black
� U' L v \
;f.X L v \
lonely
L .; " \
8 \, \
white
h h ' l. \
;G I. \
young
�j;f.,�
mean -spirited
}; c:-· �
�m �
to dance
}; ;b �
;f.� ;b �
(something) ends
e c
1, \ t h � ( t: )
*
t
illness; sickness
� }; " \
fc;J: - a d j u
near future
11:x
�
L\
to take medicine
- v e
r
b
t
\
blue red
v e
s
Words that appear in the dialogue
( '"'-' h ")
t : lv � 1; { � �
A.. �t;: � �
to be popular
lJ: L � �
�i:l � �
(something) begins
V' <
w<
to play (a string instrument or
( ,...___ 1;:)
piano) *
t G7
to get (from somebody)
(person
t:
thing � )
R u - v e r b s *
}; ti' :Z ;
to memorize
"('' ;
(1) to appear; to attend (2) to exit
r r e g u l a r
V e r b s
�t/7-t ;
to do physical exercises
lv t !'-t �
1& � -t �
to take a walk
A d v e r b s
a n d
O t h e r
E x p r e s s from . . .
*
-1f U'
by all means
*
� .:: .; "(''
by the way
*
)j. /v 1;t.
all
t 7
already
*
( '""'"" � )
7 lv C:'' 7 -t � �
N u
m
b e r s
( '""'"" t:)
(used to count small items)
*
U' C: -.J
- -?
one
*
�.). t: -_:)
.:::.. -?
two
)j. -;> -.J
;.. -?
three
J: -:> -?
lffi -.J
four
\ \ -_:) -_:)
Ji -.J
five
t: -:> -?
"f:;. -.J
six
i;t. i;t. -.J
-t -.J
seven
-'<:'> -:> -? � :. (J) -?
/\.. -_:)
eight
fl.. -?
nine
� };
+
ten
o n s
G
0
r
m
a
m
a
r
Past Tense Short Forms
We will now continue the discussion on short forms, which we started in the last lesson. Here we will learn the past tense paradigm of short forms.
Past tense, affirmative
compare with:
verbs:
�fvc· -
l, \-adjectives:
1J'bl \.k}
tc�: -adjectives:
=. f¥1J't -
&:
noun +
V§'
c·g:
��t=-
ll'
Past tense, negative verbs:
\ �* fc:J:(., -
l, \-adjectives:
1J'bl' < tc�:�
tc:J:-adjectives:
'D1J' L/ f.> tc�:(., \ §'
&:
V
noun +
c9:
�� L/ f.> fc:J:(., \
ll'
Below is a brief discussion on the formation of past tense short forms.
Verbs in the affirmative (a above)
7
replace L:' fc· in te-forms with
t�!t=.
l, \-adjectives in the affirmative, and all categories in the negative (b above) 7
replace the final l, \ with
fc:J:-adjectives and noun +
7
replace
t=.
c·g
1J' ""::) t�
in the affirmative (c above)
in the present tense short forms with
t=. -:> t�
The two irregularities that we noted earlier are observed here once again. They are:
,,
,,
Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense forms, which we discussed in Lesson 8.
1 See -F. -? -r in Lesson 6. See J: 1.1·-? t: -r· -t, J: < � � .i -1t h-. and J: < � � i -1t h- -r· L t: in Lesson 5. ,,
•
In represented, or quoted, speech
� ;fX 0 8'f &>'J h"tl � f.J• �t "'C " \ t:: C:: § --? "'C " \ ;!
A - � lv tJ:,
..: .; ..: 1
t:
�
\\
L f:: o
Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school.
•
In casual conversations
BJt _::'' tJ: lv ' fz� t:: ? !.!"A-
t,
Have dinner yet?
Note that in J apanese the tense of the original utterance is preserved when it is reported. If you are reporting somebody's utterance in which the present tense is used, you must also use the present tense inside the quote. Thus, if your friend Sue said � ,
5! L "C " ' l -t, using the present tense, your report will be:
''!
8 1:
;f.� � �
llh-
::
:
-.:,(_
�!i
.: ,! A, ,:_
l\
......::h,.. :.. .;-1
Sue said that she was studying Japanese.
0
Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives
The short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns, much like adj ectives can. In the example below, the phrase ;b f a qualifier for the noun
I � -t-
.::
*- j:_ .
2
.::
·e ;f. l.lh-
� tit lv "C'' " ' -!> (reading a book over there) is used as J:
h' ( -\t \ '
""C'' * � �ie lv "'C'' " \ ; I t¥ � tJ: .;; -t l.lh-
l r ( -\t l '
l
.::
� lv "{'' 'to
i
i The student who is reading a book over there is Michiko.
The following table shows various forms of noun qualification. The phrases in the boxes qualify the noun A. (person) to their right. Example U' l:
i is a straightforward adjectival
example. Example 2 contains a phrase describing a person's attribute (Lesson
7), example
3 has a verb in the short form (Lesson 8), and example 4 has a t:J: -adjective, which is relational (Lesson
5).
2 A qualifying phrase like this, "-hich has a sentence-like structure of its own, is technically known as a "relative clause."
ls=b u-3t. 'I l�t:J'� l. \j I661:J'tlfa:1J'It"L l. \�I lrait.i'*�tJ:I
1. 2.
tJ'�
3. 4.
fj;:
I I a person lwho has long hairl a person I who wears glasseS! a person I who likes catsI
A
a person who is interesting
v-c
A
T.J.fJ<
v-c
A
v-c
A v-c
"t
""
""
adjectives and verbs
noun
used as qualifiers
Here are more examples of verbs used in descriptions of people.
I &iJ ;c = �e 2F Jt � * --::> --c \ L '(> L h-
1:::
\
�
I A. l.J'I:.
( tj t�· n ··e -t;; ) •
o
(Who is) the person taking pictures over there?
l4it E 11.� � T � I A. j \ ' I C � 7 h, l:. "l
(J- 1:::
( lj lf,Z, Jt � �- T ) � 0
People who do physical exercises every day (are healthy.)
l t� t.f' = � o&;b iJ: \ \J A (h{�f � -c-·-to ) 11'1:::
f
.,
(I like) people who do not smoke.
I* if A:�:k� L t� I :tz. t�· i? � J:
tJ A, I t -:> ::: A,
1::: t
C h· G -t- IJ'h ��;;{ :;ifci L t� o ) '{
:<
(A letter came from) a friend who got married last year.
Consider first the following pair of sentences in English. Zelda has lost her key. Zelda lost her key. These two sentences present the same fact, Zelda losing her key, in different ways. The first "present perfect" example describes the event as something that is connected with the present: hearing the sentence, one will understand that Zelda is still without her key. On the other hand, the second "simple past" example describes the event as something that is independent of the situation at the present moment; we do not know whether Zelda is still looking for her key or has later retrieved it. In Japanese, past tense forms do double duty on the affirmative end of polarity, but the past tense and the --c " \ � construction share the work on the negative end. Thus in the
affirmative, the past tense is used both with words like � r7) ") (disconnected from the present) and t ") ("already," connected with the present).
{l dJ: � <1> -J m� � L i L t� o
and
•
bt,L
{z, tJ: t -J m � � L i L t� o
bt,L
I did the homework yesterday.
L "'
'
I have already done the homework.
With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like � r7) ") , but "C
"'
� is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet").
{Z, lJ: � -) m� � L i -tt � ··e L t� o
1z, tJ: i t.:- m� � L '{
and
L"'
bt,L
bt,L
I did not do the homework yesterday.
Ltp
"' ,
i -tt �0
I have not done the homework yet.
have not . . . yet
I
This use of "C " ' � can be found both with verbs describing changes and with verbs describing activities, as defined in Lesson 7.
7-.. - � � tJ: i t_:- � � '{ '-' ' i -tt � o
(change)
h
Sue has not woken up yet.
{Z, lj: i t_:' J?t- :::.··tj: � � �� '{ 1, \ i -tt � 0
bt,L
(activity)
fc
(} ;
I haven't eaten lunch yet.
0
-1J'b
We learned in Lesson 6 that -h' � added to a sentence means "because."
{z, lJ: :¥13 :::.·- lJ: � � �� i -tt � '{·· L t� o ·J't L h· "? t� '{·--t h· G o
.ht.:L
¥> ::.
t.:
l \�_,;.-
I didn 't have breakfast. (Because) I was busy.
In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements them selves, rather than adding them as separate sentences. You can simply transpose the "explanation+ -h' t::, " sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is offered. (explanation) 1J' 6, (situation)0 =
(situation), because (explanation).
=
(explanation), therefore, (situation).
L .i T
bt:l
.: �li�"'iv
�.ti
0
I will study this evening� because we will have an exam tomorrow. ( = We will have an exam tomorrow, therefore, I will study this evening.)
1f-t;· -? f.: t;· � , tl:: t;· 't .i � 1v --c-- L f.: o -
��
We didn 't go out,' because it was cold.
( = It was cold, therefore, I didn 't go out.)
Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more closely than that of a "because" clause in English.
Before the conjunction t;· � , you find both the long and short forms. Thus the t;· � clauses in the above examples can be rewritten as �.
3
� L t:::. �;\�1;{ � � .;!: -t h · � and '*- h ' -:> f:::. ·e -t h· L llA.
� t:
The long form before -h' � i s more polite, and is frequently found in request and
suggestion sentences.
1J • ..) � � 0 -w 1f 1J"
.i:
,
-*-li .., L t: � t: 1t � .i L
"'
.t
Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets.
h.
\'
.t 1
o
3The long form before h' i.:J is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, however. Thus it is inappropriate to say: X
'*- h ' '? t::. "'C' Th· i.:J , :±:l h · lt t.ih·'? f::. o
�· {;
P
CD Short Forms A. Verbs
r
a
c
t
c
e
Past
6)
(a) Change the following verbs into the past affirmatives.
Example:
-
7?� <
7?� \, \ f::
1 . t;± � -t
2 . L t.:l
3 . -t �·
5 . \, \ <
,, 6 . ib "(- ,.,), .
7.
9.
10 .
ib � J
< ;
14. t � J
1 3 . \, \ "(- <··
4.
7? � tt ;
8 . -+1: 1v t:: < -t ;
"'::) < ;
11. v <
1 2 . _i "':)
15. f.; c:· ;
16. "'(•' ;
(b) Change the following verbs into the past negatives.
Example:
-
7?� <
7?� 7?� � 7?· "'? t::
2 . -t --c ; 3 . -t V (to throw away) 6 . t ;± t .i 6 7 . "'::) < ;
1 . .l:J. ; 5 . t;± <
10.
9 . ib � J 13. }; ti" i. 6
< ;
14 . J t:: J
B. Adjectives and Nouns
4.
l?� tt ;
8 . -+1: lv t:: < -t ;
1 1 . \, \ J
12 . J lv C:'' J -t ;
15. 7?� ;t '6
16. � -t �·
@)
(a) Change the following into the past affirmatives.
Example:
t:: IJ� \, \
-
tt' lv � �
-
7?{ < {}: \, \
-
1 . 11> J &>} I. \ �
2 . Jb &ry
5 . 7:J. t I)� \, \
6.
9 . \, \ \, \ "'( lv �
t:: 7? � 7? � "'? t::
tt' lv � t::.· "'? f:: IJ�- < {}: \, \ t::· "'? t::
L lv -+1: "'::) �
10 . 7?· "'? = \, \ \, \
3 . ib I)• \, \
4 . l?�b \, \ \, \
�T" \
8 . � ;h, l. \ �
7.
1 1 . � 'lf' L " '
12. b. �' \, \
(b) Change the following into the past negatives. �
t::. n' '- '
Example:
�f lv � i;t 1,)>' < -lt \ \
� �
t::. n' < t:J. n ' "':) t::. �·f 1v � t -f-> t:J. n' "':) t::. n" < -lt '- ' t
�
i:I. n' ':) t::.
1 . \, \ t b .; i;t
2 . (f J:. ") �
3 . b f.J • \, \
4. n - b �, , �, ,
5 . t:J. n "· '- '
6 . � lv � t:J.
7 . � }:; '.- \
8 . L fn· t:I.
10. n· "':)
9. \. \ \. \ "( lv �
1 1 . }:; t L JS '- '
.: '-' ' '-' '
12. � Zf' L �, ,
@ Informal Speech A.
Using the cues below, make questions about yesterday in informal speech. How do you answer those questions?
Example:
T v e:·· � JL .; h
�
a : � � -? 7 -v e:· � Jt t::. ? h
A
1.
t• -lf � 1z� .;
2.
1& * 1" �
: -7 lv ... JL t::. 0 / -7 -7 1v ... JL t:J. n' "':) t::. 0 71-
t:
�A- I!'
3 . � · �ti:'/.f.. � 1t � .; 1::
lr
li.l.-
i L � r.lv
4. -? -t? � twl*i' .; -<
')
t:
5 . -7 i? "("#l.t i' .; � l .;
�
6 . :§:. t� i? t : % ") h
1:: !,
7 . ljt� � jt ;t .; t; A.. :::
i;ll'
8 . * :iX t : * .; lr-, ::.
'J
(
9. �� t = � � � n- tt .; lr -c· (
-;:·A,.
10 . :1 / t• .:1.
J.,
-
:7
-
11 . 1'-#� � t � ") 12. lQi Zf' t:;ff < i> i
14 . .::;-· 1
@)
I. \
.::z, ::�
··c�m .; :-; ?:"
� 1t ") -:>h·
h
B.
Make questions about childhood in informal speech. How do you answer those
BJ
questions?
Exa m pl e :
1. l;• b \. \ \. \
3 . �1:. 1.7{� 'v \ -li"
4 . JtzHi 1.7""�t �
f:lr
"'A.. -" t 1
-t
5 . A ,;f- - 1.7 ""J:-=}
6 . � Zl l '-' \
7 . � L 'v \
8 . A � - 'J 1.7{ �t �
l:l1 -r
tc '7>
-t
9 . !@�1Ji' � G "' \ L·�
11. 1t. � t ;;t fJ�:W -li"A.. -li" t •
12. 'v \ c b 6
L A.. -
(!) Jt3KtC. ::> t� C: JEt L ' * 9 1-Jlv �
A.
<15'1:,
Make a guess about the childhoods of the people below.
Example:
5t � "'(" L t::. 1.7' o
lf,Z, :.
�
(a)
Q '
.:: O).J.... tj-f-1� 0) Wf , j[. � '"(
A
t;;J: '-' \ , 5t � t:: --? t::. � ;� '-' \ j i' o
"
IfA.. �
? t' :rt-(::::>t,\"L (about Madonna)
1. � n "' \ ""C' L t::. �; • 0 2 . '-' \ C b 6 --c-- L t::. il " o 3 . � 1.7 {J: -=t --c-- L t::. il o ? tc
6.
•
l:Ji f
� 1?".� 1;• --::1 t::. '"'C'' i' 1;•
1)·7.
( 7,
0
7 . -t'-\:t '"( 'v \ l L f::. 1J " o 8 . l:::o J / � 1J¥ � l L f::. 1J ' o 1.t
9. J: <
jfg1! L
j L t::. il'o
:; t
L f::. 1J'o
BJ
(b) B*�g0)$t�l:-::> t. H: (about your Japanese teacher) t;:: li
1.
ttA;tt l\
2 . �#:7Ji�f � "('' L f::. h ' o
h• ;b l.- \ iJ' -::> f::. "('' T h ' o
IJ'? ::_ 1
3 . A --::> "C �.- \ .i L t::. h ' o
4.
_;. �
5.
"t
1.- \ t b � "('' L f::. h'o
6 . A3\ h { Ji; � .i L t::. h' o
J: < iQt(J' j: L f::. h'o
1:,{,
id :
"'
B. Choose one classmate and guess what they were l i ke as a child using the following characteristics. --+
�� 1;>'1.- \ �.- \
Example:
i>t �
o -' ,- _ r � lv L±-t-1� 0 at , �� 7Ji J: h· --::> t::. C:: .� �,- \ .i To �t:l ;.; t .: �· t <:: :. 2 . jt �
1 . \,- \ 1, \ -f
4 . � h"-& ... \/ jJl. ... \ IJ·h
3 . �l<. h{� ... \ /1!& � \ -It
lflv .0
5.
ht:IJ·
'.J:IJ'
·J't L �.- \
u<
t"IJ·
6 . V' .i 9 . � #: h"�t � iJ ' ? .: i
® -Tf:tO)B�iailv t� c ;: c't.
A.
e:� e5-t-
�==� -:> L'
T
"L l. ' * u t::.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions about his/her chi ldhood and report to the class using - e: = ·:)L:'l. '* v t.:: . l\
1.- \ t b � "('' L t::. h • o
Example:
--+
A : -t 1� 0 at , �.- \ t b � "C'' L t::. h' o .: �-t
B
� :.
: tj �.- \ , �.- \ t b � --c,- L t: o
A : B � lv U , -t-1� 0 at 1.- \ t b � t::.' --::> t: C:: g --::> "C �.- \ .i L t: o � :
t:• t
t:
�
\
1 . � #: iJ>'�f � "('' L f: h'o IJ ' -, :2 i
"t
4.
h' b ... \ h ' --::> t: "('' -t h ... 0
6 . J: < 1PJ ?: L .i L t: h, o
B. What would these people say/have said? Make up your own q uote for the following people. Example:
Y :1.
r; Jv '/ ..I. -f, ''J 7f- U ,
� Cl) -) t::. < � lv�� L t::. C:: g --::> "( 1.- \ .i L t::. o ") .{,. �- .,
\\
-f1� (/) * • • • • • •
t� < � .0 if� L j: L t�
.: 1::' L
� C1) '7
�o: �
-i A.- �o:' -i
(5) 8 *� 0) Jt:j:_
(4) £J: ([my] mother) !.! !.:!
7t: J1
••••••
t : l i A- .:·
* � (/) * • • • • ••
• • • •• • �ttC0* .: -; .: -; lo: �
�A-It""?
� "' � ' '
f! \ ' h ' (
1o: '
0
A.
Look at the picture below and answer the questions.
Example:
fB tP � .0 f: ':tlr
�
a : m .P � .0 lJ: t::.'' (I) A. "'C'' T IJ 'o � · h· t::. .J.
A : .YJIJitJ. � IJ - � t "( 'v \ � A. "('' To u �o:
l . o/ # � ,0 t:.' lrt· i,
2 . J.L D � /v -l".t ('t,
3. Jf;;ft � t\.; <1J t: i,
4' #
� �.�� t: t;,
- En \ � v - -t- - � � "( 1, \ � A. "('' T o
L 7,
4 . � � ,0 L 1)
� .1 (• i:>
�
5 . :k.JI] � t\._, hhlrb
1! 1o:
6 . �;;f. � t\._, -ti' :.
B.
Pair Wor k-One of you looks at picture A below an d the other loo ks at picture B (p. 188). Ask each other questions an d i dentify all the people in the picture.
B : 7 v c' � JL "C '- \ � A. --c-- -t o h
u�
Picture A
Ask which of the people are the following: 1 . t::. 7:J 7 2 . � J: 7 ::: 3 . t::' l. \ -t t1
4 . J: 7 :::
C. Class Activity-Desc ri be your classmates . The class is divi de d into two groups, A an d B. Each mem ber of group A acts out someth ing an d freezes i n the mi ddle of doing so. Members of group B answer the teacher's questions, using
-C:l- \-@A c9. V'c
Take turns when finishe d.
Stu dent : • � il.�� L "( '- \ � A. "'C i" o < =!> !
-; ..c -.: ..c
r.n :
@ *t��I\ L"L '*ttfv t=.
A. Answer the following questions using *fO:: - "Ll-' *itfv.
A
:
'- \ '- \ .Z ,
l t::' 1z""'- "C '- \ l -lt �o
1 . t 7 W if f' � '- \ ;:! L t::. h'o ,:. ?
;
__
:
lr
2 . t 7 fer*! � L 1 L t::. 7? ' o l.,( f.:"''
3 . t 7 1'Fx � • � ;:! L t::. h'o �· ( .;:..c
lr
t:.
8)
4.
t -7 � � � h i L f: 1J, o 'fl
<"try
5 . t -) B)t .:.·· U: 10 � 't "" i L t: 1;• 0 T�
f.f.(.
6 . t -J �fr L '- \ Jf- � � % .Z i L f: IJ· o ;,r�;,
B.
t� A-
::
i-;1�
Pair Work-Ask if your partner has done . . . yet. � ;� � � 't"" �
Example:
< .(.
t�
...
---7
A
t -) � ;� � � 1<:"" i L f: h'o
8
,Z ,Z ,
1.
�Jf��� t : * �
2.
�lit-*. t : A. �
...
t:
t 'J 1z"" i L f: o / 1. \ I. \ ,Z , ;i f;:'1z"" '{ l. \ ;i -lf" /0o t�
t:
'fl
LA-h·A--Il-A-
J.;A.,..;tA,..
' A-
!l\\
3. +� (Lesson 10) � �Jt t; t:.,.., ,,.
4.
5.
1;' ...) : � � Jt t : .fT < ,;.
' '
------
(a name of newly released movie)
6.
-------
(a name of newly released
7.
CD)
------
(a name of current best-selling novel)
� JL � h
� �, < � �Jt t.' l
@ ��t.i'L \ L \7J' 6 , ia!Ut:1"T-cr * 9 "Liv �
�
1.,\
A. Match up the phrases to make sense.
2.
��.�IJ>'�.b ""? t: 1;• � L ItA-
•
I;
3 . :Otz.fT t : 1t ""? f: 1;• � ry : .: 'i
4. 5.
''
::1 :.-- 1t -
r
tx t � ""? t: �; · � 0-w :N � -=!: l \ \ :. J -i�
� � 1;{ J:: < ij: 1;• ""? f: 1; • �
'( .(. !>
6 . 7 7 .A 1J , �� i � 1J' � l.it:
.
·
.fT � i -lt /0 1;•0 ,,
T
L
� iz "" i -lt !Co t� l �· o:r � .;�.. J: I o ·� -. �
·
•
·
•
l\f
ifHl t : 1t � i -lt !v ""C' L f: o
��
l\
¥:fX � 1* :4 i L f: o
h'-, .: -;
'I'T
B.
Complete the following sentences adding reasons. 1. 2.
f.J ·
G , f) � 1; {-tf' � -lf � Ji; � 1 -li- � 0
f.J ·
G,
t>·.t:>
a *-* � ft?i 7§i L i: '- 1 To \
1:
flh-
;.·
-
3.
f.J· G , 7\:. 11! � ll! ;.tz Li l,!fh' 'It L f.J' --::> t::. i:'' To
4.
f.J ·
.ft.{.loo'i
G,
Lwj i ?
� � 7 *� � 1*h 1 L t::. ,;•.., ;. 'i
o
'(>T
® * ccY.>O)**�
:tt.lvu�?
A.
Role Play-One of you is working at a fast-food restaurant. The other is a customer. Using Dialogue ill as a model, order some food and drinks from the menu below. Be sure to say how many you want.
J \:JJ C-tJ ¥ 1 60
. =r-·:xH-:n· ¥ 1 80
9'-:J'J vJ C-fi ¥280
7-:t:-:; J C-fj ¥2 1 0
7 'Y :1Jl!J (.{ ¥ 1 60
7 1) i":fJ \-jj' ¥240
if\ y !-- J- 1:: ¥ 1 60
B.
Answer the following questions. 1 . t.o 7 / � 1li! � .i T n ' o ., "
2..
;f. 7' - � 1li! < o:> il ,. ...t + ··r- 't il· o :.t
t:.d
1'
3 . �m � o:> n"'-stt � --c·· -t n · 0 n t'
-r
4 . m � O) B�L J: < � � 1k h .i T il'o U'!i
:-
1:::
!<
(Tn
�
�- ..:. rr
6.
� l:f- 0:> � � 8 (birthday) t :: M n · t G " ' .i L t� il 'o c.: : :
t:A.L!i :;-
:. J hh.
t�· n t :: M � t G " ' .i L t.: il'o ':.: . :
7.
� 8 , '7 7 .A. tj1PJ"* t :: -k� .i ry .i L f.: il 'o 1iiJ Bt t ::�f.h ry .i T il 'o :. .!: i
�h. t:
l.l t:
"lv
t:
n
8 . _:k.il{itf � --c·· -t n'o T
t'�
g.
-t1� o:> * , J: < 'iR. t�· t? c: i2l u· .i L t.: n' 0 .:
1::' 1,
1:::
!-
1:::
t
h 'i:
1 0 . c:·lv � � o:> � v - -t - � # -? "C " ' .i T il ' o �
\ \ ;;,
1 1 . � J.t
"
12 . .:b � t.:
t:'' lv � A ;f - './ il"' J.... � ]j { .:b ry .i T I;• 0
.:..:.
�::·
L ilh,
t :i'a·
( ::
\
c:
I� " \ .i Til' 0
nt
1 3 . C:'' /v � � h"'itf � "(·' T h ' o \ , 7,
T
, :.{,
= ·
Pair Work
(!) B. =======
Example:
J: L .:: �
A : J:
L .:: � lv t.i c:'' 0A. --c-- -tt;�o (/' �
B :
-r v l::'' f Jt "'C " ' ; A. "'C' T h
o
(/' �
Picture B Ask which of the
people are the following:
1 . \1J t::. IJ� 2.
t .-p /v
3. � t;� .:: 4 . ;{_ �
C
o
I
o r s
There are two kinds of words for colors.
Group 1 : L \-adjectives
I
-� " ( ,.,
\
-------
8 I, \ ------- white
black
L 7:>
� 1, \ ------- red
-'ij- 'v
� \, \ ------ yellow }it � \ \ 1,
@. 1, \ ------- brown Jt. � ..... \ , f)
;, lr
.i? f;
These words become nouns without the
\ ------
blue
" '·
red bag I like red the best.
Group 2: nouns
I
*�/ 7-- 'J
-">rry
-
/ ---- green
!k @. / 7·· v - ---- gray
Li \ ' � \ .:;
t:•
/ 7 ----- pink
�
purple
t..:,��
Jj(. �
"' -r' ' "'
light blue
� � / :"i - Jv F :- h. < ' 1,
j� @. / � Jl// .;;·- ---- silver � �,_, \ , ,
There words need � in order to make noun phrases.
*�/ 7'' !) - / 0 -1:: - .Y -
hi::'')
green sweater
Here are some words related to colors.
ff� 'h�-t " ' ··e -t Po
You look pale:
8 .�, 0 � Ji
black and white picture
lri;
L 7:> ( 7:>
h i?
L -\'> L h.
;1. 7 'J - � lv t.± � M --e -t o "' h.l.f-:>
Mary has blonde hair.
gold
s
s
o
N
...........................
1oj
Wi nter Vacation Plans
D
(D 1 2 3
u
e
Winter vacation is approaching.
:;( 7 1} -
:
*\
� t:
_;.V!l"\'>-t
:;( 7 1) - :
t::. tt L :
5
:;( 7 1}
-
� � .i L f::. tlo
i... i... o :;( 7 1) - � lv , �1*h l.± <:::'' -J L .i T IJ 'o
t::. tt L :
4
6
g
o
a
¥�00 IJ> {:; 5� t : .ff \ -:::> t � "'f' T IJ �',
1.>·.{. .:
(
" f l•hlv
.i f:3.' 5jt(/) � I, \ .i :.
·'
" ' " ' �,._, tlo :
¥� 00 <::: {:; 5% <::: (:::''-? "t::> Ci) l j, -J IJ i' l, \ I, \ <::: �� I, \ .i T IJ ' o h·.{. .: (
i; �
f" l • h lv
-) - lv ' {:; 5% Ci) t l -) I; { B£ I;> I, \ <::: �� I, \ .i T 0 �-- t
t::. tt L :
f: l•h.{.
,;:�,
i; t
L (7)
8 9
f::. tt L :
<:::'' :. t : t .ff � .i -lt lv o }; :%-IJ'- � " ' IJ' G ,
10
:;( 7 1 ) - :
-t- -J �'' T h ' o
11
t::. tt L :
b � , � � IJ>' <::: -J o
(])
-t- -J �'' T h ' o
,,
\\
t.rh
1.>·
At a travel agency.
2
*ff%:f.±. Ci) A_ : lj l. \ , 1, \ -:::> �'' T IJ 'o 'l .t ..:. -;;;:�., L '")
:;( 7 1) - :
*.FK IJ · G
:; :; :: �.>·
'/ ? lv .i i:'�1t;tl CJ) 7 ,% � }; � " ' L U'
.: i
';.
J:
"\'> (
J"t:
-t- .::. J3 -t- :JL a �-- i' o
l:ooi 1:
h'?l:obi (
1: '?
*1T %:f.f. Ci) A_ : -T� (::: -T1�Ci)1f_IJ{ � � .i T IJ i' . . . . . . o � J .: i l.>' l , L " : n :: .: -tf1v .: .:· :J-Iv :;( 7 1} - : � -M' Ci) � j:-; � 1, \ L .i To .: -';!'.{.
Y.::ir
6 7
:Qtz1t%:f.±. Ci) A._ : t.± l. \0
8
:;( 7 1)
t}
:. -: t : " ' .i To
t � � .. t::. �t L � lv t : }; h � tt' � Jt -? � � .i
:;( 7 1) - :
9
1.>·.{..: (
<::: :. .; �,- , t::. tt L � lv t.± <:::'' :. IJ ' t : 1t � .i T h ' o
1
5
A - � lv t.± ¥� 00 Ci) 1Z"'""
\'
:;( 7 1J - :
4
'
4"� l.± }; " ' L " ' <::: � -? � " ' .i L f::. J: o
7
3
-\t lvo
J:: :: 1 .?· \. \ L <' -
!! ?:::
:
*1t%:f.±. Ci) A. : -atM <·' G " ' �·' -to 'J -! .:. i t;'\. ' L ,.. V' � . ';:, L h· 1\.1
nl.>'
.i T o
i' J: o
t,
Mary: It is getting cold. Takeshi: Yes. Mary, what will you do at winter break? Mary: I am planning to go to Korea or Tai\Yan, but I haYen't decided yet. Takeshi: That's nice. Mary: Which do you think is better, Korea or Tai\Yan? Takeshi: Mm . .
.
I think it is ·warmer in Taiwan. But Sue said that the food was delicious in
Korea. Mary: I see. By the way, are you going somewhere, Takeshi? Takeshi: I won't go anywhere. I don't have money, so I will stay here. Mary: Is that so? Then I'll buy some souvenir for you. Takeshi: Wow, thank you.
Mary: I'd like to reserve a plane ticket from Osaka to Seoul. Travel agent: When is it? Mary: December 19. Travel agent: We haYe a morning flight and an afternoon flight. Mary: A morning flight, please. Can I use a credit card? Travel agent: Yes. Mary: How long does it take to Seoul? Travel agent: About one hour.
V
'-----
c
o
a
b
I
u
a
r
y
-----�
N o u n s
*
;b �
{j(
fall
"' ' L -?
JE :-t!
doctor
- � ?( ....
.�JZ
station
}; 1;• tJ. t i?
}; �t� i?
rich person
1;• };
;m
face
� -{t --?
*ip
season
7 v :; ·.t � n - r .:. � L
credit card
�.if-
-tj- '/ 7J -
soccer
Y f "/
shirt
\ 1; • --?
� it
life; living
-{t- 1;• \, \
11!-.ff.
world
i? 1; "( --?
:t�T}�
subway
"'( �;; < ;; � .:. �
��
gloves
*�
barber's
tJ: �
*
spring
-{t \,
>
/ '\ / "/ *
*
pants
7.f' J:. -) \, \ 10
JA�flt
beauty parlor
7.!' 10
i�
fligh t
�). tJ.
fd',}
ship ; boat
� � 1-P J
JfJ;j(
baseball
11> -) 6>) \, \ t 10
;;ff � A.
celebrity
J:. � <
t� *�AA -r �·
reservation
G �, ,�;�· -? �
� 10 ::.: l.\ *
- a
d i
TT. L " ' --? 6>) t::. \, \ tJ. t: \, \
next semester apple
e c t
;b f::. f::. 1.1• \, \
}; .:C \, \
*
this year
v e s
11£. 1; • \, \ �\\ ·
�
1/Y-
L \, \
\\-arm slo\Y; late cool (weather-not used for things)
'lit f::. \, \
cold (thing/people)
B� \ '
sleepy
Words that appear in the dialogue
fct
-
a d i e
�; ,
c
t
v e
1v t:. 1v c iJ: )
r21 lfi-
easy; simple
to take (amount of time/ money)
(no particle)
� � ;
to stay (at a hotel, etc.)
*
iJ: ;
to become
*
Li G -7
to pay
R u - v e r b *
5::k: &I) ;
� &>') ; r r e g u l a r
V e r b
h lv l f'P -? -t ; A d v e r b s
to decide
�� -t ; a n d
to practice
O t h e r
E x p r e s s
o n s
on foot best or for . . . months in . . . time; after . . .
:. (J) :_·' h �
L
f1l
these days
-? IJ' lv
� --c-
for . . . weeks by (means of transportation); with (a tool)
* *
�-- -) � "':) "(
how; by what means
�-- t;, G t;, �- -?
which
�-- (J) <-· G
�
tl lv
l;i� <
which �,-
'
how much; how long . . . years (do something) early; fast
G
-
r
a
m
m
a
r
Comparison
In J apanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncomparative and comparative sen tences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater. " The idea of comparison is expressed by adding something to the nouns that are compared.
A
.x.. ;ld::·· ;;z
0)13: 5 1.)'
•
B � rJ 1 (property)0
/ v ::z.. 1) - 0 t i -?
=
A is more (property) than B.
n'' 7 7 / 7
·
� 1- � 7 ..:ll_ n � -? -:: " ' " ' "'C'' T o
Elvis Presley is more hip than Frank Sinatra.
.
/ '-'- 7 7
·
;;z
--
� 7 1 -W / F 0 ti -? n''7 F / 1- l � �n'' J:.-=t ··c-- T-o
Barbra Streisand is a better singer than Madonna.
.; f,
L.d f
You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms.
A
/
"· ;;z
cBc
� �ltt � �� L �
c· -:> 5 0) 13:5 2fJ'' =
(property) o
Between A and B, which is more (property)?
�-· -? 1; C1) t i -? IJ>'!£ " ' -z·· T-n�o ��
Which is cheaper, {going by) bus or {by) train?
In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier
\ \ i?
t.f.Z, i s used.
[(class of items) O)�c] A t.N, \ 5 1ct'lv (property)0 =
/ �/ "· o ''/ 7 1
A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)] .
� n v - 7 ::z.. � r
� / ::::i e1) t:F --c·· � t�· n n '· " , 1; tJ,Z,�n··J::.. -=t t�· � �· 1.1·
1 t:
L J: 1 T
;� " ,
J? t.
Between Pavarotti, Carreras, and Domingo, who do you think is the best singer?
1In
real life, the phrases
A .;1) 11 -J :�;: and B J:: ry often appear in the reYerse order, making it very easy to
be misled into believing the opposite of what is actually said. Don't rely on the \YOrd order, therefore, to decide which item is claimed to be superior. Listen carefully for the words (?) li 2There are several alternates for
�--? -!:;, (?) li -J
.
They are:
-)
:�;: and
J:: ry
.
�·-!:;, 0> (1) ti -J , �· -? -!:;, , and �·-!:;, 0> . Any one of
these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons bet \Yeen two items. �· -? -!:;, and
li -J are slightly more colloquial than �·-!:;, 0> and �· t;, G (?) li -J .
�·-? i? .;1)
t 1? "l:> lv , / �/ ' o ·; 7 1 n"" ' i? tJ!v�h "�.:t --c-- -;- 0 ., ,c
Pavarotti is best, naturally.
Note that the words Cl) tl
l�• -r
� and �- "? t:, are not used in statements of comparison among
three or more items. Kormal question words like t=n. �·n, and M are used instead.
3
-:..· . _
0
adjective/noun + (J)
When a noun follows an adj ective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the pronoun 0, "one." You can use
(J)
to avoid repetition.
:fL.- ti,� " ' -e - .1 - � t� -:::> --c " ' � T o � " ' 0 t t� -:::> --c " ' � T o
.bfcl
( ;,
;, ir
S
-
I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.
* " '#-. � ft.' " ' t : 1t � � L t� o --c·- t
'i> "t
�
lr
''
"
L
' " ' 0 h � Gb -
C0
=
-e - .1 -)
� � -1!- lv --c-- L t� o ( 0
=
I went to buy an inexpensive dictionary, but there were no good ones.
L \-adjective fd:-adjective
} + noun
L\-adjective fd: -adjective
�¥=-.) 1: L l
} + 0)
Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced. Here, a sequence of the form "noun1
(J)
noun/' will be reduced to "noun1
.: n t.;;t .A - � lv 0 h - ti'lv "t" Tn'o
(J) . "
You simply omit the second noun.
I, \ I, \ ;{. ' ;c ;h., tj: � 7 ') - � lv 0 No, that is Mary 's
Is this Sue 's bag?
"(' T o
__.
7 � ') jJ 0 7 1 A 7 ') - b 0 t i -) h'' 8 .7.fs;-0-- J: � }.; I, \ L I, \ "t''T 0 l : l'lh,
A merican ice cream is more delicious than Japanese one.
noun1
0)---
3The tendency is to use c::·n when a list of items i s presented, and to use
M when a group is referred to � ; :.
collectively. Compare:
ry lv :.: : 't.. :4 h • lv 'r.
�
< G lv tic:>) t:f "(· , c::· nh:\ , i? tilv* � -c·'T h ·o �,-
Which do you like best,
... ... b·
app les,
tangerines, or cherries?
< f �· t Ci) Ci)
.0:. ; _
What fruit do you like best?
i
'"? t 0 follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus
'"?
t 0 to describe what
you are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do. verb (present, short) +
(ht:L ;fl dj ) i}! :�u : f= tt Lwl .: -:>
"?=fs 0 t;;.
L � � � 7 .=. 7-
(I) intend to do . . .
� 't 6 --:::> t
� --c-·-t o
I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.
� T 7t. � tj � L t;: :k ¥ � = *- � \ \ --? t � --c··-t o
'(> j L 1� -trlv-tr''
t:·''h'<
::.
Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.
� � � Jt � : 1t -c
.,
;<,.
\'
< --? t � --c·· L t:: tt �-·, ��il" J: < � il ' --:; t::. il' G , 1t � 1 -tt � '1:" L t::. o -c lv .0
\ '
We were planning to visit a temple, but w e didn 't, because the weather was not good.
B
adjective
+
fctQ
The verb � 6 means "to become," indicating a change. 1J: 6 follows nouns and both types of adjectives. (.,\-adjectives: fcl:-adjectives:
lli 1J' (.,'
®1:::.1:::.
�
-
Mt1J' (tJ:)
�
v"Y"
to become warm/warmer
Mt1J'{::tJ:.Q
to become quiet/quieter
1.-J'
�H±�
nouns:
llit.J'< tJ:.Q
®1:::.1:::.
l'l'llv'f>Wv
�
�t±� {;::: tJ: Q
l'l'llv'I"Wv
to become a company employee
8 *�0>fa1�i1�- � L < � � l L f:: o r: lllv
:::
--.:�v.ot-i
t� QJ
Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture before).
8 *�0)fa1�;6�' *J- � � : � � l L f:: o r: 111v
: ::
--.:fv.Oli
-t
I have grown fond of studying the Japanese language.
With "' '-adjectives, the final
\- '
is dropped and < is added, as in their negative conjuga
tions. A common mistake is to expand the pattern of 7J:-adj ectives and nouns and use 1: with "' ' -adj ectives. It is wrong to say, for example, X B£ ii' '- ' I : 7J: 6 . n--t:.:.
\iVhen a n adjective is used with 1J: 6 , a question arises whether the sentence describes an absolute change (ex. "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any longer") or a relative change (ex. "it has become warmer, but it is still cold"). 1J: � sentences are ambiguous i n
isolation. If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the pattern for comparison together with iJ ; .
:J J 1)
-
:: /v tj'WJ J: � 8 ;$-�J;>'J:..f- t : � � j: L f::. o !�
!:
LlA.- ::
L.t-> "f
Mary has become better in Japanese than befm·e.
In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not . . . anything,"
1PJh· and 1PJ t . As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question Jj:l:
":. : ::
word for things, M, plus particles 1;• and t . Other expressions for "some" and "any" in � ..
Japanese follow this pattern. Thus, someone
something not anything
M
�· ! :-
t
somewhere
t�· n
not anyone
t
not anywhere
t:'' .:
As we noted in Lesson 8, these words are used by themselves, where particles
t
t;;t, h", or
� would be expected. I t is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions interact with other particles, such as t : , ""'· and --e. These particles appear in the places shown with underscores above. Let us look at some examples.
Did you go anywhere?
t�· nn�t : %- 1. \ j: L t::. n'o ;,
No, I didn 't go anywhere. �.-
\ �.- \ x..
�
t�- nt : t %- 1. \ j: -{t 1v "{:' L t::. 0 ;,
Did you see anybody?
No, I didn 't see anybody.
1PJ n· L j: L t::. n• o
1,. \ \, \ i_ ... 1PJ t L j: -tt !v --c-- L t::. o
��=
Did you do anything?
�t:
No, I didn 't do anything.
You can use the particle --e with nouns that describe the means of transportation and the instruments you use.
Li L---c- ::..·· ti lv � 1z""" j: To
We eat our meals with chopsticks.
fc
Let's talk in Japanese.
/ "' .A -{" �. JZ j -{'' 1T 2 j: L f.: o
I went to the station by bus.
7 v c-· --c,-� \® � JL j: L f.: o
I saw a movie on TV.
�\
i_ .:-
i.. \. \ ; jt
h.
�J.JI / - i'
U'd:3 l:f'fu
Ex p r e
5 5
i o n
N o t e
5
q:iiij C:q=fiO)ffl!1J'® � H�9ti'·· .. · · � We sometimes use ff· and �t c at the � tffu
�
l::
Ulv
end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just said as a given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate the speaker's intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up. By relegating the right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the politeness of one's utterance. In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the table; there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the afternoon. fJ1. attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of asking the obvious question, namely, c· 't G iJ) lt ) lt ) "C'"tiJ>, the agent chooses not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an answer immediately.
f1n\
�
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CD ��(])(�5t.i'J\.AJ:: � �(.. \Cg Clv lr\'>
l
A . Look at t he pictures below an d answer the following questions.
A
:
ED
�$ 0) tl 7 n�·_, "' 7-. J: ry i! '- \ --c·· -t o
�4 L �
��
Picture (a)
(a) ..::. * M
1 . �fr#JAt � -' "· ;z,. � �·· t;; G O) t l 7 n'' i! '- \ "C'' T n ' o L 41r4-lt4
:-4
l.i�
t:
t.>·4
¥ 1 2 , 000
2. �fr*f:,fAt � �- � �-· i? G 0) tl 7 n"i! '- \ "C" T n 'o L 4t.>·4it4
i; 'i:
'4 L <>
L 4<>·4 -ll- 4
¥ 1 0 , 000
�*M
3. �fr��! � " "· ;z,. � �·· -t; G 0) tl 7 h{� '- \ "C" T h'o
J, (
�., -r
t: lr4
4. � - � " "' 7-. � �-· i; G O) t 1 7 IJ, . � '. \ "('' T n ' o •Cfv L <'
fo >l·
-'"-* M llJ";, t:
Picture (b) 5.
Jlt-l �li * � };:.�&_ � i-> h !- h·
t
6.
*t� � :Jd&. �
�..t:,
t
h h !'lr
t.>·4
¥ 8 , 000
�-· --::> i; O) t 1 7 1J>' ;k :;, '. \ "(" T IJ'o ;.; �
�-· "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJ->'+ � '. \ "('' T IJ'o ;?\'
Picture (c) 7. s.
m -c:f � !v � � m � !v � �· "'? i? 0) t 1 7 n'· ���c. �;,-� '- \ "C'' TI.l 'o -\!" t o lr r� "-'"" "'' J. t;; � m � lv � }t;f.. � lv � �-· "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJ�·�wn "1t '- \ "C'' TI.l'o
� J.
t ,
-t i' .:<
-tt
v- <
9. m -c:f � !v � }t* � !v � �-· --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ'' � '- \ "C'' T I.l'o ,, �b·
-t -r
b >l·
!'-
10. � m � !v � }t* � lv � �-· --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ'' � IJ ,. �li '- \ "C'' T n 'o -<·:. t:
( b)
-r-r "'
t.>·7 .
(c)
�r�zA P
hl:Jl·
}t*
m -c:f
-r-r !'-
:k ll&.
;; � � /) ·
Jlt * t:
i
"' � i
1 , 200� A.
;1 4 1 : 4
25tl �\\
20tl �\\
35Jl �\'
B.
Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner. When you answer the questions, add reasons for your answers, if possible.
A : I � � � �-' t; �
---+
�- ?
�i-l'.P
( 0 ti 7 ) IJ��t � --c·--tiJ�o -t
B : I 0 ti 7 iJ� ( ?I- 1 0 ) �f � --c-- -t o -1· .....,
T
.;.�p
(or i t ?I- t �f � "{'' "t o / I t ?I- t � � '. \ "(' 't o ) �·-?
A : �-- 7
T
.i.t'tl
L --c "C'' -t;&�a
.;.vp
= b-
B : i$. <-- 0 1J ��t � --c-- -t;&� G o T
:? J:
ij.·-?
/
\
�
2. �Ji IJ�'- ' '- \A._/ 1;� -:J .:: '- ' '- 'A (* � ) UL
ht::.1
-t
U�
3. JfJ;i(/ -lj- '/ 7J - (J,.. � iJ � � � ) ! :A,- :.
� -""'i
4.
o/ � #l�/ 8 *#J� (�f � )
"'"'i
.: ·
(
1) l i �
c:
5. �G-/ ffitft� .;.r..
I.J-
-
7
::
l.iA.-� l i 1) T
11. 8 * CI) ?{- / � iJ: f.: 1:
I.!A.-
T
(�f � )
Cl) � Cl) � ( 1:
; .p
. •
.;.11>
( B£ ;&� \ \) ;,t:;/:
12. 8 * 0 � 515/ � iJ: f.: 0 00 0 � iii ( :k � or � L '- ' ) ! :.
(!.4.,.
*f"\\1)•?
( !:.
{t-P/.1·"'?
f::.\ ' "'fv
f��
0 *fi�*'�t.)' L' 5 l�lv� L' c9 1<1:�
ufv tNv ttfv
A.
Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below. Example:
0 : .:: 0 o/ "{'' , �··
A :
�--ih iJ " '- ' t? t .f' A.t � \ \ "(' "tiJ�o ��
'*1T�f'�})t1J " '- ' t; t.f'A.t� '- ' "C'' -t LA.-n·A.--ttA.-
1:.�
Picture (a)
1.
.::
0 t:P --c-- ,
�,- n tJ " �.
' i? t.;r tZt i! �. , --c-, -t �;�
0
o
SJ
P icture (b) 3. _:: 0 'o/ "{'' , �-· _:: -IJ { \, \ 't tJ' .Z, ;k � \, \ "{'' T -IJ'o
Picture (c) 5. � 0) tf' --c·· ' t�· n -�;,· ..., , i? tJ .z- 3��e. -�;,·� ..., , --c·· -r -�;- 0 � : ir
-\!"
f: lr
6. � 0 >=P --c·· ' f_:' ;f't-1;{\, \ 'f? t.f' .Z, * \, \ "{·' T -IJ'o J.?�·
t:ir
7. � 0 o/ "{" , � :lr
B. Answer the following questions. Example:
1z""4� / 1-f � i, '})
t:
-t
o : 1z ""4� 0 >t --c·· , 1PJ 1J { ..., ' -t t £' .z- 1.1- � --c-· T 1J, o
�
f:
S '})
C..·h·
-r
"1:
A : T L -h ". '- ' 't tJ'.Z,1.f � --c·· -to T
1. jk � 4� / 1.f � tJ)
t 0)
i"
4. s *-#J.!/ � 7.
C.
2. itt ..w. 0 mr / 1.f � -\!" ,. , '
G '- '
.1 l;.
-t
5. i}�/1.f � hlvh'(
6. *�r/1.f � :. -\!"-::>
T
8. :; 7 A /3�\e. -1;{� \ \
7 7 A / 'It \ \ \ � j:_ fr" ( -li" \ '
11-
T
9. 7 7 A / t::. ( :: .Z,1z""
f.:; lr
f:
6
G roup Wo rk-Make a group of three or four people. As k each other questions an d make as many superlative sentences as possible about the g roup. Example:
� 0 o/ i:', -:..·,;·
A :: .Z, -I; { 'It , 't t:f .Z, * 'It ' "{'' To J.?;j·
B :: .Z, -IJ >' ..., ' i? tl .Z, ·lf· -IJ>'� ..., ' --c·· -t o -\!"
f: h·
c :: .Z, -1;>' \, \ i? t:f .z, d: < if! < :; 7 A � : ;ifCi T 0 hi
:.
D . Class Acti vity-Fi rst form pairs an d make comparative an d superlative question sentences with your partner. (You s hou l d know the answers .) Then ask ques tions to the class. The rest of the class answer the questions . Example:
¥ ± � � I '"' V A r � �·· -t G 0 t l -3 -1;{� \ \ "{'' T -h'o _;
t.: � )(,
f:&·
m >t :: .z- � � m :: .z- � �-· -t G 0 t l -3 -h { � " , --c·· T -h, o " ' '"
f: (J:;j·
bh·
f :
:; 7 A 0 >=P --c··� s t.:';ft-1;{\, \ 't tl.Z, j? � � J� "? --c \, \ .i T I;• 0 ,:. J: 1
�·ir
h·h
L
1ft -W-0 00 0 o/ -c· �·· � -IJ"' 'It ' 't t.:f .Z, + :: ..., ' i:' T -h ' o 1:t /)·�\
( !:
�· ;Q·
��'
® �ttfd:�bO)c9 bt:L.
A.
This is a refrigerator in a dormitory. Tell whose each thing is, using (]).
Example:
B.
.:: 0 0 lv .=-- U: 1) - � lv 0 "'"C' T o
You are a customer. Look at the picture and tell which you want.
Example: Store attendant : �· i? � 0 -::1 - t: - l; " 'v \ 1. \ "C'' Th�o
M " \ 0 � < t::' � " \0
Customer :
J; -:>
(1) �'' 'f? � 0 � · 1;>' 1. \ I. \ "(' Th�o L:
L �
SJ
,J!!, " \ ( ;:,
® �'� �1" < ::> =b tJ c9 #
A.
�'
You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week. Tell what you
w i l l/will not do using --::> =t, 0 c9.
Example:
JJ BI 8
11-o> .l: � U'
6J
JJ �a 8 t : ;{z � �jt t; ""? t ry 1:'' T
>f-o>.l: �
U'
I.': h.
.l:
Ex. to read books
o
(1) to practice the piano
1<. 111 8 h· .l: � 'J'
(2) to do exercises
T ' ' .l: � V'
7j(.B� 8
(3) to do laundry
;f._B� 8
(4) to write letters to friends
(5) not to go out
i:-Bjf 8 !> h- .t 1 U'
(6) to eat dinner with friends
(7) not to study Japanese
± B� 8
(8) to stay at a friend's
(9) not to go home
!, ( J: 1 11'
'/;;' .l: ·i -
(/
8 8� 8
! : �, .J: 1
U'
(10) to clean a room
(11) not to get up early
B. Answer the fol lowing questions. Q : i!! ;f:, �@I � JL t : ff � 1 T h ' o
Example:
L•vi.i .....,
;{ \ '
h
1:1:
l '
A : X. X. , JL t : ff < --:::> t � "'C'' To ,,
.1,.
\, \ \, \ X. , JL � :,fj"/.1' t: \, \ --::;> b � "'C'' To ;z. J.
l \
1. � 8 0 �1,�_, �5! L 1 T h 'o ..-..: fv:0-!1
� J: -)
2. �Bjt_ T V 1::, � JL j Th'o -.: A-I£A-
3. ib ::
.1,.
""?
"'C , ft: �.r \i?o � L 1 T h 'o lr
t rn
4. �1:t.h- � = �R1t L 1 T h ' o _;.>J>-1"-t
ry l ::. 'i
5. i!! ;f: , 5ftl.f L wlJ: -?
ry 1 -l
6. _::_ if-;fk, �A--i'JA-
7.
::.·
*-¥Jt� t
"' ' '"''"' �-
ry
� 1� � -? <
j T h 'o
8 4'- t : 'v \ j TIJ 'o ,, liA-
8 4'-�� � �5! L 1 T h ' o !:
liA-
::.·
""A--"li
CD z!(LL \ (�tc:J: � * u tc. A . Describe the fo l lowing pictures.
(2) ft � ItA-
_:.
(5) V' j
8)
(4) � h { �li \, \ IJ ·h
M;IJ ·
(8) � :3ft \\ L �
150 $1 B.
=¥ll0
� $1 =¥150
Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms.
1.
2.
:Jw � � L t-: h • 0 , �� Ji h" "
-c i t:
-------
'(>
:k�Flt/'*-& t : 1t-:) t-: h· r.f .l: i \ '1(, t: .: '(>
''
0 , �h{ lrh
� ry
0
lrl;
6. -t- fl t.!B£h · h · -:) t: "Z"'' T h", l:•oi \ , -t,l;'-:>
i>t:f"
�
L f: o
_______
� ry
-------
� ry .i L t-: o
5. }.; 5il:li � t-: < � AAk .Z, i\ �h" ::· !t
� L t: o
� ry .i L f-: o
-------
.::
(J) _::'' h
-------
-------
�
� t"J .i L t: o
� --:> t ry --c-- -t
o
® §iji�c�"J=cr * 9 t; L./v ut->
A.
��
Look at each picture and expla i n how to get to and from one place to another.
Ex.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1 hour
15 min.
BJ
:. � 1 11 ll � 1
(6)
(7)
(8)
8 hours
2 hours
week
�
.... _ ....----' ..__ ....; )o
!j.•
B.
.: .:
: : : ·.
/\71
..... ,
Use the same pi �tures an d descri be how long it takes .
BJ
'7 1? 'h' G .�R. i --c··+�'h' 'h' � .i To
Example:
i. "
I:·""·''"'
C. Explain how you get from your ho use to school .
:
m �R'h- G �.� i i:" � if!. t : Jit � i To .::. +�-h-7.7- � i T o
;..t_:;,.;t �
!: L i. :-
·eh-L
'(>
.:
�
L•>-:>->'4
�.�R.'h ' G � tt i --c·· � " \ "'C 1t � i T o + � <·· G " \ fJ''h' � i To
! : L i. C.
i> ;
,; .., ::. i
Lov.;.;..l(_
' •
® * c6fJO) **�
hfvu�P?
A . The chart below shows winter vacation plans for Mary an d her frien ds . First, answer the following questions a bout Mary's plan . Mary
will go to Korea by plane 3 weeks with Sue
Robert
will stay at will do shopping and
/
Sue's house eat Korean foods
will go back to by plane 2 weeks London
Ken
'
train
will go to the by boat south pole (W-1�) lj,: fv �!:{
Takeshi will go nowhere
1. :} 7 1}
-
2. 2:::": J � -?
a hotel
� L
// /�
•'
3. c::·· O) <·· G " \ 1t � i T 'h' o · '
penguins ( ""'- / .:f' /)
yet
t
.;.�!l-(-'-,
"( � @I -"11" � i T 'h'o ; � - .I(_ ::. (
Tokyo Disneyland
2 months doesn't know will take pictures with
� /v t.i�it- 0) 3f-1*7:d : 2::::'' .: 'h' t : {t < .:
1
will stay at will play at
will go to Tokyo by bullet 3 days with a friend
Tom
will meet friends
-:J t
� "(" T 'h'o
f::' h 2:::: {t � i T 'h'o '.
4. �-· � � : �B .i ry .i T IJ ' o ?::
5.
�lOO --t>M � T � --:J t
t.>·A.- .:: (
�1:
ry �·-t iJ·o
How about the others' plans? Make pairs an d as k questions. B . Pair Work-Tal k about your plans for the upcoming vacation.
C. Role Play -One of you works for a travel agency an d the other is a customer. Using Dialogue ll as a model, make reservations for the following tickets .
I
(1) From Nagoya to Los Angeles
Jan. 1
1 person
(2) From Tokyo to Paris
Feb. 14
1 person
(3) From Osaka to Rome
Apr. 18
2 persons
aisle seats
(4) From Tokyo to Bangkok
Aug. 20
4 persons
nonsmoking seats
smoking seat
=
�mt,t
� -? i. A.- -It �
window seat = � fl!� C0J,t l Cl;'h
-It �
smoking seat window seat
aisle seat = i!lf§-fl!� C')t,t nonsmoking seat =
1't�� C. A.- i. A.--11- �
A t
t h
e
S t a f' i o n
Types of Trains
it -?1!1 ------ local _),
� 11" ------ express
:.I'P-j .:. 1
*� � ------ super express L --:>
�11>-l
Destination
""'1T � ,,
------
bound for . . .
"-' /J iiD ------- serving . . . areas Ii-i d) A_.,
Types of Tickets and Seats
*� �
(boarding) ticket
@��
coupons
t:�'i L ,., It A.-
' H ' -t 1 ItA.-
}:C_ � ,, :lt,ij
1: ''
�
commuter's pass
". It !v
�l.I�
vouchers; zone tickets
���
student discount
�iff f£m;
reserved seat
§t: 11>rum; 1 -\!" �-
general admission seat
-li-P ry It J\., IJ'( b ')
L --c �, , -1!' �
;fJ'.-� � -"1' � lv i.. lv l
nonsmoking car
J:t �
one way
f>
{iil B 1 �L <
round trip
&·fc;;/.;?
Places in Stations
""'·�� ----- track number . . . l.fA.--\!"A.-
-w N % ry _::.. '?
_)!
i
:t� t.f
---
tB o ------ exit
ticket vending area
ex;fL ----- gate
b•\ \ 2- ?
it - b
-----
A. o ------ entrance
' ' ry (• '?
��it ------ stairs
fJ'" t::A.-
platform
1.- \ i? t �f ,Z, � --- first car; front end '-' \ i? t;f 1\A� ;; -- last car; tail end
%� ------ kiosk
u·, , ' A.-
-; L
..
Miscel laneous Publ ic Transportation Terms * � �� .:{. - --- - transfer t'r �
;}Z L!� ------ next (stop), . . .
7t: 1E- ------- departing first
�A.A.f-:::>
)X)E- ------- departing second 1: l;i-?
,� 't ------- Iast train L>:>i<:·k
Announcements .i t � < 1E-lf.
IJ-, L <>
L .i i"
------
We will be leaving soon.
't if. h �-� � .1 i" ------- A train is arriving.
"'( .lv L "i.,
.i \ '
;)z t;J: � t : Jl .l � .i -t ------- Next (we'll stop at) . . .
"?
t'
�·
Useful Expressions � o:> 't lf. U ;f:k.;t� t : Jl:. .i � .i T l.i 'o --- Does this train stop at Akihabara? ·c·k L ,,
;, :. r;t rr"
1::
� 't t;:tM * "'C" T I.i'o ------- What time is the last train?
L>P�Tk
" lv 1:
.i --c·· O) ��ft}$ � - if.t }; lfi '- ' L -*.JY: � 1 �..t:-? "'"C l ' -t! � l\� .i l ' L
.tJ.IJ:
.i T o - One reserved ticket to Tokyo, please.
�t1i7{1t.Z. .1 T iJ' o ------ Can I get a student discount? h ry -?b· * * * .
IJ' (
A
:
}!�1t � o:> 't lf. U c··n "'C" T h ' o b·.i
(
i, , ,
"{'k l ·:·
Which one is the train bound for Kamakura?
B : .::::. {I}*tR "('· To r : rrk-tt k
Track number two.
(• l l • I L
s
E
s
N
0
...........................
�
11
1t Cl:fO) ®C Afte r th e Vacation �9
g
o
u
e
Michiko and Mary meet after the vacation.
1
h t; -:: :
� 7 1) - � lv , :7-... L ..�: � i:" T tlo 1*-h l.i r:.·· -J "(' L f: .;; � o
2
� 7 1) - :
T -::·· < � L .;; � ""? t:. --c·· -t o
��
��
t, ?l
�00 --e-- x '- \�� t
�·/. .: (
I)
� ?)
L t: �
, ��00 3f4J.t t �� t:. � ·A, .: ( � � , ; '
f,
�
L J: L f: o
3
'- \ '- \ --c-· T tl o
:
;ft.
t *.ft L f: '- \ "('To
4
h t; -::
s
� 7 1) - :
h t; -:: � lv <1H*-h t.i� L h· ""? f:. i:" T-h �o
6
h t? -: :
J: .:b � cJ; --c·· L t: o - E t:'" tt F 7 1 7· t : rr � � L t:: h�, � 8 7 Jv / \ 1 r
-hf::.'_
u
.-
.:. 1.;
r� ?l
'(>T
\ ' !", { : t>
� ·
J. ;. ' l . r.)
7
I! 1.:
® 1
h 1; _::
:
Y
2
:;
:
;t - .A r 7 1) 7 (!) 7 7 / Ai:··-t o
3
h 1; _:: :
t- -J i:'' TIJ' o
4
:/ 3 / :
h 1; _:: � lv l.i ')- 7 / .A• t : .ft ""? f:: _:: (. I;�' if; � � T -h ' o
5
h 1; _:: :
\ \\\ �,
6
:;
3
3
/
:,..- :
3
/ � lv , tt! � t.i (.'' _:: -"('' TI;�o l.,., !... A.
Jb � � -lt A.,o
� � {1i .;; � .:b ""? --c ,
,·.) :.
.; �
�
n '- \ � Y'Jt --c-- T J:: o :!::::;",
7" v - r / " 1) 7 1) - 7 --c-- :1f � --c-- To ,� .: ¥). •
7
, ,
Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation? Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea. Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too. Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko? Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
Mary: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan last month. John: How do you do? Michiko: How do you do? Nice to meet you.
Michiko: John, where are you from? .John: I am from Cairns, Australia. Michiko: Is that so. John: Have you been to Cairns? Michiko: No, I haven't. John: It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place. It's famous for the Great Barrier Reef. Where are you from, Michiko? Michiko: I am from Nagano. Please come to visit me sometime. The food is good, too. John: By all means, I would love to.
V N o
u
n
o
c
a
*
r
y
�
Australia
}; 1.1 � L
snack; sweets
}; L J: -J 1.1"--?
New Year's
}; t .: O) .:
boy
}; t 't �
toy
}; h,. � O) .:
girl
�.�..-�, , _: <
foreign country
il' L
singer
11>
.:t "" / /
camp
.: t? G .: !v ii " -? �
this person (polite)
4'¥;JtJJ
this semester
L � l? J: -7
:f± -&
president of a company
L t1> �t J: -J
t��
class
L J: -J b " '
�*
future
1-" 7 1 7"
t:· -
drive
Jv
beer
zr t �P "'? 1.1- 1v
* .A 1- 7
7
�
art museum
1) -
.;z_,_ -r -J h
mountain
11> &0
dream
Jv - L. ;l
U · v
host family lake
* � .i
•
a
u
s
* :t - .A 1- 7 1) 7
*
b
e
r
-
1-
roommate
b s
-J f � "'? <
to tell a lie
t:; � n - 1.1"-t < il ' -7
to become hungry
;J- ;t; �
to cut classes
t �
to take (a class); to get (a grade)
7J: G -J
to learn
O) t f �
to climb
U: t: b <
to work
Words that appear i n the dialogue
to own (a pet)
(place � = )
R
u
v e r b s
-
"::) h
•
�n ;
n .;
to get tired
� 6>) �
to quit
r r e g u l *
a
r
v e r b s
tt A-, 1; · -t �
to haYe a fight; to quarrel
L .t -J IJ ' " ' -t �
��-t �
to introduce
(person ::7'' 1
:L ''j
� -t �
11>
-J �;� < T �
A d v e r b s * *
*
* *
(it; �
L t1> --::> L ..Z,
person � )
to go on a diet
t? ::. < -t � �
t:
a n
i!! �'J -t �
to be late (for an appointment)
m t:.7J
to study abroad
+ "*" -t
�
0 t h e r
d
(place t : )
E x p r e s s
�k
after (an event)
tt: %
coming from
'""-' t::· t t
just . . . ; only . . .
, :��._, � V' :.s. - L .,....) ! JtJ ! (!t; t --::> �
o n
(place (J) )
very
"-' i: .Z,
1
(event
T ::. < ;c L --c --
.
and then
"' -,I;
. . . points
1 ' \'\
:;... L )� � ..
it has been a long time okay; so-so more
s
CJ))
G
r
a
m
m
r
a
- -�(..\ You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before .i -n + t� \ \ "'(·· -t to describe your hope or aspiration.
�J.t 0) � ;¥:. tL �liiD � Jt t: " \ --c·· -t o or �w 7? " Jt t: " \ "(· -to .: ,<.. t:'
L ttd .i ...,
;it l ' IJ'
;;:...,
--
� � ' Jr
I want to see a film this weekend.
h --
" \ --::) 7?· tf 00 t : .fT � -t: " \ "(· -to \\
t'.)l!li .:. (
I want to go to China someday.
I
verb stem +
t;::. L \ -c-9
I want to do . . .
As you can see in the first example above, having t� ._ \ attached to a verb slightly affects the composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle � can have either the particle � or .;; c: when it is followed by t� ._ \, Particles other than � remain the same. The combination of a verb and t� ._ \ conjugates as an .. \-adjective. Here are examples of negative and past tense t� .. \ sentences.
% " \ t: ;,
\
I don 't want to see that person any more.
.
r
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.
If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to," you can use t� ._ \ C:: �� ""? ""C ._ \ .i -t instead of t� '. '"'(-· 't . ;; ;
t� .. \ "'(·· -t sentences are not usually used to describe v,rishes held by others. Somebody else's wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, obsen'ations, or guesses. To quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use � g -? ""C ._ \ .i L t� ..
with t� '. \.
..
.
Mary said she wanted to go to the bathroorn.
To describe your obseryation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, you must use a special Yerb f::. h{ ""? --c " ' � instead of t::. " ' · If a Yerb takes the particle � , the derived verb t::. i;{ -:J --c " ' � \\�in retain the � , unlike t::. " ' , with which we had a choice between the particles 7;.: and � . ;1. 7 1)
-
� ,4,; U: :1
-
t.
-
_f_tk7-J. t::. -IJ >-' -? i: \ ' j: To �
(It see·ms) JV!ary wants to drink coffee. The verb t::. h'' ""? --c " ' � , which comes from the dictionary form t::. fJ{ � , indicates " I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving." We will have more to say about this type of sentence in Lesson 14.
I want to . . . /Do you want to . . . ? •
•
•
They want to . . .
verb stem + t=. {, \ c·9
· verb stem + t=.1f· -:> "L l ' * 9
t=. {, \ conjugates as a n {,\-adjective
•
t:J' or �
· � only
t=.tJ''� conjugates as an u-verb
You already know that you can connect two clauses with the te�form of predicates, as in: 7d& --c·· :A 1. '4� � L --c ..
f;J.; � .? ·
,;.
t ?.>
-
�� ��H4l.t � �"'"" j: To t:.
rlv l ::.. ( l) l: i '1
In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat Korean food. This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as exemplars , thus leaving room for other things which are left unsaid, you can use a special predicate form :::k FK --c·· :A 1. '4� � L t::.
j.; j.; �lr
,j·
L�
� , ��OO #l.t � �""'f::. ( 'J t 1 � t:
--
lr/v :::.
�
t::. �
�
t::. �
T�.
ry L l To
In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping and eating Korean dishes. (activity A) t=. D
(activity B) t=. D 9 �
do such things as
A
and B
To get the t::. � form of a predicate, you just add � to the past tense short form of a predicate. (Thus we have L t::. � for the verb T � , whose past tense is L t::. , and iz""- t::. � "
for iz""- � , past tense iz""- t::. .) Note that the helping verb T � at the end of the sentence .: .,1
-:�
indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a
�
t::. �
�
t::. ry T � sentence into the
past tense, or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part. il! ?fZ t.;L � 5§1 L f:: ry
l wiJ -:>
"'"-'-'l"i
,
jj:_ t::: i? t: � L t:: 1:::
r;it._·
t
ry L
1 L t:: o
I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend. �m '"'? ).; !::'
t:: ry
,
-f- � � Bll " \ t:: -"
t-; !..,1; '<
ry -t � C1) 1; .-�t � --c·· -t --
-t
0
I like dancing, listening to music, and so forth.
The past tense short form of a verb
+ .::
t: IJ'' &;) � describes that you did something, or
something happened, in earlier times.
,,
,,
Yes, I have.
Have you ever been to Europe?
f:: tt L � h.- t.±{tAt � 1;f.h.- f�· .:: � .:: -l L t:. �
.._.,-t
C: 1;>' j;) ry l � A..- o
Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life).
verb
0
(past, short) + � ct.)'��
noun
A
� noun
have the experience of . . .
B
"'(> connects two nouns, as does t: . "'(> suggests that the things referred to are proposed as
examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.
I
A and B, for example
A f.' B
* t� � *- R t : 1t\ �
�J:.-l
�
J;,. :
;
\
1 L f:: o
I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
�J.JI / - t-..
E x p r e
U'J;5 (:ffv
5 5
i o n
N o t e
5
I� in negative sentences..,_ In negative sentences, you often find the particle �j: where you expect if· or � . Observe the reply sentences in the following dialogues: Do you watch TV, Prof Yamashita? No, I don 't.
� and if·, respectively, v.rould not be ungrammatical in the above examples. Many Japanese speakers, however, find the �:t versions more natural. The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at least one �j: phrase. If you add fU;;J: to the sentences above, therefore, the t>t�L-
need for �;;!: is already fulfilled, and Japanese speakers feel much less compelled to use �;;�: after 7 v 1:::· and ::r - 1::: -. �j: may also follow particles like -r:· and
�lffl -r:·-u tt� L J.: < � � * -lt lvo :IJ' .it) ::: It lih �;: �j: 1-T -:J t.:. .:: c i:J>.;.!) IJ * '1t lvo
U -? L �
-
P
�;:. I don 't want to speak in English. I have never been to Hiroshima.
t.:lj..,_ You can add tnt to numbers to talk about having just that many items. t! �t implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than that.
I have met that person just once. I have just one question. I slept for just thirty minutes. t! �t suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly
could have been higher. We will learn another word in Lesson 14, namely, G iJ>, which means "only" in the sense that you do ·not have enough of.
I;: ..,_ You can use the particle �;: to indicate the occasion on which you do something. I ate salad at dinner.
�;: can also indicate the role you want something to play. I bought a postcard as a souvenir.
!11\ \!J/
1' 5 ..( ':1' ..,. F 7 1 7. is used
when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To
say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use
F 7 1 f�;::Jj- < or F 7 1 7· ,,
� i � F 7 1 f �fi � ! L k/ F 7 1 f L ! L ko
b1'?b
,,
I went for a drive t o the lake.
When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure), use
Jillii 't �
inste ad.
1/,-c/,
n * � if't � :i!Ui L t.: .: c if�� lJ * 'tiJ)o �� ItA..
<'->J'
?A-<:A..
Have you ever driven a car in Japan?
�..,. �, like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream
IP�
>)>'>
you have while sleeping; the others the dream that you wish would come
true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb �� sleeping dreams, and
(;:I�..,.
� -:.? "t t- ) � t
-�
or (£) � for your visions.
for
The particle �i often follows the particle �::: in sentences describing
a place in terms of the things that are found there.
There are lots of big department stores in Tokyo.
'ff>. O) )\.� �:: !i t- • t- • B *lffi O) )t�iJ>t-, i To
bt:l.-
f!\>tJ'<--
I� liA.. ::
"\tA.."lt\>
We have a good Japanese teacher in my college.
These sentences would be okay without ti, but there is a subtle difference between the versions with and without �i. The �i sentences are about the places; they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicit) like "What is Tokyo like?" The sentences without �i after �::, on the other hand, are answers to a question like "Where do you find good teachers of Japanese?" See the grammar note discussing the difference between
iJ� and ti in
Lesson 8. In the case of the particle �;:, the contrast is between the simple
�;: and the combination t;: ti. (See also the grammar note on counting people in Lesson 7.)
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CD )\/ 1\-jj'-fj':&:l\t� L \Cg t::_
A.
Change the following phrases into
-
t.:: l \ sentences.
8)
/ " // ". - 7f - � 1,;:.--..:::. � ,, � / ..., :.--- / ". - 7l- �; " 1,;: .--..:::. t:.. " \ ·-e -t 0 c u: "' \)
Example:
•.
1 . j;;� � = 1t < ( tj: \- \ ) " ;z.-n;z. 3 . �tz1t � -t � ( tj \- \ ) 1) � .: 1 5 . -%-;f± 0) ;f± -& t : � � ( \- \ \, \ ;(. ) .?·� '
L , ..
L �:-,.:: 1
( tj: \- \ )
ljt � J{ -) (;;,; >�· 9 . WJ ¥: -t �
7.
B.
�:
!:.<. .:
�
4 . 11:> --? < ry 1*- t.' 6 . 8 * "(" ffh < 1:
l.i/..,
a
* t : 1i t:
( \, \ \, \ � )
T
10 . t.L t : if � '\.., ;.
( tj: \- \)
l.lt� , ;
I : !lh.
( tj: \- \)
( \- \ \,. \ ;(. )
�T
8.
( tj: \- \ )
� >itr< •
2 . 8 *� 0 7 - 7° � &, <
( \- \ \,. \ � )
">I!
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you answer, give reasons as in the example. Example:
A : / " :.o ". - 7f- �;�· 1,;: .--..:::. f:.. \- \ --c� -t h• o
1,;: -"' t:.. "'
B : U: "' \ ,
r,
\
"(·· -to }; � h' h" -t "' \ "( "' \ .i -t h' � o
" \ " \ � , 1,;:.--..:::. t:.. < ib ry .i -tt ,.t, o �
"?
t:
C.
� 1,;: .--..:::. .i L t:.. h· � o t:.
Change the following phrases into -t.:: l \ sentences in the past tense.
8)
Example: B t � {" 0 � Jf. ·-e�..); -.:.<. L <>
c t:J: "' \ )
�
( 1. \ I. \ ;Z. )
�
;, �
-1-1� 0) * , B t � {" 0 � -* --c-·�u· t:.. n' "? t:.. --c·· -t 0 .:
�t
-1-1� 0) *, .: �::· t
T.Z, L ,•
!:: �
!:: )
B t � {" O) � :f. "(·· �u-'t:.. < ib ry � -tl.- ,.\_, "(·· L t:.. o
1 . -T v c· � Jt � 3 . }; f!t g t : A. �
7.
¥:� � � &>) �
IJ'? .:
i
\ 'IJ
( 1. \ \, \ ;(. )
J}J 0 -f' / -k 0 -f' � � -t ( 1. \ \, \ ;(. ) .: 1->h.� .: !.!"-'
l->1:::.:
'('.Z, L -(>
h i:
( tj: l. \) 2 . ffit1t� t = *- � j' .: .; � ?) 4 . * � !� '7 ( tj \- \ )
h
5.
h ·?
n·
6. ,f/!, � 1,;:.--..:::. � !'>!"..:
8.
t,
C0 7 J � � 'J (,._- �
( \, \ \- \ ;{_ ) ( \- \ \,- \ ;{_ )
10 . � � 11. D.
� '/ .:{- -
•
-;:n7 A
t: � 7 ;,
,, 1 ..,,,
t:
1i .'6
( t;i \ "'� )
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their childhood.
E.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers as in the example.
Example:
A
�t lv :: lv tJ:1PJh�it""'( f.: \ ' "{'' T h ' o
B
Co ·if iJ �·it""'( f.: \ 'I "{'"T 0
<; . :
t"
f:.
A : tt lv :: lv t.i t:o ·lfh{it""'( f.: " , C: i "? '1: " ' "'
.: .,1.
tt /v :: /v t:J: Co ·lf' f' it""'( f.: ]j{ "? ..
"{ \ 'I l
l
L f.: o
To
2 . 1PJ h � " ' i? t J 1v ]{ " ' f.: " ' --c·---r h • o '=' : ::
4.
lr
,, f�: ;M, t : " ' i? tJ 1v � " ' f::. " ' --c·· i" h ;;
•
o
5 . 1PJ h{W " ' f.: " ' --c·· -t h · o 6.
�· ':
(.: �
+�O)�;t., I... L �t�.:; L.:--1.!
�
7 . -!.1PJ h ,. L f.: : .:
8. 9.
-J-1�
1::' t
t:: �
L � -1? \ '
J;l �:
Mh � L f.: " ' --c·· -t h · o ::..· .-
�
< JiJ �
:! * 1v h • o
1PJ t : 1i � �.:
��*' 1PJ t : 1i ry
f.: h • "? f::. "{'' T h ' o
f_: \ '1 -{'' T h ' o
Additional Vocabulary-m �- (Occupations) l-&:<'1!:&:?
� "'? h• ( 1'F %Z.) lt 'v , � --? iJ • .Z, (�.flrg) (;i 'v \ \1l 7 (131=1!)
police officer
h' A,; .::·· v;, ( � ��%f)
nurse
""' h., .::·· L ( 4Hi ±)
Ia\Yyer
writer
actor/actress
7 -1t h., L l'P (Jf:f;J(�.:}) t::_' \ \ � 7 ry J: 7 ( .::k.Mf.
��
vJ>
:; -\" - -j- 1) A �
journalist
L l'P v�' (j:_�f) L J: l'P 7 (:k1i) L J: 7 Lt 7 L OIHJi ±)
housewife
baseball player president of a country
actress firefighter
F.
Complete the following sentences. ------ t� 'v \ -r:·-T 0 2 . � L t� U:1*-h t� h· G , ------ t� 'v \ '\:' <'T _______
4.
��t � tZ, t.l
'-
\ L b � t�·h · G ,
5 . � � 0) at, t .: 'i .: 'i
��
"?
::�� t :
t� \ � ry j:-\:t-
To
ht o
_______
� ------ t� h · "? t� "C··
t: < � ry i -tt A.,o
To
0 tffl � u t� t:> , �7t� u t� t:> u*9 t-5 l..i
ttlv t=<
A. Tell what the following people did on the weekend using Example:
Y
3
�
t
t
.: 0 � .: 09-@ .
@]
/ : saw temples in Kyoto, went to a museum, etc.
1 . t.::. �t G : went camping, went for a drive, etc. 2 . � J: ? .: : made sweets, read books at home, etc. 3 . 'A - : went to Osaka to have fun, went to eat, etc.
4 . �t lv : cleaned his room, did laundry, etc.
5.
t v \-
!"- : met friends, watched videos, etc.
6 . '!>l Llff 7'G1:.: went to a hot spring, rested, etc. Lt"-t!"A."Itl> B.
Look at the pictures and make your own sentences using �t.: 0 -t.: 0 9-@ .
C.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use
-t.: tJ -t.: tJ 9-@ as in the example.
1.
i)! J1Z J: \ 1PJ � l j: . "f f.l' o
L w i -" -:>
<; : I:
2 . �y- r cry'*" 1PI � L j: 't f.l·o ;j.,• t:
<::: �.
3 . &;y 7J: t-: cry 00 --r- tJ: B lE J1 t : 1PJ � L j: -t 1.1 · o ( 1:
4.
-J- 1� cry '*" :: c:•t
(_db'-:>
"(:
l < 1PJ � L j: L t::. 1.1, o
<::: ,:.
�!:
5 . 8 * --e1PJ � L 1 't f.l·/ L j: L t::. f.l'o
7 . 7 7 7-. ··e-FJ � L -c U: �t \ t t j: -1t .-Zt 1.1 • o � : t:
8 . 4-,0C cry i)! J1Z-. 1PJ � T � -:) t � -c'' T f.l'o .: A.
9.
�
>;,: 1 :
L�H-:>
1PJ � -t � cry f.l'-�f � -c-- -t f.l · / � G "' \ -c-- -t h · o -t
�· (:
® ��A���-=> t� � C:.tJ® � *9f.J' �? 661.. \ L/fv
A.
il5
The following are what John has or hasn't done. Make the sentences using
- ;: C:]:i'®-@. 8J Example:
0
eat tempura
� ...;� G � iZ-" t-: .: t h� &;y � j: i' o
�
1 . 0 eat sushi
2 . 0 study French
3 . 0 work at a restaurant
4.
5.
6 . 0 sleep in class
X
write love letters
8.
7 . 0 climb Mt. Fuji 9.
B.
X
x go to Hiroshima
x
drive a car in Japan
see Japanese movies
Pair Work-Make questions using Example:
8
and ask your partner.
* cry }; 5� � jk U :.<1-t
1: r;,z. �
- ;: C:ti'®-@
�
8 *-cry B 5� � jj: .-Zt t::' .: t h � &;y � j: -t h, o
A
:: I.:: A.
:0 It
�
B · tJ: �t \ " &;y � j: To
t'' 7 -c-- L t-: h ' o
A
B
:
}; �t \ L 1.1 ' --::> t-: -c" -;-- o
2 . T A � ·-e 0 ,?,, � lR �
1 . :9'' -1 ::L '/ � � -t � 3.
h \ ' � 1...
4 . if � A. t : % �
* � � �Jc ;{_ � i.. � '
:::
6 . -�. <·· (blo-wfish) � 1Z""' � t::.
· '
7 . 9 J;ID � � � 5! -t � 9.
< :._·
(/)
L A..b·A.. it A..
10. 8 *--#:£.! � 1"F � .: !.:A.,ry ;: -j ry
?(
1 2 . ��� � -tj- ;f' �
1 1 . i!�1] -t � 13.
�1f�f:,MU : *- �
8.
-"'..<.. :: .t1
-7 .f � '"':) < � .::.
�
..-n -) d)\ , l: .{..
hL
5 . fJ 7 :t 7 t = 1t < t_,rPi .:·
r
t: >:> c· d
<
fJ:.. t::.· -t/ Jv - L. � -
� / ;t A � 7 T � 'J - � t t A-- h · -t �
�b
® 9 u�:R�3' 6 � ct < �"'* 9 t;:
t:Jv
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use as in the example.
Example:
A
� J: < 1Z""' :i T h ' o : �-- ,.{- � 8 *#:£.! t; ry
B
:
!:
liA.,ry!'}
-t L � JZ .�� G � J: < 1Z""' :i -to t;
' A..
1 . �-- A-- � A ;f - '/ � J: < Jt :i T h ' o .1,.
2 . �--,.{- � � � ;Q {�f � "(" T IJ'o hA.. b' (
'l t 'i
4.
-t
?(
'J
ji) � f: O) :k# 0) 1Z X t : tj , �· ,.{- 1J: 1Z""'4'� fJ { ji) t: ,•n'<
L l ( !::' 'i
to
t (J)
�
5 . ji) � f: 0) :k # t : tj, �-- .:: 0) @ O)A_;Q{>.. \ ;i T h ' o t:PT;'(
6 . ?'rOO t : :r'r --? t: .:: h'\ ' .: <
7 . .-1} ' �, , .1
�'
( !:
� ;�;�- &1) 0 :i
�-- ,.{- � ;}� � � lR --? t:
l t-tt Y .t-7
--c
...
rJ- /c:
T h ' o �-- .:: --c-· -t h · o
\ ;i -t 1;
>
0
8.
i�Hl (actors) 0 9 --c-· , t::.· n h '-�f � -c-· -t;Q•o
9.
�4'- 0 9 i\ t::.· n ;�; {�t � -c-·-th·o
i.l. \ ' I'll --j
l r L >1>
t;j ;,.
"-'lr
-t
't
;i T h ' o
-
f.:>
-
® * cc51JO)��
:ttlvu$5
A.
Talk about your dream for the future or what it was when you were a child.
1 . ;t � f:. (J) ,. tjfiJ'{''T h'o ID6>)
Example:
2.
B.
�J(_
;ft. tj�� *' }; -i:-{� i? t : � � f:.
bt.:L
l.ti > � �'
h·r.t t.
-r-w� (J) * (J) ,_ tj M --c, L t:. h .: �t
1:: .;.
tPn
"" "-
'
'v \
"C''T o f L "C , 'v \ :; 'v \ :; � 00 t : �t � < ::
\'
0
Class Activity-Find someone who . . . 1 . has seen celebrities 2 . has never used chopsticks 3 . wants to live in Japan in the future 4 . wanted to be a star
( 'A 7' -) as a child
5 . wants to cut classes tomorrow 6 . doesn't want to go out today
C.
Class Activity-Bring pictures of your hometown and describe it. Example:
it. tj .::. .2 - 3 - ? (J) :±l !J "Z'' T o
bt�L
L•�.., L h-
.::.
� n " \ � .:�ml f=' 1f ;g � �::v-ij j-g- {=' t:. i .:t. h-
tP i n' '
if t.:w?l.>·h-
J: < � .2 - :; :tJ Jv � JL t:. � , ;.
.:£ 1*-h t : lJ� "?
>:.:?�T
t·t..
--c , iz t:�· i? 1:: t
:1. - 3 - ? tj � --c < �
h.t (J)jlj J�
�ml --c-- � � .: i i.. h-
":< J\- 1!
rt �l: ! -i
1-i n
< --c t: �: f=' h' "Z'' T o
(theater) h{ ;t � l
L t:. � L l L t.: o
t : % " \ t: " \ "Z'' T o J>
t *- �
To
the
In
Japa n e se
Class
Useful Expressions
�··-t; G "'(" t "\"\"(''To --- Both are fine.
� L "C''To ------- Same thing.
t::_·�, \ t::. "\ � L "C"'t o ---- More or less the same. ;.;�
i; J::
-:>
�it"\ .i To ---- A little different.
1� .:Z .i -1!- h-o ------ Can't use it. Mit-:> "(1,\j To ----- It's wrong.
+ � &;; !J"C < t::_' � "\o --- Raise your hand. '
�ft h- 1:'' � 1: < t::.· � "\o J:
fEf� � :±::.· L 1:
L n.
t
Read it before coming to class.
< t::.· � "\o
��{4:!" � fu-, L 1: < t3.'� "\o
:-.t-?
;,.
L�
1::
Hand in the homework. Close the textbook.
� � � CI)A.t:&j\,\"( < t::.·� \,\o --- Ask the person sitting next to you. 111::
:-
� dJ 1: < t::.· � "\o ------ The time is up. Please stop. � E Li.:: i/'1, "C''�;b � .i 'to :..ri
;..;
That's it for today.
Useful Vocabulary
:q < t3.' tt t::. � \,\lrt"
ra�
homework
LdJ � �
deadline
1;> t::. \,\� \,\ :q
��
exercise
"("\b."\� � "\:;?--polite expression
:t�
meaning
1E-�
pronunciation
:Q-2=6 ll-?lfA.
X5!
grammar
1trp, L-:>Uv
L»
tt.A.L•:>-? ,,
"'
1.:1 ?).; A.
colloquial expression
,,
,,
bookish expression
IJ·t� ,,
lrf:
dialect
�0 ��:a .t'il:t>/v :::
standard Japanese
>1' < 1t
t::. � � tJ
for example
question
ti h' t:
anything else
�
answer
"""*"
number .. .
17�
example
1;> -::> .... � ..
(
.16
0 (correct)
tJ--J
X (wrong)
.;:fvl;!'-j
::.t:i._
n''
)
I.!"A.
"""
"'""
-
�
page number ...
"'-'fTI3
line number ...
::...A. f'--J
two people each
S.e1 >'>
.;.t:
ry
(•12•1 � �
L
E
N
0
s
S
...........................
12j
Feeling Ill
�
UJ:5
D
. a
g
o
u
e
(!) Mary and Michiko are talking at school. 1
7:J. "f?.: :
2
;1. 7
)-
'
3
7:J. i? .: :
4
;1. 7 ')
;1. 7 :
,...;(. �
'? -lvo i? J:
-:J
� t? � ;�;�n'·rm \ 'lv "C''"t o '-'f:.
�-- '? L t� lv-r· i' 1J • o
- :
� (/) 7 }}:_ t:.' i? � B)t .:'' tt lv � �""' t:1t--:) t::. lv "(''1" t:
�
t:.' � I� \ \ � -r 0
5
:i'h.
0
i:.
t� ���lv��T �,, t� lv t;.
i;t
6
7:J. i? .: :
7
;1. 7 1) - :
a
1)- � lv� ft� iJ>'diJ ry � -lt /vtlo
* 3::. ::k "('' -r 1;. 0
f.:\ �L: .:.1 _).
��
o
���C L �\ \ "{' < f:_' � 1,. 'o L
41.1.\'
• "" • •
dfJ dfJ � :Jffi 1,. 'o
� F;t t:-ft--:) t� u-? ;�;··.., '�.- '--c··-t J: o
7:J.t? ::. :
u-.ti\ \h.
, ,,,
\\
{!) At a hospital. 1
;1. 7 1J -
13"
:
2
�
3
;�. 7 'J- :
''
L<>
:
7t��
1:th,1t\\
(/)
�� ;�;{rm \ '1v --c··-t 0 � (J) 7 tt t? � ;�;� ;�;{rmf:. ;�;�--:) t::.lv --c·'-t 0 \\
l\f::.
dfJ JiJ, f 7 "C''Tn�o � t diJ ry � Ttlo 1;�-tf--'( Ttlo h?
diJ(J)� t 7 -t <··r.=...A(J)�-@-n{JiJ � (!)"(·· � �� L � < i?�\'H��,.,Iv L i>,
i�il.L.oi
"(''TiJ ''······o
4
13-:
5
�
6
;1. 7 1) - :
7
�
''
''
L <'
::ft L<>
:
L��.-'ti 7 7Ji'�,-,�,.,-r-LJ: 7 o .:::-�.�-.. .., �� �il.l::'� tJ ;�;� ry � L t::. o ••
·A.
•
� E tJ:Et � ik/v "{'-, .!f- < Ql "( < .'
<-t'l
?>
!.!:-<'
t:>
f:_' � \'o
Michiko: You don't look \Yell, Mary. Mary:
Urn ... I have a little stomachache.
Michiko: What's the matter? Mary: I went out to haYe dinner with my friend yesterday. I think maybe
I ate too much.
Michiko: Are you all right? Mary: Yes. Don't worry about it.Oh, it hurts. Michiko: You had better go to a hospital.
Mary: Doctor, I have a sore throat. I had a stomachache yesterday. Doctor: I see. You have a fever, too. It is just a cold. Mary: Well,
I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though ...
Doctor: You had better not exercise for a couple of days. Mary: I understand. Doctor: Take medicine and go to bed early tonight. Mary: Yes. Thank you so much. Doctor: Take care.
* �lv
V
o
c
b
a
I
u
a
r
y
No u n 5
sL
leg; foot
\. \7;!.
meaning
*
j:? 1j: -h'
stomach
*
1;; '-lf
cold
-h'0 L: J:
girlfriend
-h·n
boyfriend
�t?lv
temperature (weather-not used for things)
< *
*
t�
cloudy weather
L s \.\
match; game
S-/..:2.-/Z
JUICe
-\:t-1..\l'
politics
-ltv'�-tt �
grade (on a test, etc.)
-\t�
cough
0) �··
throat
tj
tooth
tj 1j:
flower
tJ:n
sunny weather clothes
L\ *
�_;, ""'? 1;;· J: \. \
hangoYer
7·v-e·::.-- �
present
;j;-b�·;;? t0
homesickness thing (concrete object)
1-P�
snow
J:-JL
business to take care of
-
a
d
i
e c t
v e 5
it \.\
sweet
1,\f::.\\
:® \.\
hurt; painful
j:? j:? \. \
�I,\ 5� \.\
there are many . . .
-\tjl..\ ""'?
,::·' 7 iJ"'b � \. \
narrow; not spacious
J.. if£ -itn 'Ill ' A 'C IJ > •= \. \ ,.
inconYenient; to have a scheduling conflict
'�I,\ *
Words that appear in the dialogue
bad
fc:J:- adject
ve
-t--c � (t:)
-!-�
fantastic
U - v erbs
1; -l:f � 7.J' <
to catch a cold
�J:-? h 1;{ &t; �
to be interested (in ... )
'
(topic t:) t:<-t *
to lose
tJ. -:) 1; ;; &6 �
�I;{ &t; �
'
0
t''iJ>'iJ•.b <
0
t''7J>'5� <
to have a fever to become thirsty
Ru - v erbs
-lt � 1; ;;' "(•' �
to cough
.b�J·n�
to break up; to separate
(person rregular
*
t)
V er bs
�A-l?J:-?T�
�7&-t�
to get nervous
LA.-u:· ...
���c.-t �
to worry
\
-r �
Adverbs
and
Other
Expressions
1.\-:Jt
always
*
};t.:· ... \tt:
Get well soon.
*
t-f'A.-�IJ{t:l.\
*
t: �;�A.-
*
--r· � � t.:· tt --r· L J: -?
""'
""'
*
t''
t: �A-t: t?
j(. 7t. iJ>' t: ... \
don't look well
��
probably; maybe as much as possible probably; ... , right? ... degrees (temperature) for two to three days because ... for the first time very soon; in a few moments/days
G
r
a
m
m
a
r
There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.
A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you can already report in Japanese \Vhat has happened, /"'A -�Ji-*. .i -l:t lv -e L t::.. This sentence, :. however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it is not offered as an explana tion for anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse for being late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say:
(As it happens,) the bus didn't come.
An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the appoinlment). The sentence-final expression lv --c··-r serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:
I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)
JiJ L t� T :A. � �;�· JiJ � lv "("'To I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can't go out tonight.) � 1 v t:n � t� �,, vc·· -t 0
I want to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish)
� 1 v t:1t � t� 1, '!v vc··-t o
I uant to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.}
,, ,,
,.\,; ·r·-t goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. ,.\,; --c·-t itself 1
is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. writing, it is more common to find
(!) --c·-t
In
instead of ,.\,; --c··-t.
PX.,�th�· J:
< 7j: \. 'lv vc·· -t o (in response to the question, "'Nhy do you look so upset?") (As a matter of fact) il1y grade is not good.
-tt'\ \{! �
1
In casual exchanges, h.- --c·-t appears in its short form, h.- t-::. In casual questions, h.- --c·-tiJ' is replaced by �. We will examine these further in Lesson
15.
�i\.��1;>',�-b "-? t::.lv "'C''T o (explaining to a person who has caught you smiling) L
��h.
h
The exam is over. {_That's whv I'm smiling.)
\i\Then it follows a noun or a �:-adjectiYe, 1j: comes in between. report sentences
explanation sentences
tJ: -adjective: noun:
You can use lv ·e-t in questions to inYite explanations and further clarifications from the person you are talking to. It is Yery often used together with question words, such as �·
7 L "( (why) and �· 7 L f.: (what has happened). o : �-- -J L --c 1Jt � 41J n t::.lv --c··-t �;- o Q·h
ht·
Why did you break up with your boyf1-iend? (You've got to tell me.)
A: 1&:, -tflv-1flvB�g t:A.� �1.-\/v"'C''To �·tt
�i·
:i?
L!�'
Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)
Q • �-· -J L t::.lv --c-·-t h·o What happened? (You look shattered.)
A : 1tli 1J 9t lv t:-· lv --c·· To n..:
2
L
JV!y cat died. (That should explain how I look today.)
You can also use A., --c·-r to provide an additional comment on what has just been said. A : � "C t "'\"'
\�Jc�4· --c··-ttlo �1-l Q' L ;
That's a great textbook that you are using. B .
X.. i.. o ;fl. c?) :k tf 0 7t� �;···"'\ t::.lv --c··-to .hf:L
t::••Q'(
b·
You bet. The professors at my university wrote it (for your information).
2 A ?::.' '? L t: lv "'C'-t 1:1' question is best answered by a lv -r·-t sentence with the subject marked with the particle-�;: rather than 1;1:, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.
Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb -t :/�,which means "too much," or "to excess." -t ::,-·� conjugates as a regular ru-verb.
iZ"'"'- -t 5' -r tt \, \ tt .i � ,z,o
You nzust not eat too much.
t:.
I got up too early.
-t ::,--� can also follow "'- and t:-adjective bases (the parts which do not change in conjugations); you drop the"' and t: at the end of the adjectives and then add -t ::,--� . This book iS too expe-nsive.
JiJ tJ) A. (j �Ji {}) -t �-- l -t l/""""" Ut::
0
That person is too nice.
ti -? lx'·" ' " ' ...e-t "it is better (for you) to do . . . " is a sentence-final expression that you can use to give advice. \¥hen you suggest an actiYity with ti -J I.J"" ' " '--c---t, you are giving a very specific piece of advice; namely, that it is advisable to do it, and if one does not follow the advice, there is a danger or a problem.
ti -J I.J''" ' " '--c-·-t is peculiar in that it follows different tense forms, depending on whether the advice given is in the affirmative or the negatiYe. \Yhen the adYice is in the affirma tive, ti 7 I.J"" '"'"{··-t generally follows the past tense short form of a verb. \Vhen the advice is in the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense short form. You'd better eat more vegetables. It is better not to skip classes.
You can use t7) 1:· to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence. Semantically, t7) "{-- is just like I.J· G. Stylistically, t7) 1:-· sounds slightly more formal than I.J• G.
(reason) (J) c
(s ituation)o
(situation), because (reason).
1,.\--:::>t E;:f.�--c·· �-tel)"t·· --, E;:f.�l.l{.l.-t-t:� � ;i Lt;:o !i,(,
!:
::
!.!IJ:
!:
!!,(,
:::
l:.ti l
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.
� J1! 1.1 { t;: < � lv � -:> t;: 0) --c··,
L•o
� 0) -? 0) +Z, J: <>
:OC 1 -lt lv --c·· L t;: a f.>
I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework.
The reason part of a sentence ends in a short form predicate. When (1) ... (" follows a �-adjective or a noun, � comes in between, as it did with the explanatory predicate
lv --c··-t. -c 0) A (j 1,. \ t b � --� 0) "(''' (}'1:;
� � 1,. \ --c·· T 0
I do not like that person, because he is mean.
� 8 (j: 8 B� 8 � 0) ''('' , }�{f U1*7J. "{''T o �-t SA...:i t:s.J:-JU'= -:.1-l
Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.
3
We use�<
t? f>"'ttl-1!-lv to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must."
*-� 7 7.. � 1.7{ � � 1.7· �, t: < � lvifzz'� L� < t; ��,-\ttl -lt Iva I?\ 'Lttd
..-.:: A.,!'-.t�
I have to study a lot, because there will be an exam next week.
� < 1?
"\'> means "if you do not do ..." and "'ttl-It lv roughly means "you cannot go";
�< 1?
"\'>"'ttl-It lv therefore means "you cannot go not doing ..." with the double
negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the mandate. To form a � <
t? "\'>"\Itl-It
lv sentence, we substitute�" \ in the negative short form of a verb with � < t? "\'>. verb
short negative
"must"
Eti'(Q
\ Etl'(�l, --
Etl'(fc:J: < 15 "\? L\(j*ttlv
=-5
=ptc:J:L\
=P�< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv
gQ
u�L'
u�< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv
(Q
���..,
� fc:J: < 15 "\? L\ lj *ttlv
t.:.
L\
t.:.
L\
t.:.
L\
"'ttl-It lv is grammatically the negative long form of a verb in the present tense. You can
change 1j: < 1? "\'>"\It l-It lv to 1j: < 't:> "\'>"\It l � lv -c-· L t;:. (past tense) to say you had to,
and to � < 1?
"\'>"\tt�" \ (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and before
elements like
lv ..C'T.
3ln writing and in very formal speech, >J: < "C Li \' tt :i -kt lv is more common than >J: < t, "(> \ 'tt :i -kt lv.
tt � t�L � * t:� � 1,( t:
};
� < i; � \\ tt l-lt- h, "(' L t:o (long form, past)
I had to get up at six this morning.
4ii: 8
J,q:r,
�
�W L �
tl.lvL••i
< i; � \\ �t � \\ h, "C"To (short form, present)
(The truth is,) I must practic e every day.
We use the sentence-final expression a prediction.
--c· L J: 7 4
--c·· L J: 7
(probably) when we are making a guess or
follows verbs and \.'-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative
and in the negative. (verb)
It will probably rain tomorrow.
Fti?�'v\"(''L.t 1o
It will probably not rain tomorrow.
.i.
(\.'-adjective)
:J.t. ��it U:� *"' "C'' L J: '
li-ob·l'l::"i
1o
It is probably cold in Hokkaido. It is probably not cold in Hokkaido.
--c· L
J:
7 may also follow �-adjective bases and nouns. Note that --c· L J: 7 goes directly
after these elements; we do not use X""�"'(·' L J: 7 ,
X"" 0 --c-· L J: 7
, or X ....... t.:'"'(•' L J: 7 .
(�-adjective)
� "C'' L J: � r :?t� tj :;.,;.>:,: .T!!, -h��t ...,.----
�.i L t;1tlv1t''
1o
* � L>\"� � \\"('' L 1
Professor Yamashita probably likes fish.
1o
Professor Yamashita probably doesn't like fish.
(noun)
J;) 0 A. tj ;.f -A ��
� 7 1) 7 A. i:' L J: 1o
;.f -A � 7 1) 7 A. t � � \ ' "('' L J: 1 t:lv
4"'t L
J:
That person
l:lv
o
is
probably an Australa i n.
That person is probably not an Australian.
7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. \Ye will, however, concentrate on the present tense
examples in this lesson.
"C"L .l:
-J sentences can be turned into questions (""'·-eL .t -? 1;·), which can be used to
invite another person's opinion or guess. E
*�::: � b·h,.: �00( �::: �,
:: 11.<-
�---? i?
n"$
t:1'b·
L
"
'
--c- L
J:
7 iJ· o
Which would you say is more difficult, Japanese or Korean?
The short form of --c·· L .l: '? is t:··:; -J . You can use it to cautiously phrase a prediction or an analysis.
t: It L
� � tJ:��-h" ct �..t1 h
� t:·.; 7
���"'� To J.; t
I think Takeshi would be interested in it.
In casual exchanges, you can use --c· L .t '? (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as somewhat shorter ·-e L .t) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said. :/
3
/, lf1
00 �-h"h iJ' � --c· L J:
t,,,.;.:· ( .:·
?
.::
n, �.'it� "'C"o .t
John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?
P
r
a
t
c
c
e
CD c 5 u t�fv c9tJ' A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using -fv c9.
�
8J
Q : �-- 7 L t:: lv "C''Tn'a A : �� 1; �*i I, \ lv "(''T 0 l>t:.1
\ 't;
cz)
7° v -e ::.---
r f'
t J?l,\l L t::
(4)
� CJ) 7
C6) e0 �--n{*i..., \ --c---r
t.;t
\'t;
� j:_ a """C L f::
t;h.-l.:�-1
U'
(8) "W* � � ��
.;=
< L :i L t::
(9) � L f:: r 7-. r h� � ry l T
B.
Respond to the comments using
i?ll·
-fvc9.@)
Example:
My father's
X t7) � lv "'C''T o
�
.., ..,
(3)
(2)
(1)
-t--c���-:7--c··-ttJ.o
I received them
My mother made it.
Itali an ones
from my friend.
(5)
�------
iJ' �
It was cheap.
.:: \\'It \1Jt "(''T tJ.o n·n
kind
C.
Pair Work-Your partner has said something nice about what you
have.
Respond using -fu c·9.
A : ���-i? t: t G 1:: t
D.
t� !v ---c·'t' · o
Pair Work-Make u p d ialogues asking for reasons. Example:
I went to Tokyo last week. �
A : B :
;t�Jit� t:1t � �-- 7
.l L t� o
I•
-lth..Lwl/::1��1
L ---c Jft � t: 1t
1:: i�d
A : -I!J:h�-� :J 1) 7J h• G *-.t::. !v ---c··'t' o �u
�
1. I am very tired. 2. I have no money.
3. It is not convenient today. (��-@-1;{,!� \ ') ... )'.: ?
h.::.
4. I want to marry my boyfriend/ girlfriend. 5. I am going to Japan to study.
6. He speaks Chinese very well. ('i'OO�IJ''..t.:t-·e-t) t:.,,p1,:· <
.. ::
L .t� .Y
7. I don't want to watch that movie.
CD�I\9�* u t.: f;:_
A.
Describe the following pictures through
(4)
Use "verb+ 9�-@" for
and "adjective+ 9�-@" for (5) through (10).
Example:
�
using -9�-@.
1'!: � 't' �£- .l
-::>(
L t::. o
BJ
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(8)
B.
(9)
(7)
(10)
Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things and make sentences as in the example. Example:
��6
�
1. 1X.�>
2.
4.
5.
(TJ
7.
�,�,6 r=-7..�?6 ?6 �7it :. A... '>!-'1
--..:A.,:.�.;
:0* t; * � �% J: ���7 llh, -j t:
��-t �tt:.h' G, t:
t:
-it:
8.
/ t.o .:1. - 7' - � 1� 7
3.
:J
6.
i:t'v\�����6 J)j t�
"':>/)'
t=.
® �1J:fXfvt�la:5ti·L 'L \c9 (})
<9�
A. Using the cues below, give advice to a friend who has a headache. Decide if you should use the affirmative or the negative. Example:
*- � 1k
B : �Jb?{fffj '-''A-- "C''T o
-+
IT)
:
A 1. ]f- < 4. B.
;rl �
ntJ
''to
<-n
IT)
*- �1kA--t.:'ti '"? n'''-''"'"'C'T J: o
i21ctt:1t <
2.
� ·Y:
*"
li'!'
8J
3. m FJ£ t:n {_fJ:-11. ,.z,
�'
<
I.\
1±:f:. �1*-t: L ::: �:::
'I'T
Pair Work-Give advice to your partner in the following situations, using -1a;5 t.i'L\L \.
Example:
8 *�1;{J: 4=- t: td: � f::. \' 8 •
A
f
L:.d
!: li/v :::
->
:
8*��1;>'J:-t-t:�
ry f::.\\A--"'(''To
l.d -r
1: l.ilv :::
8 -*;,._ o:> �t.:· i? � 11: ":) t::. ti 7 1J ,, " ' " ' --c-·T J: o 1:
Ukl:lv
1:::!,
"'?(
'""( ·'� � f::."tt*��Mf� �1,\t:f 'J 1;{\\1,\"(''T J:o ::._· (j: �·
;{_ � \
1. * - L. :, '/ 4.
7.
7 t::.''
3. if: . .t.:· i? � t t A--n� L t::.
2. Jf;=> -1-t t::. 1, \
h -i:-1;{ � \\
5.
1;{fffi \\ 1ii \\f::. 1.1
8.
J)·b
J:t;>'�"' .n�J 'Jf:. �k�4·� � < -li-\
2:: b
6. :::.. 8 f,§� \\ f.:' .).--:Jir
;b:(,
.'<1-i >l· L l
Lt::.
9. 1,\ '"'::)
..t
t {�� t: ��IJ T� I? L: 1')>�: l"i
..: <
C. Pair Work-You are a health counselor. Someone who hasn't been feeling well is at your office. Ask the following questions. Complete this form first, then give your advice using -la;5t.i'L \L '· t;i 1, \ b . J: < tf"\\�� ���j:Th�o �!.
t�
t;i 1, \
f:.
c .
J: < Jf*-��� l -tn�o
t;i \\
d.
�A�--t;i A--���j:Tn'o
t;i \\
e .
J: < };5�.;. �1k.,Z,. j:Tn'o
t;i \\
t:.
� :::-\\
t:.
n�
V)
:· •
f . f::.tJ'��"?&\'j:TIJ'o T
h. 1
*M
�-- A-� - ;ftl.f � J: < ��j: -tn�o l) .t-1 'l
. J: < � � j: -tn�o .t�
t;t \\
r:
----
L:J)·Iv
® L 'L \;R�tc�:(J)c, �� l.l*9 A.
�fv I£
<:lv �
Connect the two sentences using -(J)c:.
Example:
BJ
"\" \��"C'''t/1&� L l 't -
="'"" l.i'
'l"" ;:.
\,\\,\��fJ(/')··r· ... 1&� L 1To ="'""
'l"" �-
ll'
1 . �\,\''C"'t/�1.\l 't lr
>i>i"
2. &;_, C7) �!® tj � t L � ;{.<• ,,
3. �i!!tj ·l't L h'--? <•fiJ'
�kL,.-J
<
&;_, ry 1 -tt lv / Jt t;:
<
;!,.
&;_, 0 1 -tt lv
t: ·r·-t/�tl "'C "\ 1 't -:>IJ·
4. m � "(·· L t;:/t�3it � 1*-hl L lhi -'
1.: •• :: .ti
n·<'l 1.: Jc
L h--1!:-:>
-?i"
t:
5. iLt-ktjl.\--:::>t�Jt{JJ"'C··-t/A.�t;iJi> ry 1 't 6. 7.
Jlj,:.�� t=��t;s Ji> 0 .i-tt lv / �Jtl1fl � ��,2;. l -tt lv
-it<•
l:
Ji> L
L -<-.;:-<-
3.d h
t;: 7 A
9. � � T � --- 1 L �-5
J:
� t;s Ji> 0 l 't/ � 1! L l 't
8 . C7) c:·'t;{t;, tJ � l L
B.
r:-<- :.
"'""""" 1
t;: / :/ .::1.- A t;sjk;z;_ t;: "\ -r·-t ?)
t;:/ Jtt;{:rm" \ --c·-t JJL
l'f:
Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example.
Example:
h'-tf � V' � l L f:
-
h'-tf � V'"\ t::. C7) --c· ... t�3it � 1*-h1 L 'i'T
Lr�>.O
t: o
2. t?fJh'1Ji'"f"\"(\,\1T 3. ;t - b � ·;; 7 "'C�T
4 . ffl :f 1;>' Ji> 0 l 't J: i
L
5 . if-� C7);t�1J{b 1;> ry l -tt lv t:lv
C.
�·
<•
h
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
t:1t � t: "\ ··e-t
1.
(/') "(''' t:f oo
2.
(/') "'(''' ),_�1;{ Ji> 0 l To
3.
(/') "(''' h'·tf � V' � 1 L
4.
(/') "(''' 411 tL l L t;: o
5.
(/') --c·'
6.
(/') "(".., ��IJ L l L f;: o
7.
(/')"(" ... W:5tt L "'C "\1'to
i>tl>i �- (
,,
I:,{_ .'
0
t;: o
{?;j•
E * t:1.ih f;: r:
t;
Ilk
T
<
J'J 0 l-tl.- /vo
�(
� A..."t:>.t-1
Ci)t;B�l���tJ:< 15� � '':t*ttlv u"5 l..i
<13
A. Look at Tom's schedule and make sentences, according to the example. Example:
7:00A.M.
7:00A.M./�� � .h
Ex.
----+
6J
r f.,. � lv t.:i -1: * t =- �� 1i < t?-'(> ... \ H;! -tt lvo L'?l
i;
��� ;· n
8:00A.M.
(1) -Jt?�ili� -.:·
9:00A.M.
(2) {�* t: ili� t:» .Y.d
-.:·
� r 7t::t �=-%- -J
1:00 P.M.
(3)
2:00P.M .
(4)
3:00P.M.
(5) L L t:1t--? 'l
-<'! L t"itA.,-ti-''
����$'�:Z � ;Z �'
::...·
I;L
.Z.. J V.X... J V
5:00P.M.
"
,,
7-7° � Jilj <
�
�
(6) -) t? �: l)� � fr ;(
6:00P.M. 8:00P.M.
(7) if;.Ar7r�
1) - � B)t :::..·' t.:i Jv � 1z""' � 1!/v
t:
(8) fe!Jt!�'t� Lt"A t=.·\,
9 :oo P.M. 10:00 P.M. n:oo
P.M.
(9) }:;�g t:A.� .i.
(10)
7,
Li\'
� �ikiL' !7) ('f�
(11) -) t? t: it�� h' tt � "('/,... -h
B.
Pair Work-Invite the partner to do the following things together. Turn down the invitation and give an explanation using -td:( 't5f.>l.\(j-td:l.\. Example:
play tennis
B : 1? J: --? � ;1i�-@--h{}�"' \ lv -c·-t o ib L f.: tit�* t: ili 1i < 1?-'(> �.t \ tt -? .. :::1
.f?�
1. do homework
2. eat lunch
4.
5. go to karaoke
study in the library
L:t1)�;.!1
--c·
3. drink coffee
C. Answer the following questions.
1. 8 *�0{��--c·M � L � < � � �=
li;{.
l:t>:O;i
:::
c.:.:
"
'
�t J: -lt h,h�o
2. 8 * ·-c-·7'�@1A..t.iM � L� < � � " ' �t J: -lt,Z,h�o .: .!;{. ,;• . ..: < L;{. c.:.: 3. h'-? _: J: ( � � f::\,\,{,"'(•'To 1PJ� L� < ��\,\�tJ:-ltA.,h�o -:.: . : 4. iZ.t�·�h"�u · t: * j: -to B � L� < �� "' tt l-lt A.,h�o 1::: �
i> �
:-
6 . -J-i� 0 at , 1;;r � L 1i < � � .:. (::"' t
t':.
� ... :
"
' t tJ: -lt ,Z, --c·· L t:: h�o
®®ut=.tct�tL cu� 5 1<1:
A.
Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (::R�.:P�). Play the role of a meteorologist -c1v n
ED
J: Ill:?
and tell the weather forecasts for each city. Examples:
Tokyo/snow �
Jlt* t.i ib L t: � --c·· L 1:::-l:O.d
"'""
1
�o
temperature in Tokyo/around 2oC ¢=' ·a 1 ..;. m: < ' ar. _._ � )'!'.. _,'f.- 0 X\ lllll � cl. ' 1:::
i C<:i
�· j.;,{.
city
B.
:::.. ,jji:_ 1:
!::"
•. 0 \, \
weather
,·· L l
..-r-
-
J
0
temperature Ex. around 2oC
Tokyo
Ex. snow
Sydney
(1) sunny
(2) hot
(3) around 30oC
Hong Kong
(4) rain
(5) cool
(6) around 18oC
Rome
(7) cloudy
(8) warm
(9) around 20oC
Pair Work-Play the role of a meteorologist. Predict the weather for your favorite city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same thing.
city
weather
temperature
®*c6'J(J)��
nlvu�-s
A.
Using Dialogue I as a model, make skits in the following situations. -Your friend looks sad. -Your friend looks happy.
B.
. Pair Work-A and B are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you are available. Refer to p. 245 for B's schedule.
B : *�(7) �1ft!
a tj i; J:
"'?
� ::M��h,;-i� '- \ � "C''T o
t.\�t�t.\�"(''To BBIB Li�''-J "C"Th'o
"'''L»i
lf-:>.t 1
U'
1:-t;.t -j
-:> .:·-;
b�
* � � �k .:Z. � < i; -f>
;t\•
.:·
};
L
U'
A's schedule Sunday
go shopping
Monday Tuesday
read books
'¥ednesday Thursday Friday
meet friends
Saturday
C. Role Play-Visiting a Doctor's Office Using Dialog ue ll as a model, act the role of a doctor or a patient. Doctor-Fill out the medical report on p. 245 and give advice to the patient. Patient-Describe the symptoms you have and answer the doctor's qu estions.
Sex:
0 Female
OMale
Age:
Symptoms:
0 Sore throat 0 Headache 0 Stomachache D Any other pain DCough D Fever
0 Allergy (7 v Jv.:¥-)
'
0 Others '
Example:
A : *-.�0) J1 Ba 8 �:-;tt �= T.::. "'''Lwi
lf-:>J: -j V'
,,., L l
'A� L j-\!- lvh'o
B : *-.�0) J1 aa 8 t.i i? J: --::> c: t�..g-. fJi' }�" 'lv '"'C'' To *
"' tt 7j:'"' '1v '"'C''T o 8 aa 8 t.i C:'' 7 '"'C''T h· o
"'''L•>i
--:> :·i
lf-:>.t i 1.1'
1:"' .t
.h'O
-j V'
B's schedule Sunday Monday
teach English
Tuesday vVednesday
clean rooms, do laundry, etc,
Thursday Friday Saturday
practice karate
;t''
� � �.t ;{. 7j:' < :· !?L
i? �
H e alth
Illn e ss
and
At the Reception of the Clinic
Th �
Patient:
� lv,
:m &0
li l:
-r � lv ··e-tn�-o
Excuse me, this is my first visit.
Receptionist: tJ: "< \, 1:%��iE li It ;(..ll 'l
� JL � "( h
< t� � "< \o
OK. Please show me your health insurance certificate.
.: 0)#,1;\ t:-Z 'ijtr � 1i?JT � . ... \ "( < t3.' � IJ•h
� ;1 i.
t.:>�>'ll l
lr
...
\0
Please fill in your name and address on this paper. *
.: ntJ:1PJcry� -r---tn�o
Patient:
�;(.,
What kinds of medicine are these?
Receptionist: �7-;..J:.t!J--('To ''fo
l:'
iz1�t:j_k/v"('' <
ll(
:;:
'7>
t3.- � "<\o
These are painkillers. Please take one after meals.
;bf;� ry � L f;:o
Patient:
I see.
Receptionist: ;1:? *• t:o fl\'
t.:
Please take care.
Useful Expressions for Illness (��) and Injuries Ot7Ji') .J'.rl �
rm"(·''to
------
1 have diarrhea.
1�{&2 "'('To
------
1 am constipated.
It
1)
....:;(., U'
.i.:t.! "(''To ------ 1 have my period.
"("To 1t.�7Hi lr ,;,;(.,L l"i
-\tl'
ry
-------
("" t:) 7 v Jv;f--7;,- Gb
su� 7;>' Gb
t: L 1.!
< L
ry � T
� 7-;. 7J>' ::B �-
--
------
------
�t.1:f7;>'7;�\1)'..\"("To �·/)·
� To
0 -------
� To
j.J�f;�'te � To
r; '-' ;z,. 1'
ry
------
1 have hay fever. I have an allergy to . . .
I have a bad tooth. I sneeze.
1
haYe a runny nose.
My back itches.
��7;>' Gb ry � To ------- 1 have rashes. 1t
!.!-, L;(..
�l "'I.Jil l To ------- I feel dizzy. of.� l L f::.o
I threw up.
-$]'-7,]'·,�" '--c··-to � � ;:;..,
I am not feeling well.
1.1
b'!.
.
f> tt �-- � L l L f::.o
------
I burned myself.
Jt. (J) it � {JT � l L f::. o
I broke my leg.
tt I.Ji � L :f L f::. o
I hurt myself.
,i; L
l!t:>
;.;
Useful Vocabulary •
!2S� (Doctor's office) l.>i'> l\
l*J *+
physician
t,:\ \ lr
J.tfit *+ r.t
.;.
lr
---
dermatologist
7'�*+ ---- surgeon 11" lr
& �f A.*+--obstetrician �II1:11- h· .;.
and gynecologist
��7'�*+ --- orthopedic surgeon
h·
§�*+ ---- ophthalmologist
,;:;�_ ,;-
�*+
dentist
lf J¥.*+
otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doctor
L
1:
•
,;.
(J- ,;-
t-O)ftn (Miscellaneous) t.:.
{ft.�4�'if --- antibiotic .: ; -itt '.i:-:>
L "?
-=f- iff-t ---- operation L ••I:'"-?
i.i� ---- injection
;;..-; L "'
1*-� �+ ---- thermometer
fcl'};il-ltl•
読み書さ編
l)'l:JfJ"fJ.
Hiragana
Katakana
------
(
m2�
)
j]/gj]-j-
(
m3�
)
� L \(;:!;(})ttL\"/J'-:J
-
-
(
;g 5 �
lZ9
_n
� c:t � '5
.....1..... ,
-l:
Travel
257
m8�
J
..., _ -------� .,
262
Daily Life
f'-..
ft.
+
a
+
7.j
fi3
ill(J)g�fcJ:I..IA �?�
My Favorite Restaurant
�YIJ-t!lv(J)1:.1i''ib
Mary's Letter
8*(J)�ttJI I� Fo:lv
i:J'll � lllv
*
-------
:bt.::!J
(
252
270
-----
276
----
282
Japanese Office Workers ---- 28 7
(
� _ .... __ .., ,
;g 9
)
A-
(
;g I 0
J
"/J'
�
�
-a
ft � � � X
(
m
II
�
�
) �1:1)f!,
Sue's Diary ----- 292
The Folktale Kasajizo ------ 298
� � �
k
�
� � M
Looking for Friends ------ 304
+ �* � 1ft BA m fJt � w � * rn- � 5£ � * t � �t;r.
*
�
Itt::
Tanabata Festival ------ 310
;f$ 1f- � 4 1� 1� it $� It ;Jf -t
�
s
�a 1;"\ ka � sa t� ta -T:!-. na (i ha i ma �ya ':> ra 1 tJ wa : lvn \...
I
�
u � ki < ku L ski -t su -J; chi � tsu t: ni ¥J. nu u hi �)" fu I H.mi C mu I rp yu l) rz ; ru I t·\. z
......
J
�
N
0
..............................
A.e tt ke {!: se I l te tl ne I �he I ¥Jme """"
1]
}; 0 "- ko .z so �
�
to
(J) no
tl ho t mo J: ; ro �0
YO
tlre
(Refer to "Japanese \Yriting System" on pages 18-22 for more details.)
Ml��
CD Hiragana
Practice
A. Choose the correct hiragana.
1. yo
�
J:
2. ho
t;±
4 . su
�}
't
5. ki
� ._
7. ta
t:
�=
8.
;;
ro
ti
3.
� '-
�
me
IJ.
6/)
-
!v
6 . chi
� .._
9.
A.
e
i;
B. Match the words.
1. 2.
t� t:t ir"
Person's name
�l t t .
·Nakamura ·Takahashi
4. tj L t t ·
·Tanaka
t:th"�" b .
·Sakuma
6. 7.
8.
9.
· Akai
3. JfJh'-\\ 5.
Place name
� -::d l" ;; .
10. � J: � t . 11. h" t:t �--b.
Gifu
•
Beppu
·Sapporo
12. }.; h � h" .
·Osaka
14. '-�-- .,...,)" ,
·Kanazawa
13. t:th�� �.
t� h" tj L ·
·Morikawa
t 0 h'-b.
·Yamamoto
15. ""' --::;
·Hashimoto
16.
� < l
•
....
t?tf
') 0
.,...,) ,
·Kyoto
·Nagasaki ·
Chiba
C. What's wrong with the hiragana below? Rewrite the correct hiragana.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
J
(5)
8
D. Write as many hiragana as possible which contain the following parts. (1)
(2)
1
t
(5)
(4)
E. Put the
(3)
(6)
- ........,
t
hiragana in the right order to make sense.
Example:
t::.'
1.
blvi:'
3.
lv tit:
5.
lv�� \ \
CD Reading
�
t i;
�
�
t t::.' i;
----
------
------
--------
2.
.:''\ \ .z
4. ;{.lj:;i
6.
1; { t::.' \ \ <
Practice
Read what the following people are saying and answer the questions.
1. Who is an office worker?
2. Whose major is Japanese? 3. Who is a high school student? 4. What is Harada's major?
®Writing Practice You received a letter from a Japanese friend. Read it and write a letter introducing yourself.
t � t; � 1 L- r
,
t: t� 1v t; 1v r--
t> r::
L- t � r: "'
'\
� L-
11
0
o
n{ <
-tt 1v t 1v t � .i "' '\ �:.-- ? ¥'' J:
1 .z. n" t> J7. ; : r--
I!
0) "' '\
z." r-- T
; ?td.lv -tt "' '\ r-- T
0
o
< ;n ?td. n{ "' '\
L- .1 T
0
-- �--"'
--·-
* c:·· � -t-· J: .; L < B � t;{1.' L l i' is more polite than c:·· 1 -t-• l .; L < .
� ?� 1tJ/ytJ-j1
7 a
7J ka
s
E
1 � ki z
-:/" shi
� ta -j- na
1- chi
ha
-::? ma
f ya -
7
r;J
ra
N
0
. . . . . . . . . .....................
"""'
7u 7 ku
7 ke
A su
� se
'/ tsu
e
X
......
T
te
;f :1
0
ko
'/ so
r
to
7- nu
;;:("'- ne
/ no
t hi
7 fu
� he
* ho
� � �
b mu
/. me
� mo
---
nz
mz
"
3 yo
::J_ yu
)
'
rz
J V ru
V re
(Refer to "Japanese Writing System" on pages
0
7
wa
/ n
2]
Katakana
-tj- sa
/ \
s
22-24
ro 0
for more details.)
8
.... � E ± (b· ��� t==l �
CD Katakana
Practice
A. Choose the correct katakana.
1.
;t
0
4 . shi
/
7.
v
ru
'
7
2.
nu
'J
�
3.
sa
T
1j-
'/
5 . ku
7
7
6.
ma
7
8 . ho
-f:
*
9. yu
b.
:I..
::L
Jv
-
B. Match the following words and pictures.
1. ( 2. ( 3. ( 4.
(
5. ( 6. (
) ?t v / � � _:t - .A ) 7 7 1 F if -T �
8. (
) -']- - �
9.
) 1f 7 :1''
) 1- 3 :J v - � / '\ 7 ) :J - t -
(a)
(
10. ( :I..
(b)
) 1f / F 1 ''J T ) .A -T - � ' � ) .A , " /f ''J T 1 t O )
11. (
)
12. (
)
� - .A �
v -t: / 7 1 -
(c)
(d)
( g)
(h)
(k)
(l)
�
0 (e )
7. (
(f)
� (i)
(j)
~ �~
C. Match each country with its capital city. CaQital Cities
Countries
1. 7 v - � 7
2 . ;f 7 / �'' 3. 7
� lJ tJ
4 . :I.. :; 70 }'
•
· ;f � ?
•
•
•
•
•
· 7 b A 7 lv �-· b.
? � / r / DC ..=..
.:::1. -
7' lJ -
•
7 7 7 Jv / 7°- Jv
•
•
7'' :r.. / A 7 1 v A
•
· � � / ""' 7
8 . 7 Jv �· / 1- /
•
· tJ 1 o
9 . tJ -}- �··
•
· A r '/ 7 * Jv b.
5.
;f - A }' 7 1) 7 .
6. A 7.
ry
:I.
- 7· /
1 / F
D. Word Search-Find the following country names in the box of katakana . ""- � T L.. (Vietnam)
"/ / tf ;f - Jv 1- .:r..
"::1
(Czech)
7 /- 1) tJ A7
.:r..
.I. 7 7
(Singapore)
(America)
- .:y /
(Sweden)
F Jv (Ecuador)
/- .:\=- "/ "::1
(Mexico)
7·· 7. S/ Jv (Brazil) ;t;'A .::. 7 (Bosnia) .:;f 7
/ y·
1 /
F i-- "/ 7 (Indonesia)
(Holland)
tJ T y·· (Canada) Jv
7 / y··
71
(Rwanda)
(Thail and)
.:;f - A � 7
1) 7
(Australia)
... / F ;f, :/ 7 1 Jv 7 :1 7 -f: lJ 7'' 7 0 7 7 ... ;f - A r 7 ) 7 _:;, :1 ... ... ,. 7 y 7 -r :/ 7 ;;( � :/ / 7- ..X ;;( Jv c lJ * A.' y·· � 1 7 ...... Jv tJ -r y·· ... ,, tJ -f: T :/ c-· ;t;' A - 7 7 � / tJ'' ;t; - Jv / '\ / y 1 :J" lJ 7 J_ 7 7 F 1
l
_,,
/ y·· 1-
:1
..X
1
:1
7-
....-.... -
""'
r 7 -r y·· L. 7
Jv ;;(
E. Put the katakana in the right order to make sense.
Example:
r /-
1.
3. / � 5.
�7-
7-�
�
-- -- --
-- -- -- --
4. / S/ - :A'
- - --
7° 7 -
2. =- .::J... ;l -
-- -- - -
6.
v - 1- r
- - - - -- --
-- - - - - -- - -
CD Name Tags Write your name in the box below and make your own name tag. .• .
'
Example:
?
1 7 Jv
® Reading Practice Mary wrote about the things below. Find out which item she wrote about.
1. (
) .:: n t:i b t� L C0 -1=- � � - � A.t C0 .:::. .:z. -
t i' 7 L t � Gb � .i -tt A.to
ti· 7 L --c·--t o
3 - :7 � / .:\=- - .A C0 ti· 7 L -r·-t o
2.
3.
(
(
) .:: n t;i b t:. L (?) L: "C lv L � --c-- --; o ) 7 (?) L: "C lv L � --c-· -t
::t - A � 7
'
t:. h' 1, \ --c-· -t
o
) .:: n t;i
o
� Y' .I. lv � /v (J) L: L J: "C" To
A """ 1 / .::·· (?) L: L J: l:
�
Ji:> � i --lt lvo
7 7 / A .::·' (?) L: L J: "(•' T 0 4.
c
) .:: n u ::.; f � '/ / � 1v (?) < -J --c-· -t o t: ti /v (?) < --? l: � Ji:> 1 '7
)
'
T (?)
< -J "('' T 0
(c )
(b)
(a )
� i -lt lvo
(d)
tiiJ
g) (e )
(g)
(f)
(h)
~ ¥50,000
¥8,000
® Writing Practice Write about the things you or your classmates own. Use Mary's sentences i n ill as a model.
cM3 il I
L
N
0
s
s
E
* l \(�t) O)tt l \fJ\-:J Daily Life
001
- ( 1 1-) one
-1 1-1 /
•
'
V' 'C
Cone) 002
.,....
......
� 1S£ .. 004
1!9 005
A 006
) �� ..
.....
007
-
008
-
:::_ * (.:::. Y) t\'VO o'clock :::_ Jf- .i.. ( .:::. _;{, / -1! 1 ) second-year student ;::_ "':) ( ,b t.: "':) ) two ;::_ E M C .b -:J tJ� tJ Y) two days
- -
(two)
( 2)
-tj- /
�* ( -!fY Y) three o'clock 3. (-If/) three �� .i.. ( -1j- / _;{, /-1! 1 ) third-year student 3."':) ( lJ. -:::> -:J) three
7:;. -;; (three)
(3)
J: �
J:
J: -;;
�
- - -
l?E* ( J:: Y) four o'clock l?E ( J:: lv ) four l?E�.i_ ( J: ;;t, /-1z 1 ) fourth-year student l?E f] ( 'V 7J '/ ) April '[9 "':) ( J: -:::> "':) ) four
(four)
(5) 1
-:::l
\ \ "':)
A* ( :f Y ) five o'clock 1i ( -:J) five A "':) ( l.- � -:J -:J ) five
(five)
(4)
-
'ft:
( o 7 ) six
o?
0 '/
n
V1
T
11
vq
\!9
li
'ft:*
( o 7 Y) six o'clock
'ft:a ( 0 'Y t:: '\" 7 ) six hundred 'ft: -B- ( o 'Y '1' / ) six minutes
t: -;;
(4)
(six)
i'i �
/ \ '')
l
...J-
...J-
..>
-
'ft: "':) ( u -:::> "':) ) six
...J-> "'-
--1:::' ( :V 1-/ 7:t. 7:t.) seven --1:::' "':) ( 7:t. 7:t. -:J ) seven ( 2)
(seven)
--1:::' * ( '5/ 1- Y) seven o'clock
--t-
-'(-' -;;
"'* (;,:f- Y ) eight o'clock -'"'- (J\:f-) eight /\..a c.�\ 'Y c: '\" 7 ) eight hundred "'"':) (� -:::> "':)) eight "'� (l\ 'Y -!f 1 ) eight years old
(eight)
( 2)
- "1-
/�
-
;::_ ( .:::. ) two
v):\t:
� 1-
--t
-* ( 1 1- Y) one o' clock Jf-.i.. ( 1 1- _;{, / -l! 1 ) first-year student -"':) (U' t "':)) one --B- (1 •y 'f'/) one minute
(1)
'# 003
£J
........... ........... ... . . . . .
/
/"-
009
ft 010
01 1
+ a
012
+ 013
7j 014
P3 015
a�
:: :: o:>
')r.. (q:- ::z. ? ) nine 1Lat ( ;7 S/) nine o'clock 1L � ( ::f ::z. ? -IT1 ) nine years old 1L-;; ( .:: .:: 0)-:>) nine
(nine)
(2)
V .:t ? v .:t ''J
+ C'V ::z. ?) ten +� ( S/ ';/ -IT 1 )
.:1=- .::t ?
7
�B
}
1L ::z.
-
+at ( S/ ::z. ? 'V)
l:: -1' :7
a ( t:
t:• -1' 7
�a (o '/' c 1" 7 ) six hundred
,..
;7 ) hundred
C-'\ '>' c: ,.. 7 >
-
-r
(6)
-t /
-1- ( � /) thousand
T
....vt (; \ '>' � /) .....
::!-
.:=.a (-IT y t:• ,.. ;7 ) three hundred
eight hundred
(hundred)
-ii' /
n
A
a
.:=.-1- (-IT y -it y ) three thousand
eight thousand
1-
(thousand)
(3)
7/
-7j ( 1 1- ¥ /) ten thousand + 7i ( S/ ::z. ? ¥ /) one hundred thousand a7i C t: ,.. 7 y /) one million
(ten thousand)
(3)
.I. /
a P3 c �:: ,.. .p x. y ) one hundred yen
-
ten
+
(2)
"""a
+ ( c :to)
ten years old
(ten)
t:' -1' 7
ten o'clock
-y
7j
P3 ( x. /) circle
l
n
rJ
P3
(yen; circle)
(4)
v � ...�
- a� ( 1 1- S/ ) one o'clock 1-1�<1>* ( .:: c' watch
(time)
GOl
1
n
R
a
a-
a..J-
IF-
a:!=
a; *
On this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi [pronunciation originally borrowed from Chinese] and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi [native Japanese reading] .)
CD ;l�O)** � 1J'Iv u
ttlv u�5
(Kanji Practice)
A. Read the price of the following items 'i n kanji and write it i n n u m bers.
Example: 1- 3 ::I v - �
(1)
/ '\
/ n 1-
(2)
-f-/\ s P3
� s 1i. + P3 (¥
..
(¥
)
(4) 7 v t:·-
(3) � t C1)
� lv T
(5)
7
)
/�
3
/
0 0 0 00 0 0000
D
0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00
OCa:t!Il
--t + - ::7 1Z9 -T P3 (¥
+ -=- ::7 .:=. -t- P3 (¥
)
)
B. Write the following prices i n kanji.
Example:
¥ 5 , 420
1 . ¥30
�
li. -T 1Z9 a .=. + P3 3 . ¥ 251
2 . ¥ 140
4 . ¥ 6 , 070
5 . ¥ 8 , 190
6 . ¥42 , 500
7 . ¥ 168 , 000
8 . ¥ 3 , 200, 000
9 . ¥ 57 ' 000 ' 000
An international exchange student writes about his daily routine. Read the passage to find out about his schedule and f i l l in the blanks below.
t; t::. L t.l .;t \ " t : t; -l: at t : B �
i To -? t; ·r- &6
:: ;::-- t.i � � t::. �
,;t To -'"-at t : f3_' \ \I:J� \ � \ '\ � ,;t To Jt.at t : t : t l /v ;::·' � � /v � J:
�
-? L .;t To + ::. at � t : t:_' \ " -h� <
-1::- v � ;:'' t .i lv � t::. � .;t
�-- �
::1
t :: � L J: -h � lv --c-- t l lv � J: h .;t To
� at
;::
r.± ,z,
"
-
t:
-
� <1) h .;t To
1Z9 a�
To
�
.; -? '!? � -h 3t � .;t To + * t:: 7 v t:- � h .;t To + ..::. at ;:- �
li
!i
li
J:> tl .;t To . � · � ��- -- -
---
-- -��-
7:00 )
go to the university
)
eat lunch
(
)
watch TV
(
)
( 9:00 ( 4:00 6:00
® � < �� (Writing Practice) fJ'
:tl.fvlt�-P5
Write about your daily routine. Use the above passage as a model.
-- ·�-''
(•4• I
s
E
L
N
0
s
..............................
4J
)<]7 1) -ZfvO)l.Jvp5£J M ary's Weekend
016
017
E
* 018
A 019
J1 020
* 021
7]<. 022
* 023
� 3fi I
-
=- 1-
7.}
;:: .'/
(.f'
8 B1l 8 (.::::.. 1-- 3 ? TJ) Sunday � a ( ? 1 .:::.. .::;-) every day � (?) 8 Ui �;:!: OYu') Mother's Day a * (.:::.. Ji\ � ) Japan
3... a
8 �c C.:::.. 'Y :¥- ) diary
(day; sun)
(4) I
;j\ /
* ( * �) book
n
A
(�
')'
tJ ) three days
E a * (.:::.. * �) Japan
8 *� ( .:::.. Ji\ � :I) Japanese language tL*- � lv (-\b *
t �
I :t
* *
(book; basis)
(5) -
�/
a *A. ( .:::.. * � y � ) Japanese people .:: 0 A. ( ;: 0) V t ) this person -A."('' ( V t IJ t:) alone
::=.. /
7.} �
(person) jf"J
J.f':J
3.-A... ( -l]- � .:::.. � ) three people (2) J
/....
J1 lf-la 8 ( 7 '/ 3 ? tf) Monday
"'::)�
J3 (-::::> � ) moon
(moon; month)
(4)
tJ 7.}
j(Bi E (tJ 3 ? TJ) Tuesday j( (U) fire
(fire)
(4)
7.. 1
�f
)
•
n
Jj
,13
. � y� *
7J<.ni a ( .A 1 3 ? tf) Wednesday
-t- 7 ....�. (tree)
(4)
.;f- /
�B1l 8 ( :¥- � 3 ? tf) Friday
(gold; money)
(8) /
f; • b
7J<. ( OZJ. f) water
(4)
J 7] 7f 7]<.. *-Hi E ( -'E 7 3 ? lJ) Thursday ;f.. ( � ) tree
(water)
- J3 ( 1 1- jj '/ ) January
-
-t *
*
� � (:BiJ>b.) money A
A
b
4-- � 4,-- �
024
± 025
026
HI _t
027
r 028
~ 029
~
--J i?
±" 8 ( F ::r i'J lf) Saturday ± (-:::> iS ) soil
(soil)
(3)
(weekday)
08)
F
8"8
37
I X.
S/ 3 7 (up)
-
I _t
I
+
±
A
B B,
(..:=. 7- 3 i'J Lf) Sunday
n
If' � B", �"' �3
( -? .:Z. ) top; above .L4- � ( � 3 i'J A � ) good at �_t ( ;:;t :7 � 3 '? ) rooftop
(3) l
}-
J:_
7J
r ( G t:=.) under :t1Br�� ( 1- J.r=t 'Y ) subway
(down)
(3)
L t�
iJ: h ·
f- ::t 7
-
T
T
17
p
tP
�
�
r f � ( A... t� 'l;t) poor at
7 tf 00 ( 1- ::1. i'J ::l :7 ) China tf7 ( � iP) inside S/ ::t 7 tf7 ¥: ( 1- ::1. i'J 71 :7 ) junior high school -Jflf' ( 1 1- ;f, / � ::1. i'J) all year around
(middle)
(4) '
J\/
-=-*.f-
(half)
(5)
(In
�3 Bf3 llf? !!¥ " �1¥ IPtl Bft
( -lJ- >' � J \ >') half past three .f--$3'" (J \ / 7. /) half
'
' ,.
*
this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)
CD ��0)**� (Kanji tNv v
nlv v'P?
Practice)
A. Match the kanji with the English equivalents. 1. 7_}(Bi 8
•
· Sunday
2. �B� 8
•
· Monday
3. 8 Hi 8 .
· Tuesday
4. J1 0i 8 ·
· Wednesday
5. ± Hi 8
•
· Thursday
6. 7f.. BI 8
•
•
7. -*. Bi 8 ·
Friday
· Saturday
B. Look at the picture and choose the appropriate kanji for the blanks.
_t
r
�
1. v .::z � 7 / tJ: t:' Jv O) (building)
2. 8 *"- � * � tJ: v .::z � 7 / 0) :::: ,, -? :: 1 3. .::z - , \' - tJ: v .::z � 7 / 0
"C" 't
0
--c·· -t
--c·· -t
0
0
� ? U -������� � � � ����* ��o
Read the memo and answer the questions.
1.
� 7
1} - � � Cj � J: J t: t ::: � L .i
2. -7 i? ·-c- tf � .::·· tJ: � � t::. � .i
3 . fPJat .::·· � IJ' ;(. ry .i (L A.,
J h'o
-t h'o
Jh'o
CltL� I� ��I
0 0 0
•
h 1J \ J) -:r � "'--
•
t t r�·-t? t r�\ , -n \' < 1'' ,!\.' lv � J: I L 1 r 1 t] -- l i/-v�'c 1 /v � :i( J: -7 t �
�
I
.
(-:_ A 1 +±. /,v o !Lst � �" J-;; n'Z 1) 19
6
(
-t � ::- -t- - B
0
Read the following passage about Mary's weekend.
� Bff E t : E *'-� CI) t: t t:: � t: .:: 7 ;t � t : \ ' � .i L f: o � --c· t: t t=-· "t t: U: ij: L .i L t: o
L t:
o
o
v A.
r
7 / � \ ' � .i
t: < � � t: � .i L t: o
± a1 a
L t:
i- n IJ" G ,
.:: 7 ;t
u:
-
� "'C'' t; "'C ?.:> ""' "' \ � .1 L t:
h -tt ·-c-· B .i �
t l1l 7 � 1J" "' .i L t: \
E Blf E U: t; i- < t; � .i L t:
0
b t: L ti � � 7 v e-· � h .i L t: .::·· ti � � t: � .i L t:
t: < � � h. -tt 1;"' � � 1
0
.::·· .::·· ti
o
o
t; /;" � � � t t; i- < }; � .i L t: o
0
i- nfJ" G , B IJ " Gb � � t: V' �
a *-� � � � �
l
7 L .i L t:
o
*
t J: .,lj. j: L f: o
II h -tt
store
}; � lv t
11>
}; i- <
late
i
sweet bun
Arrange the following activities i n the order Mary did.
(
)
-7
(
)
-7
(
)
-7
(
)
-7
1 . studied Japanese
2 . bought sweet buns
4 . watched TV
5 . went to a park
® � < **� (Writing iJ'
(
) 3 . went to a restaurant
Practice)
ft/vl.,�-5
A. You are going out. Write a memo to someone in your house, telling when you will be back and whether you w i l l have dinner at home.
B. Write about your weekend.
(•5il I
-�-
OJ:Z: 5 Travel
030
~ 031
032
JJ] �
033
JG _.t.:
034
� ~
035
�� 036
� 7 037
m
�� -+}- /
t.L
(mountain)
(3)
IJ>b
Jl] (ip;b) river
N
0
s
s
E
L
..............................
( � * ) mountain 'i;±t.L ( 7 Y -lJ- >' ) Mt. Fuji l
J_
�
t;�' b
...J�JJJ � lv (iLo"b � lv ) Mr./Ms. Ogawa
(river)
(3) }
)I
1-f:,_;
ft.��
( 7 Y ::f i:t ) fine
(origin)
(4)
�
ft.�� ( 7 >' ::f � ) fine � � ( T >' ::f ) electricity
(spirit)
(6)
j- /
�� �00
(heaven)
(4)
b t� L
{t. (b t::: L, ) I {t.:ir..;k � ( V l) '/ :7'1 7i ? )
�
-
...
-
-
_,._
Jl]
r jt
c:
-
.... ....
-
r "ft..
1
\\�
:1 /
� (t-) * ) now �B)t ( ::1 >' J 'i >')
(now)
(4)
' t::
(rice field)
.t:=
� 7\ �
( 7 >- :::l ? ) heaven
(7)
t�
( T Y ::f) weather
( T >'::f) weather
(I; private)
/
��
A
A
�
5fl- 5f�
5f
4'- 8
priYate university
( � J: 7 )
today
tonight b 7
lB.P � lv ( t::: i:tiP � lv) Mr./Ms. Tanaka t.LlB � Iv (� * t!. � lv ) Mr./Ms. Yamada lB !vtJ:· Ct::: AAJ:) rice field (5) l
n
m
m
m
sJ
038
'* 039
~ 040
Jt 041
� --
1T 042
~ 043
jk
:/ 3
-!J:(J)A. ( ;13 /v iJ:' OYU' t ) woman -J;;·ti ( � 3 � 1 ) woman
(woman)
(3) 1....
}) � .::
� (J)A_ (;13 c .:: O) l} c ) man
y· './
� '11: ( 7·>-'� 1 ) man
(man)
(7)
7J. 7 './
)L {> ( � 6 ) to see JL4!o ( 7 / 7.'/) sightseeing
(to see)
(7)
'v '
ft \ ( It � < ) to go }LZ1t ( � / :r '/) bank
f> A.t �
;:f 3 ?
:J t)
'
I
...
ll..
n
:!t::
m
n
/
m
fR
R
E1
""
1-
{
m -:]
�
,
Jt
-1t EJ ( -1 1- =¥ 3 ? �) first line
r {t
(to go)
(6)
t:.
1z.-...::: {> ( t.:« 6 ) to eat
�37
iZ.-...:4!{; :: ( t.: ""- � 0)) food
(to eat)
(9)
(J)
1 './
ftt: (O)ti') to drink �.k7J-4!o (0)� � 0)) drink �.k�l§ii*� ( 1 / V .:L ? / 7 /) drunken driving
(to
(12)
drink)
On this
/
/
/'-
/'
�
A-
+
4
4i
1zy ( v 3 7 r: ? ) cafeteria +
�
+
1
1'" � �
i
1' � j? ti:
chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD �*0)**�
(Kanji Practice)
A. Using the parts below, make up the correct kanji. :ttlv vtP?
n' 1v v
§
Example:
->
Jt 5.
3. b
2. X,. 6. �
8. �
t.J
lO . ffi
9. �
B. Match the following sentences with the pictures. 1.
3.
� jJz h :i To
(
) X.. 1.. 'n� � Jt :i T o
2.
(
)
(
) / '> / / '.' - -jf - � �"" :i T o
4.
(
) � O) A � 3t" O)A_1J>' I.. \ ;i T o
(
) 4'- 8 ti �., , �., , � � 'vr· T o
5.
(
) � � J ! J IJ >' JIJ ry ;i To
7.
(
) ��{j" t : {j" � ;i To �J(,. .:: �
(a)
'
'
fS?
(b)
-o: I
(c
1
� (e)
(f)
�
m �
�
6.
::r
-
l::
-
(d)
(g)
C. Match the kanji with the reading. 1.
(
)
(
)
9. (
)
5.
(a)
1..
-a
..li S 1L 8
, � 1; �
(g) ...L � t; �
2.
6.
10.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(b) .:: .:: 0) 1J � (h) 7;. "? t;�
.:: a
3.
�8
+a
7.
11 .
(c) � �.. ' t::. i? ( i ) t.· \, \ t;�
(
)
3- 8
4.
(
)
--t- 8
8.
(
)
(d) � }; 1;•
{j) J: -) t;�
.:: + a
(e) t: 0) 1; � (k) J:
"?
1;•
(
)
(
)
1[9 8
f\.. 8
(f) tj: � t; �
A. Match the following katakana words with the English equivalents.
B.
1 . ::r - t -
· cake
2. :::1 / -tj- - � .
•
3. 7 1 - /
· cafe
4 . tJ 7 :r..
· classical
5. 7 7 � ·') 7 .
· concert
6. 7-�
· Vienna
coffee
� 5 �����S���� ������ * � �o Read the postcard below. Write T for the things she did or does and write F for the things she didn't or doesn't do in Vienna. 1.
3.
5.
( ( (
) see an old castle
2. (
) go to see a ballet
) take pictures
4. (
) drink beer at the cafe
) enjoy sweets
6. (
) eat at McDonald's
J-t-? ::_ � /v l'. fu�'t'i 1] ' :ft>-t j.�{->-',l � � \ � io :. � \ J:. -t)t'1 'L �L\, \ l 9 'J-1'__.-ytJ: r1 -t 21-l'- ,r! t:t?-t't � 0 ) l � h L.:� � YL;i Lt� 1) ,;-Q\_, ('� 1..''1 -n'-', 'C 1 t> �4K'v r( Gf� f( < � lv L� GA.- 'k t I) J: lt� l k Li.. 1-1 );'VJ <7) J y-t{-�( � {1 =f � J:. LJ�o l. -//'7 r�-r.· i '71- Y t � l l fJ1'1- ti.'('( < � f.vtf) tJ c1 io l.v ' � '1) 1J 7:z:-( :J -!::.- ��J+� io lr- � t1<"4:q r··ctt;\,'l,vfl �0 \19 E H � tJ't LJ � -q 1 1� s;f-··t" J') v i ! L J:? f:l.o
D
0
°
o
0
o
0
0
0
; < ( i\ft1\tft2-5 � J l l J.;-1)
,'
�l
JCA.pcA. n
o
""" � J:
Mr./Ms. (used in letter writing) .;; .:
but
J: �
night
}.; L ;;
castle
J: f:
again
C. OJ\- j.... c:!fv=5 1c:t1:i'-rr 1J: i'J'n-* u t.:o Read the postcard below and answer the following questions in Japanese. 1.
0 / '\ - }' � ,.{, 'j: � (:'' .::_ t : lt \ � T i; � o
2 . (:'',.{, � � � "(•' '"f i; � o 3.
� C') -) LJ: � t : � L � L t:: tJ� o
4. � a t.l � t : � L � L t:: i;�o t�· n c: L � L t:: i;� o 5.
B � � b C')�� t
C') t.;t c:·· 7 "(·· --t tJ�o
D -
... ... ....
�
mountain "'(" U:,
f::. \- , .....__ .z,
}.; ft. � -c:·
tough
Take care.
® 5< **� (Writing Practice) n'
:ttlvul1>5
The following are your Japanese friends' addresses in your pocket notebook. Copy their addresses on the postcards and write about your vacation.
Jj_· i :t
� .P I'P
J:. m - �
i i._ t: h·-r ;.;
rtt
1i.
-t 'WJ
t.:..i
T753-004 1 T
1 1 2 -0002
L l
J.r 0 $ JR J.r 36-8
� .i <· t, L th7'L � .i
x * fK..-J--. JO J I J 7-7
.;:A,
C
::. ' ' L h·.b
(M6R I
N
0
s
s
E
L
..............................
61
fA0) 9�fc:J: l/A � 5Y My Favorite Restaurant
044
jft 045
r?
046
m 047
3-t 048
0 049
ttl 050
* 051
E.
(8)
(east) �:
~
jfto (u':b� l., <-· i? ) east exit jJt ('U-:6'> l.,) east ** ( }- ? 4- 3 ? ) Tokyo
7.Jh{ L
L -+J- 1
-1? 1
,
-
f'7
5 O;: l.,) west ;J.t.5 ( it ::7 -lz 1 )
-A
§
�
O;: l., (' i?) west exit northwest r� 5 (tJ >'-lf1 ) Kansai region -
iF1
Vt1
(6)
Jj. f:t ;j. -T /
m ( ;!j. i;t 7}. ) south mo ffijft_ (7 >' 1-- '/) southeast
(south)
(9)
:: t:=
3-t.
* 'J
-*
5o
(west)
if\ :7
if1
1
-
-!--
n
1-1--
8 ( 7}. 7:t 7}. <-· t:> ) south exit
n � n F1 f!j rn ;J.t. 0 ( � t;:. <·· t:> ) north exit
( � t;:.) north jft;J.t. ( 1-- ? * ::7 ) Tohoku region ;J.t.�it ( * ':J tJ 1 F ? ) Hokkaido -
(north)
(5)
<-- �
;J.t o
;
:!
:! ...
:!t
0
( � t;:. (' t. ) north exit A. o ( S/ Y -::1 ?) population ( < t:> ) mouth
(mouth)
(3)
\
"("
ill � ill T ill !$
\ i?
-::I t]
� ::.L 'J
t::
� ::.L "/ (to exit) � ::� 7
::L tJ
(5)
n
0
ill o (·c- \'' t:> ) exit (l" � ) to exit Cti-9) to take something out ( � ::z. 'Y -lz 4- ) attendance �ill ( :;... � ::z. '/ ) export
1
+
t-p
tl:
tB
7o (7}. 7§' ) right ;lo�Jl- ( ? -lz '/) right turn ;£:{; ( -lT :L '/) right and left r-
:{-- � 7o
(right)
(5) J
7.Jt::· ry -+t
;£ ('U-ti I'J ) left ii.�JT (-lf-lz '/) left turn
(left)
(5)
-
r ;!:= }i ii.
052
~ 053
1t 054
~ 055
056
�
� 057
�r m
7" /
7" /
3i. -$i- ( -::l 7 "Y) five minutes -f--jj- ( � ::z. 'Y 7""Y) ten minutes 2f--jj- (!\ "Y 7' "Y) half § -$i- ( � 7' "Y) oneself
(minute; to divide) (4)
�/
/
/.j- -$t
/'-...
7t:� ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher 7t:il! ( -l! Y V :::r. "/ ) last week
� - '-�
)-
H-
�
1-
(ahead)
(6)
�1
#- � (jj 7 -l! 1 ) student
J
�37
�
(birth)
7t: t : ( � � �;:) ahead
JL
7t: � ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher j:_ l h � ( ? * n � ) to be born -� t : t.t ( 1 / v 3 "/ �;: 1 1- n once in a life time -
(5)
�
'
1-
J-
4
�
:7 1
*� � C :Y 1 }J 7 -l! 1 ) college student ::k � \, \ ( ii:t3 � v �) big ::kA (:to t �) adult *� � ( 7' 1 .r-... "Y�) tough
(big)
(3) -
jf-7
::k� C :Y 1 }J 7 ) university #- � ( jj 7 -l! 1 ) student �--�� U t ;l;t�) to study ¥tt (7J '>' :1 "/) school
:7'' 1
*
058
7/
jf•J
}; }.;
� i;i
'
r
*
,,
'"
.....,.
�
�
Oearning)
(8)
1f1
7'H�1 (jj 1
-t- �
7'H�A. ( jj 1 :1 7 � "Y) foreigner
:1
� r
m-. :..r
J$1
00
7 ) foreign country
7'� ( .::C t ) outside
:Jl
:;�
(outside)
(5)
-::1 '7
7'�00 ( jj 1 :1 7 ) foreign courttry
-::1''7
< t: (country)
/
�
:;
o/ 00 ( 1- ::z. "/ :1· 7 ) China 00 ( < �;:) country (8)
l
n
(In this chart, katakana in dicates
i1
Ff1
M
�
the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD �*0) �� (Kanji Practice) 1J'Iv (j
niv u�5
A. Combine the following kanji and make compound words. You can use the same kanji more than once.
E
B. Indicate where each place is located on the map.
v ;z
7 Jv7� / 7
: � � C')tf' t: JtJ ry
1.
(
)
2.
(
) o 1 -t Jv * 7 Jv
: � � C') Jlt o � ttl --c ,
3.
(
) tL T 7[. j:_ (J) -) i;
: J.t. D � ttl "{ '
4. ( 5.
)
.:: -) � lv :
) :k_ ¥
(
r 7 /
·
5o � 1
: Jt. D � ttl "{ ,
�
7o """'+ 7J"
T <·· + li. 7J" <··
t£ """' + �
a
�
-r
o
ffl D (J) f t.f --c-· T
-r <·· li. 7J" <·· � '- '-r·-r
<·· � '- ' --c-· To
� '- 'rr � "'C < t�' -:: '-
'o
\•' � \. '1T � "{ \ f�' -:: \. ' a
[e) b
1
1
- � � A..
station
d..; ;
lo exil
.i
"?
-t <··
straight
CD clv C. Iv ld.fv (Bulletin Board) Look at the bulletin board on the next page and answer the q uestions. 1 . If you want to buy a bicycle, who are you going to contact? 2. Where will the party be held? Are you going to bring anything? 3. How do you get to the concert hall?
4.
What can you do for the winter break (from December to January)?
o
0
* - A .A 7 4 7° C
7' 7 A
Jft:tt Cl) l � "C'' ;t - b 7-.. 7 1 1::
-j 11 (
� L l -li- ,Z, /;'
+ .::: J3 -=-+/' 8 C 8 ) '"""" - J3 .=:. 8 (±)
.i \,\ .:" a- H L- L -r < r:.- � \,\.,
� ;h., '.. \ � � � J l J C1) f {.f"("To
9 3 7 - 2 6 8 2
¥ 20, 000
� t� ,:; L. \.,-- -ret
0
"1"' Aw t> L. -r ( t-3.. � \.,'
0
( J:: �
7 � "-' I I �)
�m
t iJ- ,Z, : 6 a�'""""
597- 1 65 1
� t t�- � � "':) n --c � --c t �, \ �, \ --c-- T l !
�k 7J. t C1) � t · ���[il!
�
--c � --c < t::.' � �, \
o
-(9'J:P:JvA t--- ? :J 7/��-v 9 F.l 1 2 El (�) 6 : 30 ......
I , 200 P3 A -c 'Y �
( -tt 7 y--
B -c '/ �
(" \' /
•
. :::1
:::1
- t. - )
- t. - )
fl§::J :J-Ij-- t--- It\-) v CflBIR 3 ttl o � t±:rc �" 3 :11) x�
Mary writes about her favorite restaurant. Read the passage and answer the questions.
� IJ� � lv � lv t � � ?p '""" '-
-
0
'{ � �
< A. T t:' t � t:::. � \\ l <
0
-
0
�
J
-
lv
�
� t.i j: � -
T T 0
\., \
"('
7).
'
t: T
l) \., \ lv 1t \ \ 7 � t '{'' '- L / :t 7 � }; t:o j: \ \ r- � A. \., \ \., \ lv (}) v T "(' L -+f T :t t.i 7 A \\ � 7 � � / r"(' � / ;fl. lv '{ r- 7 / T '""" :/ U: (}) t j: � l � }; :t '{'' l t � T '< T 1 'v 7 J L lv '{'' 7 '{'' / � � "(' � \., \ 1 7 :/ t.i \., \ T ::L --::::> A 1 � � A. 7 t 7 / 1 '{ "(' 7 t;;t t:::. l) � v t T / 1 1 1k t: }; < r- 7
£,.
-
-
-
...
-
'
0
-
-
0
ry
'{ Cf) ...
-
""""'
-
1i. -$1-
0
�
'
, ' ,
0
'
0
(})
T
� t: -
7 ' , ,
.....
0
J �
/
-
0
.....
�
te
� l ;fl.
;lp
'
' �
Ttl 0
:/
v
A
� r1 7 ( v / G '{'' t.i \\ T '{'' 1 T A. 7 ''
...
!
�L (/)
T �
�
1i v
'A � 7
II
/
0
0
t?
� '-
(})
)
l
7 -
-
--
� J: 7 �
A. Where is the restaurant? I
� . I
I
I
N
4
@ @ X. �
I
©
® .
.. ...
@
.
cooking
'v \ ""? t
always
h � � lv
everyone
B . Circle the food or drink the writer has at the restaurant. C:o 4f.
7 -1 7.. 7 1)
A " '\' 7 ''J T 1
'7 -1 /
e:-· -
Jv
A7
-
-
L.
.:\=-
C. Choose the correct answer.
® � < •m (Writing Practice) tJ'
hlvu�P?
A. You are organizing a party. Write a flyer about the party. Be sure to i n c l ude: what kind of party it is, what time it starts, where it is held, what to bring, how to get there, and so on.
B. Write about your favorite restaurant.
(•1 • I
E
L
N
0
s
s
............ .... ············
)<]7 1) -�fvO)-c_j]\(f.} Mary's Letter
059 OS)
060
.
��
061
�J"
% 063
064
jf.t;f:
(capital)
(8)
�± 5(
065
w/Jj 066
l
�
Ti5J
Jf:-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko
( 1- '7 4- 3 '7 ) Tokyo -*::M� ( 4- 3 '7 1- ) Kyoto 1
_._
_,_ \
_,_ n
_._ p
_._
,
_,_
>"'i
_._
..�
Y'
-T c:·· t c c: c-· � ) child -*-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko ±0-T (:10/v � O) C: ) girl � 0-T ( :10 t C: 0) C: ) boy �-T /. -Jv (f>' V J. -Jv) e-mail
(child)
(3)
i? \ \ Y' 3 tl
>J ... � \ \ ( 1;. \t :) � \t ::.) small ·+�� ( V s '7 ff 'Y ::I '7 ) elementary school + �� ( � 3 '7 7f 7 -12 1 ) elementary school student
(small)
(3) J
�
1062
.:1=- 3 7
'-
�
n1
_,.
J
..>J
7-
...J ...
%:f± ( 7J 1 V -v ) company % 7 ( ;t> ? ) to meet %:f± Yl (7J 1 V -v 1 Y) office worker /
A
A
4-- �
b
(to meet)
(6)
Y' �
%:f± (7J 1 � -v ) company
:/ �
:f$:f± ( � >' � -v) shrine
(company)
(7)
1? 1?
X ( i? 1;. ) father
-�
t: 7
-
7
�
;f
;f- ;f+ ;f± }; X � h., (:10 t ? � lv) father
7
X-liJ: ( 7 �) father and mother
(father)
(4)
tJ: U:
-liJ: ( �j: �j:) mother
1;��
/
... ...
/ -:
y: };-li): � h., (:JoiJ);t> � lv ) mother
if'
-liJ: � ( � :2') mother tongue
(mother)
(5)
t:::. h�
(high)
::r t]
L..
lJ
C)
!J)
iff
� \ \ ( t� iJ�"::.) expensive; high �� ( ::1 '7 ::1 '7 ) high school �;fst� ( ::I '7 ::I '7 -12 1 ) high school 00}
1
�
..>1
'*
� ,:>
� ,:>
l
�
student -is" TlJ
'*" lnJ
--5' loJ
1
1
�:f.R (ff 'Y :1 l:'J ) school �:f.R ( :1 ':7 :1 ry ) high school �;fX� ( :1 ? :1 ? -e 1 ) high school student 4' �;fX ( 1- ::z. ':7 ff 'Y :1 7 ) junior high school
067
tt
068
JiJ:
:1 rJ
(school)
'7 1
t'O
070
X
071
072
l)� A
{"'- � � t7 �
t
t
t
f
/
�
:t.
li
1ii 4i
�·
E .:$..� ( � * / :1·) Japanese (language) 00 ( .::r.. 1 :1·) English (language) *�
(word)
(14)
'
,;,.
-
"""
� 1
Tt
'::"
Q
Y:.. � ( 7. / ff 7 ) literature 1'F Y:.. ( -lT 7 7· / ) composition Y:.. � ( ;c �) letter; character
7'' /
•
-
� E ( 7 1 �1-- ) every day �� ( 7 1 V ::1. 7 ) every week �B)t ( 7 1 1'\ / ) every night
(6)
( every)
069
-�n
(10)
l
..i-
7
(4)
-�;� i... �
1}� � (ip ;Z .Q ) to return 1}�00 ( 4"- :1 7 ) going home
(to return)
(10)
ti \ \ \ \ ry
I,. \
::::.. .::L r] (to enter)
)
1
/
A
�T �1i 'P 'P
� � � �li. 'P 'PI "n l>O
.::t
(sentence)
l
Q
IJ' IJ""
�r
l)P
�fa,. �f!- �� �w
.AD ( It ) � <· is ) entrance .A � (ktlt> .Q ) to enter .A..;ft, � (v>tt .Q ) to put something in �.A (.::I. � ::z. ? ) import
(2)
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)
CD ��(l) **� tNv L/
tl.fv u�5
A. Fill i n the blanks with the appropriate kanji. 1.
� -r-
8 :;$.
-sTCiJ
t.± J:
3. 8 :;$.
4 . *-
�:fj- �
}.:ll(,
t.± � * �: ;J? �
8,
2.
'(. £}:
-=- 1F- �
< h ), � � = __
� l f� o
X:
x
j To
-liJ:
4it
ry
A.
A.
� To
1z "" t 0 t.i
iJ� -? t� -r.,, To
_......
_.lf-.
B. Which new kanji from this l esson include the katakana below?
Example: 1. 3
X
�
:ti...
�
3.
L.
�
4. 0
C. What's wrong with the kanji below? Rewrite the correct kanji.
1.
4.
-ll} -::-£ t'O
2.
5.
r-b> TPJ
l)*
3.
_.l-
Jf6.
fA
�
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
l-r ' i
I
II
I
I
I
i" � L
a little
7-J. Iv 1t
all
"'"'1;' �
from .
t
cram school
.P
\
.
.
X ey:
literature
r ;
to take (a class)
(
"'"'
� ) t:.. 0 L h. t: i" {> to look forward (to)
iJ' � t::· t : � � '"? tt ; to take care of oneself
Summarize what Mary wrote about the fol lowing topics in Japanese. 1 . J ap an: 2 . Her town:
3. Father:
4.
Mother:
5 . Sister:
6. Brother: 7 . School:
(!) �J < �� fJ'
tl.lv L,tp?
A. Write about the following topics. 1 . a * ';;t/:f"
2.
:f"
3. b · � <
4 . ?::: t
-; t;;t
-------
------
t;;t
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ___
t:· -; t;;t
------
B. Write letters to your Japanese friends. Describe your town, host family, friends,
and so on.
(
E s s o N 8• I L E3 �0)��±� J apanese Off i ce Workers ;e
..............................
073
1:)
� 074
075
�Jt 00
076
1� 077
1± 078
• 079
nn�
�
080
~
%.:f±� CtJ 1 V 'V 1 >')
-1 /
m � ( 7 Y 1 >') (member)
:,.; ::,.-
� t� �
UO)
U3)
(new)
�
7'' /
=
'
=
=
n
1
�Jf L I. \ ( � t� I? L It �) >¥Jt�f:'��
office worker
store clerk
=
rt
'
19
?-
fifl < ( � < )
?r
it
>¥Jtfifl ( V >' 7'./')
to listen
-+J- :'7
1-F 6 (-:J < � ) to make 1-Fx (�:7 7.>') composition 1-F £ ( -lf :7 1:: /') artistic piece
(to make)
(7)
:,.;
1±*
(to serve)
(5)
I
1'
1
I
( V .::: c )
I
7' /
�JtL �M; -
11-
..,.-
'T"?
"i5"
"i5" --,
(tJ �)
"i5" -=>--
��
( 7 /' V 'V ) train
fire
"i5" --:3-
( 7 >' �) electricity
-
r- rr r.r m=-- nr-> w tf> 'f!f iff 'ID' �
< 6 j:
lfL ( < � * ) car �JfL (7'/' V 'V ) §I �JtL ( � T / V -\' ) bicycle (7)
-
•
( 7 >' 7 ) telephone
(13)
(car)
newspaper
1±
(electricity)
:,.; -\'
newspaper
job
1-
1
-
(8)
=
�
1� 1t 11= 1�
1±* ( V .::· c ) job * ( .:: c ) thing *-* �* ( V 3 :7 �) meal
(thing)
=
p
r r r f r1 r 1 r, M M M r� Jkj Jirj
--:J \
�
EJ
:f ;f :¥ :¥/ :¥f :¥f :¥1T
i!
(14)
= �
=
�Ji"&1 ( V /' 7'' y)
new
(to listen)
�: �
A
( V /' tJ Y � Y) Bullet Train
..._
I
1
n
sj
Fi
t3
j§1
�
train
081
082
1* ....
.. '
...... .......
� 083
;:.*
�%
084
l:B J �� 085
'h lA 086
1PJ
� -r
;f- .:z. ?
i*t; i;f...,l;. i;f.. E
(to rest)
(6)
\, \
IT /
g 'J ( It ) ? ) to say -=- a "*' i5 ;0 -r ( -'j / :J7i :7 ) linguistics
(to say)
(7)
l
-
�* L'
J:
( � T u) to be absent; to rest ( � T cl}.) holiday; absence ( ;f- ;:z.. ':7 :/ 'Y ) holiday
��
1- 1t 1t 1t.
1
-
-=-
...::-'
=-
-=-
rt
-=-
i5
( J: u) to read ( }:' :7 S/ s ) reading books
t-·· 7
�fe·
(to read)
Q4)
t:J t
�� �
�
��� �l il ( 7 S/ ::¥' i:t ) mysterious
(to think)
(9)
�"'? ._,
:;
;x_ ( "'? r!) next 'b 1A-f;r:: ( :/ :/ 3 ) one's second daughter
(next)
(6)
1j t :
iB '
il lv
(what) On
'
this chart,
¥I
'
'
�
-
-
-,:
\
�
-a--
ii
ii
;:;
-?+ ii
-?-:1ii
,-:1i "'
�-:r
�-:r
�-:1-
�,.... �r �%
(to t> ") ) to think
n
'
J
TT1
,, J
( T;t �;: ) what
'Ff1
iB
iB
I
iB I�
iB I�
iB ��
h
'
J
)y ;x_ ¥I * ( i;t lv '/)
what time
¥JA. (i;tlv .::. / ) how many people (7) I
1
1- 1 r- � fi
katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD ��OJ�� tNv Li
n lv v�?
A. Using the parts below, make up as many kanji as possible.
Example: 1.
g
.X. 2.
�
*
X
:)( a
3.
4.
m
5.
1
6. 0
B. Match the following phrases with an appropriate verb.
�Jt&, �
. 11: ;
3 . 1±· �
* t; • "'" 6%
1.
. 1*- t:
2 . 7 :/ ;;f � ·
4. a *-� t.± }; t L ;; '- \ c::
· "t {>
•
5 . 7J v - � ·
. �� )
6.
· M <
7.
tY '
'llll � :
· 0 {>
7 7 7.. � ·
A. ���W�-����7 ��- � � � � � , B*AID�tt� ���* ��o �lj>')
Read the following questionnaire.
Y /7 - r
1 . 1± * '0 A r v A �� 1; ry � -t �-2 . J: < 1�� � L � T h "o D J: < T � :.<" lv =: .d
I
0
'
D t: � t:'' � T �
3 . 1±· '0 �k, 1PJ � L � T ��o ;, �:_
I!
7
/7- �
A � vA
questionnaire
1� � ( �- lv ::· J.: 1 )
overtime work
stress
'"'"' C1) �i ('"'"' C1) ib � )
after .
..
B. How would you answer the above questions?
Read the report below and answer the questions.
E :J.f.. O) %:f± � t�t. � ill O) lfr "('' , � � �,, � �n-M � �ft lv "'(' \ \ .i T iJ� .. f;: '-' " "C '-' " h lv t: Ql "C v " .i To h lv t: � "( t �rt "C '-' " � � �� '-' " .i To t:J
"?/)·
�L U: 7 / 7 - � � f"j: -? "C , %:f± � +A.. t: M � .i L t;: o .i f .. 11± � 0) -A � v -A IJ� � ry .i i" i7 "J � M � .i L t;: o :JL A.. tJ: l tJ: '-'
"J � � ;t .i L t;: o 11± � i7 � :*. � "'(' , 1*-h iJ � � .i ry t: '-' "J � % -? "C "' " = t�
t� \ ' "" h..
.i L t;: o ;)( t : , I l < � � � L .i T i7,. J � M � .i L t;: o .::. A.. tJ: I l < :
"C '-' " .i L t;: o ;)( t: 11±� 0) ��-- M � L .i T i7"J � M � .i L t;: o �A.. U: n�
•
I � 51§ � �h t::ft < J � % -? --c '-' " .i L t;: o .:: A.. tJ: I tJ � �t
7
;t 7 t : :ft < J
L t;: o --t- A.. t J: It£ n --c '-' " � i7,. b , * t : '-' " � J � § -? --c "' " .i L t;: o -?ir
\ ' ;(.
E :J.f.. O) %:f± � tj t;: < � lv 1±� � L
"( '
A � v A t s ry .i T
0
t3.' 1J:.
G , 1*-h tJ: M t L .i -1!- lv o 7 / 7 - � � L "C , E :?.f.. cry %:f± � tJ: � "C t * � t3.' � I� \. \ .i L t;: 0
t� \ ' "-h..
II � ;t .; ( :: f: ;t .; )
'"'"' t : -? \ \ '""(
about; regarding to
�tl, '""( \ \ ; ( -? h•tl, '""( \ \ ; )
to be tired
secondly
;i -r
;j(_ t :
first of all
B:�i t : ( � \ \ ::• t : )
lastly
to answer
( a) 1±. 0 7-.
r v /.. il{
(b) J: < :7� � � 't � o ( c) t � t''� :7� � � T � "A-C<. J;"i
o
----
A.
----
A.
----
A.
A.
----
A.
____
® � < �� tJ'
nlvu$5
Make a q uestionnaire and ask several people the questions. Then, write a report based on the result.
(•9• I
L
E
s
s
N
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
.......
9�
A--t5_fv0) a PG Sue's D iary C-:>
1=-mr c :t -e /) A.i\1. 1=-mro/ ( :::t-tf / 1- .::I.. '/ )
087 -:J''
1=-
(noon)
088
(after)
089
j: ;Z
' .!-
flU �
�- /
091
FlU
in the afternoon
'""" <7){�. ( 0) tV:> t ) after . . . 1kJS ( -:) L- -? ) back; behind .;
j
P.M.;
1
r
Wr ( i :Z ) before; front .Z Wr (7j: i ;Z) name
(9)
'
,,
�
�
I
1�
:7
!7
�
g \ ' ( G -? It l) white
�
n
�
8 *-� (l' -7 V ) blank sheet
(white)
(5)
(
later
�1l t : ( 4J- 1 --:J' �;:) lastly
1� 1f
.
/\7
/
( &? t -c-)
1� ··("
1ffi' 1�
I'}� ( ':1 --1! / ) 1=-�
(6)
.)
in the afternoon
q:-
!::;:...
(name)
ll
�
�
ij
.
� ijl
A.i\l.
.;!.Lijlj
.Z ;f1] ( ;1. 1 V ) name card
�
f1
A
a
n
m fh m m r,m
r;
Pfu ( <:b 3fJ ) rain PfuJ't,ij ( '/ .::\=- ) rainy season
Crain)
(8)
Gb th
092
1=-1k ( --:J' --:J')
P.i\L;
in the morning
;>( 1
L JS
8
�
1=-�l ( ::l ::i)
� Wr (7j: i :Z) name 1f .Z � ( ::z. '/ 7- 1 7j:) famous
�
~
L
(9)
(before)
090
�
(4)
-:J'' c}) � 1
��
�
'
093
• 094
jj:
I
tJ . � 3
(to write)
-
I• <
#.
00)
-
l
("IJ) < ) to write ( � V 3 ) dictionary
....,
..=r
�
�
-.;;3--=-
�t
::l.. tJ
Jx.t=.- � ( t b t! i? ) friend �l:Jx. ( V / ::z. '/ ) best friend
(friend)
(4)
-
r i7
jj:_
jk
jk '
• • •
jj:_A.. (::z. '/ � / ) friend
095
ra,
096
�
�,, 097
�* 098
y� 099
t!;100
�0 101
*
� 1, \ f:3.'
t; �
*M ( :Y :JJ /) time .:: at M (..::: :Y :fJ /) two hours A.M (..::: / 7 / ) human being M ( 2b 1.t � t!.) between -�M < 1 'Y ':./ :1- ? n Y) one week
r
l
r
r
U2)
I, \ ;(. tJ
� ( l.t � X.) house �� (:h '/ 7 ) family � ( -:3 1?) house; home
(house)
(10)
t.i fi L
'
l'
r
r1 r1 r , ft, rn, rA, ra,
r·
(between)
r---
�
r?
�
�
�
�
7
�*i" (tj:f;tj') to speak £- Ot l;t L-) talk; story 1[£- ( T / lJ ) telephone �£- (:JJ 1 lJ) conversation
(to speak)
U3)
'j" ;:
1' L ( T :: L-) little 1' fi \, \ C-t < i;t l.t � ) few
U: li
i" <
Y 3 T/
.;,.
�
.;:
f1
1
�
f1'
� \
�
.;:.--
-,:
u
ii
1' --7 ( V 3 7 V 3 7 ) a little
�'
(little)
(4)
..)� �
l5"" \ ( .b � l.t �) old (for things) 'o/ l5" ( 1- :1- 7 :I ) secondhand
:J
-
(old)
(5)
L 1-
�o � �oA.
(to know)
(8)
?
+
T
� - * ii �\ � � � � * �
71
t!1
( L- � ) to know ( 1- :Y /) acquaintance
�
�
!J
�
��
�n
�0
*�
71
( < � ) to come 3ki i" C � * 't) to come *- fi \, \ ( :: t;t l.t � ) not to come *-11! ( 7 1 V :1- '7 ) next week
(to come)
(7)
<
�
�
......
-
"<7
:;:L
�
*
*
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi .)
A. F i l l in the blanks with the appropriate kanji. 1 . .: 0)
2. 3.
1. \ T �
'/
-1'"
8
8
L �""" 1 L t::. o
�J'
1'
� l L f::. o
m]
ra,
�
�
P3 --c-· L t::. o
t.l.A
� 1, \ 7 - ::t- � - at
4. 8 *
-T - 7· �
L 1 To
�
9'0
B. Choose the most appropriate word for each blank. L
t;± t &) 1 L --c o ;ft. 0)
2.
� 8 t::. \ \ '1. " \
---
----
+- J1 .::. + .n. a ( ± )
t;± ::t- b --c·· To
-t- *" ;::·· .; J?
0
j.; lvf.J< (
� \ \ '/t t�· --? t�
o
;l
7 1)
1 To
r-m
- * fa, \'' t-y \ \ 13-� � Jirj \ \ t� :k
�
-
Cl)
� ;:
1.} �
''
.; ;>( 7 1)
;l\ A � 7 7
�
-
1)
Cl) � �-n- "? -
Cl) tL * � b l:::
t�
0
a < '1: "'
� t : % --? t� o
j? :X. � h-- tJ: � n{� < � -- � Jd: � \ \ � A. t�· --? t� o � --c· BJt ;:'' tJ: Iv � �� l.t;V
t� o jS � � lv t J: I M t JtJ 0 � Jd: h-- n {J c: i "? '1: \ \ t� n {.. t� < � h-- ;:�
i? 1C -5 h� � "'? t::. o
� .:: tj: lv Li ?::: 'l t
t 3ftl� h� J: -=t- t�' ?::: ;� -) 'l .t: 'i 'J
"( •,. IJ �
..
B '-' " L t; �
"
l.i'.4-
l.t:'i f
B)t _::'' tj: lv 0)1jL_
0
1£.4.-
� n \ \ t: � t 0) � t b
"'?
t::.
0
"'?
t::. o � � � lv tj: ?::: 'l
"' \ .; "' \ .; i;t � � L t::.
� � � 1v tj: �-- L -5 \ " ?::: -t "'?
0
;c L
--r \ " t::.
?::: 'l t � h'-t \ f�'o ;1. 7 1} - 0) ;j\ _A � 7 7 ::_ 1} - tj: ?::: "( t L /v -t£-
··:::r(" � L h � "'? t::. o f: (/)
a �c.
( t : "? � )
-T-lf.r.:P ;t; .A
� 7 7 � 1) -
::_''1? f -]
diary
\,\;;j \,\;;j lj:
various
in the morning
��T�
to have a talk
host family
f l "'C
and
excellent food
A. Put the following pictures in the right order according to Sue's diary.
(
)
�
)
(
(a)
�
(
)
�
(
)
(
) ( c)
(b)
(d)
�
( e)
B. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true. 1.
(
)
A - :: A., tJ: ?:1 '- ' � t C0 � t G -? t::. o
2.
(
)
}.; X :: A., t J: -1:t 1J � V' < < '"( ' � -1:t '"(
3.
(
)
(
)
4.
\, \
.; 0
B)t ::_'' tJ: A., tJ:M t t;t h ' -? t::. 0
l.f;,
A - :: ,.z, tJ: }; -tif :: ,.z, 0 #s� lJ i'�t � t� 0
5.
(
) ;R. � 1J i' .f <
6.
(
)
� ; 1)
-
t;t 1; > -? t::. 0
� l "i
')
T
:: ,.z, 0 * A r 7 -r � 1J
-
0 .z -wr tJ: tL m t�- 0
Read the following letter.
; ,
: II :
� 4- 1 1 i'-7 t' Jf) I } v \' t ) 2"::i'� ,.;t_ L r� () � 1 t' t'- <1) L-JJ "71' -tlj" I Lt 7 --( l l YJ 1-I) \37-f-0 t } j: 7 l) "&_ /� ;\'J {! Jv 7J \', J:J-l:E� lv rJ) lj .t ] t) l J. [1 tJ h'v ' L1J' ? 1� -c''g o .t( 11- n'G , �t 0 l cf) 1) �\' t ) �"�\ , j L- f:: t i t 2it l \f£ :2 t d)1 q tJ- o t\' 7 1 , ,1J\( � < t :: *- -c < r�, � l \ � 1 1 ') '7 I � 0) J::; t L 7-:; � t � � � 9(o 1 �v '1 1 1]\ C) , dJ} Jv (J. 'v \ l l 9 o lX tJ;: �� 8
I ! !
I
:
.
1
o
i I
�
?
'
-t - J§
::- tJ '\.. 8 /Z- ·
fr
{ b.
I _ll
-�·
_
Jlt. B (-1!- /v t -?)
the other day
0 .l: 7
dormitory
� lv � '- ' i" :G
to show someone around
A. What d i d you do yesterday? Write a journal.
B. Write a thank-you letter to someone.
�-- - - - - - - - - - - -- ---- -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- -- - - - --- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - � ' ' ' ' ' ' '
Useful Expressions for Letters and Cards:
'II \ .; 'II \ .; }; -lt b �: ij: ry � L f::. o 1* �: � � "? t t "'(
lri,t:;
< t�· :: 'II \
o
}.; � 'II \ "'('' � � (J) � � L 7-;. �: t: I1J
"-J }; 60 -e t -?
( ::..·· ::� " \ .i T)
}.; f::. lv t J: 7 7.!'}.; � "'(
"
t
7
(Thank you for everything. )
(Please take care of yourself. )
L "'( 'II \ j: To (I am looking forward to seeing you.) o
(Congratulations on . . . )
o
(Happy Birthday )
(•l0;!11 1
s
E
L
/J\0'L/�5 The
1 02
1i 103
iE 104
if105
�
'jt_; 106
tl ',
Jl 1 07
lBJ
108
fz 1 09
it
-t � .:z. 7
s
N
0
1i.t? (Ttl') to live 1i.PJT ( � .:z.. '/ S/ 3 ) address
1
)
1.:>- 1t 1:f 1i.
r
( 7)
:...-- 3 7 t:::. t::'
J? iE A ( iJ S/ 3 '/ 7f '/ ) New Year iE L " \ C t.: ti G 1.t )) right
(right)
(5)
-
T
T
iF
.LE
.=.. �� (� / :t, / � -1 ) third-year student �� ( Z: t G ) *� ( 7 1 :t, /) next year � ( t G ) year
� L
(6)
(year)
�
/--
c:
-r
�
/ '\' 1
1G ; ( -:? � ) to sell %� (;\1 7 /) stand;
(to sell)
( 7)
-/;>
� -) Cn� -:? ) to buy � \ \4!o (/J' l.t ) t 0)) shopping
J
(to buy)
j�
f- .3 7
I
10
Kasajizo
Fol ktale
(to live)
::[., /
...........................
+
-
r->
1 lmr ( j: i? ) (12)
'
-:i=
.......
'::!=
r
=
l
=n ft w w y; Ji
3
n
3
'/ ) Kitayama town
'/ + 3 '/ ) mayor of a town m
1B
m
m-
(town)
( 7)
�-!;>'
-fz \ \ ( � iJ! l.t )) long
f- .3 7
-fzJ1j ( + 3 '/ T / ) one's first son
)
'::!=
%
town
:l.tt11BJ ( � t.:. Sif> � +
1BJ-fz ( +
=
.,..,.,
if
stall -:i= ,..->
-:i= I
this year
1BJ
I
1
I
F
F
(long)
( 8)
� 1?
:@. ( 0ZJ. i? ) way; road
.lL
-t- -t- .&_
F7
( S/ 3 F '/ ) calligraphy *-:it ( � .:z.. '/ F '/ ) judo :l.t��:@. ( It -:; 7J 1 F '/ ) Hokkaido
(way)
(12 )
:!":it '
"
�
�
;1--
1
t1
11
1t
�
-� �!§"
�
1 10
' m? a 111
iL 1 12
113
114
115
-\? '/
� ( 19> � ) snow �Jf� ( � � -e '/ ) new snow
(sno,y)
Ql)
t: l) 'j
iL� ( t.:.-:J) to stand @JiL::k� ( :1 :7 l) 'j )l 1 jj' ;/' ) national university :fL.iL �tx ( � l) '/ :1 7 :1 7 ) private high school
(to stand)
(5)
11> �
§ 1� -'A t�
-
l
'-
...l-
,=.
r=r
r-
r
Tr
,;F.
§ -$)- ( -::./ 7'/) oneself § �h� ( S/ F 7 � -1> ) automobile § jf�� ( S/ 7 / � -1> ) bicycle
(self)
(6)
J: �
� ( J: � ) night �o/ ( J: i;tiP) midnight
J:
�
'
(
......
f1
......
19
1
m?
m? I
m? =!
,m. 3
:iL
:;
)>
,;f.>
§
(:f
4-� ( :1 /'V) tonight
{7
�
�
-K
(night)
(8)
&;) � T 3 rJ
�)1 ( &? � ) morning 4-�A O:t � ) this morning .¥A� ( 1- 3 7 � 3 :7 ) breakfast
(morning)
(12)
t :;
t�� ( � -:J) to hold t� -? "( < � ( � -:J ""C < � ) to bring r1Tt� tfo ( � 3 -::.; t: :/) belongings
(to hold)
(9)
-
-
....
t
/
t
{
!;
li
t-
Jl;
.{....
E
F
�
¥=
�)
{9:
�)] �n �}j
{�
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kzm'yomi.)
CD ��O)�� tJ'Iv v
nlv L.,�5
A. Add strokes to the kanji below and turn them into new kanji from this lesson.
Example :
�
-
1.
_t
�
2.
5.
a
�
6.
:iL
m
±
3.
�
�
7.
� '
� 0
�
4.
�
�
�
8.
§
�
B. Write each antonym in kanji. 2.
'tb �
4. �
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji from the list, and add hiragana where necessary.
1 . 111J --c--
_____
3.
shopping
*! -·e t.l * �
�
___
L j: L t� o have
--c �.,. \ j To
(are) sell(ing)
snow was long was standing
live
' A. Answer the following questions.
3. (Picture 2) .: (J) B t \ ' � lv <:::: B t.f � � lv h{ .: (J) � (J) � A. � (main characters) "1:''
T
C:::'' lv � A. t:· <::: I� 'v \ .;!:
0
Th
L "' l: Jl, .: 1
t'' lv � � 515 � L "1: 'v \ ; <::: I� \ \ .;!:
>0
1.1·?
Th
>0
B. Read the Japanese folktale "trts: l/�5" on pp. 302-3.
C. Put the following pictures in the right order. )
(
�
)
(
(a)
. . . .. z � ill·. �� •
(
�
)
�
(
)
�
(b)
(c)
( e)
(f)
p
�
Jv
.
(d)
(
)
�
(
)
\, \ IJ->.' � lv h :f 1L h h � iE L -_::) t t ""' }3 f= "( \, 'I \, 'I \, 'I � � :f t7) L �Jl :f lv lv f= t : L U: f= ? (: h ij: � C ry 1ffl J? \, \ A.. :f j:; ti L C tt � c t::. ?r:'' "( lv
----,
t.· h · L t.' h' L
once upon a time
h- �
bamboo hat
if
New Year's
J? .iE �
0
'-.
'
0
year
J? t t?
%6
h' t:t. L � ,
� it
sad
t ?c'' '7
guardian deity of children
,..__,
to sell
'-.
snow
t : '"'-' � 1; - .)�-\t 6
f=
good deed
( .:. .:it. )
b -lt L
to take off
�
�
0
voice
F (�)
1f-? < � -t 6
door
L � b -lt "IJ.
happy
J
0
t h L C
"(''
oneself
\ \ \ \ .:. �
to put (a hat) on a person's head
� 6
r
"(
mountain road
§�
0
-
rice cake
ri!P 3
'-.
L :f ;c h f= J L t7) tJ � f= t: � � � h qw ""? ;c lv "( < U:
\, \
� lv c h tJ
� lv ti j:; iE }3 r7)
�
� '-.
to be surprised
f=
(f
0
l__
""?
<
ry
L :f L
h f=0 t
�
lv ti h t � �
'
�
� A..
t::.
..1/'
t7)
< h � C lv ;c� ?9= )
<
""?
"(
0
0
'-.
'
h h C t \, \
\, \
� '-.
� lv lv U: \, 'I
t�'
n
IJ'
....
\, 'I '-
c t7) -d::" ,: � J" ;t L � fk'j :f � L
i
L
f=
�
f= c
� '-.
lv
l__
0
--
p
\, \
:f L
f=
D. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true.
(
)
2.
(
)
3.
(
)
4.
(
)
5.
(
)
6.
(
)
(
)
(
)
1.
7.
8.
}.; t "' ' � lv C:: }.; t.:f cf:> � lv U: }.; 1d� t:; t::.- -:> f:_ o
t::.- n t 'h t "' ' � 1v 0 1.1 - � � Yr t> ij: 1.1- '? f:_ 0 lrl.':l
B t "' ' � 1v tJ: B t.>c-,- -J � 1v � : n' � � % '? f:_ 0
� 0 t:f -e B t.:' "' ' � 1v tJ: B L ?c'' -J � 1v � � --J Jt f:_ 0 t:; L "' \ � lv lJ: :¥Jt L "' ' 7.7 , � � � --? # -:> -c "' ' f:_ o
}; tJ' cf:> � lv {j: }; t
\- \
� lv 0) �f! � l3fj \- \ -c ' h ' ij: L < iJ '? f:_ o
}; t f'' -) � lv {j: }.; � � f:_ < � lv t� '"? -c � f:_ 0 }.; t
� lv c:: }.; tJ' cf:> � lv 0) }.; iE J'l {j: c:: -c t l h ' '? f:_ 0 ;:i•i.:l
\- \
'
----,
0
h t
\, \
� lv ti h tJ
� � '-.
lv t: h C
?r:'' J �
� lv t7) �* �
L
:f
•
--, ...,.
}; 1) � (J) t � 1;� \, \ ti � � A tj: lv "':::> l!7 ti "'(" \, \ § L
--,
'-
--
� t::. -t (J) h{" h" "'('
0
"':::>
"
-
"':::> "
-
"':::> "
--,
}; �� }; b t I t' t \, \
' f� f \ \
�
,m. 3
(J)
t:p
� 1; 7 � t : lv � � lv b ti � lv ti t' ' --, f b 1�J: ti b t '"'? 1PJ 7 t � '
--
--
--
'
f� "'(
t
?c'>
--
lv < 5 7 I � A.. "':::> � t=.' \, \ � h{ _.l�-- � (J) " lv � � /' lv J " "':::> � ;I? A (J) \, \ -lt f'' � t "':::> J1J L_0 lv 0 � :iL 1m
'"-:="
--
--
'
L_
� �-- � t::.
L J f::. � 5 0 lv '"'? ti "'("
J:.
�
�
�
�
(J)
'"-:="
j:; t f'' J � --
lv t:
h"
' ,,
,.,) >
-lt
t:
h"
h"
--
--
h{
�
J1J
"'(''
1;�
�
' , ,
,.,) >
-lt .i L
� -lt lv
t::.
"'(''
0
L t::.
--
'""?
u L "'( < \, \ f::. 0 s � � L � t::. -lt 0 lv
t;�
0
L_
�
ll:f1
� � L t::.
0
0
�
1) ti iE }; 1;� � � J1J L ;I? ;I? � ;I? r Ji t tJ l '"'? t::. \, \ 1; � t � t � � ' ' .t:l "'('' 0 -d: I \, \ 1( \, \ % h � -t � L 0 � \\ � '"'? tJ: lv t_.� ;I? lv � lv "'(" 1;� �n- � h" t '"'? ti -lt U: L ;I? L" f'' -& lv 1)� }; t::. \, \ tJ' 7 \, \ "(' � t h" lf- J1J � � �' � L � i? £::>" h � (J) lv ti lv t:p i! t::.0 t:!f � f3.' '""? 1( h t U: t : � I L_ � � }; "'(" I iE .i 7 ;I? \, \ t "':::> Ji � i? t "'( \, \ lBJ t (J) � i:' \, \ 1)� � t : � }; -t0 h" � -d: � lv � lv % "'('' t � ti � L i? "'('' � � L 1; � t : t::. t t" 11: ;I? 0 '"'? tJ' t::. �- 1t J1J 0 L ....�. � j:; "'( J1J � t \, \ � � < � -lt \ \ � lv h{ tJ: L �' t::. � t::. lv � L h 0 "'('' lv t::. 1i. < � 0 � L "'('' L � lv t::.0 j:; J1J "'(' lv t::. t" 0 ,.) > tJ' L \, \ ' =. '""? t J1J t::. � A.. � ti L "'( n \, \ ti lv j:; t::. t --,
--
--
--
--
--
'
--
'
--
h" � ._
t
?c'' '
J
--
--
--
--
'
-
-
0
® � < ��
;f"l.fvl.-�5
Choose one topic from the list below and write a story about it. For example: What do people d o on these days? Do you have good memories? Do you know unusual tales about these days?
� � 8 (Birthday)
� �ff �
n·h. L <- !· ' '
t;h- t:"-1
(Thanksgiving Day)
1 3 8 0�8fi 8
U'
s
N
0
s
...........................
1 1j
Looking for Friends 116
4=117
�* 118
�t
� .:t
1Ji
BA
121
ffl 1 22
F*
1;>.'7-J.
�
1;•7.).
if-
�� (iJ�]j.) paper + �� ( ""C iJ�lj. ) letter ;fo�� ( '7 �) Japanese paper l
r.
f
�
QO)
-t
�7 � 1i (T � �) to like �t� ( ::1 7 1 ) good will
:J r';
.: 0)
i? 'h '
.:t- /
(6)
�
�
�
#.f *'*
#.
#."
�7 7-J.
( ;: 0) h) liking; taste
*
(paper)
#,(
�.,. � �f
lftp!f ( q:. / � 3 ) neighborhood lft \ ( i? iJ� < ) nearby ll.lft (� 1 q:. /) recently 4' iftJft ( 1- 7 q:. / 1- 7 ) the Middle and Near East .:z..
-"
r
r-
JT
'fr
iJT
1ft
(near)
(7)
ji) 'h '
BA � I.- \ (t.biJ, :Q it�) cheerful; bright
;( --'f
BA 8 ( £19 G t..:) tomorrow
IDtBA ( -e 'J ;J. 1 ) explanation 1
n
H
B
8)
BJ] Bfl BA
(bright)
(8)
t:'' 3 ry
mm
Cill; sick)
QO)
-1 /
mFJt C e:· 3 7 1 Y ) hospital .:k�FJt ( :$" 1 jJ 7 1 /) graduate school ��fJt ( t: 3 7 1 /) beauty parlor 1 QO) F r F" F,.,., Fo f� FY f)t
Cinstitution) 123
�+ ( 7J � .:z.. ) singer +** (""CiJ�]j.) letter + (""C) hand +� ( � .:z.. ? ) sign language J:..::j=- ij ( � 3 7 X � ) good at .=-
(4)
Chand)
(favorite; to like)
119
120
"(
7 1 ~ � ..I. -1
(to reflect)
( c 3 7 1 /) hospital
m�
�ffl ( � .:z.. 7 t: 3 7 ) serious illness .�m ( q:. .:z.. 7 c 3 7 ) sudden illness �
( e:· 3 7 q:. ) illness
r- r r- r- w= m rn ffl
'?
�i® ( .::r.. 1 jj) moyie
�i®tS ( .::r.. 1 jJ 7J /) movie theater � � ( '5 '"? :Q ) to be reflected (9)
I
n
H
B
B•
g.-.
UP-
�
BJt
124
@j 125
~ 126
$ 127
FJT 128
~ 129
5£ 1 30
1f 131
~
tJ 7
�® ®�
(picture)
(8)
tf
7 t::.
(x1 7i) movie U f n ) painter
-
n
1
m
�t® ( 7 1 7J :7 ) f!f
w
mi
plan
@j
� 7 ( ? t.: ? ) to sing � ( ? t.:) song �f ( 7J 'V :.L ) singer 00 � (' :J. ':! 7J ) national anthem
tJ
-
;-
T'
"
Of
§1
§1 '
§1 ,..
§1 "'
� � �h � �
(to sing)
(14)
� 1,. \ i;
J l l Ortf (;O>;b <-- '�:> V) Kawaguchi city rtf -& ( V 1- 3 7) mayor rtf1�r1T ( V � :7 v 3 ) city hall rtf t� (It� t> �i') market
(city)
(5)
r :: .;
:/ 3
t:'' :: .;
�3
'
�
�
1
�
11
'$
\ .; \. \ .; lj: FJT (It) ::S It� ::S id. t ;: ::S ) various places :iftpJT ( :t YS/ 3 ) neighborhood 1i.r1T ( Y ;I_ 7 'V 3 ) address -€7 r1T ( ?'' 1 c:· ;: ::s ) kitchen \
-
-:;
�
ff
__.,.
pf
(place)
(8)
"""'- / --:::> ?::::
�?iT :G («>':f- 3 7 T � ) to study �&0 -'G (-:> t tJJ � ) to try hard ifJ� Ij: ( ::f >' « >' l;t) diligent
(to make efforts)
(10)
.:t 3 7 �-- 7
�?§iT :G («>'::f 3 7 --t � ) to study ?i \. \ ( -:J � It�) strong ?§l't"t lj: ( :::f 7 Y 3 ? id. ) obstinate
(strong)
UD
::L tJ
if .Z lj: (.:::z. 7 � 1 /;t ) famous if# ( .:::z. 7 lJ 3 7 ) toll; fee
Jt;
-:::> J:
/
-.
h
::>
<'
5
r
�
5�
r
�
.;z,
A ?
?f'
'
fff
JL >h )fa
?� 5�
?$ 5�
?!
if -'G ( tb � ) to exist /
r
:1 ;;f) if 1f
(to exist)
(6)
l) 3
t::. tf'
�1t ( 1) 3 :::1 7 ) travel �qz�-g ( 1) 3 7J >') inn -A.,�qz (lf t IJ t.: 7.f) traveling alone
(travel)
(10)
'
.).
.l-
]
}j
}j'
}j,_ }jr Jit }jf Jitz
On this chart, katakana indicates the on'yorni and hiragana indicates the kun'yorni)
A. Combine the parts below to form the new kanji from this lesson.
B
B. Put one kanji in each box to make compunds.
(1) I �
(2) 1---- -+----'-- <3) I :�rr
(4) ! I F;t I I�I
___J
I rJT
0 �t�t5JJ�
1£ �IP5
A. �rc�(;:*;t "L < t.=� � \o (Answer the following questions.) Lot>lv
:::. �
1 . &tJ 7J: t: ?) oo t : t.;t ;.R t.:· t:, � � 0 *I��;·- &tJ � .i T IJ· o I!
L.,�
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L
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.....
c:
..:- ._ .. -:: '1
L.,-1
•
�t.: ts l�fd: ? � < tO::� L' :k � .:=. Jt. .i. "f' To
� F9 Li 7 7
'tt k � l..
/ AX�
"f' T 0 A $' - './ IJ " :k-Jtt � --c-- , 1:f:.� 0 8 t : t.;t , 7 .::. A � L t: �
,
-+t ''J 7J - � L f: �
�� < tc�L' ! 4-i±� "'C'' T
0
Jl] D $ t : 1i. lv "'('' \, \ j: T 0
7 7 r r 7 7.7�� � "f·, 1*� 0 8 t.;t � --e
in: < ?) � � n J t : rr � .i T o H *- t.1 7'�00
L --c " ' .1 To 7J 7 ;;t 7 t : t J: < 1T � .1 To �,Ji_ l, \ "? L J: t : � '(f' ,i -tt" h,IJ•o :: "' - �::-
n�
;z..-r ?)
.� .;
.:
•
.:. . ; :;
1f � 0 1; �� � lJ: A, f *� < f_:' ::: \, 'o
� �
{�;}.
8)1
(23�/ � )
:: L \
"(
,
f:. tJ :_
� *-b 1j
-&. " ' A. � {�f � --c·· T o --c " ' j
To �ut. t.l L ,,
;z.
-t
I,
\ A_o � �{ lrh
t i' < U: #HJG t : fh <16 -? 1::
F 7 1 7·· (:: B;Itt® --c·· To
L ' -=>
l.t � (;:J\/ t'��� *ttAdJ'
o ''/
7 �"�f �
7_} <
Cl) �{�f � "C'' ,
I,
\
"i ± 0 -=f --c· -T o
-tt
-
� t:
t
" ' -::>
V� L
tp #
�b·t: i:>
�� *- t.! �-=t t : 1j ry t:.
(:: I� -? "( I, \ j T
/ F � � ry j -tt
ft.
0
A..- �-
L .J:
o
(:: " \ -? -c
�\'
L .J:
t : / \'
n �;- � ::1 /
t: 1t � j
�-� �?·) ( 1 8� /:i<-)
(26�/ � )
.:f 7 - �
L .J: -J !
IAl �
looking for . . .
)I
woman
1/t::k
man
B}J �
77 � f7
outdoor activities
hobby
!ft. <
i'l!!"*- ( L 11> h )
near place
/"/ F
band
"'�� (ti· L
�
-k ( j:; ,z, lj: )
� ( t; � .:: )
-3 )
I
river
( I.J • Gi) t J: )
\, \
girlfriend cheerful
C. O(O)Aid:t.:� c:91J'o �O)A0):8'ffii 1fi �L' "L < t.:
( (
3. The person who likes movies
(
4.
) ) )
The person who likes climbing mountains
(
)
5 . The person who is looking for a girlfriend
(
) :: A..-
1. The person who is 18 years old
2. The person who is a college student
1 . 7�Jf :: lv u (::'' A..- 1j A ;f- - '/ � ;z.-r
2.
�
L
j T�'
7�Jf :: A..- 0-W- r, t.!M--c·· -tt;'o
hT
�
1tl\.. t lv
3. .P # :: A..t tJ: (::'' A..- � A_1;{� � " h· t" .,
"('' T tJ'o
0
:: lv
:: lv
:: lv :: A..-
5. !RiJ m � � tj -FJ � : � � t� �... , � ;� -? i: l.. ' l T t.J �o j-; , ,.
E.
t :
�����, v
�""
(!l, \o
1J 1// � lvlct¥�*t.c
=F���Iv c\
�rc�l:*;t L: < t� t-::>t.A..
;:.t:
t.l t 66 £ L "'C o �It � � Jt � L t:: o ;f� t J l l o Y:P t: ti lv �- �, \ � To 11tr1T :<".., L
"'C'' Ttlo ;f� t.1 7J -J- 77''A._ O) � � :£ �-To - JJ t : E -*" t : 3R � L t:: o �-'h�i
E -* � {-> E -* 5c 1 t � � 1! L "'C "' \ � To ;f� t 7 7 � F 7 h� :k �f � �,,
t-1 t : i£ --::> <7)(:1'
.;: ;{., l.r
t:: ry , -:;; ry � L t:: ry T � O) h��t � "'C'' T o �tz:ff t �f � �' To
7>H� lt.l,
� / n'' if - Jv {-> -= .:z. - :; - 7 /
r t : if --::> t:.
�
t :it <
t ry "('' -t
l5" \, \ j:; � .!(> i$ �± � JL t:: \, \ � ;� --::>
"(
E -* �- t .1 , � t:: &; � ry �tz 1t L "'C "' \ � 1!- lv h �, --:)
0
·n,
� h� -s ry � T
:.: n h � G '- \ ;s '- \ ;s 1i rtf
t.: h.- t.: �
C1)=1f � 1i � ry t Jt t:: '- \ "'C'' T o A if - '/ t.l/ "- A 7
\, \ � T
0
E*
� h��t � "'C'' T o E
'J
-*"A.. O) � f�' i? � t:: < � lv 1'F --::> "'C , E -* � �' \ \ JS '-' ' JS 1i � � � � L t:: "'
\ � I� --::>
"(
\, \ � -t
0
J: h � --::> t:: G ' }; �. < ��- � --..,.{, L:
\, \ 0
0
) '
.
' ' ! • ' • '
.
; JJ �+- E n v / · � 7-
: .
·- -·
1ft. FIT x1t.
"J �
c;;- ��;-)
neighborhood
;f$;f± ( t � t "\"' )
shrine
culture
�0
festival
fishing
}.;�� ( }.; ""'� t)
( � "J 0 )
reply
'
® � < ��
:ttlv u19>5
A. �t.:5W� O)=Fm1d:w� * u J: 5 o '" u�5
(M 12�� 1
L
E
t 5' Tanabata t:.:"/J.
S
N
0
S
Festival
...........................
121
fd:t:.:
1 32
�
...
a
133
� 134
f$ 1 35
lf136
~ 1 37
4 1 38
1� 139
1fh
Ch· L
{f ( tn'J> G) old times {f� (tl'iJ) G �i� G ) old tale
(ancient times)
(8)
4-
-
+r
3±..
3±.. 1
3±.. n
3±.. A
*
1f /.Z (tl'iJ) V fi' iJ> G) once upon a time A. /.1 (U' c 7.J c ) people � /.1 � ( It ) 0 1_, ) 0 �) various a#f /.1 ( c � c:· � ) sometimes (symbol of repe/7 /.Z tition of a kanji) (3) / �/
f$;f± ( Y Y � -v ) shrine :fi¥ � .f (iJ)?:J.. t!: £ ) God :fi¥lt ( � Y l- 7 ) Shinto religion
(God)
(9)
lj�
Oi�v�) early .!f.� � T {J Oi� .to � T {> ) to get up early .!f..$}} ( 'J 7 1- 3 ? ) early morning
1;•h
:,/ /
'
7
.!f.'-' \
'/ rJ
1
n
i
;f.
*
:fn ;f-R :fs *¥
R
a
§.
.!f.
(early)
(6)
}.; �
� � ; (.to � {> ) to get up � .:: T ( .to ::. T) to wake someone up �ir. T {J ( � 1) 'J T {J ) to stand up
(to get up)
(10)
-? L .:f .:z. rJ
4 ( ? G ) COW 4;jL ( ::¥ _:z_ 7 ::=. _:z_ 7 ) milk
(cow)
(4)
":) 1;' �
1t -? ( ""J iJ) -? ) to use ::k.1t ( � 1 � ) ambassador 1tffl r;f ( � 3 7 7- _:z_ 7 ) "Occupied"
(to use)
(8)
l.± t: �
1fh < ( tj: t:. I? < ) to work �1fh � ( c t �;ft.: I? � ) both husband and wife working for a living %'1fh ( 0 7 r· 7 ) labor
li't: � (to work)
F?
(l3)
�
-
�
'
1
I
I
f
;:!:
!::=..
1-
-r
-l
t
;1_ t � �
4 � ( ::¥ _:z_ ? �: < ) beef
4
1' {n {i:i 1Ji 1�
r r f fo f� ,� ft¥ fw fj ffJ ffh
140
it 141
142
$�
& 143
~ 144
145
• ~
it;f'V( ')w :f> (-::J h -cv� .:Z. .Q ) to take home 001! ( :I 7 v /) United Nations it1;;f.. ( v / ::f ':7) consecutive holidays
'"'?
v/
.:z.
-
1
A
�
i§
i§
*
'!!! if!! it
(to link)
UO)
hh�
.81] t : ( � 'Y �<:) not in .8'J n :f> (;b il�n .Q ) to separate �4�(-lj-�'/ ) particular �t$'] � ( 1-- 7 � 'Y i:t.) special discrimination $'] /.Z t : (�'Y � 'Y �<:) separately
�''/
1
'["?
""
"'
$
$'
$'J
(to separate)
(7)
r
A,J§. ( :I >' F ) near future -1§_ ( 1 -T F ) once �� (;t / F) temperature .:=.. +J§. ( -tt >' � .:z. ':7 F ) 30 degrees
(time; degrees)
�t;� -e ;f-
'
J
I
r f= r= F fF 75 }$.. � " \ ( il!":dH· )) red � ( Gb 7J>) red color � -t? "\"' lv ( ib iJ' "t.:> � lv) baby �ill ( -l! ::f F ':7 ) the equator �-t� (� ::f � ':7 �) the Red Cross
(9)
__,__
.:z.
�B t1
-· -
(8)
(blue)
I, \ ;;
/ .:1=(color)
-
+
.±..
T- it iff 4f t" (Gb:to) blue color . .... \ ( Gl) :B t- )) ::;_,-) ;::f, 1 youth --� (�
(7)
(red)
/37
+
�
.:=£..
f- -Tt -ff t-
@. ( 1.- ) 0 ) color @. /.Z � ( 1.- ) 0 t-) 0 i;t.) various -ff- @. �t @. ( 1-- 7 � 3 7 ) characteristic (6)
"'
n
�
.q.,
blue
<$
( -'T � ::f ) scenery
�
(In this chart, kalakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD 1l!¥!0)�� tJ'fv Li
tLiv u�5
A. Match the read ing, kanji, and translation . t.; �� L
• .!f. •
· to use
1.
t.i� ( '-' \)
. -t .
. cow
2.
j:; ( � .; )
� a
3.
--::> � · ( -? )
. 4 .
• early
4.
b � · c n .; )
. � .
• color
Example:
· to get up
5 . ch ��
. *' .
6.
• j§_ •
• to separate
7 . \- \ ;;
• $1J •
· blue
8. -? L
. 1t .
· red
ancient times
B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below? 2.
*
�
3.
tJ
�
4.
7-
�
C. Which new kanji from this lesson shares the same component as each pair of kanji below? Example:
�,ij
1. 13:. 1±
'WJ 2.
�
W
it 1ft
3.
7j �tz
@ t; $7 "k.1J.
I
A. � (picture) ��<: < tO:: � L'o �nla:fclt.:cmL'* 91.J'o t:i$70) E3 1::i1= � *9o A.
t.:t.J:I;t.t.:
n
t:
�
"( �' -tt �' \,. \
'Jw � ,Z, � "( ' � � "('' � � tj L tj -tf' L (:: t=. �� ,Z,
t=. "( 0 t
--
-J<;t f; �� .:
J.....
"'?
tj "(
$1]
'
tl, }; fj: � < U' "( � tj �
� tt t: � it \,. \
0
ry
-lf
� ,Z, L fth
t=. � o
�
"'('' -tt
t
,Z,
J.....
L
.:::.. --c-U
1±
* � L
t=.
0
tj fth =. �1 � }; \,. \ tl' (/) �' "( � "C L J J ] t; � t U' \,. \ "('' (/) � 1-f � � L ft;J t.· tj � (:: L t=. :. � t : U' t=. 0 1 t 0 V' t : � fj: =. =. 1i. fj: � tl' � L t l' ,Z, !Jj L "'C'' (/) L tj tj \,. \ J..... t=. Mi'! 0 :h�i 4 ; � "' \ L � J..... JL -:J � 1� "'('' --::) "'? ' t t t L \,. \ t=.0 "( � � "'? ' WI L �m � tj t=. L .:::.. "'(', It (J o J: J.....
� tj � f; � "'? "( "( t \,. \ � � t L � t=. "'('' 0 '
J..... * \,. \
"'<
'
"( ' J(.. � t: m �' tj � }; �
-iii: ry 7;{ U' ' � �}] "'('' .!f. L E3
1£ ,Z, "'(''
0
"' \ � < t=. � 0
L
� }; t=.
0 "( ry tj V' ��� t=. � h{
L < =. t:.- - ---, "' \ "C -tt ' ,Z, tj - 1? 1 ° !§_ }; � �' % � � t : }; t:.- ry L � -iii: "'C'' tt v t=. � a L "' \ t : "' \ 1t ry .i - t t "'? U' % �, 0 tj iJr. � t=. 0 .:::.. "' \ T0 l.t. ij: --c � "'? ' \,. \ t ' "( U' J..... "( }; h{ \ \ ry .:::.. --t�� "' \ 1J t =. J..... 7 � ly \ fj: \,. \ t l' h " � U' o b L � t=. \ \ L (/) (/) ' 0 .MiJi �� "'('' tj \ \ t=. tj 0 \,. \ t: V' t ;c ;c s ;c =. tj }; ' � tl, fj: 1 h"' ry �}] a u t=. t� tl' ij: V' � ' --t t=. (:: L t : "('' J(.. � J1 1? I� 1 � "'? % t : (/) --t tj (/) � "' \ --c-- v 1w n 1 t a --c ' =. it(/) (/) � t=. T 0 t l' fj: ft;]t.· � t : 6 <
�
the heavens; the sky
� ; ( t-; .:: ; )
to get angry
�·$ � .i
God
i!h "( 1)� ;
to take back
:!!�
daughter
i.ft
serious
1.7 · .-.b l. \ f -J i';i
pitiful
to \YeaYe
-Sf ! : -.11_
once a year
'"" .i --c·· t :
by . . .
adult
� I. \ (�1J>'I,. \)
"·ish
to find
tJ' i';i -)
to be realized
the Milky \Yay
;fJ.,. t: 1?
we
the other side; oYer there
""'-' i';i �·
and so forth
CO\Y
t: lv �-· <
strip of fancy paper
farm
A. .?<
people
( {; T 60 )
.i t 60 i';i t.i t:
� � ; ( t?
;)
one . . . ( � ; 8
� ; """'
:kA.
( t? � i';i)
...It "? tt ; � 0 11] foJ .::
(�
.i 0 1.7>'.-.b)
1 ( t; .:: 1 )
4 �m ( !J: f:
�t)
one day)
<
( t:.: < )
to cr:r
.!:}
f:,
. _.f -� ·
.
/·.:-.�* ; :
..
·
-
. · · tr
:
. .'C1
. �.. -�-.
z:). �
* . -lt. .
lr_ ·. {!.. :: �:: :. � · .t:r .. r:r_ -�. � : : .
_(:{ �
5. t:·· 7 L
· |
.
.,; .
.
:..· .::t:.
,t;:;·
.
�* 1t
.
.
;*
.
·
��>
.
a- :
>t "
• .
q" -�-A---r �/ ��w�� .�
"Z {L t.: i? t.l--t 5 0 E t : t.: lv :::·· < t : � " ' � · � £ Th'o t:.
.
� �. . .. : · ' �
.
.
�
.. .,_
English-Japanese 329
�� 1J'9'
IJI>
Numbers 342
Conjugation Chart 344
J
� < L \Ju 1
p
a
a n e s
i§�§O)��r
e
-
E
urn . . .
®0)
that . . . (over there)
Y J\- 1--
®IY.>
(s)
y )l. l) 7J
·
ill · · · · · · F&JJmm�(wed:J.���) (number of
iifu
excercise
in
the
Reading and Writing section)
'ft L12
sweet
the Milky Way not much
iifu ;i;'lt ;
® � il-' C: 5
it rains
£: L1, £: L2
U.S.A.
)Jt 1
ra,
®L \f:!.
between
4:- 1
®5
to meet; to see (a person)
Y 'J I'- I' Y
1f \ '
® d:> L \
'ft L4 we L12- II
tk
1m It ;
® t5:
$Jl
¥JHiip�
L\L\
breakfast
� L3
®� -:::> <:
the day after tomorrow
®u
leg; foot
Jt
Asian studies
® u fc.
tomorrow
'ft L3, 'ft L4(s)
® t Z:
over there
� L2
®ti3\
�-;:
llJ!
®t:::.. *
�if L \ '
�\'
® :J L \
®C:c
1l --c·
®tc:J:t:::..
you
No.; Not at all.
' ' \ ,.:y-
to show someone around
WG L9- II
L \3
't 1
L \;{_
�
.ft <
to go
�if
L \ L/;b:Q (tel:) L \g
� L5
after (an event)
chair
L \ tfJ' u L \
� L5 � L1 1 , we L8-II
L \t <:'
L \t:::.. L \
.� <··
®1;:
JL
(my) older brother
®�
-k$
(my) older sister
� L3 � L2
doctor
� L1, � L10
�H�.�
mean-spirited
·tt L \ '
� L7(s)
L \t:; L/
�
-�
L \ 'b l/ il'N
� L12
Th an k you for the meal. (before eating)
� L7, � L7(s)
� L5
� L6
hurt; painful
L \t:::.. t:!.n*9
-
� L9
busy (people/ days)
to hurry
:ffll \ '
L \ 'b il"'-:J
� L10(s)
� L2(s)
� L6
'ft L4
� L3
� L1, 'ft L2
how much
bright; smart; clever
'ft L5
� L8
b ound for . . .
Britain
'ft L7
new
late r on
to say
� L9
we L10-II
home; house
�.ft ,:..
1' � I) :A L\( b
good child
good deed
L \ u "\'='
� L7(s)
hot (objects)
�l
(-O)) ® C:
(.,\I, \;t
-t., \n
� L10
hot (weather)
�''
®:JL\
warm
WD L8- II
� L3
(.,\I, \Z:
L\ <
ll}i ;l;t \ ' \ '
®t:::.. *il''L\L\ ®t:::.. 6 u L \
� L1
'ft L6
head
good
L\1,\Z: C::
to play; to spend time pleasantly
B£1.1' \ '
®t:::.. t:::.. il'L \
� L4(s), � L8
'ft L7(s}, £: L12
7 :/ 7 -Gtt 1E
:PVJ71thr� Jg> 5
'ft L2
� L6
£: L3
morning
® � Z:: [j:A_,
�l*J T ;
®A.Jfcl:L\g:Q
we L11- II
to open (something)
� L4
questionnaire
'ft L10
fall
®It�
part-time job
Y ':..1 7- 1--
'ft G
'ft L10
on foot
that one (over there)
®:tt
'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)
red
BA ; \ \ cheerful
®il'� L'
'!.Ji' ' ' 't
J7 Jv/\1 1--
� L4
we L11- II
'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)
blue
;iff \ '
®il'L \ ®�
outdoor activities
Thank you. (polite)
one . . .
®:Q L n:
� L4
�G
Thank you.
there is . . .
®:Q-
'ft L8
'ft L8
to wash
® � tiC:5 Z:: ti' L\*9 ®:Q
WG L12-II
� L3
'ft L8
rain
®65
� L2
� L7
� 0 Jll
®IY.>il'' '3':Q
�*:J5b. (Supplement)
II
•
tt ' '
®* � + negative
(Reading and Writing section) G · · · · · · ®L \ i5:-:J (Greeti ngs)
I
'ft L1
apartment
®* O)il\b
� - · · · · · �#���
h
s
®0)
®*L\
(Conversation and ·Grammar section)
......
g I i
n
�G
January one o'clock
-
�M
'ft L4(s) � L1, � L1(s)
one hour
� L4
L\'b�luttL\
� i.
-
-� 1 : - zt
L\'b�fu(;: L\'bc
� L1
first-year student
once a year
I?D-:7'5.b
� L12- II --ff
L \ 'b lct'lu
- .t!Ht. .;
L \'blct'lu5 v -3
-.f} iltr
L \ 'b lct'fu* ;t
�@I
movie
last car; tail end
;tL\�
��
English (language)
� L10(s)
;t;t
yes
� L1
;t�
�
station
first car; front end
� L10(s)
L \-::>
� L3
when
.n. 8
L \-:>fJ' L \ ·:>ts: L \
L \ ? v J: (;:
L \ ? <:�*9
� L9
I'll go and come back.
L \ ? <: b? v � L \ -'0-
L \?,3\fu L \-:>t,
dog
� L4
L\*
+
now
� L1
L \Jj.
;g'*
� L1(s)
A.. o
Welcome (to our store)
� L1, � L2
delicious
L\�
to need
L \-3
�
� L4
� L8 � L9
d:>t:J'v
B;l.-t
d51J'�
}.; 1:-
5;t
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on
5v
4
cow
� L9-II
song
5J7.
� L4 � L11
� L7 to sing
1 t;,
5b"O)V'c ;�
� L7 � L3
d:><:�
��
d:>c!l:t
}; �ili
sake; alcohol
1G �
5fu
uh-huh; yes
to sell
� L3
� L7(s)
grandfather
�Jc .:{. �
� L12- II
to teach; to instruct
}; if. �
New Year's
buttocks
� L6
� L1 1 ,
� L7(s)
d5 v -3
};1»;.
castle
d:>tL \
1£ \ '
slow; late
d:> t <
il <
(do something) late
� L5- II � L10
t:> t < fcJ:�
to be late (for)
� L8
d5 1::: L \ L/(;:::
}) :fr.. :;f: l :
Get well soon.
� L1 2
� L7(s)
d5'5�
}.; �
� L7(s)
d5 ? c
7z
husband
� L7(s)
d5 L: � b L \
}.; .:t iJI:. ' '
restroom
� L10- II
d:> L: b
� L8
��
a3c5
5fu<:fu9�
il�T �
to drive
5fuc59�
il�T �
to do physical exercises
� L9
� L8
� L6, � L4- III
ll < 7j: �
husband
� L5
5�
f3i L7(s)
child
(my) child
1 t;,
sea
� L3
� L7(S)
wife
t:i -t � A,;
� L10
rich person
to get angry
d5 v 0
home; house; my place
5 'b 0) ;:
� L6
to get up
� :_t h.,
� L11
� L10- II
� L12- II back
ift 1
5 "k. 5 5 'b
snack; sweets
�� �
d5 < c!fu d:><:c!lv
�G
Welcome home.
�1:-�� 'I?
d5 v J: 5 1J'::>
� L8
to tell a lie
�t
5 1=.
� L5
large
� L4
1i.';
5 v-3
5-t�-::> <
� L2
money
d51J'�'b 'b
d5 v;t � uh-uh; no
''
:k �
d5 liL \c!lu 5 5 fu
� L2, � L2(s)
pencil
d:>-5'3' < 1.i 1Jl. round tiip � L10(s) d5d5L \ � � ' there are many . . . � L12
d:>��
� L10(s)
entrance
Yarious
d5 L \ v L \
� L3
� L2
yen
ta¥
d51J';t 0 fcJ:c!L \
� L7, � L7(s)
(a person) is in . . . ; stays at . . .
L\-3L\-3fcJ:
.
;tfuU-::>
SS�L \
younger sister
L \�
color
language lab
. .
� L7(s)
M;.( :_t h-)
L \ b ? v� L\*tt
LL(IJ!JIJ!J)
71"-.A I'-- 5 � ? Australia � L1, � L11 d51J'�c!fu �� :_t h., mother � L1, � L2,
� L11(s), � L12
meaning
L \t,5 c (c!fu)
L \ 0 (''b
�G
� L12, � L6- ID
*-.
L \6Q
�G
Please go and come back.
one minute
always
� L10, � L6- I
-;tfu
� P3
� L1
� L5
together
fiye
� L3
� L1 (s)
one year old
-K.t 1 :
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L \-::> -::>
� L4(s)
the fifth day of a month
-�
� L5(s)
aerogramme
;t L \f.)'
� L10
best
green tea
temple
BX: :_t h.-
d5 c 5 c ( c! fu)
� L3
� L2
� L4 father
* ( :_t h.,)
� L1, � L2, � L7(s) younger brother
� L1, � L7, � L7(s)
d5 C <:
�
man
� L11- II
!JJ (1)-f
d:)(: ;:: O) ;::
!JJ (l) J-...
d:)(: ;:: O)(}c d3 C: C: (., \
the day before yesterday
d3 C: C: v
the year before last
d3C:tJ:
*.. A.
�iii �
d31d:f.J'
stomach
d3fJ:f.J'f}9<
� L?(s}, � L12
fJ'S
d3 t: I.,\� fv
I? JL � A.-
older brother
d3:tdx�fv
}; � � A.-
older sister
� L1,
� L7, � L7(s) � L1, � L7,
d3:tdt.J"l \ v * 9 (-�) d31
.
Slcf:d:: -5
.
S13, -3
};Jag
d313,-?l:lcf:L \� Sl"\.fv l../
}; JJl. g r : A. �
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d3�fvC: -5 d3 * fv l../ $ -5 Siht->11
}; ± Ji
<5 =5 v --3 U
iii a � '
s=t b-\?
toy
i;K (
d3d:: <:·
� L4
fJ't;:::.
� L8
�G
� L6
music
i.I.JR
spa; hot spring
-!;:: (1) -f
� L9
� L3 � L9
girl
-!J:: (l)J-...
t.J"
but
7J -7-/ tJ"(., \;:: < fJ'(., \�::> fJ' l \ v -f.>
or
�� corner
fll
e9:.tL
�:f.±.
� P'i
to be realized
�
fJ'l \ v -f.> l\fv fJ'(., \9-5 1tfv
wife
�::f± J
@1��
� L10(s) � L7
� L7(s) � L12- II
�L\'
sad
money
� L6
%�� i?
rich person
1&:-!J::
fJ'Icf.fv
bag
fJ'iS\75;
Kabuki
� u o- n � L10
� L12, � L1 1 - II
girlfriend
� L2, � L2(s)
i:J'J3\tt� f-I::::- :Z)
� L9 tO put (a hat) on a person's head
� L10- II
foreign country
� L11
to put on (a hat)
Jl
fJ'ih�*
� L7
office ''-orker coupons
fJ'iS\� fJ'ih
� L10(s)
company
bookish expression
� L6(s)
fJ'fJ:5
� L2(s)
ga te
� L12
� L3
school
fJ'fJ:(., \
fJ':td=t !>
� L7
� L7, � L5- I1
7'H!l
cold
� L11(s)
great-looking
fJ'c
fJ':td
� L11
woman
� L10 curtain
a
� L7(s)
one way
fJ-.. ? ;:: -5
fJ'O) l../ � -fJ'-
to catch
� L7
IJ· t:. � ' i \ ' :.0
.Ftit
fJ'fcl: v l \
� L1 1 - II
woman
d3fv1J:O)V'c
family
parenthesis
fJ'-::> ;:: 1.,\I.,\
(something) ends
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half? � 7.t <
1J'f.:: (., \l. \l. \f.J'i'::
fJ'? ;::
� L5
d3fvitfv -!;:;
� L12
shoulder
fJ'tcih"b
Good night.
to get off
-*t;b �
� L11
singer
cold
��
�
� L1 1
snack; sweets
� L11(s)
d3fvtJ" < d3fvfJ:
� L5
interesting
to swim
M: ry �
d3 1J � SP�
fJ'r<
� L11
'
;lit -T
� L10- II
� L10- II
rice cake
d3t->9ihtJ:�L \
fJ'� fJ' v
� L2
umbrella
�-=!-
� L7 � L10
for . . . months
:$:"
JJl.Jf?
� L10(s)
to put on (glasses)
bamboo hat
fJ' v $
� L1
student
student discount
�1;· �
f.J'tf� V' <
� L4- III
souyenir
to think
� 3:
fJ'�
fJ'tf
� L9
to memorize
S\Yeet bun
.� 1
s=t5
� L9
boxed lunch
1t it �
Slifx �
to take a bath
� L4
to write
��1
� L10
� L5(s)
registered mail
fJ'If� (6D1J'tl�)
� L1 1 - II
reply
� L1
science
:!�
:f <
-fJ'(j'::>
� L6
� L9(s)
to take (amount of time/money)
fJ'=t:ic�
�G
�G
to look pale
fJ'fJ'�
fJ"' ( P IJ
� L6
bath
ro! 1;1-f � '
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� L6, � L7(s)
Good morning. (polite)
� L3
� L?(s}, � L10
face
fJ" < ttL\
� L2
, please.
Good morning.
Slcf:d:: -5 �rr(., '*9
S=t b
.
grandmother; old woman
� L6
to return (things)
fJ'tf<
fJ' <
� L7(s)
� L11
to go back; to return
fJ'd3fJ''®d3l \
� L11
to become hungry
trn
� L4
to own (a pet)
•j\f, �
fJ' X�
� L4
shopping
to buy
it&T
fJ'x 9
� L9
to dance
:It 1
!OJ 1
fJ'-5
� L4(s)
�� L1 2 - II
adult
d3c�
� L4(s)
fJ'-5
� L10(s)
stairs
� \ '4fo
fJ'(., \=t,O)
� L7
man
fl�H�
f.J'(., \�fv
� L11
boy
� L1, � L8
� L10(s)
fJ'ih � fv tJ )1.. 5
hair
:f$ � 1 ,,·ife camera
� L7
� L7, � L7(s) God
� L7(s) � L8
� L12-I1
fJ'� 5 U
:k HI 8
tJ 5 7t 7
karaoke
-fJ'6
because
-fJ'6
from . . .
.
� L6
� L9, � L7-II #- t : � � -:> It �
fJ'6 t:: l;:-cr�-::> lt�
to take care of oneself
i� � �
fJ'��
� LS
to cut
--a tt L \ (fcl:)
� LS
. .
"W �
--cr�
� L4, � L4(s)
Tuesday
� LS
beautiful; clean
-cr/vt.. \�
��
gold
-rr lv t.. \�
jft �
silver
--crtvxlv u "P
� L9(s) � L9(s)
1H.t111-
-rr 1v � 5
jftq
bank
� L6
--cr lv L.i J:
:iftpff
neighborhoocl
to bon-ow
� L12
� L2
fJ'n
�tt
boyfriend
--crtv'b J: 59�
5t5R T �
fJ' :t>
n1
river
� L1 1 - II
-a/viet-:> 1:-�
blonde h ai r
fJ'P L \ L \
cute
� L7
--cr lv� 5 U
fJ'P L \ t 5 fc:J: tJ'IvfJ'
ophthalmologist
�@I
fJ'/v� < fJ'/v L.i
M if
¥!:.-fT-
fJ'/vlcfL \
� L6
kanji; Chinese character
fJ'/v�lv (fc:J:)
air
fL 1J
September
� L10
< L.i
� LS
easy; simple
Cheers! (a toast)
��
< fJ' -:>
iit � \ ' �11!
� L9(s)
yellow
fLat
nine o'clock
�
� � � t.'
&1 <
to listen; to hear
--cr<
lifl <
to ask
-crt:::.
$-�ji
� L10
� L6(s)
��1;5
cafe
-cr-:> "L
"W1'-
postal stamps
--cr-=> ,3\
"W 1'f
ticket
-cr(J)5
B'f 8
--crdJ�
5�6>? �
:fo-p /7
yesterday
� L10
fL/k.
nine years old
fL"n"
nine minutes
--cr J: 5 t:: L\
�H:&' JL!f.
--cr J: 5 ch-fJ'��
--cr J: :tdlv �b L\ ( fc() ��
td- �
.:t. �
�o;f;_t;:&, �
� L12
about (approximate measurement)
� L4
green
-* �
� L9{s) � L3
to come
< �*
�
�L.t-
gray
car
,I! 1. '
It L \ <:! L \
� L6 � L7
to be interested (in)
line number
last year
•\ '
cloudy weather
� L7
� L9{s) � L1 0
credit card
black
� L9, � L9{s)
� L1(s)
� L3, � L4{s) textbook
� L7
� L1(s)
brothers and sisters
"-'.ft 13
� L2 � L7{s)
neck
class
< � L\
� L10(s)
.
. .
� L11(s)
injury
?rH
surgeon
It�
4-l�
this morning
lt9
� L12{s)
)j!f l ::i L>.
WiT
� LS
to put on (clothes above your waist)
lt-:> �lv9�
� L7
lj'-::> d:: 5 U
� L1, � L2
economics
ljfJ'
� L12{s) � LS
eraser
� L2{s)
to tum off; to erase
It -=> � 5 c9
� L4(s)
disgusted with; to dislike
;)'&itt
lttJ'
It u :l'b.
� L12 --rr J: 56')
� L7{s)
� l..t :::J 'Y 1'-- tJ - I'
--cr� 5 � L\
-cr J: 5 fJ' u J:
m
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--cr � 5 ,3,fv
today
� L10(s)
express
4- 8
country; place of origin
�1)-/
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--cr J: 5
shoes
®I
� L2
.
� L4
� L11
camp
.
*ft
ticket vending area
--cr� 5 � 5
.
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� L4, � L4(s)
to decide
� L11(s)
Please give me
< -:::>
��
� L9
< t::.· ! t t::. g " ':;?
mouth
� LS, � LS(s)
� LS
"W 1'f 1C � j�
--cr-=> ,3\5 � let'
to take medicine
o
-<:'6 1..\
� L2
� L1{s)
< 'b
< =6 �
� L9
guitar
--cr-:>�7:./v
� L3
� LS
season
north
:l.t
=¥9-
< 1:: � 1.. \ (-�)
� L12
� L4(s)
� L9
medicine
colloquial expression
temperature (weather)
-cr< --crtt-::>
� L4, � L4(s)
� L8
< t:: l t�L\L\fJ't.: --crct:>Jv
� L12
� L9(s)
Friday
< 5-cr
< 9 � �O)it; -crL \ � L \
to get nervous
� L12{s)
� L1, � L2
Korea
5l!f
� L1 1 - II
� L12- II
pitiful
D�H
1:-Bi 8
� L10(s)
nonsmoking car
� L7 - II
Mi.t$l --c· -t
be
fine.;
That wouldn't be necessary.
� L6
��T � JJ lljl 8
That
� L6 would
to get married
Monday
� L7
� L4, � L4{s)
l:t fvtJ'g �
to have a fight; to quarrel
11'fv� ( tc:J:)
7[. � JJ!. 1�
don't look well
! :: ©}:::
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��
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�
��
Z.. 5 Z.. 5
. . .
� L1
:71:. �.R.
glossy finish
Z.. ? t.:: < tc:J: u
7\:.5R. >j: L
mat finish
r
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coffee
::f-Jll I'
gold
;:jj'-::>
1i J3
� L5(s) � L5(s)
,! A&.
� L4(s)
;::: ;:::
9'-��
P.�l.
� L2(s)
� L1 the ninth day of a month
Z.. Z.. (J)-::>
7L "?
nine
Ji*
five o'clock
z.. t.: �
�
answer
� L9- II
;::: 5 -t:-5
excellent food
to answer
� L8- II
� L9-II
2:'5 -t:-5
this person (polite)
;: "5-::> Q:J. Z.. C: u Z.. c� Z.. (J)
+ e?. A, it-
this year
f-*
child
this .
Z.. (J) ;::: -3
parcel
. .
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� L4
� * Jj
� L5
the month after next
� L4(s)
the week after next
� L4(s)
� *-U! � *- �
..=. }j
-=-*
. .
� L1 � L4(s)
overtime work three rears old
three o'clock
..=. -t -'if Ji � A.if4
rice; meal
I'm sorry.
� L3
� L4
� -lY -t �
- t;
That's too bad.
o'clock
� L12(s) � L1(s)
to take a "·alk
� L4 �ll'!r
�1;-
� L8
obstetrician and gynecol-
� U(s)
u ® l.\
� L1 (s)
thirty minutes
three minutes
� L8- II � L1(s)
� L1 (s)
ogist
..=. �
(!fv,3ilv
� L4(s)
the year after next
!\ larch
7� � ..=.�
� L1 0
five minutes
� L2
� L5- II
�G
Good-bye.
c!lv=ldlvc9=/d ;� �-c·-t:tt
1i -'if
at about
. .
cold (weather)
Mr./Ms. .
e lv li
.
� L4(s), � L10
�f]i
this one
� L11
Mr./Ms.
;:,3,fv
z.. n
�
<'i fv� J; 5
� L9
� L5(s)
;:l;:l:fv
- ;::: -3
to cut classes
-
� L3
lonely
-if��
� L4
magazine
�L\'
� L2
these days
;:d)fvfc:J:
� L11
� L3
� L10
Mitt
� L9
essay; composition
a little while ago
-
� L8-II
� L2
<'i? u
;f!!t
� L1, � U(s)
� L2
wallet
in the morning
1):. � �
� U, � L2
� L5
lastly
soccer
l.\lj::>
� L11(s)
;: t.: � �
� L7
years old
sake; alcohol
-if '.!1 :t.J -
� L?(s)
� L1
9'-lltr
;:tt fv 5 � 5
� U(s)
husband
HI.
trliu
;:tffv
� U(s)
five years old
.:·�A.
� L4(s)
� L9
. .
fish
)§
.
f'F.:X:
1L 8
;::: t;
rela-
� L1
Z.. Z.. (J)tJ'
�· u � vfv
/J#:.
�.J� t :
black board
�G
computer
surfing
�
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� L4
li/fff.
-
Jl.:t :fil
here
;: (!l. \
/
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Z.. Z..
� L3
tonight
Good evening.
oo��i%
�G
com·enience store
tions
Z.. < l�'fv
A,BJt
� L3
z.. < '(! (, \tJ'Iv l:tl. \
� L9
near future
Good afternoon.
� L9(s) May
� L4(s), � L6
this week
� L1
� L10- II
voice
� L9
� L12(s)
antibiotic
Z.. 5 t.: < ® 0 Z.. �
A,!$.
:::J / I::: .:J.. - 9-
high school student
tt.i.�'.it
Z.. 51tl.\,3\? l./::>
A,i!!
'Z.. fvl�'fvl;:l:
high school
��.i.
Z.. 5 Z.. ?ttl.\
Z.. fv u � 5
::J / t::=
� L5(s)
airmail
� L4(s), � L8
this month
concert
'Z.. fv c
� L11
this semester
::J /-if- t--
Z.. fvlcf.fv
� L10
� L4
park
AA'.��
Z.. 5 ( 5 ?Jfv
A, }j
Z.. fvlj-::>
� L5
frightening
A,�AA
'Z.. f vl:51;:1:
� L1
in . . . time; after
�ml
Z.. ?�fv
��
�
language
��
� U2
� L5(s)
development
Hii \ '
Z.. ;b l. \
Z.. lvtJ' ? :ti
� L5
healthy; energetic
Jt � l.l:>j: \ '
11/v�t.i''fci:!.\ lt'fv-t;?
� U1
� L1
match; game
� L12
� L9
1±.1:. 1)'' ry
u � :t.i' r>
¥ -tt >j:
Lt�trtt td:
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":.! ;(
u:f.J'
u $ 5 c·fv
� L5(s)
L/�5td:tJI31/v
+--!:-$]'"
L/ fP 5 (;::f.j'�
-t,::: J3
� L10- II
happy
� L2
jeans
tJ!iH
April
u It iv
�;\�
exam
Lt ;:: C:
1±:;:.
job; work; occupation
�*M
- L/:f.J'iv
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L/ u J; L/t'5
lH'
� L10-II
Lt't5:f.J''�
V 5 L/
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U ':) C:{.. \*9
'f;.�M
u�=biv
seven o'clock
� L1(s)
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I know
§1 ��Jli-
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to die
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bicycle
§ §1-
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ENT doc
Municipal Hospital
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shirt
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November
+-*
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+- �
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+- $1-
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+ li. -$]'"
L/ � 5 c!/vl3\lv
eleven minutes
thirteen minutes
+*
ten o'clock
:;· .:1.-.:::Z..
juice
� L12
§1 m�
ft l1(s)
u $ ':) u iv
1±:! .if
coming from
ft L11
ten minutes
� L1(s)
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hobby
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i£ 13
l.l J; 5 Lt r.> Itlv
ge ne ral admission seat
JftJiqf.
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(boarding) ticket
skillful; good at
.
. .
� L8
u J; 5 6 l.\
�4 *-
future
u J; < c5
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cafeteria; dining commons
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� L7 � L7(s)
buttocks
ry ;! -\t A.,
I do not know
u r> *itiv
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u�
to get to know
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silver
� L9(s)
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castle
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white
8 -�
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� L7
� L7
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black and white
1: 7;, 1: 7;, Jt ;
� L9(s)
to stare (at)
l../ iv l../ f.>
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t1H�k t
Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"
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people
ft L9
uiv Z::: 5
uivJ3\iv � L10(s)
to in troduce
New Year's
J:.-'t
uiv!ct'l. \9�
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� L1
housewife
� L10
ninteen minutes
L/ $ 5 L/ L/�5tt�
ten years old
u -3 < -3 � L1 (s)
� L7(s)
husband
-t �
uiv:f.J'ivitiv
fifteen minutes
+ :=.. §!
of a
� L4(s)
for . . . weeks
-t:!L$1-
day
� L4(s)
eleven years old
October
�ii!M
l./ � 5 � � 5131/v
� L1(s)
the eleventh month
L/ fP 5 l. \ ':) 13\fv
ft L4(s)
eleven o'clock
ft L5, � L11(s) � L12(s)
operation
L/ $ ':) c!l.\
u r> � L11
president of a company
� L7- II
homework
� L2
� L4
picture; photograph
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to close (something)
then . . . ; if that is the case, . . .
u "\"> uiv
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ft L11
class
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deadline
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cram school
u J; 5 :f.J'�
� L10- II
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u61J� r>
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sixteen minutes
+ � $1-
ffi*!
of a
� L1(s)
L/ $ <
�
day
fourteen minutes
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u J; 5:f.J'l. \g �
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the fourteenth
L/ $ � J; 5
lt $ 131
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otorhinolaryngologist;
oneself
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l../ $ ':) 13\fv
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tor
L/ � 5 d:: /vl3\fv
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departing second
lf 4 H
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u $ Ll $ �
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reserved seat
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u $ < t.= t.. \ � L7
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question
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lt C:: l.\tt�
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July
� L3
weekend
L/ $ 5 -3 ':) 13\fv
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under
Y!-*
month
� L5
quiet
guardian deity of children T
� L1, � L8
� L1(s)
-f-A$1-
� L1(s)
eighteen minutes
u$ 5*�
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twelve minutes
� L2, � L2(s)
dictionary
u 9"1J' (fcl:) u t.::
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� L9
� L1(s)
� L4(s)
twelve o'clock
L/ $ 5 ���fv/L/ $ 5 �':)�fu
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hour
seventeen minutes
December
-t.::: $1
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lt:f.J'?
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last train
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dentist
��
date/time something is ready
traffic light shrine
tJi-l;JJ
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kind
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ft L7
to worry
newspaper
/-... �� *
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� L12
ft L2
anthropology
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supermarket
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ver
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stress
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sports
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and then . . .
� L11, � L9- II
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that
-tiel:'
near
� L4
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(my) grandfather
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(my) grandmother
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that one
then
and
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t cl\t.J' < ttL\ �1f�:7�H
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orthopedic surgeon
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grade (on a test,
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back
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� L?(s) � L9
narro;Y; not spacious
month
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last
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the other day
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last
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week
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not at all
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major
first
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� L10(s)
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to stand up
� L6
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fun
f.: (f) vibl::9� (-tg)
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to look forward (to)
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to eat
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word; Yocabulary
strip of fancy paper
f.:: lv Li � 5 U tclvfJ:
food
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� L2
who
t.:lvt!.<
to smoke
probably; ma ybe
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to do laundry
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rleparting
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for example
f.:,3\lv
� L6, � L5- II
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the week before last
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h ome .
tEj;. El
husband
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� L4
just . . . ; only I'm
� L5
� L3
expensive
f.:(;f;:1ct95
� L4, � L4(s)
teacher; Professor . . .
t!lvt!lv + negative
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very fond of; to love
many; a lot
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by all means
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okay.; Not to worry.;
tough (situa tion)
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� L5
to hate
usually
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t.:: L \1'\lv ( fJ)
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graduate student
It is
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vouchers; zone tickets
world
� L1
college student
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� L12(s)
Everything is under controL
� L1 . � L1 2
politics
* � f�j:
*.i"j:_
� L12(s)
tt l \ li
thermometer
college; university
fc l,\�Gt.,\(�)
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life; living
� L11
to go on a diet
*.rif
t�t.,\tJ"<
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to sit down
j:_ ii5
� L?(s)
� L5
1-1N.H
t.:l, \t.J' < L \lv1tL \ ttl \tl'-:J
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9'.-( I 'Y t-- 9�
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l.i �
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special delivery
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�G
SOlTY.
� L5(s)
slide
� L3
� L7
to live
to do
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That's right.; Let me see.
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t:htl' G
Excuse me.; I am
9cr;g:tt1v
� L1 0
� L12
fantastic
� L1
there
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cool (weather)
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9"L�(fJ:)
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� L5
� L6
right away
to clean
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fond of; to like
9� <
{wi*'T � That's right.
t5 Li9� t5 c·9
� L1
� L9
ski
99-'vl\
� L4, � L4(s)
Wednesday
Sweden
bi1ihday
� L?(s)
� L9
� L12-II � L5
� L6
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+ � \'
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WG L11-II
near place
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X
(my) father
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green tea
7 A t--
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China
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injection
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the first day of a month
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disposable camera
� L5(s)
�1
� L6
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to use
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next
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desk
to be tired
.
. .
� L10(s)
fh&':J 7.>
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wife
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't
temple
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7 � 1::::7-b. 7C.
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. . . points
clv�
JC. �
weather
c:fv�
'it �
electricity
� L2(s), � L6
'JC.� t ¥R
weather forecast
't .!li
� L8
� L6
train
'it il!!.
battery
cfv;b
't�
telephone
� L5(s) � L1
�� � IJ· It 7.>
to make a phone � L6
call
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c
� L10
WG L1 1 - II lt n -r ·� J.>
?
- C: to take back
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to bring (a person)
-
-c
� L6
I'?
� L10- II
door
together with (a person)
"-
� L7(s)
"""'
. . . degrees (temperature) � L2(s) why
c5 c9fJ'
T-shirt
commuter's pass � L7
:r· 1 A :J disco � L8 7:.1.. \;tdl. \fc:J:l. \I.. \fJ't:: "'( \ \ p \ \ >d: -g \ \ :;0 polite expression
� L11(s)
� L10(s)
+
c�
ten
*
� L10
� L9 the tenth day of a month
when . . . ; at the time of . . .
* "<
� L3
� L2
how; by what means
+B
c�c�
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Ilow about . . . ?; How is . . . ?
c 5 f.> ? 7:. cd3
� L2
'ice to meet you.
Thank you.
cd3fJ'
� L12
� L4
llere it is.
c5�d:: � G < c -5 =5
.;tAA�
� L4
door
� L1 0
T Yi? ':J
� L11
� L5
cfv'5
b y (means of transportation); with (a tool)
C:l. \�lflv
� L12- II
-Ziv
clv;b�fJ'If�
� L12
� L6
video game
the heavens; the sky
� L7
cold (thing/people)
it n -r < 7.>
hand
� L9,
ti L2(s), � L3
TV
c5 G L' +
� L4
to appear; to attend; to exit
c-s�·(-�) C:
� L4
� L10
gloves
� L3
clv G �
inconvenient; to have
to work for
boring
::>tl.C::: f.J'X.-@
Take care.
� L7(s)
"/it t::. \ '
fishing
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but
C:lv� d:: !a:-5
� L8
a scheduling conflict
-:J*
j:;j(;� "'(•
department store
c=E.
7:./v
� L2(s), � L4
-::J if.Q to turn on � L6 �\' -:J � 5 fJ";b.Ql. \ �.g.�;:,; -::J c /9)-Q
WG L8- II
� L11
� L8- II
next (stop),
to make
-r· t.±,
� L6- I
� L6
;xt;i """'
-:J�Icl:-
� L4(s)
� 7
to get tired
secondly
� L6
� L3
�� L5- II 7':.13\( �
-:Jl. \t::'5
to help
.:f-1i: 1 tennis
� L12(s)
� L3
a little
� L12
ti L5
c!cl:, d':>l'11v�c
� L1, � L2
� L10(s)
exit
test
7-=A
� L9(s)
brown
� L12
probably; . . . , right?
7:.-:::> t �-5
-?t � \ '
� L4
letter
:±: 0
c<''5
� L5
to go out
as much as possible
-c G J: -5
� L11
� L7, � L7(s)
'5 � 1.. \�1,. \
'5 J; ? c
c�.Qt.:lt
to be late (for an appointment)
:±: IJ· It 7.> -'t��
ctJ"�
� L10
sub"·ay
� L2
tape
cfJ'If.Q
� L5
small
� L3
date (romantic, not calendar)
7-7
sometimes
� L3
� L4(s) � L4
�t+
C:ltL \ c ;::
� L2
where
C: ;:: t>
hi'- &
C: ;:: -3
i'IT
barber's
C: ;:: -3 c· C: v
rear
C: v J;. fJ'fv c'b6
@ �tg
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very
ctcJ: D
library
X..
super express
L1 O(s)
next
c(J)<' S L \
� L10
tomato
� L8
is i {,
to stay (at a hotel, etc.)
� L10
� L1
:3.'b C: =t t
� t=.· -t?
friend
cJ: 5 U
± Bi 8
Saturday
� L3, � L4(s)
1' 5 -1' ?' drive � L11 C:� :fa {, to take (pictures)
� L4
C:�
li� {,
to take (a class) ; to get (a grade)
C:�
� {,
to take off
en
which one
� L1 1 , giiJ L?-II gilj l1 0 - II
L2
::::: at .:f
� L2
sweat shirt
1;: 'b J: 5 U
8 Bfl 8
-1;:-:JL\"L
about; regarding to
l*ln
8 �c
diary
1::13,fu
::::: $3'
two minutes
1;: l�fu
8 ?.j;;. Japan
fcJ:fJ'
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R
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seven
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Mil•
1;J.I;: =t +
negative
1PJ t
-tlfu
not . . . anything
't,J.(J)fJ' tcJ:£.:Z
� iltr
name
'lD 1
to learn
1d.lv/fcJ:I;:
1PJ
� L1 � L11
� L10
to become
h at
w
� L?
to be popular
� L9
� L5(s) wish
D� \ '
� {,
��
-tllvttL \
� L12- II
� L4
cat
to haYe a fever
�1.!{ JiJ {,
� L10
sleepy
to sleep; to go to sleep . . . years
�� �
� L12
� L3
� L10
. . . year student
� L1
� L8
the seventh day of a month
1;J.�
tl�
� L1(s)
-1::: 8
1d. 6 5
�tli
tltJL \ � L1(s)
� L9
something
� L?(s)
'"ife
to put (a hat) on a person's head
[counter for people]
�It \ '
tlfJ'L \
� L12- IT
seYen minutes
� L1
� L6
A.� 1.1 { JiJ {,
negative
t.l-:>ti'®�
seven years old
� L1
� L10- II
t,l ;::
� L8
and so forth
fcJ:tcJ:-:> 1;J.I;:fJ'
� L12- II
� L12
summer
fcJ:fcJ:�L\
:1'-.jj'
� L?
to cry
to lose
� L1(s)
� L1
========��F==
� L4
long
� L9-II
baggage
-l;:-� fJ',3\tt�
� L1(s)
� L8-II
r::l�fu� 8 *� Japanese language l::l�fulifu 8 'f.A. Japanese people
� L5
� L12(s)
physician
inside
24-print roll
� L3, � L4(s)
Sunday
(;: -::> �
-it: #;
� L4(s)
� L5(s)
:::: + n-
1::: /v�fJ''®� 9>
the twenty-fourth day
t\Yentr minutes
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::::: -t- 1!9 8
I::: Li � -:> 13\tu
1::: &;. 5 1a:'5
� L2
pork cutlet
� L1
half past two
24l.�Jl �
1"T4?1
� L12
� L1(s)
1:: Li � 5 J: fu £ L \ C t:)
1:: =5-:::>
what kind of . . .
clv1;J.
two o'clock
of a month
1-- 'Y 1--
�
� L1(s) to three days
� L6(s)
'"est
l:: li � 5 J: -:> fJ'
� L4
how much; how long
1-- v-'T-
::::: *
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C:£�
C:lvtr�
i1!i
1:: Li
1:: Li l;:i:fu
� L5
F4
(;: u
� L4(s)
� L2
meat
I::�L \ ::::: � two years old l ::� fu l;: 'b ::::: ;.. 8 for two
� L2
� L10
which . . .
c(J)
�
1;: <
ago
� L5
lively
1;: �t>fJ' (tel:)
� L10
q� .�
which
� L9
� L10- IT
which
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l::t.J'If?�t;{. ::::: 1.!· fl Wr two months l;:tJ':J ::::: fl February � L4(s)
� L10
� L8
place
by the way
�
� L2
watch; clock
� L1
� L? � L4(s)
J - 1--
notebook
� L2
-(J)c· because . . . (J) c
throat
(J)cfNJ'tJ< (})Ia;'�
1t {,
� L12
� L12 �
t:•il:�� <
to climb
to become thirsty � L11
� L12
c!
(J)Jj.:Jo(J) (J)t;
ik.H-4�
ikt:
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(J)YJfJ'x 1ft;
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drink
�L3
to drink
transfer
to ride; to board
l�:tt
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l�lv
�
�L10(s)
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� L5
J\/
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to enter
'i:•
postcard
�L5, �L5(s)
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chopsticks
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(something) begins
:f7J � "'(
for the first time
�m
l�t;:t5
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n ose
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to be
-
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�L6(s)
people
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�L5 to have a talk
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fast
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(do something) early; fast
t.b.-7
to pay
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�L10
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flight
pink
lunch
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�L9(s)
�L9, �L12(s)
standard Japanese
�L11(s)
�L7
� L10
�L4
illness; sickness
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� L10-II
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� U(s)
early
spring
surprised
one person
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one
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(my) mother
left side
person
A.
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�L4
left
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art museum
video tape; VCR
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panoramic
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it has been a long time
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to speak; to talk
1�65
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business
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receipt
airplane
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1�1J:[.., {tg� J\j 57
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the twentieth day of a month
eight minutes
flower
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to play (a string instrument or piano)
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eight years old
1�1J:
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pronunciation
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eight minutes
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beer
t::::i'.::?-.'A
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X (wrong)
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�L9
�L4
to weave
eight o'clock
A-jJ-
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twenty years old to work
-"-*
� L11- II
�L9
� L12-II
t.i f::. � .ti\ �
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bus stop
farm
if» <
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piano
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to begin
�L9 � L12
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bus
l�'btJ'::>
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band
. � L10(s)
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to put on (items below your waist)
J\'A
pants
J\/ I'
track number. .
�L10(s)
kiosk
A.;
I� vcY.>a: v Z'
J\/'�
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�L8
barbec ue
�L1
yes
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number
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party
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tooth
number . . .
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sunny weather
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homestay; living with a local family
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culture
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to take a bath
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first of all
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literature
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grammar
� L11(s)
£15
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convenient
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dialect
lt\-b platform
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to study
�L11-II
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boxed lunch
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festival
by
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straight
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to wait
not ... in particular
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room
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book
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present
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print
� L5(s) ...
looking for
be on the heayY
�L5(s)
surface mail
*
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insurance
'"'"'��
hotel
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to gain w·eight
t.l'ci-1�
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side
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the second clay of a month
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local
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�L11(s)
by men)
I (used
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lake
store
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�L9(s)
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the third day of a month
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rice cake
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the fourth day of a month
fl:: L3
resenration
night
� L4(s)
fl:: L9
four
to read
t%-fJ 1iZ
fl:: L3
four o'clock
fl:: L10
� L6, � L5- II
J:fv�L\
1!9�
four years old
J:fvJ3\fv
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four minutes
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thing (concrete object)
'f->n*v
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fl:: L7
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fl:: L6
to take (something)
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�it iL'
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the eighth day of a month
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to carry; to hold
1:,? C: L\ <
m*
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of course
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Hello? (used on the phone)
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J:5fJ'
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fl:: L7
fl:: L2
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fl:: L6
fl:: L9(s)
fl:: L12 =D v=D v
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celebrity
fl:: L12, � L10- II
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very soon; in a few moments/days
=D < J:5U
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famous
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fl:: L9
already
snow
� L2
post office
fl:: L9
glasses
menu
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1f�;.._
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difficult
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purple
eye
El
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1f �
six
'jl{
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�56fJL \ (tJ.)
daughter
breast
fl:: L11
to do; to perfom1
the other side; over there
� L �'
ctJ9"fJ'vL\
cttl
once upon a time
� UO-II
fl:: L4(s)
the sixth day of a month
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11:JfJ'v11:Jt:J'v
fl:: L11, �L5-II
mountain road
to quit
'f->.Q
fl:: L7
fl:: L7
� L9
eight
..Lit
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fl:: L6
to be absent (from); to rest
mountain
'f->*Ct.ft5
fl:: L9, � L7- II
all
fl:: L5 fl:: L5
holiday; day off; absence
A"?
..L
'f->*
fl:: L5
easy (problem); kind (person)
to lose weight
-f.>?-::>
fl:: L4
souvenir
Jt �
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inexpensive; cheap (thing)
� L6-lll
f.>gl,' *�' 'f->get.f f:f.h f.>gctJ f:f.
fl:: L7(s)
ear
Ct.f'f->(j'
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fl:: L9(s)
south
1f
{}j.{}j.
� L12- II
fl:: L9
three green
� � lv
Ct.ftJ.�fv
to find
reprint
baseball
vegetable
� L12
fl:: L2
next week next year
fl:: L10
fl:: L4(s), fl:: LS
� L4(s), � L6
fl:: L4(s), fl:: L6
� L9
fl:: L5(s)
fl:: L1 0
*� *�
bL\;t.:lfv
next semester
next month
�I':P5f.f'(9-@
�*T�
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W * j:_
� d:: 5 � d:: 5 �
'!f
dormitory
;ff l.!
to study abroad international student
� L9- II
cooking
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fl:: L11 fl:: L1
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#J.!T �
�rr apple
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tl.l.'
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n=cr u
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young
to understand
to practice
� L10
@�=== !
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� L4(s)
� L1(s)
� L9 � L4
$•Jn�
to break up; to separate
;$;/'L�
to forget; to leaYe behind
,ft.
t>t;:: u f;::'5
� L12(s)
June
t>fl'l.' t>fl'-@
;bt;:: u
� L11(s)
six minutes
� L?(s)
t>9tl.-@
� L1(s)
si.-.o .: 'clock
'f:;.�'-
t>f.J'tl.-@
� L1 (s)
six years old
�*
''"ife
9-{ 7
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exercise
�� �� �
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� L1' � L2
history restaurant
'f:;. ;;&
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� L11(s)
1/.::::ZI---5/
tl.fvu!1>59-@
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roommate
J!t :R
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� L10
example
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to cook
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traYel
I
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t>t.:-@
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to
;b.Q l.'
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bad
we
cross
� L12- II
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A
B
.C
D
F
E
a- ( L\Ju 2
G
H
E
I
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K
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M
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P
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p
a
Items at the end of each entry indicate the fol-
S
April
T
art museum
�······ ��. )(:$�
G ······ �l, \�:) (Greetings) (s)······ �*::J5b (Supplement) I II III······F&I���(MDJf�'i'f�) •
(number
of
attend
excercise
in
the
Reading and Writing section)
C''i'f �t.:: lt
C:�
::1:! �
C'�
August
*
7 :17�'9E
� L1
� L4
� L9
-"�
lcl:t5f.J\:::>
Australia
� L12
� L3
at the time of . . .
•
� L11
� L5
-c-3
at about
Z
� L5
7':i7'111v�l1>5
llfl <
'i'f<
�mn
-*.?::
as much as possible ask
Y
X
e
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Asian studies
(Reading and Writing section)
W
� L4(s)
as far as (a place)
�······ �(lj���
V
� uo 1!9 �
vf.J\:::>
lowing: (Conversation and Grammar section)
U
a n e s
� fvc
apple
aJW§O)���d:J..�l'O)pgg��9 o
R
� L4(s) � L1. � L11
71'-.::ZI--5�7
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-
1::::: -:::> t. \c
� L8-II
about (approximate measurement) -<"St.\
� L4
absence
t'9Jf
absent (from) adult
d3C:tc�:
again air
< 5'i'f
airmail
���
:
� L10
Jilti.:
(d3)<:!1t 0?) iil§ Jflvt.J. � L9,�L7-II
� L5(s)
always
l. \:::>'!:.
A.M.
ctflv
t:tLf.J'G
and then
t-v-c
answer
z..tcX.
answer
z..tcX.�
anthropology antibiotic
anything else apartment appear
ufv�l. \f.J\<
la.:f.J'I:::::
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� L10
'lti1!!.
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� L5(s)
�:ttl.' (t.J.)
because . . .
-(J)C'
� L12
black � L1 �L12(s)
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l. \t:;l"j,fv
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®t.v.::
black board blue board
®st.' (!)�
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� L10
M
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tcfvvJ:.5
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black and white
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lcl:v*.�
v<::lvv'f>
blonde hair
� L10
� L11
lcl:vd.>�
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tc�:�
t:-Jv
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bicycle
�L8-II
� L11(s)
Jf$;J(.
because . . .
birthday
J.....�Ji:*
� L10
( J?) 1!t g
C'fvt5
between
� L12-II
#i:.�4hjf
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lt-&
baseball
best
� L11(s)
z.. ?ttl. ''3\::> V:>
1\-r\..�.:::J..C:Z..�
begin
� L11,�L9-II
�;t �
� L2
(something) begins
� L5
�
}R.fT
barber's
beer
� L12- II
��
�L11-II
beauty parlor � L8
� L1
d3Z..�
(get) angry
�lvZ.. 5
become
-t.J.c
and then
bank
beautifu I
� L12,� L6-lll
T-iltr
�� L10- II
tJ'<:!
be on the heavy side ,3,c'::Jc::L\*9
� L3
� L9
and so forth
� L12
l::::: t.:::> f.Hh � L6 � L2,� L2(s)
/\/I'
battery
� L5
all (of the people) together Jffvtc�:c:: alone U'C: � c::· -J..... -c· � L4
t.5
f.J'I"j,fv
band
bath
ifufff,l
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b�L\
barbecue � L11, � L8-II
� L8
oz.. 5'i'f
already
� L7(s)
bamboo hat
� L5(s)
I7D-:7'5b.
alcohol all
� L4
lftf>
bag
it-t: � L6 � L12- II
Z..5< 5
airplane
� L5
(�O))®c': {�q)H� � L5- rr
*.tc
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bad
�9ct
-;::::
after (an event)
5v-3
ttt.J.f.J'
baggage
it..;.
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aerogramme after . . .
back
back
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IDE.� s
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� L9,� L9(s)
8 -� � L9(s) -�.f&. � L2(s)
v-3 < -3
z.. < lcffv =i'ffvlcf-::>
1:Je
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1t \'
� L9,� L9(s)
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
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A
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U
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mountain �* J.. �L11, � L5-II mountain road �*(f}."b J..it � L10- II mouth < t5 o 3iL7(s} movie X.L'f.J' �i® � L3 Mr./Ms. . . . -�fv �L1 Mr./Ms. . . . -�* ...... � � L5- II much J:< 3i L3 Municipal Hospital u(f}.fvUJ::5L'fv $��Bt �L6
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
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sports Alt\-'.Y � L3 spring 1�-8 * � L10 stairs f.J'L \tcfv r%i'i£ � L10(s) stand up t:::. :::> :iL -.:> � L6 standard Japanese D'J:: 5 L/ � fv Z:
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stare (at) L/-3 L/-3#-8 t 7, t 7, Jt � station X.� .� � L10, � L6- r stay (at a hotel, etc.) C:: *-8 stays at . . . L \-8 � L4
study abroad
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take a bath
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A
B
C
D
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take care of oneself
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ticket vending area
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t-;:
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(get) tired
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:==.. + �
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(boarding) ticket
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thirteen minutes
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ten years old
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vocabulary
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wish
word
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where which
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when
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use
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umbrella
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warm
wallet
Wednesday
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two people each
um . . .
W
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uh-uh
V
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T- v t:
twelve minutes
two
N
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work
u ;:: e:
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work for world worry
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you
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young
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year after next, the
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younger brother
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L \ =b 5 c (
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� L1 , � L7, � L7(s)
sec u
. . . year student
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yesterday
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year
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write
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8
It
N u m b e r s
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how many
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---- -" - :/
�h- �
month
o 'clock
year
minute
sticks
page
m on ths
_;.A,..�·;....
.! . \
l 4 L r
I_J...., r;-/_
� P3
�* M
� Jf- M
� �M
"'-'{�
yen
ho urs
years
minutes
cups
! \\
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<
� 10
�
IS -:? p
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ll �
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pounds
t·
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"'-' IZ£
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sheets
people
animals
tinzes
!::"
� ., '
::.
�!$_
"" E
"'-' i�
degrees
hundred
small
� ..:: .::
"" T ten
;; f._
"'-' 7i
ten thousand
items
This chart shows how sounds in numbers (1-10) and counters change according to their combination.
1. Hiragana indicate the sound changes in numbers, and alphabets show the changes in the initial consonant of counters. 2. ( ) means that the change is optional. 3. An empty box means no sound change occurs.
k�g I, \ -?
s I,
\ "?
s�z
t
I, \ -?
\, \ "?
z
g
;; "?
t:t -?
L l1> -?
tj -?
l: !1> -?
L l1> --:>
tj -?
t ¥).> -?
z
g h·l•
U -?
-< (
"-' Jt.
'"'-' iA
floor
cents
shoes
letters
thousand
street
years of age
2
h. -? --?
h. -? 1;•
3
J: -? --?
J:
\, \ --? --?
\, \ -:? ;? >
/ /
�· -? --?
�' \, \ 1;•
t: t: --?
t: (J) il'
� -? "'?
J: -) I;>
.:: .:: (!) --?
.:: .:: (J) iJ
t:. }.;
t:. }.; n'
address
--::>
1;•
>
small items
date
5
/
6
/ / / / people
years of age ::.<,
).._ -) l -? 1.1· (three or more ( 14) people) cf.
l.i--:::> 1.1 • (20) 1: t
J:
"?
vp
7
1.1• (24)
� � � : i? (how many)
4
�/
// t tP
weeks
;r,
.,� , t::::. ry
(20 years old)
houses
�\ \
.,� . ---::; �;-
cf.
"-'f-
-"Jjj;
--�· t::::. --?
ct. t.i f::. t:,
""'il!M '"'-' -lflT
1
l?ri if>
"-J T EI
books
(f t:_ ry
-Ith.
'""' *f
� -:>
--? I, \ t::::. ""l?
-:,.;
'"'-' � / � L•
V' t:. --?
\, \ < --?
'"'-' f� It h.
special vacabulary for numbers
,....__
7 8 9 10
how many
J!Jifi tr:J �5 OJ:5
C
j
o n
u
verb
dictionary
long forms
types
forms
(masu)
1rr.
1rr.
ru
T;
< .;
--
f.: ""' .;
I I I
-
L "'C
� .i T ""' .i T
u
.i -?
I
u
� .;
I
u
� .;
u
l t:
u
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u
L�
u
I; • <
u
"\ <
""' � .i T
u
" " � <··
'""' �� :i i"
u
ti � i"
----.. L .i T
-
-
-
"'--'
I
---:;
"'(
r
short
past
present neg.
(L. 9)
(L. 8)
L f.: � f.: .--..., f.: ,...___, '::>
f.:
I I I
L �"" .::. � \. \ "'--' � \ \ "-' b � \. \
f.:
.--..., f.: � " \
""" ry .i i"
'"-J ---:; "'(
.--..., "?
f.:
.--..., � � \. \
'"-J --? "'C
,...___, "?
f.:
i"
"-' .l:J. .i i"
I
"'"' t : .i
i"
""' � .i -t
I I
I I
I
*
""' lv f::
.--..., _i � \ \
.--..., lv --c··
""' lv f3.'
.--..., t;f � " \
""' lv --c··
'""' lv f::
.--..., " \ "'(
*
.--..., "'?
"'(
.--..., \. \ "'(" ----.. L --c
I
'""' \. \ f.:
I
(L. 9)
I
L � .;; � '::> f::.
I
.::. � .;; � '::> f::.
I
.--..., � I;� "? f::.
!I
�
b t;;: I;� '::> f.:
'"-J
f.: t;;: I; � "? f.:
'"-J � t;;: I; , "'? f.:
'"-J � � \ \ "'--' /;' � \ \
*
I
,...___,
� I; • "'? f.: .i � I;
,
"'?
f.:
.--..., '.f' � I; • "? f::.
I I
,...___,
� � I;, "'? f.:
.--..., I;, � I;� "'? f.:
t.:
.--..., .;; > � \. \
.--..., I;' � I;, "? f::.
.--..., " \ f: ::
.--..., .;; �· � \. \
'""' I; { � I;. "? f.:
x
. ,...___, "'?
I I
I
short past neg.
� \. \
lv "'("
,...___,
1
I
,...___, "?
ry .i
t
short
"-' --? "'C
""" lf .i T
I
.--..., "'(
I I
a
"-' i? .i T
'"-J
-
-
I I
� "'(
C h
o n
te-forms
L .i T
""' " " .i i "
I
t
(L. 6)
.;; � �
-
t
a
(L. 3)
u
-
g
'""' L f::.
I
I
'""' � ?J: \. \
I
.--..., � � I;' "'? f.:
The forms \\;th
*
are exceptions.
About the Authors
Eri Banno is currently Associate Professor of Japanese
at Okayama Un iversity, Japan. She graduated from Nanzan University in Nagoya and earned her M.A. at St. Michael 's College, Vermont. She has taught Japanese at Nanzan University and Kansai Gaidai University. Her publications include 80 Communication Games for Jap anese Language Teachers (The Japan Times).
Yutaka Ohno is cu rrently Associate Professor
at the Education Center for International Students at Nagoya University. He earned his M.A. in linguistics at Sophia Un iversity in Tokyo, and has done post-graduate work at the Un iversity of Massachusetts, Amherst. He has taught Japanese at the University of Massach usetts, Amherst College, and Kansai Gaidai U niversity.
Yoko Sakane (Yoko Ikeda) is cu rrently Associate Professor
at International Student Center at lbaraki University, Japa n . She graduated from Morningside College, Iowa and Kansai Gaidai University, and earned her M.A. in comparative literature at Pennsylvania State Un iversity. She has taught Japanese at the Eastern New Mexico Un iversity, Pen nsylvania State University, and Kansai Gaidai University.
Ch ikako Shinagawa is currently teach ing Japanese
at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She graduated from Aichi Prefectural Un iversity in Nagoya and the Un iversity of Arkansas, Little Rock, and earned her M.A. in Japanese at the Un iversity of Wisconsin, Madison. She has taught Japanese at the Un iversity of California, Irvine, and Kansai Gaidai University.
II III II 9784789009638
II 1 111 1 1 1 920081 030002
AN I NTEG RATE D COU RS E I N
ELEMENTARY JAPANESE
.
I
I SBN4-7890-0963-7 C0081
�3000E
