Gas Turbine Operation and Maintenance

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BFQ X\TD@EL M^LTFX@ME ) JF@EXLEFEAL –IMT ^MRLT BLELTFX@ME F^^C@AFX@ME‚

L[FJ@E@EB XKL ^LTIMTJFEAL# M^LTFX@MEFC @QQ\LQ FEH C@IL FQQLQQJLEXQ IMT BFQ X\TD@ELQ F@JLH FX FX @J^TMY@EB BFQ X\TD@EL M^LTFX@MEFC FEH JF@EXLEFEAL JF@EX LEFEAL ^TFAX@ALQ

E LT  @E TF @  XT  PM\T L [^LT X X  PM

Q% EFHLLJ FKJLH Qt% ^mrlt ^cfexq Leb`ellt Mtbfe`zlh Dp ?

LEFEAL  XL  X@@ME ) JF@E X \TD@EL M^LTF X  X\ BFQ X EFJ  XE  Y@@L X MDLT 4>64# KAJA * Y  XM 1 * < MA X AMJLQ  XA GL P CLFTE@E@B M\ X ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐

Bfq X|td` X|td`elq elq Dfq`aq feh F~~c` F~~c`afx`m afx`meq% eq% Jfxlt`fc qpqxljq lj~cmplh `e bfq x|td`elq % \ehltqxfeh hlbtfhfx`me jlakfe`qjq feh kmr xm ~tlh`ax xklj% Xtleh - Ameh`x`me Jme`xmt`eb mi Bfq X|td`elq % If`c|tl If`c|t l Fefcpq Fefcpq`q `q imt Bfq x|td x|td`el `el M~ltfx`mefc feh Jf`exlefeal `qq|lq mi Bfq X|td`el Hlylcm~jlex `e `j~tmy`eb Bfq X|td`el ^ltimtjfealq% Jfefbljlex mi bfq x|td`el amj~melexq Jf`exlefeal ^cfee`eb ) Tlc`fd`c`xp ^tmbtfjq imt BXq % Rmtg*qam~`eb `e Bfq X|td`el r`xk lj~kfq`q me amqx tlh|ax`me% Itfjl Jfak`el Afql Qx|h`lq% Itfjl 2 ) 0 % Rfttfexp feh @eq|tfealq tlcfxlh xm Bfq X|td`el M~ltfx`me

RKM QKM\CH FXXLEH Xk`q xtf`e`eb ~tmbtfj `q |e`v|lcp hlq`belh xm ~tmy`hl yfc|fdcl `eq`bkx imt ? ◍

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Jf`exlefeal Jfefbltq# Q|~lty`* qmtq# Xlake`a`feq ) Leb`elltq Tmxfx`eb lv|`~jlex leb`elltq ) ~ltimtjfeal fefcpqx

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Tlc`fd`c`xp Leb`elltq

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Ameh`x`me jme`xmt`eb qxfii

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^cfex H`tlaxmtq - Jfefbltq +m~ltf* x`me - jf`exlefeal

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Jf`exlefeal ~cfeelt

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Cfdmxmtp fefcpqxq

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M~ltfx`me - C|dt`afexq Leb`elltq# Lv|`~jlex m~ltfxmtq# Jfe|ifax|t* `eb ) `eh|qxt`fc leb`elltq%

FDM\X @ED@ @ED@ +@exltefx`mefc D|q`elqq @exlcc`bleal ftl ~tmbtlqq`eb xm dlqx ~tmy`hlt mi dl* q~mgl xtf`e`eb amj~fep `e Qm|xk Lfqx Fq`f% @ED@‐q hlq`tl xm atlfxl ~ftxeltqk`~ feh lj~mrlt m|t ac`lexq r`xk `e*hl~xk fefcp* q`q# at`x`afc feh ~tfax`afc gemrclhbl amylt* `eb a|ttlex xtlehq feh `hlfq feh rmtch*acfqq qg`cclh xtf`elt% M|t am|tql ftl rlcc tlqlftaklh xktm|bk xkl jftglx qlb* jlex ) hlq`be xkl a|qxmj`zlh am|tql xm jllx pm|t |e`v|l tlv|`tljlexq tlv|`tljlexq%%

@EKM\QL XTF@E@EB Amqx liilax`yl `e*km|ql am|tqlq# xf`cmtlh q~l* a`i`afccp xm pm|t mtbfe`zfx`me ellhq# afe dl fttfeblh fx pm|t ~tlilttlh cmafx`me feh x`jl% @i pm| rm|ch c`gl xm h`qa|qq i|txklt# ~clfql amexfax m|t @e*km|ql h`y`q`me fx `kxN`ed`%amj%qb

BFQ X\TD@EL M^LTFX@ME ) JF@EXLEFEAL 1 * < MAXMDLT 4>64# KAJA * Y@LXEFJ HFP 6 s 1TH MAXMDLT 4>64 6% \ehltqxfeh`eb Cfpm|x mi Qpqxljq ^el|jfx`a# Kphtf|c`a ) I|lc C|dt`afx`me# Lclaxt`afc Amextmc Y`hlmq 4% Jmh|cft ameal~xq imt Jf`exlefeal - Hlq`be 1% Bfq X|td`el Jfe|fcq Q~la`i`a M~ltfx`eb @eqxt|ax`meq Jfe|fc Jf`exlefeal - xtm|dcl qkmmx`eb jfe|fc Myltkf|c Jfe|fc Qxfehfth ^tfax`alq Jfe|fc EHX +Eme Hlqxt|ax`yl Xlqx`eb 8% Bfq X|td`el qpqxlj @exlbtfx`me Amextmc qpqxljq +Xp~`afc Fltm-Fltm Hlt`yfx`ylqItfjl Jfak`elq Dlft`eb Qlfcq ) Ht`ylq# Ameal~xq mi dlft`eb q|j~q ^k`* cmqm~kp X|td`el Jlakfe`afc Hlq`be# Fltm Mylty`lr Amjd|qxmt Fltm Hlq`be Amj~tlqqmt Jlakfe`afc ) Fltm Hlq`be Qxfx`a Qxt|ax|tlq Xp~`afc If`c|tl Jmhlq - Xtm|dcl qkmmx`eb ) H`fbemqx`aq <% M~ltfx`mefc @qq|lq ) H`qa|qq`meq +A|qxmj`zlh  Jmhlc Q~la`i`a xm a|qxmjlt +@eqxfccfx`me hlxf`c tl* v|`tlh Bfq X|td`el m~ltfx`mefc `qq|lq \ehltqxfeh`eb \ehltqxfeh` eb BX F{`fc amj~tlqqmtq @exlbtfxlh Bfq Xtf`e M~ltfx`mefc `qq|lq 9% Tlc`fd`c`xp ^tmbtfj imt Bfq X|td`el Xkl TAJ ^tmalqq ) Jlxkmh Imtlafqx`eb ) ^tlh`ax`eb xkl If`c|tlq ' TAJ ^tmbtfjq ) Bf`eq ' Tlc`fd`c`xp ^tmbtfj lcljlexq# @j~cljlexf x`me ) Amextmc ' TAJ L{lta`qlq ) Tlc`fd`c`xp fefcpq`q ' \ehltqxfeh`e \ehltqxfeh`ebb tlc`fd`c`xp ~tmbtfj `j~cljlexfx`me ' Amqx yq TM@ me tlc`fd`c`xp ~tmbtfj ' ^ltimtjfeal jlfq|tljlex ) ^ftfjlxltq ' Jmexkcp BX tlc`fd`c`xp tl~mtx / Qpqxlj Amj~melexq# Qxt|ax|tlq ) At`x`afc ' Tlc`fd`c`xp Dfqlh @eq~lax`meq ' JTD# TAD ) TTD I|eax`me`eb +Dfql Celq ' @j~cljlex`eb TAD tlamjjlehfx`meq imt Bxq 2% Jf`exlefeal ~tmbtfj @j~cljlexfx`me imt Bxq MLJ# J^H# MQJ^ Jmh`i`afx`me Jf`exlefeal ~tmbtfj bleltfc tlv|`tljl tlv|`tljlexq exq Gemr`eb Qaklh|clh-\eqaklh|clh Qaklh|clh-\eqaklh|clh Jf`exlefeal imt BX  Xfqg - I|eax`me amhlq ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍

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+Amex`e|fx`me itmj Hfp 6 

Cmb`qx`aq feh Jfe km|t ~cfee`eb fq~laxq \ehltqxfeh`eb \ehltqxfeh` eb Jf`exlefeal xfqg ~fagfb`eb X|te ftm|eh aklagq# Lv|fc`zlh ) ^kfqlh ~tmbtfjq Jf`exlefeal Xfqg Afthq# AJJQ Jf`exlefeal ^tmbtfj @j~cljlexfx`me ) Hlylcm~jlex Qxfbbltlh @j~cljlexfx`me ^cfe Qlty`al L{~lt`leal# ^lt`mh`a Tly`lr @eq~lax`me @exltyfc Lqafcfx`meq imt Bxq Q|aalqq`yl tly`lrq feh fjlehjlexq ;% Lii`a`leap ) Liilax`ylelqq mi Jf`exlefeal ^tmbtfj ^ tmbtfj 0% @eylexmtp Q|~~mtx imt Jf`exlefeal ^tmbtfj ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍ ◍

* Afql Qx|hp ) H`qa|qq`me * * * Leh mi Hfp 6 * *

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HFP 4 s 8XK MAXMDLT 4>64

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6% Q~la`fc F~~c`afx`meq Tlc`fd`c`xp Ameq`hltfx`me CEB Xtf`eq ^mrlt Bleltfx`me ^cfexq M`c ^cfximtjq ^lxtmaklj`afcq - tli`elt`l tli`elt`lqq ^tmalqq ^cfexq - ^mrlt ^cfexq Tmxfx`eb Lv|`~jlex Tlc`fd`c`xp ~tmbtfj `e F~~c`afx`meq 4% ^ltimtjfeal Jme`xmt`eb Bfq X|td`el ) Amj~tlqqmtq Bfq x|td`el ) amj~tlqqmtq ~ltimtjfeal JF^q M~ltfx`meb Tfeblq imt dlqx ~ltimtjfeal Liilax mi Lv|`~jlex hlbtfhfx`me me ~ltimtjfeal c`j`xq ^ltimtjfeal ^ftfjlxltq Ameh`x`me jme`xmt`eb ^ftfjlxltq imt Bxq ) Amj~tlqqmtq Fqqlqq`eb ) Fefcpz`eb ~ftfjlxltq ) @exlt~tlxfx`me 1% Ameh`x`me ) C`il Fqqlqqjlex Ameh`x`me feh c`il fqqlqqjlex imt CC^q # @j~lccltq # Dcfhlq% Bfq Qlfcq # F`t M`c Qlfcq # AH^ qlfcq C`il Fqqlqqjlex ^tmalh|tl ^tmalh|tl mi BX BX Amj~melex C`il feh Tl~f`t apaclq C`il fqqlqqjlex fefcpq`q+\ql mi Q`{ Q`bjf Xlake`v|lq  Ameh`x`me Fqqlqqjlex mi Bfq X|td`el Dcfhlq # EBYq Fax|fc F # D # A* @eq~lax`meq Tly`lr Tmxmt Fqqlqqjlexq 8% Tl~f`t Xlake`v|lq Xlake`v|lq imt Bfq X|td`el X|td`el Amj~melexq Amj~melexq - ^ftxq Tl~f`t mi kmx bfq ~fxk amj~melexq Rkfx amj~melexq afe dl tl~f`tlh mt tlacf`jlh q|a* alqqi|ccp \ehltqxfeh xkl jf`e ~tmalqqlq |qlh imt tl~f`t Xkl yft`m|q Tl*Amfx`eb m~x`meq fyf`cfdcl L{fj`e`eb rk`ak tl~f`tq l{xleh c`il feh Rk`ak Hme‐x F|h`x`eb xkl tl~f`t ~tmalqq

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* Afql Qx|hp ) H`qa|qq`me * * * Leh mi Hfp 4 * *

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LEFEAL  XL  X@@ME ) JF@E X \TD@EL M^LTF X  X\ BFQ X EFJ  XE  Y@@L X MDLT 4>64# KAJA * Y  XM 1 * < MA X HFP 1 s 64

FDM\X PM\T AM\TQL I FA@C @C@X @XFFXMT

Jt Qplh Efhllj Fkjlh kfq xrlexp 4> plftq ~c|q mi h`yltql 6% F|h`x`eb Bfq X|td`el Myltkf|cq leb`ellt`eb l{~lt`leal l{~lt`leal `e @eh|qxt`fc qlaxmtq r`xk aftllt fq f Amj~melexq mi liilax`yl f|h`xq Jlakfe`afc Leb`ellt r`xk Jfe|ifax|t`eb feh Leb`ellt`eb Dleli`xq imt xkl m~ltfxmt `e f|h`x`eb feh jfefb`eb Jf`exlefeal Tl~f`t Myltkf|c @eh|qxtp% @eh|qxtp% Imt xkl ~fqx 68 plftq jfomt bfq x|td`el myltkf|cq rmtg`eb r`xk ^@F Leb`ellt`eb JTM ifa`c`xp meJf`exlefeal Hlxltj`e`ebb glp m|xamjlq imt myltkf|cq Hlxltj`e`e Tl~f`t # Myltkf|c # Xlqx`eb feh Lyfc|fx`me mi X|tdm Jfak`eltp Fhyfexfblq mi fqqlqq`eb myltkf|cq * `eac|h`eb Fltm feh Fltm hlt`yfx`yl Bfq X|td`el ^mrlt ^cfexq % dlimtl-h|t`eb-fixlt H`yltq`i`lh L{~lt`leal L{~lt`leal me Bleltfc Lclaxt`a# Tmccq Tmpal feh Jfomt f`jq mi xkl f|h`x ~tmalqq ^tfxx ) Rk`xelp Jfak`elq % Am|tql ameac|q`meq 4% Lv|`~jlex jf`exlefeal rmtg qam~lq ^tlqlex fqq`bejlexq `eac|hl xkl Clfe Q`{ Q`bjf @exlbtfx`me Rmtg*Qam~l ~cfee`eb b|`hlq +MLJq Rmtg*Qam~l l{fj~clq Bfq X|td`elq r`xk F{`fc ) Ale* r`xk Tlc`fd`c`xp ^tmbtfjq feh xk`th ^ftxp JTM D|q`elqq Hl* ylcm~jlex mi Fltm Bfq X|td`el - Fltm hlt`yfx`yl Bfq X|td`el xt`i|bfc amj~tlqqmtq Tl~f`t# Tli|td`qkjlex feh Myltkf|c% \ehltqxfeh`eb \ehltqxfeh` eb rmtg*qam~l amqx KFTH - QMIX X`jl xktlqkmch imt Lv|`~jlex @exltefx`mefc Ameiltleal Q~lfglt- Lylex Xtf`elt bcmdfccp 1% Lamemj`a C`il mi Af~`xfc Lv|`~jlex fhhtlqq`eb Bfq X|td`el ^mrlt ^cfexq# Tmxfx`eb lv|`~jlex# L^A `qq|lq Tlc`fd`c`xp Fqqlx Jfefbljlex Jfefbljlex # clfe Q`{ Q`bjf% M~ltfx`me ) Jf`exlefeal lamemj`aq Xtf`elh E|jdlt mi ~tmilqq`mefcq `e xkl qfjl ftlf r`xk`e feh H`tlax ) @eh`tlax Amqx Fqqma`fxlh r`xk Bxq m|xq`hl mtbfe`zfx`me% Jf`exlefeal Amqx Dfqlc`elq Jf`exlefal Amextfaxq * Amqx Fq~laxq ^tmy`q`melh ^tmalqq amj~fe`lq + ^mrlt Bleltfx`me # M`c feh Jf`exlefeal Amqx Tl~mtx`eb Bfq lxa  me Liilax`yl Tlc`fd`c`xp @j~tmyljlex ^tmbtfjq ^tmbtfjq # C`il apacl amqx Fefcpq`q Jf`exlefeal Jfefbljlex Qxtfxlb`lq Qxtfxlb`lq # Clfe Jf`exlefeal feh C`il l{xleq`me feh lyfc|fx`me imt Bxq Q`{ Q`bjf ^tmalqq @j~tmyljl @j~tmyljlex ex Qxtfxlb`lq `exlbtfx`eb xkl Tl~f`t yq Tl~cfal# Clfql yq D|p*`e qfjl r`xk tlc`fd`c`xp qmc|x`meq% Jt Qplh Efhllj Fkjlh kfq 8% \ehltqxfeh`eb CXQFq +Cmeb Xltj Qlty`al Fbtlljlexq Jfqxltq `e Jlakfe`afc Leb`ellt`eb itmj \e`yltq`xp mi Leb`* \ehltqxfeh`eb \ehltqxfeh` eb xkl amjjme ~`xifccq `e CXQF‐q ellt`eb ) Xlakemcmbp Cfkmtl ^fg`qxfe r`xk Jfomt `e Xkltjfc CXQF itmj f xlake`afc ~ltq~lax`yl ^mrlt Qpqxljq Leb`ellt`eb% Q`{ Q`bjf Jfqxlt Dcfag Dlcx @eq|tfeal y`lr me BX xlakemcmbp# T`qg ) CXQFq itmj QJL \QF% Rlcc yltqlh r`xk J`atmqmix Mii`al feh yft`* Rfttfexp tlcfxlh `qq|lq me Bfq X|td`el ^ftxq m|q mxklt V|fc`xp feh ^mrlt ^cfex Lv|`~jlex Tlc`fd`c`xp Fefc* H`qa|qq`meq me CXQF l{~lt`leal  pq`q Qmixrftl‐q% <% \ehltqxfeh`eb Qlclax`me mi Bfq X|td`el Amqx# ^tmalqq ) Jf`exlefeal ameq`hltfx`me ameq`hltfx`me R`xk mylt 4> plftq mi l{~lt`leal# Jt% Q% Efhllj Fkjlh FQJL# FEQ@ ) F^@ amhlq kfq d|`cx |~ f rlfcxk mi ~tfax`afc l{~lt`leal r`xk mtbfe`zf* Cmeb ) Qkmtx xltj Fbtlljlexq x`meq xktm|bkm|x xkl rmtch% K`q ~ftx`fc ac`lexq ftl? Jf`exlefeal qlty`al miilt`ebq Hfcjf B|ci Ht`cc`eb GQF Dlqx J`{ mi V|fc`x`lq _FHAM \FL Ameac|q`meq MJFE Lclaxt`a Xtfeqj`qq`me Amj~fep * Afql Qx|hp ) H`qa|qq`me * * * Leh mi Hfp 1 * * ◍ ◍

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^TL*A *AM\ M\TTQL V\LQX@MEF@TL Xm leq|tl xkfx pm| bf`e jf{`j|j yfc|l itmj xk`q am|tql# f hlxf`clh v|lqx`meef`tl r`cc dl imtrfthlh xm pm| |~me tlb`qxtfx`me xm lqxfdc`qk pm|t l{fax xtf`e`eb ellhq feh `qq|lq mi amealte% Pm|t amj~clxlh v|lqx`meef`tl r`cc dl fefcpzlh dp xkl am|tql xtf`elt feh fhhtlqqlh h|t`eb xkl lylex%

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FHAM \FL Qf|h` Ftfjam Jfcfgmii ^mrlt Jfcfpq`f ^XX L^ ^lxtmak`ef ) Jfep jmtl…