Ganglios-basales

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE MEDICINA HUMANA

TEMA: GGANGLIOS BASALES

 ASIGNATURA:  ASIGNATURA: FISIOLOGIA ll DOCENTE:

Dr. EDUARDO MEDINA

 ALUMNO:

MOLLINEDO QUINTO JUYBER JUYBER PEREZ OLIVARES EDUARDO HUAMAN MORVELI EDISON

Gangl!" #a"al$"

%: In&r!'())*n +: D$"arr!ll! ,: C!n)l("!n$" -: B#l!gra/a

1: Introduccion

L!" gangl!" #a"al$" "!n a)(0(la)!n$" '$ "("&an)a gr"1 (#)a'!" $n )a'a 2$0"$r! '$l )$r$#r!1 $"&!" 3an a &$n$r (na (n)!n 4rn)4al $n la 4!"&(ra 5 $l 0!30$n&! 3!l(n&ar!. L!" gangl!" #a"al$" 4r$"$n&an , $"&r()&(ra": $l )($r4! $"&ra'!1 6($ "$ 3a a '3'r $n $l n()$l! )a('a'! 5 $l n()l$! l$n&)(lar1 &a0#$n $"&a $l n()l$! a0g'ala'! 5 $l )la("&r!.

2: Desarrollo

L!" gangl!" #a"al$" &a0#$n lla0a'!" n()l$!" '$ la #a"$ "!n a)(0(la)!n$"

'$

"("&an)a gr" $n l!" 2$0"$r!" '$l )$r$#r!1 $"&!" gangl!" #a"al$" 4r$"$n&an , $"&r()&(ra". C($r4! $"&ra'!: Pr$"$n&a (na )a4"(la n&$rna1 la )74"(la n&$rna $" (na 04!r&an&$ #an'a )!04a)&a '$ "("&an)a #lan)a 5 $"&7 )!04($"&a 4!r #ra" n$r3!"a" a")$n'$n&$" 5 '$")$n'$n&$" 6($ )!n$)&an la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral )!n $"&r()&(ra" '$l &r!n)! $n)$7l)! 5 la 09'(la $"4nal. $l n)l$! )!n !r0a '$ l$n&$ 4!r ($ra '$ la )74"(la n&$rna "$ '$n!0na n)l$! l$n&)(lar 5 $"&7 !r0a'! 4!r $l 4(&70$n 5 $l gl!#! 4al'! ! gl!#! 47l'! 5 4!r $l la'! $;&$rn! a4ar$)$ la )74"(la $;&$rna1 $l an&$0(r!1 la )74"(la $;&r$0a 5 la )!r&$8a ! l*#(l! '$ la /n"(la. $l gl!#! 47l'! "$ '3'$ a "( 3$8 $n 0$'al ! n&$rn! 5 la&$ral ! $;&$rn!. $l n)l$! )a('a'! 4!"$$ !r0a '$ ) 5 2a)$ $0n$n)a 2a)a $l 3$n&r)(l! la&$ral <07" n&$rn!=> "$ '$")r#$n $n 9l (na )a#$8a1 (n )($r4! 5 (na )!la. La )a#$8a 6($ $" la r$g*n 07" 3!l(0n!"a "$ (#)a $n $l )($rn! an&$r!r '$l 3$n&r/)(l! la&$ral. En&r$ la )a#$8a '$l n)l$! )a('a'! 5 $l 4(&70$n "$ $n)($n&ran &ra)&!" n$r3!"!" '$ "("&an)a gr" 6($ l!" )!0(n)an. El )($r4! '$l n)l$! )a('a'! $" larg! 5 $"&r$)2!1 "$ $;&$n'$ $n&r$ $l ag(?$r! n&$r3$n&r)(lar 4!r '$lan&$ 5 $l $;&r$0! 4!"&$r!r '$l &7la0! 4!r '$&r7" !r0an'! $l 4"! '$l 3$n&r/)(l! la&$ral. P!r l&0!1 la )!la '$l n)l$! )a('a'! $" '$lga'a 5 alarga'a )!n&!rn$an'! $l &7la0! *4&)!. El )($r4! $"&ra'! r$)#$ 3/a"

a$r$n&$" '$ '"&n&a" r$g!n$" '$ la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral1 '$l &7la0! *4&)! 5 '$ la "("&an)a n$gra '$l 0$"$n)9al! 5 "( (n)*n "$ $n)($n&ra r$la)!na'a )!n l!" 0!30$n&!" '$ gr(4!" 0(")(lar$" 6($ !)(rr$n 4!r $l )!n&r!l '$ la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral 5 n! '$ l!" 0!30$n&!" 3!l(n&ar!" 5 )!n")$n&$" 6($ "$ 4r!'()$n a &ra39" '$ 3/a" '$")$n'$n&$" 'r$)&a" 5 )r(8a'a" 2a)a $l &r!n)! '$l $n)9al! 5 a la 09'(la $"4nal1 0$'an&$ l!" 2a)$" )*r&)!n()l$ar$" 5 )*r&)!$"4nal$". N)l$! a0g'aln!: S$ $)($n&ra $n $l l*#(l! &$04!ral )$r)a al (n)(". A &ra39" '$ "(" )!n$;!n$" 4($'$ nl(r $n la" r$"4($"&a" '$l )($r4! a l!" )a0#!" a0#$n&al$" Cla("&r!: E" (na na la0na '$ "("&an)a gr" 6($ $"&a "$4ara'a '$ la "(4$r)$ la&$ral '$l n)l$! l$n&)(lar 4!r la )a4"(la $;&$rna. La&$ral al )la("&r! "$ $n)($n&ra la "("&an)a #lan)a "(#)!r&)al '$ la /n"(la. S$ '$")!n!)$ la (n)*n '$l )la("&r!.

Conexiones del cuerpo estriado y el globo pálido:

%: Conexiones del cuerpo estriado: a. F#ra" a$r$n&$": %. F#ra" )!r&)! $"&ra'a": U&l8an al gl(&a0a&! )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r1 l!" 04(l"!" 6($ ll$gan al )!04l$?! )a('a'! 4(&a0$n "!n '$ la )!r&$8a "$n"&3a0!&!ra. +. F#ra" &ala0! $"&ra'a": L!" $"&0(l!" 6($ ll$gan al )!04l$?! )a('a'! 4(&a0$n "!n '$ l!" n()l$!" n&$rla0nar$" '$l &ala0! ,. F#ra" ngr! $"&ra'a": S!n #ra" n2#'!ra"1 (&l8an a la '!4a0na )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r1 l!" 04(l"!" n$r3!"!" ll$gan '$ la" n$(r!na" '$ la "("&an)a n$gra -. F#ra" $"&ra'a" '$l &r!n)! )$r$#ral: S!n #ra" n2#'!ra"1 (&l8an a la "$r!&!nna )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r1 l!" 04(l"!" n$r3!"!" 6($ ll$gan "!n '$l &r!n)! )$r$#ral

b. Fibras eferentes: %. F#ra" $"&ra&!4al'al$": U&l8an al GABA )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r1 4a"an '$"'$ $l )!04l$?! )a('a'! 4(&a0$n 2a"&a $l gl!#! 4al'!

+. F#ra" $"&ra&! ngr)a": U&l8an al GABA1 a)$&l)!lna 5 la "("&an)a P )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r$"1 4a"an '$"'$ $l )!04l$?! )a('a'! 4(&a0$n 2a"&a la "("&an)a n$gra

2: Conexiones del globo palido: a. F#ra" a$r$n&$": %. F#ra" $"&ra'!4al'al$": U&l8an al GABA )!0! n$(r!&ran"0"!r1 4a"an '$"'$ $l )!04l$?! )a('a'! 4(&a0$n 2a"&a $l gl!#! 4al'! #. F#ra" $$nr$n&$": +. F#ra" 4al'!(gal$": S$ 3an a '3'r $n )(a&r!: %. a"a l$n&)(lar1 6($ 3a a l!" n($)l$!" &al70)!"1

+.

Fa")/)(l!

l$n&)(lar1

6($

3a al "(&7la0!1

,.

Pal'!&$g0$n&ara"1 6($ &$r0nan $n $l &$g0$n&! )a('al '$l 0$"$n)9al!1 -. Pal'!"(#&al70)a"1 6($ "$ 'rg$n a l!" n()l$!" "(#&al70)!".

FUNCIÓN D !"# $%N$!I"# &%#%!# D$"'$ 2a)$ 0()2! &$04! l!" gangl!" #a"al$" "$ )!n"'$ran )$n&ral$" $n $l )!n&r!l '$l 0!30$n&!. H!5 $n '/a "$ a)$4&a )!n a04l&(' 6($ &a0#9n n&$r3$n$n $n la )!n'()&a n! 0!&!ra1 n)l('a" la )!gn)*n 5 la $0!)*n.

Funci'n (otora

%. Un! '$ l!" 4rn)4al$" 4a4$l$" '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" $n $l )!n&r!l 0!&!r $" (n)!nar $n a"!)a)*n )!n $l ""&$0a )!r&)!$"4nal 4ara )!n&r!lar l!" 4a&r!n$" )!04l$?!" '$ a)&3'a' 0!&!ra <)r)(&! n$r3!"! a &ra39" '$l 4(&a0$n 4ara $?$)(&ar 4a&r!n$" '$ 0!30$n&!"=. +. L!" gangl!" #a"al$" &$n$n (na (n)*n $n la $?$)()*n a(&!07&)a '$l 4lan 0!&!r  a4r$n''! $n la 4r$4ara)*n 4ara $l 0!30$n&!. E"&('!" 6($ 4r!gra0an la '$")arga n$(r!nal $n r$la)*n )!n $l n)! '$l 0!30$n&! '$"$n)a'$na'! 4!r (n

$"&0(l! "(g$r$n 6($ la a)&3'a' '$n&r! '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" "$ n)a a n3$l$" )!r&)al$". ,. C!0! $?$04l! '$ a)&3'a'$" '!n'$ "$ r$6($r$ '$ la 4ar&)4a)*n '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" 4ara 4r!4!r)!nar 4a&r!n$" '$ 0!30$n&! &$n$0!" la $")r&(ra1 )!r&ar  4a4$l )!n &?$ra"1 0ar&llar )la3!"1 &rar 4!r (n ar! (na 4$l!&a '$ #7"6($&#!l 5 )(al6($r !&r! 0!30$n&! 27#l.

 Funci'n cognosciti)a %. El &9r0n! )!gn)*n '$n&)a $l 4r!)$"! '$l 4$n"a0$n&! '$l $n)9al! 6($ (&l8a &an&! la" a$r$n)a" "$n"&3a" 2a)a $l $n)9al! )!0! la n!r0a)*n 5a al0a)$na'a $n la 0$0!ra. +. La 0a5!r 4ar&$ '$ n($"&ra" a))!n$" 0!&!ra" !)(rr$n )!0! )!n"$)($n)a '$ 4$n"a0$n&!" g$n$ra'!" 4!r la 0$n&$1 4r!)$"! '$n!0na'! )!n&r!l )!gn!")&3! '$ la a)&3'a' 0!&!ra. ,. La" )!n$;!n$" n$r3!"a" $n&r$ $l ""&$0a '$ )!n&r!l )!r&)!$"4nal 5 $l n)l$! )a('a'!1 "!n '$r$n&$" '$ la" 6($ &$n$ $l )r)(&! '$l )a('a'! 4ara $l )!n&r!l )!gn!")&3! '$ "$)($n)a" '$ 4a&r!n$" 0!&!r$" <)r)(&! '$l )a('a'!=1 5a 6($ $l )a('a'! "$ $;&$n'$ $n &!'!" l!" l*#(l!" '$l )$r$#r! 5 r$)#$ a$r$n)a" '$"'$ la" 7r$a" '$ a"!)a)*n '$ la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral1 6($ n&$gran l!" '$r$n&$" &4!" '$ n!r0a)*n "$n"!r!0!&!ra $n 4a&r!n$" '$ 4$n"a0$n&! (&l8a#l$". -. Un $?$04l! '$ $"&! "$r/a (na 4$r"!na 6($ 3$ a4r!;0ar"$ (n l$*n 5 $n&!n)$" r$"4!n'$ $n !r0a n"&an&7n$a 5 a(&!07&)a: a= "$ al$?a '$l l$*n1 #= )!0$n8a a )!rr$r1 )= &r$4a a (n 7r#!l. Sn la" (n)!n$" )!gn!")&3a"1 la 4$r"!na 4($'$ n! &$n$r $l )!n!)0$n&! n"&n&3! 4ara 6($1 "n 4$n"ar 0()2! &$04!1 r$"4!n'a r74'! 5 $n !r0a a4r!4a'a. P!r l! &an&!1 $l )!n&r!l )!gn!")&3! '$ la a)&3a'a' 0!&!ra '$&$r0na 6(9 4a&r!n$" '$l 0!30$n&! "$ (&l8ar7n ?(n&!" 5 $n 6(9 "$)($n)a l!grar (n !#?$&3! )!04l$?!.

Funci'n de control

Vara" l/n$a" '$ 4r($#a" a4!5a (n 4a4$l '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" $n $l )!n&r!l '$ la n!r0a)*n 4ara $l )!n&r!l 0!&!r. El #$n$)! '$ n)')!" "$n"!ral$" $;&$rn!" $n la $n$r0$'a' '$ Par@n"!n 5 $l $nga! "$n"!ral $n la '"&!n/a a4!5an $"&a (n)*n. S$gn la 24*&$"" '$ )!n&r!l <)!04($r&a=1 la '!4a0na <n2#'!ra= 5 la" a$r$n)a" )!r&)al$" "$n"!r!0!&!ra" <$;)&a'!ra"= al $"&ra'! "$ $n)($n&ran $n (n $6(l#r! "!l*g)! $n "(?$&!" n!r0al$". La $$r$n)a n2#'!ra '$l gl!#! 47l'! r$g(la a"/ $l a))$"! "$n"!r!0!&!r. En la $n$r0$'a' '$ Par@n"!n1 la 49r''a '$ la '!4a0na <n2#'!ra= 2a)$ 4!"#l$ (na a)l&a)*n )!r&)al l#r$ 4ara $"&0(lar la $$r$n)a '$ gangl!" #a"al$" n2#'!r$". E"&! l0&a $l a))$"! '$ la n!r0a)*n "$n"!ral al ""&$0a 0!&!r 5 '"0n(5$ la a)&3'a' 0!&!ra <24!)n$"a=. En la )!r$a '$ H(n&ng&!n1 la 49r''a '$ la" n$(r!na" '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" 'a l(gar a (na '"0n()*n '$ la $$r$n)a n2#'!ra '$ $"&!" l&0!"1 )!n (n n)r$0$n&! r$"(l&an&$ '$l a))$"! '$ n!r0a)*n "$n"!ral al ""&$0a 0!&!r $ n)r$0$n&! '$ la a)&3'a'.

Funci'n de e(oci'n y (oti)aci'n

El a"a l/0#)a &$n$ (n 4a4$l $n l!" 4r!)$"!" $0!)!nal$" 5 0!&3a)!nal$". Ta0#9n "$ 2a 4r!4($"&! (na (n)*n 4ara $l a"a l/0#)a $n la $"6(8!r$na 5 la '$4r$"*n. S$ 2a 4(#l)a'! (na '"0n()*n '$l &a0a! '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" $n &ra"&!rn!"

#4!lar$".

C!n)$4&! g$n$ral '$ la (n)*n '$ l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$" C(an'! n)a0!" (n 0!30$n&! l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$" $l0nan la )!04$&$n)a. A &ra39" '$ la n!r0a)*n 6($ r$)#$n '$ la )!r&$8a a)$r)a '$l 0!30$n&! 6($ "$ '$"$a r$al8ar1 9"&!" n2#$n <r$nan= l!" 0")(l!" an&ag!n"&a" al 0!30$n&! 5 l#$ran <'$"n2#$n'!= l!" 0")(l!" r$la)!na'!" )!n ')2! 0!30$n&!. P!'r/a0!" )!n)l(r $n&!n)$" 6($ l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$" !)al8an $l M!30$n&!. N$(r!ana&!0/a F(n)!nal '$ l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$"

L!" Gangl!" Ba"al$"1 "$gn )r&$r!" '$ )!n$;*n1 "$ 4($'$n '3'r $n &r$" gr(4!":  A$r$n&$": S!n l!" 6($ r$)#$n a$r$n)a" '$ $"&r()&(ra" 6($ n! 4$r&$n$)$n a !&r! Gangl! Ba"al
$anglios &asales *entrales y el #iste(a !+(bico La" 4!r)!n$" 3$n&ral$" '$ l!" gangl!" #a"al$" !r0an )r)(&!" r$la)!na'!" )!n $l S"&$0a L/0#)! <$l )$r$#r! $0!)!nal=. El C($r4! E"&ra'! V$n&ral <$l n)l$! A))(0#$n"= r$)#$ (na 3/a a$r$n&$ '!4a0n9rg)a 4r!)$'$n&$ '$ (n n)l$! '$l Tr!n)! C$r$#ral '$n!0na'! T$g0$n&(0 V$n&ral. E"&a 3/a '!4a0n9rg)a <'$n!0na'a 0$"!l/0#)a= "$ a)&3a '(ran&$ l!" 4r!)$"!" '$ 0!&3a)*n 5

#"6($'a. E"&7 r$la)!na'a )!n la" r$)!04$n"a" na&(ral$" <"$;!1 )!0'a1 $&).= 5 )!n la" r$)!04$n"a" 4!r 'r!ga" l$gal$"
Neuroanato(+a Funcional de los $anglios &asales L!" Gangl!" Ba"al$"1 "$gn )r&$r!" '$ )!n$;*n1 "$ 4($'$n '3'r $n &r$" gr(4!":

, -orteros: S!n l!" 6($ r$)#$n a$r$n)a" '$ $"&r()&(ra" 6($ n! 4$r&$n$)$n a !&r! Gangl! Ba"al
, ferentes: S!n a6($ll!" '$ l!" 6($ "al$n l!" a;!n$" 4ara )!n$)&ar"$ )!n $"&r()&(ra" 6($ NO 4$r&$n$)$n a l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$"
$lobo -álido interno. , De Cabotae: S!n l!" 6($ r$)#$n a$r$n)a" 5 $$r$n)a" "!la0$n&$ '$ !&r!" Gangl!" Ba"al$". E?$04l!: #ustancia Negra / N0cleo #ubtalá(ico / $lobo -álido externo. E;"&$n  )r)(&!" 6($ "$ !rgnan $n la )!r&$8a1 2a)$n "na4"" $n l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$" 4ara1 l($g! '$ 2a)$r "na4"" $n $l T7la0!1 r$&!rnar a la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral. S*l! '!" '$ $"&!" )r)(&!" &$n$n (n)!n$" 0!&!ra". L!" !&r!" &r$" $"&7n r$la)!na'!" )!n la g$n$ra)*n '$ 4a&r!n$" )!gn&3!" 5 $0!)!nal$". Ca'a (n! '$ $"&!" )n)! )r)(&!" $"&7 !r0a'! 4!r '!" 3/a" $n 4aral$l!: la" 3/a" 'r$)&a $ n'r$)&a. La 3/a directa "$ n)a $n la )!r&$8a l/0#)a1 2a)$ "na4"" $n $l n)l$! 4!r&$r! <)($r4! $"&ra'!= 5 $n $l n)l$! $$r$n&$
-%ICI-%CIÓN D! C&!" N !% $U!%CIÓN D !%# FUNCI"N# 3""%#  A 4$"ar '$ la $n!r0$ )an&'a' '$ n!r0a)*n n$(r!nal 6($ r$)#$1 $l )$r$#$l! n! $" 04r$")n'#l$ 4ara la 4$r)$4)*n '$ l!" $"&/0(l!" "$n"!ral$"1 n "( l$"*n 04!"#l&a l!" 4r!)$"!" )!gn&3!" ! $l $"&a'! )!n")$n&$. En '$#'a )!rr$"4!n'$n)a 5 $n )!n&ra"&$ )!n "( n&$n"a )!n$)&3'a' )!n l!" )$n&r!" 5 &ra)&!" $n)arga'!" '$ la $la#!ra)*n '$ l!"

a)&!" 0!&!r$"1 $l )$r$#$l! n! $" &a04!)! 04r$")n'#l$ 4ara la r$al8a)*n '$l 0!30$n&!1 n "( $;&r4a)*n 4r!'()$ 4ar7l"" 0!&!ra. En "( )!n?(n&!1 $l )$r$#$l! (n)!na )!0! (n )!04ara'!r '$ la" '$r$n)a" $;"&$n&$" $n&r$ la" *r'$n$" 0!&!ra" 5 "(" r$"(l&a'!" 4r7)&)!"1 &ra&an'! '$ '"0n(r l!" '$"a?("&$" 6($ "$ 4r!'()$n '(ran&$ $l 0!30$n&!. E"&a (n)*n )!0! )!04ara'!r $" 07" $3'$n&$1 " )a#$1 $n la a)&3'a' '$l n$!)$r$#$l!. O&ra (n)*n a'")r##l$ al n$!)$r$#$l!"$r/a la '$ a)&(ar )!0! )!!r'na'!r '$l 0!30$n&!1 2a)$n'! 6($ l!" '"&n&!" a)&!" 0!&!r$" 6($ )!04!n$n la "$)($n)a '$ (n )!04!r&a0$n&! )!04l$?! "$ "()$'an $n ar0!n/a 5 "n "!#r$"al&!". P!r !&ra 4ar&$1 $l )$r$#$l! a)&a &a0#9n )!0! (n r$!r8a'!r'$l 0!30$n&!1 a)l&an'! la" "$al$" 0!&!ra" g$n$ra'a" n)al0$n&$ $n l!" )$n&r!" 0!&!r$" )!r&)al$" 5 &r!n)!$n)$7l)!"1 l! 6($ a5('a a 0an&$n$r $l a'$)(a'! &!n! 0(")(lar '$ $;&$n"!r$" 5 l$;!r$" '(ran&$ l!" )a0#!" '$ 4!")*n '$ la" '"&n&a" ar&)(la)!n$". E"&a (n)*n $" )ara)&$r/"&)a '$ la a)&3'a' r$g(la'!ra '$l 4al$!)$r$#$l! "!#r$ l!" 0$)an"0!" $"4nal$" '$l )!n&r!l 0!&!r. En "( )!n?(n&!1 $l )$r$#$l! r$)#$ n!r0a)*n '$ l!" 4lan$" 0!&!r$" 6($ "$ $la#!ran $n la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral a &ra39" '$ la )!4a '$ la" "$al$" $$r$n&$" 6($ "$ l$ $n3/a 4!r $l &ra)&! )*r&)!4!n&!)$r$#$l!"!5 4!r $l 2a8 $"4n!)$r$#$l!"! 3$n&ral. A'$07"1 $l )$r$#$l! $" n!r0a'! '$l r$"(l&a'! )!n'()&(al '$ ')2!" 4lan$" 0!&!r$"1 0$'an&$ la" "$al$" a$r$n&$" 6($ r$)#$ '$ 4r!4!)$4&!r$"0(")(lar$"1 '$ r$)$4&!r$" ar&)(lar$" 5 )(&7n$!" 5 '$ l!" ""&$0a" 3"(al1 a)"&)! 5 3$"&#(lar. M$'an&$ la )!04ara)*n '$ a0#a" n!r0a)!n$"1 $l )$r$#$l! )!rrg$ la $3!l()*n '$ l!"a)&!" 0!&!r$" '(ran&$ "( '$"arr!ll! $n )a'a 0!0$n&! '$&$r0na'!1 a"/ )!0! a5('a1 0$'an&$ $l $n&r$na0$n&! 5 la r$4$&)*n1 a "( "n)r!n8a)*n 5 4$r$))!na0$n&!. D$ $"&$ 0!'!1 la )!n&n('a'1 "(a3'a' 5 ar0!n/a '$ l!" a)&!" 0!&!r$" $" r(&! '$ la a))*n '$l )$r$#$l!1 )(al'a'$" 6($ $l 0!30$n&! 4$r'$ &ra" la l$"*n '$ $"&a $"&r()&(ra. C!n3$n$ 0a&8ar l! )!0$n&a'! $n $l a4ar&a'! an&$r!r1 5a 6($1 " $l )$r$#$l!1 '$"'$ $l 4(n&! '$ 3"&a )$l(lar 5 $l$)&r!"!l*g)!1 $" (na $"&r()&(ra 2!0!g9n$a1 )(04l$ (n)!n$" 0(5 '"&n&a" 5 $"4$)/)a" l!)al8a'a" $n 8!na" 0(5 4r$)"a" '$ "( $"&r()&(ra $n (n)*n '$ la 4r!)$'$n)a '$ "(" a$r$n)a" 5 '$l '$"&n! '$ "(" 4r!5$))!n$". P!r $?$04l!1 $l )$r$#$l! 3$"&#(lar
El )$r$#$l! $"4nal <4al$!)$r$#$l!= )!n&r!la la a)&3'a' '$ la 0(")(la&(ra $"4nal 4r!;0al a &ra39" '$ la" 4r!5$))!n$" '$l 3$r0" 5 '$ 9"&$ al n)l$! a"&gal 5 la 0(")(la&(ra '$ la" $;&r$0'a'$" a &ra39" '$ la" 4r!5$))!n$" '$l 4ara3$r0" "!#r$ $l n)l$! n&$r4*"&!. P!r l&0!1 $l )$r$#$l! )$r$#ral
-%-! D! C&!" N ! %-NDI4%5 3"" En a!" r$)$n&$" "$ 2a 4r!4($"&! 6($ $l )$r$#$l! 4ar&)4ar/a '$ 0!'! 'r$)&! 5 a)&3! $n l!" 4r!)$"!" '$ a4r$n'8a?$ '$ &ar$a" 0!&!ra"> ')2a 4ar&)4a)*n "$ aa'r/a '$ alg(na 0an$ra a "( 4a4$l r$g(la'!r 5 )!!r'na'!r '$ la r$a))*n '$ a)&!" 0!&!r$" )!n)r$&!".  El )$r$#$l! 4!'r/a "$r $l "&! '!n'$ !)(rr$ $l 4r!)$"!'$ a4r$n'8a?$ 0!&!r 51 6(87 &a0#9n1 $l l(gar '!n'$ ')2a n!r0a)*n 6($'a al0a)$na'a $n !r0a '$ 0$0!ra . S$ 2a 4r!4($"&! (n 0$)an"0! a &ra39" '$l )(al "$r/a 4!"#l$ $"&$ 4r!)$"! '$ a4r$n'8a?$ . Para $ll!1 la #ra &r$4a'!ra &$n'r/a la )a4a)'a' '$ '"0n(r la r$"4($"&a '$ la )9l(la '$ P(r@n?$ a la a))*n $;)&a'!ra '$ la" #ra" 4aral$la". E"&$ $$)&! 4!'r/a al0a)$nar"$ '$ 0!'! n'$n'! $n l!" )r)(&!" )$r$#$l!"!"1 4r!'()$n'! (na '$4r$"*n a larg! 4la8! '$ la a)&3'a' '$ la" )9l(la" '$ P(r@n?$. E"&$ 0$)an"0! '$ a4r$n'8a?$ 4ar$)$ "0lar1 a(n6($ '$ "gn! !4($"&!1 al '$")r&! $n la )!r&$8a '$l 24!)a04! 5 $n !&ra" $"&r()&(ra" )$r$#ral$" )!0! 4!&$n)a)*n a larg! 4la8! La 0$n!r r$"4($"&a '$ la )9l(la '$ P(r@n?$ an&$ (n $"&/0(l! 'a'! 4r!'()r71 $n 4r!4!r)*n1 0a5!r r$"4($"&a $n la" )9l(la" n()l$ar$" "(#5a)$n&$"1 a"/ )!0! 0a5!r  $$)&! "!#r$ (n "(#""&$0a '$&$r0na'!.

En $l 70#&! 0!l$)(lar1 la '$4r$"*n a larg! 4la8! "$ "(4!n$6($ "$ 4r!'()$ 4!r la a)&3a)*n "0(l&7n$a '$ l!" r$)$4&!r$" gl(&a0a&9rg)!" '$ la )9l(la '$ P(r@n?$ $ll! "(g$r$ (n 4a4$l 0!'(la'!r '$l )$r$#$l! 6($ a5('a a la r$al8a)*n '$ ')2a r$"4($"&a a4r$n''a1 4$r! n! a "( g$n$ra)*n 5! n)! .

6: Conclusiones:

L!" Gangl!" Ba"al$"1 "$gn )r&$r!" '$ )!n$;*n1 "$ 4($'$n '3'r $n &r$" gr(4!":  A$r$n&$": S!n l!" 6($ r$)#$n a$r$n)a" '$ $"&r()&(ra" 6($ n! 4$r&$n$)$n a !&r! Gangl! Ba"al
 D$ Ca#!&a?$: S!n l!" 6($ r$)#$n a$r$n)a" 5 $$r$n)a" "!la0$n&$ '$ !&r!" Gangl!" Ba"al$". E?$04l!: S("&an)a N$gra N)l$! S(#&al70)! Gl!#! P7l'! $;&$rn!. E;"&$n  )r)(&!" 6($ "$ !rgnan $n la )!r&$8a1 2a)$n "na4"" $n l!" Gangl!" Ba"al$" 4ara1 l($g! '$ 2a)$r "na4"" $n $l T7la0!1 r$&!rnar a la )!r&$8a )$r$#ral. S*l! '!" '$ $"&!" )r)(&!" &$n$n (n)!n$" 0!&!ra". L!" !&r!" &r$" $"&7n r$la)!na'!" )!n la g$n$ra)*n '$ 4a&r!n$" )!gn&3!" 5 $0!)!nal$". Ca'a (n! '$ $"&!" )n)! )r)(&!" $"&7 !r0a'! 4!r '!" 3/a" $n 4aral$l!: la" 3/a" 'r$)&a $ n'r$)&a.  La 3/a Dr$)&a: "$ n)a $n la )!r&$8a l/0#)a1 2a)$ "na4"" $n $l n)l$! 4!r&$r! <)($r4! $"&ra'!= 5 $n $l n)l$! $$r$n&$
7: &ibliografia: %. R)2ar' S. Sn$ll. L!" n)l$!" '$ la #a"$ 5 "(" )!n$;!n$". En: EDIDE1 S.L.1 )!!r'na'!r. N$(r!ana&!0/a )l/n)a. K $')*n. Bar)$l!na: !l&$r" l($r> +%. 4. ,%,,. +. G(5&!n  Hall. C!n&r#()!n$" '$l )$r$#$l! 5 l!" gangl!" #a"al$" al )!n&r!l 0!&!r  gl!#al. En: GEA CONSULTORIA EDITORIAL1 S.L.1 4r!'()&!r. Tra&a'! '$ "!l!g/a 09')a. %% $')*n. Bar)$l!na: El"$3$r Sa(n'$r"> +. 4. %. ,. Ln'a S. C!"&an8!. N$(r!"!l!g/a. En: EDIDE1 S.L.1 )!!r'na'!r. F"!l!g/a. - $')*n. Bar)$l!na: El"$3$r Sa(n'$r"> +%%. 4. % .