DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS Y DE COMERCIO CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA COMERCIAL
ACTIVIDAD ENTREGABLE II MARKETING INTERNACIONAL TUTOR: ING. STALIN GORKY PAZMIÑO ARRELLANO
ALUMNO: WILMER PATRICIO ORBE CÁRDENAS PERÍODO: OCTUBRE-FEBRERO 2018
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Actividad de aprendizaje 2.1. 1. Elabore esquemas gráficos, destaque los aspectos más importantes importantes de todos los contenidos del capítulo 12 señalado en la asesoría didáctica.
Definición
Conservación de la calidad
La calidad se puede definir en referencia a dos dimensiones: la calidad percibida por el mercado y la calidad de desempeño. Ambos conceptos son importantes, pero la percepción del consumidor acerca de la calidad de un producto a menudo está más relacionada con la calidad percibida por el mercado que la calidad de desempeño. Por lo tanto, la calidad se puede traducir en la capacidad que tiene un objeto o servicio de satisfacer las necesidades ímplicitas y explícitas del cliente.
Mantener la calidad de desempeño es muy importante, pero frecuentemente un producto que sale de la fábrica con la calidad de desempeño se llega a dañar durante la cadena de distribución. Éste es un problema especial para muchas marcas globales cuya producción es distante al mercado o pierde el control del producto debido al sistema de distribución dentro del mercado. La calidad no sólo es deseable, sino que es esencial para el éxito en el mercado global y competitivo de la actualidad; la decisión de estandarizar o adaptar un producto es crucial para alcanzar la c alidad.
La homologación del producto se utiliza para describir los cambios obligados por los productos locales y estándares de servicio. Las modificaciones de productos son con mayor frecuencia provocadas por adaptaciones obligatorias obligatorias que por razones culturales.
Calidad
Requisitos físicos u obligatorios y adaptación
Los requisitos legales, económicos, políticos, tecnológicos y climáticos del mercado global a menudo dictan la adaptación del producto. Es probable que también se tengan que hacer cambios para ajustarse a las diferencias climáticas. Mientras menos esté desarrollado económicamente un mercado, es posible que sea necesario un grado más alto de cambios en un producto para su aceptación..
El marketing verde o ecológico es un término que se utiliza para identificar la preocupación con respecto a las consecuencias ambientales de ciertas actividades de marketing. Marketing verde y desarrollo de productos
El profesional del marketing global debe considerar al marketing verde como una preocupación mundial por el medio ambiente y es seguro que surjan legislaciones en todas partes, por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de adaptar los productos para el marketing global.
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Determinar el grado de novedad percibido en el producto por el mercado seleccionado es un paso importante en la adaptación de un producto para un mercado extranjero. Se debe entender la forma en que las personas reaccionan a la novedad y qué tan nuevo es un producto para el mercado. mercado.
Productos innovadores y adaptación
Desde un punto de vista sociológico, cualquier idea percibida como nueva por un grupo de personas es una innovación. El hecho de que un grupo acepte o no una innovación, y el tiempo que se necesita para eso, depende de las características del producto. Los Los prod produc ucto toss qu quee son son nu nuev evos os para para un sist sistem emaa soci social al son son innovaciones, y el conocimiento acerca de la difusión del producto es útil en el desarrollo de una estrategia de producto exitosa. El objetivo del profesional del marketing extranjero es obtener la aceptación del producto por la cantidad más grande de consumidores en el mercado en el menor tiempo posible.
Everett Everett Rogers Rogers observó observó que “los elementos elementos importante importantess en la difusión de ideas nuevas son (1) una innovación, (2) la cual es comunicada mediante ciertos canales, (3) a través de un periodo, (4) entre los miembros de un sistema social”. Los objetivos del investigador de difusión y del profesional del marketing son el de acortar el tiempo entre la introducción de una idea o producto y su adopción extendida.
Productos y cultura Difusión de las innovaciones
El análisis de las cinco características de una innovación puede ayudar ayudar a determ determin inar ar el ritmo ritmo de aceptac aceptación ión o resist resistenc encia ia del mercado a un producto. (1) ventaja relativa de un producto (el valor marginal percibido de un producto nuevo en relación al producto viejo sustituto); (2) la compatibilidad (su compatibilidad con la conducta, normas y valores aceptables); (3) la complejidad (el grado de complejidad asociado con el uso del producto); (4) la facilidad de ser probada (el grado de riesgo social asociado con el uso del producto), y (5) la capacidad de ser observada (la facilidad con la cual los beneficios del producto pueden ser comunicados) afectan el grado de su aceptación o resistencia. En general, se puede decir que el ritmo de difusión se relaciona positivamente con la ventaja relativa, compatibilidad, capacidad de ser probado y de ser observado, pero se asocia negativamente con la complejidad. Debemos considerar el grado grado de invención de las las compañías y países.
Generación de innovaciones
Estudios recientes demuestran que la capacidad de crear innovaciones varía de acuerdo a las culturas y las compañías están ubicando centros de diseño en todo el mundo. Este aprovechamiento de intercambio de conocimientos y manejo de
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Componente básico
El componente básico o central consiste en el producto físico (la plataforma que contiene la tecnología esencial) y todas sus características de diseño y funcionales y sua aspectos legales. Es en la plataforma del producto en donde se pueden añadir añadir o elimin eliminar ar las variac variacio iones nes para para satisf satisfacer acer a las diferencias locales.
Análisis de los componentes del producto para su adaptación
Componente de empaque
El componente componente de empaque empaque incluye incluye características características de estilo, envoltura, etiquetas, marcas registradas, nombre de marca, calidad, precio y todos los demás aspectos del empaque del producto, así como los aspectos legales. Los componentes del empaque frecuentemente requieren de cambios discrecionales y obligatorios.
Componente de servicios de apoyo
El comp compon onen ente te de serv servic icio ioss de sopo soport rtee incl incluy uyee reparaciones y mantenimiento, instrucciones, instalación, garant garantías ías,, entreg entregas as y la dispon disponibi ibilid lidad ad de partes partes de repuesto, repuesto, asi como los aspectos aspectos legales legales y otros otros servicios servicios relacionados. Muchos programas de marketing que pudieron haber sido exitosos exitosos fracasaron fi nalmente nalmente debido a que pusieron poca atención a este componente de producto.
Oportunidades de servicios en los mercados globales
Marketing global de servicios al consumidor
Barreras de entrada en los mercados globales de servicios al consumidor
El turi turism smoo inte intern rnac acio ional nal se ha conv conver erti tido do en la exportación de servicios más grande de algunos países, sólo detrás de los bienes de capital y los suministros industriales cuando se suman todas las exportaciones. Otra Otrass expo export rtac acio ione ness de serv servic icio ioss al cons consum umid idor or import important antes es incluy incluyen en la transp transpor ortaci tación ón,, servic servicios ios fi nanc nanciiero eros, edu duca cacción, ión, telec elecoomuni munica caccione iones, s, entretenimiento, información y cuidado de salud, en ese orden.. Los Los ejecu ejecuti tivo voss de mark market etin ingg de serv servici icios os para para el consumidor encuentran cuatro tipos de barreras en este sector creciente del mercado global: 1. Proteccionismo; 2. Controles en los flujos de datos entre fronteras; 3. Protección de propiedad intelectual; y 4. Requisitos culturales para la adaptación..
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Una marca global se define como el uso mundial de un nombre, término, símbolo (visual o auditivo), diseño, o combinación de ellos para identificar bienes o servicios de un vendedor y para diferenciarlos de los de sus competidores. Marcas globales
Marcas nacionales
Una marca exitosa es el recurso más valioso que tiene una compañía. El nombre de la marca abarca años de publicidad, buena voluntad, evaluación evaluación de calidad, experiencia del producto y otros atributos benéficos que el mercado asocia con el producto. La imagen de la marca representa la esencia misma de la identidad y estrategia de una empresa. Algunas Algunas compañías compañías utilizan utilizan la estrategia estrategia se contar contar con marcas estables estables globales y nacionales de países específicos en su línea de productos. Lo que hace la compañía en algunos mercados es adquirir marcas nacionales bien establecidas y aprovecha sus ventajasy en otros mercados en donde no existen marcas fuertes locales, busca un personal regional y usa tecnología global.
Las marcas marcas se utiliz utilizan an como como pistas pistas extern externas as para para gustos gustos,, diseño diseño,, desempeño, calidad, valor, prestigio y cosas parecidas. En otras palabras, el consumidor asocia el valor del producto con la marca. Un factor que es de gran preocupación para las compañías multinacionales que fabrican en todo el mundo es el efecto del país de origen sobre la percepción del producto producto que tiene el mercado. mercado. Marcas en los mercados internacionales Efecto del país de origen y las marcas globales
Efecto de país de origen (COE) se puede definir como cualquier influencia que el país de manufactura, ensamblaje o diseño tiene sobre la percepción positiva o negativa negativa de un producto. Una compañía que compite en mercados globales actualmente manufactura productos en todo el mundo; cuando el cliente sabe cuál es el país de origen, origen, existe una posibili posibilidad dad de que el lugar de manufactur manufacturaa afecte a la imagen del producto o marca. El país, tipo de producto y la imagen de la compañía y de sus marcas influyen en el hecho de que el país de origen produzca una reacción positiva o negativa. Se pueden hacer varias generalizaciones acerca de los efectos del país de origen en los productos y marcas. Los consumidores tienden a tener estereotipos acerca de productos y países que se han formado por la experiencia, rumores y mitos. El estereotipo de país se puede superar con un marketing adecuado.
Las Las marc marcas as priv privad adas as,, prop propie ieda dadd de los los mism mismos os deta detall llis istas tas,, está estánn convirtiéndose en verdaderos retos para las marcas de fabricantes, ya sea globalmente o en países específicos. Marcas privadas
En el panorama actual, las etiquetas privadas son competidores enormes. Le proporcionan al vendedor márgenes altos; reciben un espacio de anaqueles preferencial y una promoción fuerte dentro de la tienda; y, posiblemente lo más import important antee desde desde el pun punto to de vista vista del consumid consumidor, or, es encontr encontrar ar productos de calidad con precios bajos, en contraste con las marcas de fabricante fabricantes, s, las cuales cuales tradicio tradicionalme nalmente nte tienen tienen precios precios altos y ofrecen ofrecen al vendedor márgenes más bajos de los que obtienen de marcas privadas.
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2. Explique, en mínimo mínimo 300 palabras y máximo máximo 500, la forma como las empresas ecuatorianas ecuatorianas podrían lanzar “marcas globales” al mercado internacional.
El Ecuador es muy conocido por las exportaciones de banano y cacao, llegando incluso a ser unos de los mayores exportadores. exportadores. Los empresarios ecuatorianos deberían tomar ventaja de este reconocimiento reconocimiento a nivel mundial de nuestros productos, productos, con la finalidad de impulsar la fabricación fabricación de productos con una calidad muy alta que permita incursionar dentro del mercado mundial. Quizá trabajando en conjunto, tal como se ha venido impulsando la marca país, se podría crear una empresa sólida y que junto con el gobierno se implante una marca global que haga conocer el desarrollo que como país podemos lograr. Hay productos que son reconocidos a nivel mundial, y por su calidad son muy apetecidos por clientes de todo el mundo. Tal como se ha definido, la marca global representa la imagen de cualquier compañía, su esencia y su estrategia que como tal tiene para mantenerse dentro de este mundo tan competitivo. Actualmente, también se han venido buscando otras opciones de exportación, tales como productos agrícolas y marítimos. Nuestras hortalizas y frutas, nuestros camarones, nuestro atún ya son reconocidos a nivel mundial. Es muy cierto que una empresa debe lanzar sus productos a nivel nacional, para que en base a la aceptación aceptación que se tenga tenga de los productos fabricado proceder proceder a lanzarse al mercado internacional. internacional. La marca y el reconocimiento de una empresa, es la forma más adecuada de ingresar al mercado internacional, todo esto basado en años de servicio, una excelente calidad, experiencia en la fabricación de los productos. Una marca exitosa es el recurso más valioso que tiene una compañía. El nombre de la empresa y su marca son el producto de un trabajo diario, tratando de darse a conocer dentro del medio que han sido acompañados de años de publicidad, buena voluntad, evaluación de calidad de los productos y mejoramiento de los mismos, experiencia en la fabricación del producto, personal especializado y otros atributos benéficos que el mercado asocia con el producto.
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Actividad de aprendizaje 2.2. 1.
Elabore cuadros sinópticos de todo el capítulo 14, de la página 398 a la 433, destaque los aspectos más importantes del mismo.
Estructura de distribución orientada a la importación
Estructura de distribución japonesa Estructuras de canales de distribución
Tendencias: de
En una estructura de distribución orientada a la importación o tradicional, un importador controla un suministro fijo de bienes y el sistema de marketing se desarrolla alrededor de la filosofía de vender un conjunto de bienes limitado a precios altos para una cantidad pequeña de clientes que tienen un gran poder adquisitivo. En el mercado de vendedores resultante, la penetración al mercado y la distribució distribuciónn masiva masiva no son necesarias necesarias debido a que la demanda demanda excede a la oferta y, en la mayoría de los casos, el cliente busca el suministro mediante un reducido número de intermediarios. Debido a que el importador-mayorista es quien realiza tradicionalmente la mayor parte de las funciones del marketing, es difícil encontrar otros agentes independientes que realicen publicidad, estudios de mercado, almacenamiento, transporte, financiamiento y otras funciones para facilitar la comercialización como en el caso de una infraestructura de marketing madura y desarrollada. Por lo tanto, existen pocas agencias independientes que apoyen el desarrollo de un sistema de distribución completamente integrado. El mercado mercado japonés japonés ilust ilustra ra el fuerte fuerte impacto impacto que la cultur culturaa tiene tiene en las instituciones económicas, como son los sistemas de distribución nacionales. El sistema japonés tiene cuatro características que lo distinguen: (1) una estructur estructuraa que está dominada por muchos muchos pequeños pequeños intermedi intermediarios arios relacionados a su vez con muchos pequeños minoristas, (2) control de canales por parte de los fabricantes, (3) una filosofía de negocios construida a partir de una cultura muy especial, (4) leyes que protegen a la base del sistema (al pequeño minorista). Actualmente, pocos países están lo suficientemente aislados como para no verse afectados por los cambios económicos económicos y políticos políticos globales. globales. Estas corrientes de cambio han alterado todos los niveles de la actividad económica, incluy incluyend endoo la estruc estructur turaa de distr distribu ibució ción. n. Las estruc estructur turas as de canale canaless tradiciona tradicionales les dan paso a formas formas nuev nuevas, as, alianzas alianzas y procesos procesos innovado innovadores res (algunos más lentamente que otros pero todos están cambiando). Las presiones para el cambio en un país vienen desde dentro o desde el exterior. Los profesionales de marketing internacionales buscan estrategias para introducirse de forma redituable en los segmentos de mercado que están siendo acaparados acaparados en la actualidad actualidad por costosos costosos sistemas de distribuci distribución ón tradicionales.
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Servicios Servicios de de interm intermeediarios. Las actitudes de servicio de las personas que comercializan
varían enormemente en los niveles de ventas al público y ventas de mayoreo de país a país. Por otro lado, cuando los márgenes son pequeños y existe una batalla continua por la preferencia del consumidor, tanto los mayoristas como los minoristas intentan ofrecer servicios adicionales para hacer que sus bienes sean a tractivos para los consumidores. Cuando los intermediarios no están interesados en promover o vender artículos o mercancía de manera individual, el fabricante debe proporcionar al intermediario un aliciente adecuado o realizar gran parte del trabajo de promoción y ventas.
Amplitud Amplitud de línea línea. Cada nación tiene un patrón ditud de línea que realizan los mayoristas y
los los minori minorista stas. s. El sistem sistemaa de distr distribu ibució ciónn de alguno algunoss países países se caracte caracteriz rizaa por tener tener intermediarios que ofrecen o pueden conseguir cualquier cosa; en otros, cada intermediario es un especialista que se involucra sólo con líneas muy estrechas.
Costos y márgenes. Los niveles de costo y márgenes de intermediarios varían ampliamente de país en país, dependiendo del nivel de competencia, servicios ofrecidos, eficiencia o ineficiencia de escala, factores geográficos y volumen de ventas relacionados con el tamaño del mercado, poder adquisitivo, tradición y otros determinantes básicos.
Esquemas de distribución
Esquemas generales
L ongi ongitud tudde deca cana nale les. s. Puede existir cierta correlación entre la etapa de desarrollo económico
y la longitud de los canales de marketing. En general existe una relación inversamente proporcional entre entre la longitud de canal y el tamaño de la compra.
C anales anales inexis i nexiste tentes. ntes. Uno de los los pun puntos tos que las compañía compañíass descub descubre renn acerca acerca de los los
esquemas internacionales de distribución es que en muchos países la cobertura adecuada del mercado a través de un c anal de distribución simple es prácticamente imposible.
Canales bloqueados. El canal seleccionado por los vendedores internacionales podría estar bloqueado. El bloqueo puede ser el resultado de las líneas ya establecidas por el competidor en los distintos canales o por las asociaciones comerciales o cárteles que cierran ciertos canales.
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Tendencias de tamaño. Los extremos en el tamaño de las ventas al menudeo son similares a los que predominan en las ventas al mayoreo.
Marketing Marketing dir ecto cto. Vender Vender directamen directamente te al consumido consumidorr a través través del Esquemas de venta al menudeo
correo, teléfono o de puerta en puerta es a menudo el enfoque que se escoge en mercados con sistemas de distribución insuficientes o no desarrollados.
Resistencia al cambio. Los esfuerzos para mejorar la efi ciencia en el
sistema de distribución, nuevos tipos de intermediarios y otros intentos de cambi cambiar ar las las meto metodo dolo logí gías as trad tradic icio ional nales es,, gene genera ralm lmen ente te son son consid considera eradas das como como una amenaza, amenaza, y por tanto se les presenta presenta una resistencia significativa.
Esquemas de distribución
Opciones de intermediarios
Las opciones opciones para para un agente agente de market marketing ing van desde desde asumir asumir la actividad de distribución completa (al establecer sus propias filiales y marketing marketing directamente directamente hasta el usuario usuario final) final) hasta depender de intermediarios para la distribución del producto. Se debe prestar mucha atención a la selección de canales ya que una vez que se inician son difíciles de cambiar, y de resultar inapropiados pueden afectar el futuro del crecimiento en la participación del mercado. Los intermediarios externos se distinguen por el hecho de hacerse o no propietarios de los bienes: los agentes represent representan an a la compañía compañía vendedora o principal en lugar de a sí mismos, mientras que los distribuidores son propietarios de los bienes y compran o venden por su propia cuenta.
Los intermediarios locales, o del país de origen, se localizan en el país de la compañía productora, proporcionando servicios de marketing desde una base local. Al seleccionar intermediarios locales en los procesos de distribución,
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Tiendas de venta al público de los fabricantes. Un canal impo import rtan ante te de dist distri ribu buci ción ón para para un unaa gran gran cant cantid idad ad de fabricantes es la propiedad de tiendas de venta al público, o quizá franquicias. V ended endedores ores glob gl obale ales. s. A medida medida que detall detallist istas as globa globale less extienden su cobertura global, se convierten en intermediarios locales importantes para los mercados internacionales.
Comp Compañías de admini dministra stración ción de exportac xportacione iones. s. La compañía de administración de exportaciones (CAE) [export management company, EMC] es un intermediario importante de las compañ compañías ías que tienen tienen un volume volumenn intern internaci aciona onall Rela Relati tiva vame ment ntee pequ pequeñ eñoo o para para aque aquell llas as qu quee no está estánn dispuestas dispuestas a involucra involucrarr su propio propio personal en la función función internacional. Las CAE varían en tamaño desde una persona hast hastaa 10 100, 0, y cont contro rola lann cerc cercaa de 10 10% % de los los bien bienes es manufacturados que se exportan.
Compañías comerciales. Las compañías comerciales tienen una historia larga y honorable como intermediarios importantes en el desarrollo del comercio entre naciones. Las compañías comerciales comerciales acumulan, transport transportan an y distribuy distribuyen en bienes bienes de muchos países. Esquemas de distribución
V ended endedores ores Intermediarios locales
comple compleme mentari ntarios. os. Las Las comp compañ añíías con con instalaciones de marketing, con contactos en distintos países, con capacidad sobrada de marketing o con el deseo de una línea de productos más amplia, algunas veces toman líneas adicionales para la distribución internacional; a pesar de que el nombre formal para este tipo de actividades es marketing complementario, normalmente se conoce como distribución de mercancía de terceros o piggybacking.
Agente Agente de expo xportació rtaciónn de fab fabrica ri cant ntees. El agen agente te de exportació expo rtaciónn de fabricant fabricantes es (AEF) (AEF) [manufacturer’s export manager, manager, MEA] es un agente intermediar intermediario io individu individual al o una compañía intermediaria que proporciona un servicio de ventas a los fabricantes.
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Grupos de ventas. Se han desarrollado desarrollado distintos distintos tipos tipos de
acuerdos en los que varios fabricantes o productores cooperan en un esfuerzo conjunto para vender sus mercancías en el exterior. Este esfuerzo puede tomar la forma de exportación complementaria o de venta a una empresa combinada. Ambos tipos se consideran acuerdos de agencia cuando la exportación se realiza en base a una tarifa o comisión.
Corporación de ventas en el extranjero. Una corporación de
Intermediarios locales
ventas en el extranjero (CVE) [foreign sales corporation, FSC) es una empresa establecida en un país extranjero, que puede obtener una exención de impuestos corporativos en una parte de las ganancias generadas por la venta o arrendamiento de los bienes exportados.
Mayo Mayorist ri sta as para la expo xportació rtaciónn. Los vend vended edor ores es de exportación son vendedores locales que operan en mercados extranjer extranjeros. os. Específica Específicamente mente,, compran compran bienes bienes de una gran cantidad de fabricantes, los envían a países extranjeros y toman la responsabilidad completa de su marketing.
I nterme ntermed diarios iari os de exportac xportación. ión. Los Los interm intermedi ediari arios os de
exportació expo rtaciónn se involucran involucran principal principalmente mente con servicios servicios;; no toman toman posesi posesión ón físic físicaa de los los biene bieness sino sino que asumen asumen la responsabilidad de administrar la logística del transporte.
Esquemas de distribución
Los vendedores vendedores internacional internacionales es que buscan un control control mayor sobre el proceso de distribución podrían optar por relacionarse directamente con los intermediarios de países extranjeros. Obtienen la ventaja de canales más cortos y tratan con interm intermedi ediari arios os que están están en conta contacto cto consta constante nte con el mercado. Intermediarios de
El uso de intermediarios de países extranjeros acerca al fabric fabricant antee al mercado mercado y relacio relaciona na a la compañ compañía ía más
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Representantes de fabricantes. Los represent representantes antes de fabricante fabricantess son
agentes intermediarios que toman la responsabilidad de los bienes de un productor en una ciudad, área de mercado regional, país entero o varios países adyacentes. Cuando es responsable de un país entero, el intermediario a menudo es llamado agente exclusivo..
Distribuidores. Un distribuidor extranjero es un vendedor intermediario
que a menudo tiene derechos de venta exclusivos en un país específico y trabaja en cooperación estrecha con el fabricante.
Trabajar con distribuidores permite al fabricante un grado razonable de control sobre los precios, trabajo promocional, inventarios, servicio y otras funciones de distribución.
Agente Agentes loca localiza lizad dos en países íses extranje xtranjeros ros.. Son agente agentess que trata tratann principalmente con mercancías y productos alimenticios. alimenticios.
Los Los agente agentess extran extranjer jeros os genera generalme lmente nte forman forman parte parte de pequeñ pequeñas as compañías de servicios de comercialización que operan en un país o en países adyacentes.
Intermediarios de países extranjeros
Su ventaja es que tienen buenas relaciones continuas con los clientes y proporcionan una cobertura rápida del mercado a un costo bajo.
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Costo
Requisitos de capital
Existen dos tipos de costo de canales: (1) el capital o costo de inversión para desarrollar el cana l y (2) el costo continuo de mantenerlo. Las ramificaciones financieras de una política de distribución a menudo son ignoradas. Los elementos críticos son los requerimientos de capital y los esquemas de flujo de efectivo asociados con el uso de un tipo particular de intermediario. La inversión máxima normalmente se requiere cuando una compañía establece sus propios canales internos, es decir, su propia fuerza de ventas. El uso de distribuidores o concesionarios puede reducir la inversión de capital, pero los fabricantes a menudo tienen que proporcionar proporcionar los inventarios iniciales iniciales a consignación, préstamos, planos de instalaciones u otros preparativos. Mientras más esté involucrada una c ompañía con la distribución, mayor será el grado de control que podrá ejercer.
Control
La fuerza de ventas propia de una compañía proporciona el mayor grado de control, pero a menudo significa un costo que no es práctico ni eficiente. Cuando los canales se hacen más largos, la capacidad de controlar el precio, volumen, promoción y tipo de establecimientos de venta disminuye.
Factores que afectan la selección de canales
Otro objetivo importante es una cobertura completa del mercado, de forma que sea posible obtener el volumen óptimo de ventas potenciales en cada mercado mercado,, asegur asegurar ar una partic participa ipació ciónn en el mercado mercado y conseg conseguir uir una penetración satisfactoria del mercado. La cobertura se puede evaluar mediante segmentos geográficos, de mercado, o ambos. Una cobertura de mercado adecuada puede requerir de cambios en
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La búsqueda de intermediarios potenciales debe comenzar con el estudio del mercado mercado y la determ determina inació ciónn de los los criter criterios ios para para la evalua evaluació ciónn de intermediarios que participarán en ese mercado. Localización de intermediarios
La lista de criterios de selección dependen del tipo de intermediarios que se utilicen y la naturaleza de sus relaciones con la compañía. Básicamente, estas listas se crean a partir de cuatro áreas temáticas: productividad o volumen, volumen, capacidad capacidad fi nanciera, nanciera, estabili estabilidad dad y capacidad capacidad administr administrativ ativaa además de la naturaleza y reputación del negocio. Normalmente se da importancia a la productividad real o potencial del intermediario.
Cuando Cuando un fabricant fabricantee no es bien conocido conocido en el exterior, exterior, la reputació reputaciónn del intermediario se convierte en la reputación del fabricante, por lo que una selección inadecuada del intermediario puede ser devastadora. Localización, selección y motivación de los miembros del canal
Sele Selecc cción. ión. El proceso de evaluación y selección en sí mismo debe incluir las acciones siguientes:
(1) una carta de sondeo incluyendo información del producto y requisitos del distribuidor en el idioma de cada intermediario potencial; (2)un seguimiento de los mejores candidatos para solicitar información más específica concerniente a las líneas que manejan, el territorio que cubren cubren,, el tamaño tamaño de la compañ compañía, ía, cantidad cantidad de vended vendedor ores es y otra otra información sobre sus antecedentes; (3) revisión del crédito y referencias de otros clientes del intermediario potencial; y,
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El nive nivell de dist distri ribu buci ción ón y la impo import rtan anci ciaa de los los intermediarios individuales para la compañía determina las actividades que se deben llevar a cabo para mantener motivado al intermediario. Motivación de intermediarios
Las técnicas de motivación que se pueden emplear para manten mantener er el interé interéss del interm intermedi ediari arioo y su apoyo apoyo al producto pueden ser agrupadas en cinco categorías: recompensas recompensas financier financieras, as, recompensa recompensass psicológi psicológicas, cas, comunicaciones, apoyo de la compañía y compenetración corporativa. Cuando los intermediarios no se desempeñan de acuerdo con los los estánd estándare aress o cuando cuando las situac situacio iones nes en el mercado mercado cambia cambian, n, obliga obligando ndo a que una compañ compañía ía reestr reestructu ucture re su distri distribuc bución ión,, es probab probable le que sea necesario terminar algunas relaciones.
Localización, selección y motivación de los miembros del canal
Terminación de la colaboración con intermediarios
Se deben tomar en cuenta que en algunas partes del mundo, mundo, el intermediar intermediario io algunas algunas veces veces tiene alguna protección legal que hace que la terminación de la relación sea difícil.
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Internet
Internet es un método de distribución importante para las compañías multinacionales y una fuente de productos para las empresas y c onsumidores. Las compañías de hardware y software de computación y los minoristas de libros y música fueron los primeros vendedores electrónicos en utilizar este método de distribución y marketing. Más recientemente, se dio una expansión hacia el comercio electrónico por parte de otros tipos de servicios de venta al público y de bienes industriales (B2B o business to business). Técnicamente, el comercio electrónico es una forma de ventas directas; sin embargo, debido a su naturaleza novedosa y los aspectos únicos que se asocian con esta forma de distribución, es importante diferenciarla de otros tipos de marketing directo. El comercio electrónico se utiliza para ofrecer a través del World Wide Web servicios de empresa a empresa, servicios y productos para el consumidor e industriales. Se relaciona con el marketing directo de un fabricante, un minorista, el proveedor de servicios, o algún otro intermediario, a un usuario final.
2. A través de ejemplos aplicados aplicados a una empresa ecuatoriana del sector de productos productos artesanales, presente una breve descripción de las formas en que los esquemas de distribución afectan los
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Con respecto al poder y consumo, si se puede decir que existen mayoristas que utilizan a nuestros artesanos para lograr tener una gran empresa, los cuales frecuentemente pueden abusar con el precio barato de los fabricantes. fabricantes. 3. A través de ejemplos, presente dos ventajas y dos desventajas para los distintos tipos de intermediarios. Intermediarios locales
Ventajas:
Se localizan en el país de la compañía productora. Proporcionan servicios de marketing desde una base local.
Desventajas:
Se restringe completamente el control sobre el proceso entero.
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Actividad de aprendizaje 2.3. 1. Elabore esquemas gráficos, destaque los aspectos más importantes importantes de todos los contenidos del capítulo 15 señalado en la asesoría didáctica.
El primer paso para cumplir con las regulaciones de licencias de exportación es determinar la licencia apropiada para su producto. La responsabilidad de determinar si una licencia es requerida reside en el exportador. Los pasos necesarios para determinar el tipo de licencia requerida, o si un artículo puede ser enviado, son los siguientes: Determinar los
El exportador es responsable de seleccionar el número de clasificación
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Aranceles
Son los impuestos o derechos aduanales aplicados a bienes importados de otro otro país. país. Todos Todos los los países países impone imponenn arance arancele less con el propósito de obtener ingresos y proteger a sus industrias locales de la competencia de bienes de procedencia foránea. Las tarifas de aranceles se aplican al valor y cantidad de bienes o una combinación de ambos. Para conservar las escasas divisas extranjeras y aliviar las dificultades de la balanza de pagos, muchos países imponen restricciones en cuanto a la cantidad de su propia divisa que intercambiarán por las divisas de otros países, en la práctica, racion racionan an la canti cantidad dad de divisa divisass dispon disponibl ibles es para para pagar pagar importaciones. Los controles de divisas se pueden aplicar en general a todas las mercancí mercancí un país de lea un siste de
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Estándares
Al igual que muchas barreras no arancelarias, los estándares son legítimos. Los estándares de seguridad, salud y de calidad son necesarios para proteger al público consumidor y es necesario que los productos cumplan con las leyes locales. Desafortunadamente, los los estánd estándare aress tambié tambiénn se pueden pueden utili utilizar zar para para demora demorarr o restringir los procesos de importación hasta el punto en que el tiempo adicional y costo requerido para cumplir hace que se conviertan, en la práctica, en restricciones comerciales. Un boicot es una restricción absoluta en contra del comercio con un país o el comercio de bienes específicos.
Boicots Restricciones de importación
Los boicots son las barreras no arancelarias más restrictivas debido a que prohíben todo el comercio, mientras que otros tipos de restricciones lo permiten hasta cierto punto. Las restricciones al comercio foráneo de todo tipo abundan.
Restricciones
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Cartas de crédito
Las cartas de crédito desvían el riesgo de crédito del comprador hacia el banco que emite la carta de crédito. Cuando se usa una carta de crédito, el vendedor normalmente puede cobrar un giro en el banco que emitió el crédito y recibir dólares al presentar los documentos correctos de envío. Excepto por el pago por adelantado, las cartas de crédito ofrecen el grado más alto de protección al vendedor. vendedor. En las cartas de crédito se involucra el crédito de uno o más bancos, mientras que con las letras de cambio (también conocidas como giros en dólares) el vendedor asume todo el riesgo hasta que se reciban los dólares reales. El procedimiento típico es que el vendedor reciba un giro del comprador y lo presente con los documentos necesarios al banco del vendedor para el cobro.
Letras de cambio
Las letras de cambio o giros en dólares pueden tener uno de tres periodos distintos: a la vista, a la llegada llegada o de fecha. Un giro a la vista requiere de la aceptación y el pago cuando se presenta y a menudo esto se da antes de la llegada de los bienes.
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Documentos de exportación
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2. Las restricciones restricciones comerciales que se encuentran encuentran con más frecuencia, además de los aranceles, son las barreras no arancelarias (nontariff trade barriers, NTB), como los permisos de cambio de divisas, cuotas, licencias de importación, boicots estándares y acuerdos voluntarios. Presente una aplicación real para cada una de las mismas utilizando el siguiente formato: Empresa
Aplicación
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.