MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
r--------
Snout
- - - - - External naris Brows pot Upper eyelid Nictitating membrane ~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid • Digits of Fingers ..J.---"'1~-:S:r-- Tympanic membrane Carpus or wrist ........ ,~........... ~'l.ldOr--- Forearm
Upper arm
r - - - - - - Median dorsal line . . . - - - - - - Hump
(~\ fl Cf\ TID~~
~N.ir--------
t>h~·\L\W\ ·• (M()n:\Wq
Anus
WJirfi1il m i T - - - - Thigh
.
~l-~b~l,~lu,\\'1: 'v~Arftb~t.n4 C\ q ~ ·, -A IV\"\ \ID ,- G\
Olrcl-tv- ·. A\\ l-\y-r;\
Fctf,,,b·· Ru\'\idc\tr - - - - Shank G(Jil'S. ·. 1\91 t1 C\ ~pt. d \:~ '. v lll,.g~.rt\
...~.~~
,W\).tJf!.
- · Tarsus or ankle _
. ,..
:" M·)v
oF.~::--- Prehallux - !"V,A(lu:\il:l ~ f\ c\Ji:h\~.!:,;:::>-- Digits of toes J Web
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG
~--------Darkly are~
pigmented of the skin
SwoJ._J.. en
thumb
A MALE FROG Ventral view
Diffused skin pigmentation
•-~~--Thumb
not swollen
A FEMALE FROG Ventral view
Met atarsals
Ischium
SKELETAL SYSTEM Dorsal View
Astragalus]Tarsals Calcaneum
Transverse process Neural spine 2nd to 8th vertebrae (Typical vertebrae)
Postzygapophysis
Sacral vertebra (9th vertebra)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN Dorsal view
ISOLATED VERTEBRAE Neural spine Neural arch Postzygapophysis Neural canal Concavity for articulation with occipital condyle Centrun ATLAS Antero-dorsal view
.--------Neural spine ~-----Postzygapophysis
Transverse process ~~~~-------Prezygapophysis
.....__ _ _ Neural canal ~~-------Centrum
TYPICAL VETEBRA Antero-dorsal view
centrum SACRAL VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal view
Neural canal of the lOth
Concavities for articulation lvi th sacral vertebra UROSTYLE Antero-latera! view
Exoccipital Occipital condyle
SKULL Dorsal view
~------------Premaxillae
orbit
SKULL Ventral view
LOWER JAW Dorsal view
Anterior cornu Alary process Body
Posterior cor-nu Thyroid process
HYOID APPARATUS Ventral view
---------------------- Episternum
Omosternum Clavicle
Scapula Suprascapula
Glenoid fossa.
r-------.::..::: PECTORAL GIRDLE Dorsal view
PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE) Lateral view
Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid Mesosternum Xiphistermn
Head Deltoid
ridge/'~·
Condyle Radio-ulna Longitudinal groove Centrale Ordinary carpals Metacarpals Radiale
-"""'o'!;I'J
!l:i(tl.==- Phalanges
Ulnare
FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111
Tibio-fibula
~-
Calcaneum or fib111are Astragalus or tibiale
~--~--
Ordinary tarsals Calcar
AA~..,.,'Hf--
Metatarsals
'~~~~~~Phalanges
HINDLIMB, RIGHT Ventral view
~~~------~-rr-----Temporalis ~~:.------nm-;.;y--- Depressor
mandibula
~~~~~~~~~~~~==Dorsal1s scapula ~ ~rj;;,r--Cucullaris ~\~~?//
Latissimus dorsi oblique m.mmr------------Longiss imus dorsi
IH/IJ/II~r-...;::~=------- External
llfi~~-----------Ilio-lumbaris ~~~~~----------Coccygeo-sacralis
~~~~i---==========Coccygeo-iliacus ~ femoris anticus m~~~~wBwm~~-----------Gluteus :f'(U~~~ ~::m.::rn.------------ Vastus externus
\~---------Triceps
n~~~~---
femoris Semimembranosus
Gracilis minor
fi--------Tibialis anticus Tendon of Achilles
J:..!!.-.!.----
MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dorsal view
Suanentalis
is
cutaneous~~~~tfl\1 pectoralis
0tC r.:.(·s
Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid s epicoracofaaa-- (Anterior pectoralis) --'"----Pectoralis sternalis AU~--------PeCtoralis ~is
(Posterior pectoralis) Linea alba----~~~~\1:~~~------~Rectus abdominis Inscriptiones tendinae
vn:;b£~ .·~~i" n;(~~ ~.(.i d
tt,_,ie;r
Sartori magnus Gracil major Gracili minor Tibia-. ---;;.;
fibula
~~~~-Semitendinosus
Gracilis major (~t) (Rect"US int,ernus major") L-ww~~-- ·Gracilis minor ) (Rectus internus minor Extensor cruris anticus t~~'(J\t~·. Flexor tarsi anterior
lib;ttli~ lU~\1 t.tl..'.. l.JC ~;~ -- 1.:~\lCkr
MUSCULAR qysTEM, ·Ventral view
(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)
T-11
\l' ''~Ji·~.
~--------------------
Median subrostral fossa pulvinar rostrale Lateral subrostral fossa Internal naris or
c"hoana1
'---------~per lip fold
~~~~~---------- Vomerine teeth ~~~---------
~~~---------~;,;:;iii;;----
Sulcus marginalis Maxillary teeth Orbital prominence. Opening into the Esophagus Eustachian tube "fl{·.(.tf·~Laryngeal ·prominence
~---------------------Tuberculum
BUCCAL CAVnY OF A MALE FROG
prelinguale
Nasal cavity Mouth cavity · Brain Esophagus Spinal cord Pelvic .girdle Kidney Adrenal gland Mesonephric quct Renal .portal vein Cloaca Anus
Jugular .vein Carotid artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
Urinary bladder Large intestine
"-"---- · Testis Spleen Fat body Postcava Hepatic portal vein
Abdominal vein Small intestine
INTERNAL. ORGANS, Lateral view
...-----419.~- $kin ---~~;--Dorsal
subcutaneous lymph space Epaxial muscles orizontal skeletogenous septum ·~~~~--Trunk vertebra Kidney isterna magna or subvertebral lymph sinus
Gonadl=Jt~~::::::::==~~
Dorsalmesentery Stomach -~~:r.--rrt
Omentum ____~~~~~-J Duodenum _ _:~~;.::?o:;:c-Linea alba------~~;:~~~~~;;~
Ventro-lateral subcutaneous connective tissue Ventral subcutaneous lymph space Ventral abdominal ve:i.n
BODY CAVITY
Heart Liver Gall bladder Pancreas
Lung Corpora adiposa
Stanach Spleen
Duodenum }Small intestine Ileum
Testis Kidney
Large intestine Cloaca Anus
COELOM AND VISCERA Ventral view of a Male Frog
Duodenum~--~~~~~
Ileum __~------~·~ Mesentery proper or
Mesenterium
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Ventral View
Dr~~------------- Cricoid cartilage
;,_~~~~~----- Laryruc
· RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Fat body or Corpora adiposa Postcava Testis Vas efferens Adrenal gland Kidney Renal vein Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct Vestigial oviduct
Entrance of -~--~----~~ Wolffian duct
Entrance of oviduct Urinary bladder Cloaca Anus
MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Ventral view
.~~~r----+--1-~~U...---\---
Fat body or corpora adiposa Postcava
~~--~----Kidney
~-~---OViduct
ovary_.,____, with eggs fri~;.---....__ _
Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct
of oviduct ~-,~----~---urinary 4--T~-----
Cloaca
..__....,&.j~
~--------------Anus
FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Ventral view
bladder
Ventricle
v. Lung
Liver
v.
Gall bladder
Pulmonary V. Sinus venosus Hepatic v. Bepatic portal V. Postcava
v.
v.
Kidney
v. Ventra1--~~~~~~r-lr~
v. intestine
abdominal V.
~~~----~-Urinary bladder Femoral Sciatic V.-----------------, ~~~~~---------Pelvic V.
v.--------------
VENOUS SYSTEM Ventral view of a Female Frog
Truncus arteriosus--------
carotid A.
Common carotid A---------------~ Systemic arch ___
A. A.
Pulmo-cutaneous A.
A. A. A.
Pulmonary A. _____ Right -lung
---=..:...._
----~ -----~----~~~~
Conus arteriosus
Syst~~ic A.-------~-~~~·
Left gastric A. Hepatic A.
Coeliaco-mesenteric A. Adi{:X)sal A. Anterior mesenteric A.-+~~
~~~~~~Right gastric A. Pancreatic A.
ovari an A. ------------~~~ (spermatic ·A. in Jr;'~~:!r=~L Duodenal A. the male) Intestinal As. . K1dney Renal As.-------------t~~~~~~;!.~~2=~JJ~-- Splenic A. Oviducal A. Spleen Posterior mesenteric A.~~~~--~~• Right common iliac A---~~~~~ ,...._r:til Epigastric A.~-----~--~~~~~ Epigastrico-vesical ~ecto-vesical
A.
--------------~
A.
A.
- - - ~o-=-------- Sciatic A.
ARTERIAL SYSTEM Ventral view of a Female Frog
Truncus arteriosus
Right Precava Pulloonary veins Right auricle Sinus venosus Coronary sulcus
Postcava Ventricle
HEART Dorsal view
Truncus arteriosus
Left precava
Right
Left auricle arteriosus Coronary sulcus
Postcava
HEART Ventral view
r----
Olfactory nerve Olfactory lobe
Brain or Optic lobe or cerebellum or Medulla
.
-.~
.;.'; .,
"· '
·;·
.:·:
....
,.
~~.
0
·' . 0
·.· Spinal cord
..•:
, '.:..
Brachial enlargement
..
·.::
·.
•.
::
:-:
Dor sal fissure
Lumbar enlargement
~--~
Roots of posterior spi nal nerves
Fi lum tenninale
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Dorsal view
Cauda Equina
Olfactory nerve
Telencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere Optic --::ir7'"'"'t.~ chiasma
.·... . ,. .; ~
..
' I
t \\
Optic nerve Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve
,Hypophysis or pituitary body Mesencephalon or Optk lobe Abducens nerve
\
•
•\'
'. ·~
;-
BraChial enlargement
I
}
.·. i .•
r-i- ; . . . . . - - - -
Ventral fissure
..;· .i L\.Dbar enlargement
Roots of posterior spinal nerves cauda equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Ventral view
Olfactory nerve ( 1) Olfactory lobe
Telencephalon Pineal body or Epiph_ysis Diencephalon Metenceph_alon
Mesencephalon Trochlear nerve (4) Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve {7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve ( 9) Vagus nerve (1 0)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES Dorsal view
Olfactory nerve (1)
Telencephalon Optic nerve (2) Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve
( 3)
Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve ( 7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve {9) Vagus nerve (10) Spinal BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES Ventral view
'~----------
Olfactory nerve
J---------- Olfactory lobe
lst and 2nd ventricles or Lateral ventricles ~------~
Telencephalon Foramen of Monro 3rd ventricle
or Iter
CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
