The Control of the Natural Forces Frank Znidarsic Registered Professional Electrical Engineer fznidarsic at aol.com convenient range and strength. This convenient range range and strength has Abstract. The electrical force has a convenient made the electromagnetic force force easy to exploit. exploit. The strong nuclear force force has a range measured in Fermis. The strong nuclear nuclear force has not been harnessed with classical technology technology.. Its range is too short. The range of the weak nuclear force has also placed it beyond the reach of classical technology. technology. The gravitational force is very weak. weak. This weakness has made it impossible to control the gravitational gravitational force. A dielectric medium medium affects the range and the str ength of the electrical force. It is commonly commonly believed that no dielectric (di-forcefield ) exists for the other forces. It is assumed that the range and strength of the nuclear and gravitational forces will converge converge at high energies. These energies are beyond the reach of of any conceivable conceivable technology technology.. A low energy dielectric dielectric condition may exist exist in which the r ange and the strength, of all the natural forces, are affected. This condition condition is that of the quantum transition. This paper presents arguments that may have exposed the path of the quantum transition. This exposure may lead to the development of technology technology that converts converts matter dir ectly into energy.
INTRODUCTION Planck’s constant qualifies the angular momentum of the stationary quantum state. 9 The path of the transitional quantum state h as been unknown. unknown. Einstein described the energy of a photon photon with Planck’s constant.3 Bohr extended extended these ideas to the atomic atomic structure. Bohr’s quantum condition condition states that the angular momentum carr ied by a stationary atomic orbit orbit is a multiple of Planck’s constant. 2 The quantization of angular momentum is a postulate, underivable from from any deeper law, and its validity depended on on the agreement with experimental spectra. These constructs form form the foundation of modern modern physics. The structur e built built upon this foundation considers the classical regi me to be a subset of the quantum realm. Znidarsic’s constant V t qualifies the velocity velocity of the transitional quantum state. The structure of the hydrogen hydrogen atom and an d the intensity of spectral emission were described, described, in the body of of this paper, in terms of Vt. An extension of this work would universally swap Planck’s constant and V t. There would have to be a compelling reason reas on to do this as this change chan ge would would confound the scientific scientifi c communi community. ty. There Ther e are two good reasons for for doing so. Velocity Velocity is a classical parameter. The structure built upon upon this foundation considers considers the quantum regime to be a subset of of the classical realm. The constant also describes describes the progression of an energy flow. An understandin underst anding g of this progression progr ession may lead to the development of new sources of energy.
THE OBSERVABLES Thermal energy, nuclear tr ansmutations, and a few high energy particles have reportedly been produced produced 7,14 during cold fusion experiments. The transmutation tra nsmutation of heavy elements has also been reported. 6 The name Low Level Level Nuclear Reactions is now used to describe the process. The process was renamed to include the reported transmutati trans mutation on of of heavy elements. According to contemporar y theory heavy element transmutations can only progress at energies in the millions of electron volts. volts. The available energy at room temperature is only a fraction fraction of an electron volt. These experimental results do not fit within the confine of the contemporary theoretical constructs. They have been widely criticized criti cized on this basis. These experiments have produced produced very very little, if no, radiation. The lack of high energy radiation is also a source of contention. contention. Nuclear reactions can proceed without without producing radiation under a condition where the range ran ge of the nuclear force exceeds that of the coulombic force. The process of cold fusion may require requir e a radical restructuring of the ran ge of the natural forces. The geometry of of the emitting structures provides a clue. Low Level Nuclear reactions proceed in a domain domain of 50 nanometers. nanomet ers. 1,12,13 They have a positive thermal coefficient. coefficient. The product of the thermal frequency and the domain size is one megahertz-meter. These observable observable parameters may have disclosed the path of the of the quantum transition. The gravitational experiments of Eugene Podkletnov involved the 3 megahertz stimulation of a 1/3 of a meter superconducting superconducting disk. These experiments reportedly produced produced a strong gravitational anomaly. 4,10,11,15 The results also do not appear to fit within the contemporary contemporary scientific construct. construct. They have been been widely criticized. criticized. It is assumed that the generation of a strong local gravitational field violates violates the principle of the conservation conservation of energy. energy. The strength of the electrical field can be modified modified with the use of a dielectric. The existence of a gravitational di-force-field di-force-field no more violates the principle of the conservation of energy than does the existence of an electrical electri cal dielectric. dielectri c. The geometry of of the 8 superconducting superconducting str ucture provides collaborating in formation. The product of the disk size and radio frequency stimulation was, as in the case with cold fusion, one megahertz-meter. Electromagnetic energy flows flows strongly from from the parent to the daughter states during transition. This flow of energy is mediated by a strong electromagnetic interaction. It is reasonable to assume that the other natural forces also interact strongly during transition. The flux of the force force fields flows flows strongly, strongly, and at range, from the parent to the daughter state. The daughter is not not just a displaced parent. The rearrangement of the force fields gives gives birth to an entirely new state. This process is associated associated with the emission of a photon. A convergence in the motion constants constant s uncouples the frequency of the emitted photon from the frequency of the emitting emittin g electron. V t has been refined to a value of 1.094 megahertzmeters. This authors theorem, “The Constants of the Motion Motion tend toward those of the electromagnetic electromagnetic in a Bose condensate condensate that is stimulated at a dimensional frequency of 1.094 1.094 megahertz-meters”, qualifies the strong transitional interaction. All energy flows flows progress by the way of a quantum quantum transition. This theorem describes the progression of an energy flow.
The Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom Planck’s constant describes describes the energy of of an emitted photon. V t describes the velocity of the emitting structure. Two additional additional classical parameters are required in order to describe describe quantum phenomena in terms of the emitting structure. They will will be briefly briefly presented. The radius r p is that of the maximum extent of the proton. proton. The strength of the electrical force equals equals the strength of the strong nuclear force at this radius. The classical radius of of the electron electron exists at 2r p. The coulombic force force produced between two electrical charges compressed to within 2r p equals 29.05 Newtons. Newtons. The force produced by by an amount of energy equal equal to the rest mass of the electron confined to within 2r p is also 29.05 Newtons. Newtons. This confinement force Fmax was qualified in equation (1).
(1)
M e c
2
−
F max
=
2r p
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity Relativity states states that a force can induce a gravitational field. The gravitational gravita tional field of the electron may be coupled to the outward outward force of its confined energy. Newton’s formula of gravity gravity was set set equal to Einstein’s formula of gravitational gravitational induction in Equation (2). The dependent variable in this r elationship was the mass of the electron. (2)
GM e −
( 2r p )
2
=
G
2 r pc 2
F max
The strength of the natural forces converges at radius r p. This convergence allows energy to flow flow between between the natural force fields. The radius r p is the classical radius of energetic accessibility. accessibility. The electrical field is usually described described in terms of force force and charge. The paper describes the electrical field in terms of an elastic constant. The elastic constant method exposes exposes geometric geometric conditions that are experienced by by the natural forces. The elastic constant of the electron K -e was derived from the classical radius of energetic energetic accessibility. accessibility. The force at this radius is F max. It was assumed that that elastic constant of the electron varies inversely with displacements that exist beyond r p. (3)
K e −
=
F max r x
The elastic energy of the electron is given in Equation (4). (4)
E =
1 2
K e (2r p )
2
−
The elastic constant was tested tested at two radii. Radius r x was set equal to the classical r adius of the electron 2rp, The elastic energy contained by a an elastic discontinuity of displacement of 2r p equals to the rest energy of of the electron. Radius r x was then set equal to the radius of the hydrogen hydrogen atom. The elastic energy contained by an elastic discontinuity of displacement of 2r p equals the zero point kinetic energy of the ground state electron. electron. This author has suggested that the natural forces are pinned into the structure of matter at th ese discontinuities. discontinuities. 16 This brief intr oduction oduction describes the classical parameters associated with the emitting structures. Maxwell’s Maxwell’s theory predicts th at accelerating a ccelerating electrons will continuously emit electromagnetic radiation. 5 Bound electrons experience a constant centripetal acceleration; however, they do not continuously emit energy. An atom’s electrons electrons emit energy at discrete quantum intervals. The quantum nature of these emissions cannot be accounted accounted for by any existing existing classical theory. Quantum theory assumes that the gravitational force force is always always weak and ignores it. This is a fundamental mistake. During transition, electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic flux quickly quickly flows flows from the parent to the th e daughter state. Th is rapid flow progresses progresses by the way of a strong electromagnetic and a strong gr avitomagnetic interaction. The energy levels levels of of the atom are established through the action of this strong strong interaction. The velocity velocity of the centric transitional electronic state "t" was expressed as the product product of its frequency F t and wavelength. (5)
F t 2πλ = V t
Lengths of energetic accessibility exist at r p. The velocity velocity of of the atomic transitional states are integer multiples of this fundamental length. (6)
F t 2π (nr p ) = V t
A solution, solution, Equation (7), yields yields the frequency of the transitional quantum state F t. For the isolated isolated electron (n = 1) the frequency Ft equals the Compton frequency F c of the electron. (7)
F t =
V t
2π nr p
The transitional quantum state is a Bose ensemble ensemble of stationary stationary quantum states. The interaction of the fields, within this ensemble, resembles resembles that of the electromagnetic within a superconductor. superconductor. The infinite permeability permeabil ity of of the ensemble ensemble confines the static fields. The zero permitti vity of the ensemble expels the dynamic fields. These effects extend to the ends of the condensation. The motion constan constants ts vary directly directl y with the extent of the condensate. The frequency of the ensemble is a function of its motion constant s. For a Bose condensate (n > 1) the frequency F t varies inversely with the ra dius of the condensate. The electron vibrates in simple har monic motion. The natural frequency F n of the electron is a function of its elastic K-e constant and mass M-e . (8)
F n
K e / M e −
=
−
2π
The mass and the elastic constant of the electron were used to formulate its natural frequency. frequency. (9)
F n
( F max / r ) / M e x −
=
2π
The frequency of of the transitional tran sitional state F t was set equal to th e natural natura l frequency of the electron Fn. The resultant equation provided a simultaneous solution for r x. (10)
V t
2π nr p
=
( F max / r M e x ) / −
2π
Equation (10) was solved for r x resulting in Equation (11). (11)
r x
=
2
n [
F max r p
2
2
V t M e
]
−
The quantity within the brackets [ ] equals the ground state r adius of the hydrogen hydrogen atom. The Th e reduction of
the terms within the brackets produced Equation Equation (12) .
(12)
r x
2
n r h
=
+
The result r x equals the radii of the hydrogen hydrogen atom. A condition condition of energetic accessib accessibility ility exists at points points where the natural frequency of of the electron equals the frequency of the transitional quantum state. The energy levels of the atoms exist as points of electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic accessibility.
The Intensity of Spectral Emission The intensity inten sity of the spectral spectra l lines was qualified by Heisenberg. He described the position position of an electron with a sum of component waves. He placed these component waves into the formula of harmonic motion. Bohr’s quantum condition condition was then factored in as a special ingr edient. Heisenberg Heisenberg found that the intensity of the spectral lines is a function of the square of the amplitude of the stationary quantum state. The great scientists knew nothing of the path of the quantum transition. Their solutions solutions did not incorporate the probability of transition. This author auth or claims to have discovered discovered the path of the quantum transition. His construct construct is centered upon upon the probability of transition. The amplitude (displacement) (displacement) of vibration at the dimensional frequency of of 1.094 megahertz-meters squared is proportionate to the probability of transition.
The transitional electron may be described described in terms of its circumferential velocity. velocity. Equation (13) describes describes the spin of the transitional quantum state. (13) ω r = V t
Angular frequency n times r adius of energetic accessibility r p equals the velocity of of the transitional tr ansitional quantum state. (14)
( 2π f )r =
K e / M e nr p −
−
Equation (14) was was squared, reduced, and solved solved for for r. Equation (15) expresses expresses the amplitude of of the transitional quantum state squared.
(15) 2
r 2
=
K e n r p
2
−
2
4π M e f 2 −
The transitional frequency f of the daughter state is a harmonic har monic multiple of the transitional frequency of the parent state. The product of the transitional frequency, frequency, given by Equation Equation (7), and the integer n was factored into Equation (16). Equation (16) expresses expresses the transitional amplitude in terms of the product product of the amplitudes of the parent and the daughter stat es. (16) 2
r
=
[
2π K e r p −
V t
3
](
n
2
2π 2 M e f −
)
The elastic constant of the electron was expressed in terms of lengths of energetic accessibility in Equation (17). (17)
K e −
F max
=
nr p
The numerator and denominator of Equation (17) were multiplied by by a factor factor of two. two. The elastic constant of the electron, Equation (17), was also factored into Equation (18).
(18)
r 2
=
[
4π F max r p
2
](
V t
n 2
8π M e f
)
−
The factors within the [ ] equal Planck's constant. The r eduction eduction of the terms within the brackets produced, produced, Equation (19), Heisenberg’s Heisenberg’s formulation for the amplitude of the electronic harmonic motion. (19) 2
r
=
nh 2
8π M e f −
The intensity of a spec spectral tral line is i s a function of the probability probability of of transition. The probability probability of transition is proportionate proportionate to the product product of the transitional amplitudes of the parent and daughter states. The amplitude of of a nuclear state is small. small. The amplitude of of a lattice vibration vibration is large. The product of these these two amplitudes ampli tudes is great enough to allow a cold cold fusion reaction to proceed. These constructs reform the foundation of modern physics. This reformation reformat ion is classical. classica l. It may be possible to influence influen ce these classical parameters and construct devices that directly employ employ all four of the natural forces. This control will lead to the development of many new technologies.
CONCLUSION A low energy conditi condition on exists that affects the natural forces. This condition is dynami dynamic. c. It consists of of a vibrating Bose condensate. The vibration of a Bose condensate at the dimensional frequency on 1.094 megahertz-meters appears to increase the strength of the phonons that bind the condensate. This increased strength invites n uclear participation. Superconductors and proton conductors can be externally vibrated to harness the effect. effect. The process process is that of the quantum transition. This new understanding understanding may allow a multi-bodied multi-bodied macroscopic macroscopic object object to be placed placed into a state of quantum transition. Strong gravitational and long-range nuclear effects will be produced. These long range nuclear effects may be used for the production of energy and the reduction of nuclear waste.
NOMENCLATURE Fc Fmax M-e rp r+h = Vt
= = = = = =
1.236 x 10 10 20 hertz 29.05 Newtons 9.10 9.109 9 x 10 10 -31 kg 1.40 1.409 9 x 10 10 -15 meters .529 x 10 -10 meters 1.09 1.094 4 x 10 10 6 hertz-meters
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