Fracture Toughness of Kenaf Mat Reinforced Polyester Composite

Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 19 (1): 167– 177 (2011)

ISSN: 0128-7680 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Fracture Toughness of Kenaf Mat Reinforced Polyester Composite Zainab Shaker Radif* and Aidy Ali Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia * E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The fracture behaviour represents the most critical issue in the automotive and aerospace engine ¿HOGV7KXVWKHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRHVWLPDWHDQGDQDO\]HWKHFUDFNFULWHULDE\XVLQJWKH 0DWKHPDWLFDOODZVWKDWZHUHOLPLWHGLQ(VWDQGDUGDQGWKHUHVXOWVDI¿UPHGE\DSSO\LQJWKH QXPHULFDOVROXWLRQVRI$16<6WRHVWLPDWHWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVYDOXH.,&EHVLGHVWKHHQHUJ\ UHOHDVHUDWHRIELRPDVVFRPSRVLWH7KHVSHFLPHQVZHUHSUHSDUHGIURPGLIIHUHQWSHUFHQWDJHRI NHQDIPDW.0 DQGXQVDWXUDWHGSRO\HVWHUUHVLQ83 .0±83DQG.0±83 UHVSHFWLYHO\DVZHOOWKHRWKHUFRPSRVLWHSURSHUWLHVZKLFKZHUHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHVWUHVVVWUDLQGDWD 7KHIUDFWXUHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRIWKLVFRPSRVLWHZHUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJWKHFRPSDFWWHQVLRQ&7 VSHFLPHQWKDWZDVFRPPRQO\XVHGWRGHWHUPLQH0RGH,IUDFWXUHSURSHUWLHV7KHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV KDVEHHQIRXQGWREHLQGHSHQGHQWRISUHFUDFNOHQJWK0HDQZKLOHWKHWHVWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGDWURRP temperature. The numerical simulations of the ANSYS model results demonstrated a good agreement EHWZHHQWKHH[SHULPHQWVFRPSXWHGUHVXOWVRIWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV7KHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV.,& RI.0±83DQG.0±83ZDVHTXLYDOHQWWR03D¥PDQG03D¥P UHVSHFWLYHO\7KXVWKHIUDFWXUHSURSDJDWLRQLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKH¿EUHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHFRPSRVLWH 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHDUHXQOLPLWHGPHFKDQLVPVRIFUDFNSDWKVGHULYHGIURPUDQGRPO\NHQDIPDW SDFNVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHIURQWDOSURFHVV]RQHRIFUDFNWLS Keywords: Fibre, fracture toughness, energy release rate, kenaf mat composite, unsaturated polyester resin

NOMENCLATURE

Ao Ai Ao ǻD K IC K I J -,& JPL -HO B %1

original measured crack length current crack length Initial measured crack length DL DR Fracture toughness Stress intensity factor J-integral (QHUJ\UHOHDVHUDWH Plastic component of J (ODVWLFFRPSRQHQWRISpecimen thickness 1HWVSHFLPHQWKLFNQHVV%1 %LIQRVLGHJURRYHVDUHSUHVHQW

Received: 3 January 2010 Accepted: 8 April 2010 * Corresponding Author

Zainab Shaker Radif and Aidy Ali

%H ([SUHVVDV%%%1 % (
168

Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 19 (1) 2011

Fracture Toughness of Kenaf Mat Reinforced Polyester Composite

¿EUHVVXIIHUDIHZOLPLWDWLRQVOLNHORZFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKWKHSRO\PHULFPDWUL[EHFDXVHRIWKHLU W\SLFDOK\GURSKLOLFFKDUDFWHULVWLF+RZHYHUVRPHVHOHFWHGHOHPHQWVRIWKHFRPSRVLWHVPXVWEH PRUHFRPSDWLEOHIRUQDWXUDO¿EUHVDQGUHVLQVGXHWRDELOLW\RIWKHK\GUR[\OJURXSVWKDWFRQWDLQ K\GURJHQERQGEHWZHHQWKH¿EUHDQGSRO\PHUWRUHSUHVHQWDPDMRUUROHLQGLUHFWLQJWKHFU\VWDOOLQH SDFNLQJ0DWWKHZVDQG5DZOLQJV 0DQ\VWXGLHVKDYHQRWDEOHVXFFHVVLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKH fracture toughness of KICGHWHUPLQDWLRQVDQG-LQWHJUDOHJ5RGQH\DQG-RKQ'YRUDN 7KHSURFHGXUHVHPSOR\HGLQWKLVVWXG\DUHVLPLODUWRWKRVHDSSOLHGWRPHWDOVLQ$670($ QXPEHURILQYHVWLJDWLRQVRQWKHIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLVPDWWKHFUDFNWLSRIWKH¿EUHFRPSRVLWHVKDYH described the microstructure behaviour of these areas (Patricia et al. $OOPDWHULDOVZKLFK DUHHLWKHUGXFWLOHRUEULWWOHKRPRJHQRXVRUFRPSRVLWHKDYHGHIHFWVDQGFUDFNVZKLFKFRQWULEXWH WRPRUHGHJUDGDWLRQ*HQHUDOO\WKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIPDWHULDOVLVVWXGLHGWREHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKH IUDFWXUHEHKDYLRXURIWKHPDWHULDOVSUHFLVHO\XQGHUDQ\VLWXDWLRQIRUDZLGHUDSSOLFDWLRQ6DPLDQG 5LGKD $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOVRKDVVLJQL¿FDQWHIIHFWVLQWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV PHFKDQLVPDQGHQHUJ\DEVRUSWLRQDPRXQWRIWKHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV'DVKDQG&KDWWHUMHH 2QHRIWKHDFFHSWHGPHWKRGVRIDQDO\]LQJWKHIUDFWXUHEHKDYLRXULVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH/LQHDU (ODVWLF)UDFWXUH0HFKDQLFV/()0 ZKHUHE\WKHDWWHQWLRQLVIRFXVHGRQH[SORULQJWKHIUDFWXUH PHFKDQLVPLQWKHFUDFNWLSRIWKH¿EUHFRPSRVLWH Most of composite material applications are fabricated from brittle matrices and high modulus ¿EUHV+RZHYHUWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUDQGHQHUJ\REVHUYDWLRQUDWHFDQEHHVWLPDWHGXVLQJ the linear elastic fracture mechanic concepts. The main energy observation mechanism can be LQWHUSUHWHGDVFUDFNGHÀHFWLRQVWKDWDUHJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHFUDVKLQJRIWKHSRO\PHUERQGVEHWZHHQ DJJORPHUDWH¿EUHV0HDQZKLOHWLOWLQJSDWKVRUWZLVWLQJPRWLRQDURXQGWKH¿EUHVFDQEHSURGXFHG DFFRUGLQJWRWKH¿EUHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWKHSXOORXW¿EUHH[WUDFWLRQRI¿EUHVIURPWKHPDWUL[ DQG ¿EUHEULGJLQJPHFKDQLVPNLQGRIWKHRQHGLVWLQFWIDLOXUHPRGHRIWKHUDQGRPO\¿EUHDVWKHVSDWLDOO\ PDW¿EUHV7KXVLWFDQEHVWDWHGWKDWQROLPLWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPFDQGRPLQDWHWRHVWLPDWHWKH fracture behaviour (Atodaria et al. .DR VWXGLHGWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRIDODPLQDWHG FRPSRVLWHDQGDI¿UPHGWKDWWKHHQHUJ\UHTXLUHGEHIRUHWKHRQVHWRIIUDFWXUHZDVXQH[SHFWHGO\ ODUJHLHDURXQG¿YHWLPHVODUJHUIRUWKHVHSDUDWH$OIRLOOD\HU2WKHUVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQIRFXVHG DWHVWLPDWLQJWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLVP:RQJDQG0DL6LOYDet al. as attempts to study the limited stability of fracture mechanism. Preparation of the Sample 7KHPDWHULDOVXEMHFWLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZDVFRQVWUXFWHGIURPNHQDIPDWIRULWVVLJQL¿FDQWSURSHUW\ DGYDQWDJHVVXFKDVORZFRVWDQGKLJK¿OOLQJOHYHOVWKDWSRVVLEO\UHVXOWLQJLQKLJKVWLIIQHVVSURSHUWLHV XQOLNHEULWWOH¿EUHV$FRPSDULVRQZDVGRQHEHWZHHQWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVDPRXQWVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQW percentages of the kenaf mat reinforced and unsaturated polyester (UP) resin. *HQHUDOO\WKHFRPSRVLWHVWKDWDUHIDEULFDWHGIURPWKH¿EUHUHLQIRUFHGSRO\PHUHQFRXQWHUHG GUDPDWLFLPSURYHPHQWLQERWKWKHLUWHQVLOHDQGÀH[XUDOSURSHUWLHV8QVDWXUDWHGSRO\HVWHUVDUH XVHGIRUDYDULHW\RILQGXVWULDODQGFRQVXPHUDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQVSOLWLQWRWZRPDMRU FRPSXWDWLRQVFRSHVWRHVWLPDWHWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVDQGHQHUJ\UHOHDVHUDWHWKHVHLQFOXGHWKH QXPHULFDODQDO\VLVRI$16<6DQGWKHH[SHULPHQWGDWDIRU.0±83DQG.0± 83VSHFLPHQV0HDQZKLOHWKHFRPSDFWWHQVLRQ&7 VSHFLPHQZDVFRQVWUXFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH (VWDQGDUGIRUWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVPHDVXUHPHQW$OOWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDUH illustrated in Fig. 1.


169


0.09

5

1.68

3.360

2.732

Fig. 1: (a) The front view of the CT specimen;; (b) the compact tension specimen 20% KM -80% UP;; and (c) Izo AutoCAD drawing of CT specimen

7KHWKLFNQHVVZDVPPIRUDOOWKHVSHFLPHQVZKLOHWKHLQLWLDOQRWFKOHQJWKWRVSHFLPHQZDV EHWZHHQPPDQGWKHQRWFKWLSZDVVKDUSHQHGZLWKDUD]RUEODGHWRVLPXODWHDVKDUSFUDFN 7KHWHQVLOHWHVWIRUVSHFLPHQVZDVFRQGXFWHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVDQG-LQWHJUDO IRUWKLVSDUWLFXODUFRPSRVLWH7KHWHQVLOH\RXQJPRGXOXV\LHOGORDGDQGH[WHQVLRQDW\LHOGSRLQW ZHUHFDOFXODWHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\ Tensile Testing of Composites 7KHWHQVLOHVSHFLPHQLHPPE\PPZDVFDXJKWDFFRUGLQJWR$670''0 0WKHFRPSRVLWHRIWKHWHQVLOHVSHFLPHQLVDVLOOXVWUDWHGLQFig. 27HVWLQJZDVFRQGXFWHGDQG WKHGDWDZHUHGLJLWDOO\DFTXLUHG7KHWHQVLOHVWUHVVWHQVLOHVWUDLQDQG\RXQJPRGXOXVRI.0 ±83DQG.0±83ZHUHFDOFXODWHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\DVLQGLFDWHGEHORZ7KH\RXQJ PRGXOXVIRUWKHVHFRPSRVLWHVZDV03DDQG03DUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHWHVWZDVSHUIRUPHG LQWKHLQVWURQPDFKLQHN1VHULHVDQGXQGHUWHVWVSHHGWKDWLVOLPLWHGE\PPPLQ 7KHVSHFL¿HGWHVWFRQGLWLRQVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVRIVSHFLPHQZHUHFRQGXFWHG DFFRUGLQJWR,62

170



Fig. 2: ASTM D3039 tensile specimen

7KHWHQVLOHWHVWZDVSHUIRUPHGIRU¿IWHHQFRPSDFWVSHFLPHQVXQGHUVWDEOHVSHHGUDWHWRHVWLPDWH WKHHQHUJ\UHOHDVHUDWHDQGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV$FFXUDWHHYDOXDWLRQVZHUHUHFRUGHGIRUWKHOLPLWHG WKH3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLRRIWKHFRPSRVLWHYLDUHFRXUVHRIWKHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVJDJHVWUDLQ RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The tensile results of 40% KM – 60% UP denote the dramatic improvement in the yield load of the FRPSRVLWHZKLFKLQFUHDVHWKH¿EUHSHUFHQWDJH7KHWHQVLOHUHVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOHZKLOHWKH load-displacement graph is illustrated in Fig. 3. 7$%/( 1 Tensile results of the kenaf–polyester composite Kenaf–polyester percentage

Yield stress MPa

Young modulus Mpa

7HQVLOHH[WHQVLRQDW\LHOG point mm

20%KM – 80%PU 40%KM – 60%PU

26.648

4488 4780

1.836 1.6003

Load N

/RDG'LVSODFHPHQW

'LVSODFHPHQWPP

Fig. 3: The tensile load-displacement graph


171


7KHFRPEDWVSHFLPHQZDVJHQHUDOO\XVHGRQO\IRUWKHNIC testing. . At load PL the calculation of KiZDVFRPSXWHGLQVWDQWDQHRXVDWDOOWKHUHFRUGHGSRLQWVLQWKHORDGGLVSODFHPHQWVFXUYHDV IROORZV 7KHFXUUHQWFUDFNOHQJWKZDVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHNQRZOHGJHWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVORDGGLVSODFHPHQW VORSHWKDWZDVUHTXLUHGWR¿QG&c(i)DVIROORZV

slope = b Dv

Dpli

(1)

ZLWK

ai

w

= [1 . 000196 - 4 . 0631u + 11 . 242u2 - 106 . 043u3 + 464 . 335u4 - 650 . 677u5 (2)

Hence:

u=

1 [Be ECc (i) ] 1 / 2 + 1

(3)

7KXV WKH LQVWDQWDQHRXV IUDFWXUH FDQ EH PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ H[SUHVVHG XVLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ H[SUHVVLRQ

K(i) =

Pi f (ai / W) 1 (BBN W) 2

(4)

[(2 + ai / W) (0 . 886 + 4 . 64 (ai / W)

f (ai / W) =

- 13 . 32 (ai / W) 2 + 14 . 72 (ai / W) 3 - 5 . 6 (ai / W) 4 )] 3 (1 - ai / W) 2

0HDQZKLOH-IRUWKHFRPSDFWVSHFLPHQZDVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV

- -el +J pl

(6)

7KH-FDOFXODWLRQVIRUWKHEDVLFWHVWPHWKRGIRUWKHFRPSDFWVSHFLPHQDUHUHODWHGWRWKH3RLVVRQ¶V ratio and young modulus. K2 (1 - v2 ) + JPl E

J=

(7)

7KHSODVWLFFRPSRQHQWRI-ZDVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV hAPl J pl = B b N o

(8)

,QRUGHUWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHFUDFNRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQWWKHFUDFNOHQJWKHVWLPDWLRQVKDOOEH FRUUHFWHGIRUURWDWLRQZKLOHWKHFRPSOLDQFHLVFRUUHFWHGDVIROORZV

172

Ci Cc (i) = H D [ R sin ii - cos ii ] [ R sin ii - cos ii ]


(9)


Where:

u=

1 [Be ECc (i) ] 0 . 5 + 1

(10)

,QDGGLWLRQWKHFUDFNOHQJWKLVJLYHQDVIROORZV ai / W = [1 . 000196 - 4 . 06319u + 11 . 242u2 - 106 . 043u3 + 464 . 335u4 - 650 . 677u5 ] (11) 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRI.0±83ZHUHHTXLYDOHQW WR03D¥P DQGLQWKH.0±83HTXDOWR03D¥P WKLV¿QGLQJGHQRWHGWKH UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH¿EUHSHUFHQWDJHDQGWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVYDOXH7KH tolerance of KCL YDOXHEHWZHHQWKHVSHFLPHQVLVUHODWHGZLWKWKH¿EUHPLFURGLDPHWHURUWKHNHQDI SLFNVGLDPHWHUVDWWKHFUDFNWLSDQGWKHFUDFN]RQHPRUSKRORJ\ZKHUHE\QRPHFKDQLVPFDQ GRPLQDWHDQDFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWIRUWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRIWKHPDWFRPSRVLWHV7KXVWKH.CL UHOHDVHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDYHUDJHRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVYDOXHVWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKH.CL values of WKHFRPSRVLWHZKHUHDVLQRUGHUWRREWDLQPRUHDFFXUDWHFDOFXODWLRQVWKHQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVZDV performed to only the KCL value. 7$%/( 2 ([SHULPHQWVDQGQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVIRUWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVDQGHQHUJ\UHOHDVHUDWH

Specimen percentage contents

20 KM-80UP

No. specimen 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

average

40 KM-60UP average

1 2 3 4 6

KLc H[SHULPHQWDO results 03D¥P

([SHULPHQW energy release UDWH.-P2

KLc numerical results 03D¥P

Numerical energy release UDWH.-P2

1.8899 0.779 1.0287 0.4319 2.32 2.14 1.36

0.716 0.123 0.214 0.148 0.037 0.143 0.062 0.182 0.712 0.401 1.024 0.871

1.0406 0.9499 0.8837 1.2877 0.787 0.922 2.04

0.219 0.182 0.336 0.172 0.226 0.124 0.213 0.908 1.439 1.189 0.792 1.279

2.0

0.761

2.49

1.180

7KHSRWHQWLDOHUURUVLQWKH$16<6PRGXOHVROXWLRQVZHUHGHULYHGXVLQJKRPRJHQRXVPDWHULDO ZKLOHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVGRPLQDWHWKHKHWHURJHQHRXVRIGLVWULEXWLRQDQGRULHQWDWLRQRIWKH ¿EUHLQWKHFUDFNWLSFig. 4 illustrates the stress component that is concentrated at the yield point


173


Fig. 4: The stress deformation of the simulation specimen

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rp (m)

JPD[.-P2 )

¨DPD[(m)

20%KM- 80% UP

6.74 ×10

9.327 × 10-3

î-3

40%KM – 60% UP

î-4

1.27 × 10-2

î-3

7KH-LQWHJUDOYDOXHVDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFUDFNH[WHQVLRQYDOXHVPXVWEHSORWWHGDVVKRZQ in Fig. 5+HQFHWKH-5FXUYHLVGH¿QHGDVWKHGDWDLQDERXQGHGUHJLRQE\WKHFRRUGLQDWHD[HV JPD[DQG¨DPD[DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQFig. 5. 3DUWLFXODUO\LQWKH$16<6SURJUDPPHWKHUHLVDFRPSOH[LW\RIFRQVWUXFWLQWKHFRPSRVLWH PRGHOZKHUHE\WKHFRQWHQWNHQDIPDWDFWVDVUDQGRPO\UHLQIRUFHG¿EUH7KXVWKHPDWHULDO SURSHUWLHVRIWKH
174


- .-PA


&UDFN([WHQVLRQPP

Fig. 5: Crack extension and energy release rate (J-R curve) of 20% KM – 80% UP

Specimen Number 20% KM – 80% UP Specimen

)UDFWXUH7RXJKQHVV03DPA 40% KM – 60% UP

Fig. 6: The tolerances between experiment and the ANSYS results for (a) 20% KM – 80% UP and(b) 40% KM – 60% UP

3HUWDQLND-6FL 7HFKQRO9RO


CONCLUSIONS )URPWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQXPEHURIFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQDVOLVWHGEHORZ 1. The tensile result of 40% KM – 60% UP demonstrated a dramatic improvement in the yield ORDGRIWKHFRPSRVLWHZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJSHUFHQWDJHRI¿EUH 2. %DVHGRQWKHH[SHULPHQWWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVUHVXOWVRI.0±83ZHUHIRXQGWR EHHTXLYDOHQWWR03D¥P DQGWKLVZDVHTXLYDOHQWWR03D¥P LQWKH.0± 83GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH¿EUHSHUFHQWDJHDQGWKHLQFUHDVLQJYDOXHRI the fracture toughness. 3. 7KHQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVH[KLELWHGDJRRGDJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKHH[SHULPHQWV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ 0DOD\VLD DQG 8QLYHUVLWL 3XWUD0DOD\VLD830 IRUWKHLUJHQHURXVVXSSRUW,QDGGLWLRQWKHWHFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFHIURP0U 0XKDPPDG:LOGDQ,O\DV0U)DVLO0LVV6LWL+DVQDQL0RKDPPDG0U7DMXO$ULI¿QE0G 7DMXGGLQLVPXFKDSSUHFLDWHG REFERENCES $670''0D6WDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGIRUWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVRISRO\PHUPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV Annual book of ASTM Standards14 $670(6WDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGIRUPHDVXUHPHQWRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRIPHWDOOLFPDWHULDOV $WRGDULD'53XWDWXQGD6.DQG0DOOLFN3. $IDWLJXHFUDFNJURZWKPRGHOIRUUDQGRP¿EHU composites. Journal of Composite Materials31 ± 'DVK3.DQG&KDWWHUMHH$. (IIHFWVRIHQYLURQPHQWRQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRIZRYHQFDUERQHSR[\ composite. Birla Institute of Technology. 'YRUDN*- &RPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVLQHODVWLFEHKDYLRXUGDPDJHIDWLJXHDQGIUDFWXUHInternational Journal of Solids and Structures 37 ± )DULDV0$GH)DULQD0=3H]]LQ$37DQG6LOYD'$. 8QVDWXUDWHGSRO\HVWHUFRPSRVLWHV UHLQIRUFHGZLWK¿EHUDQGSRZGHURISHDFKSDOP0HFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQSUR¿OH Materials Science and Engineering GRLMPVHF.09.020. /LX4DQG+XJKHV0 7KHIUDFWXUHEHKDYLRXUDQGWRXJKQHVVRIZRYHQÀD[¿EUHUHLQIRUFHGHSR[\ FRPSRVLWHV&RPSRVLWHV3DUW$Applied Science and Manufacturing39 0DWWKHZV)/DQG5DZOLQJV5' Composite Materials: Engineering and Science. London: Chapman and Hall. 0D\D-DFRE-RKQDQG6DEX7KRPDV %LR¿EUHVDQGELRFRPSRVLWHCarbohydrate Polymers71± 3DWULFLD.LP1HOVRQ9LFWRU&/L$VFH)DQG7RVKLUR.DPDGD )UDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVRIPLFUR¿EHU reinforced cement composites. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering14 $6&( 6LOYD596SLQHOOL'%RVH)LOKR::&ODUR1HWR6&KLHULFH*2DQG7DUSDQL-5 )UDFWXUH WRXJKQHVVRIQDWXUDO¿EHUVFDVWRURLOSRO\XUHWKDQHFRPSRVLWHV Rodney W. Trice and John W. Halloran. (1999). Mode I fracture toughness of a small-grained silicon nitride: 2ULHQWDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGFUDFNOHQJWKHIIHFWVJournal of the American Ceramic Society 82 2633–40.

176



6DPL%HQ%UDKLPDQG5LGKD%HQ&KHLNK ,QÀXHQFHRI¿EUHRULHQWDWLRQDQGYROXPHIUDFWLRQRQWKH tensile properties of unidirectional Alfa-polyester composite. Composites Science and Technology67 140–147. 6KDULIDK+$]L]0DUWLQ3$QVHOO6LPRQ-&ODUNHDQG6LPRQ53DQWHQ\ 0RGL¿HGSRO\HVWHUUHVLQV IRUQDWXUDO¿EUHFRPSRVLWHV Composites Science and Technology 65± Sharon Kao-Walter. (2003). Fracture Toughness of a Laminated Composite(OVHYLHU/WGDQG(6,6$ 6KLQML2FKL 0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRINHQDI¿EHUVDQGNHQDI3/$FRPSRVLWHVMechanics of Materials 40± :RQJ6&DQG0DL<: )UDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUHVRIXQUHLQIRUFHGDQG¿EHUUHLQIRUFHG 3$336(%6J0$Annual Technical Conference56$WODQWD86$


177

Fracture Toughness of Kenaf Mat Reinforced Polyester Composite

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