Bridgin V@cabulay
Diane Schmit Norbe Schmit David Mann
'
•• .
In honor of your retrements: To Paul Meara, tank you for elping us to understand ow te mind processes vocabua. o Pau Nation, tank you for guiding us in ow to teac vocabua eectivey
Focus on Vocabula 1: Bdging Vocabula Cpyrht © 20 y Per Et I. A rht reerve N prt f th pt my e repre tre retrev ytem r trmtte y frm r y y me eetr meh phtpy, rer r therwe wtht the prr perm f the pher pher Per Et 0 k Stree Whte P NY 0606 USA Sta credits: The pepe wh me p the Focus on Vocabular 1 tem repreet etr prt
e mftr re Petr A Jh rezky Dve Dkey Ov erez Chrtpher Lewz Mr P Mrre Amy MCrm Jefer Stem P E Development editor: Leh Ste Text composition: Rw Grph Cover and text design: Mr P Mrre Cver J C/Nt Gerph St A pht re frm Shttertkm exept fr the Photo credits: Cver fw Pe 54 RIA Nvt/Amy 83 AP Ime/Mr Je Shez; 36 Ime Sre/Amy 84 (me eft) Ptr Pre Lt/Amy (ttm rht) Ptr Pre Lt/Amy 86 D Ime/Amy 203 Trty Mrrr/Mrrrpx/Amy Mrrr/Mrrrpx/ Amy Text nts: Hevet Nee New Ater Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shmtt De 963 vry. r vry vry / De Shmtt Nrert Shmtt Dv M -- 2 e p m m Ie ex IBN 0-33769-5 -- IBN 0-3-3767-9 ryPrem exere et 2 Re Hher Et)-Prem Et)-Pre m exere et I Shmtt Nrer 956 II M Dv III Tte PE449S343 20 428--22 200036452 ISN0 03-3769-5 ISN3 978033769-9 PEARSON LONGMAN ON THE WEB
Pearsonlongman.com offers onine esources for teachers and students. Access our Companion Webstes, our online catalog, and our local offces around the world Vist us at w.pearsonlongman.com
Prte the Ute Stte f Amer 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 00425 4 3 2
Contents • • • • • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
To the Teacher . ................................ ................................·. · ..................... .......
v
To the Student ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ......................... .............. .ix About the Authors
................................................. .. ....... xv
(I�I;I Happiness CHAPTER
1:
......................................................................................... 1
Can We Be Happier? 2
Reading: Why Are You Happy? 3 CHAPTER
2:
CHAPTER
3:
CHAPTER
4:
Into the Flow 1 Reading Getting into the Fow 2
Happiness in Bhutan 2 Reading Gross Nationa Happiness 23 Strategy Practice 35
(i]�,# Mind ................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 5:
What Are You Thinking? Thinking? 44 Reading: When Did Humans Begin Beg in to Think? 45
CHAPTER 6:
What Coor Is Your Laugh? 53 Reading Synesthesia 54
CHAPTER
7:
CHAPTER
8:
Did You Have Troube Getting Up This Moing? 63 Reading The Teenage Brain 64 Strategy Practice 74
(]�i,c Design ............................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER
9:
Science Fiction into Reaity 82 82 Reading Star Trek Technoog Technoogyy 83
CHAPTER 10:
How Choice Architects Can Hep You! 9
Reading A Nudge in the Right Direct Direction ion 92 92 CHAPTER 11:
Positive Desig Positive Designn 00 Reading Easie Easierr on the Eye-Easier to Use? 02
CHAPTER 12:
Strategy Practice 3
]�1,.i Face It ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...................... ....... 117 CHAPTER 13:
What's behind an Attractive Attractiv e Face? 8
Reading Facia Attraction 19 CHAPTER 14:
Makeup: Painted Faces 26 Reading Face Paint , _ 27
CHAPTER 15:
Facia Recognition: Do You Know Who I Am? 35 Reading I Know That Face 36
CHAPTER 16:
Strategy Practice 46 iii
b]�;- Technology Technology..... ..................... ..................... .................. .............................. ...................................... ................... ...... 150 CHAPTER 17:
Techno-Doping .................................. Techno-Doping ..................................................... .................... . 151 Reading: Sports Technology: Is It Unfir? ............................. .............................................. ................. 152
CHAPTER 18:
Connected or Disconected?........... ...................... ......................... .............. 159 Reading: Will They Call Us "Generation Isolation? ................... ................... 160 Evolution v 2.0: Shared Humanity............... Humanity............................... ........................ ........ 168 Reading: Rise of the Machines........... .................... ................... ................................. ....................... 169
CHAPTER 19:
CHAPTER 20:
Strategy Practice ....... ............. ............ .................. ....................... ........... 180
[]�i;I Celebrity Celebrity--and Heroes.......................... ..................................... .................... .................. ................ ....... 84 What Makes a Hero?...... .................... ..................................... ....................... 185 185 Reading: Who's a Hero?......... .............. .....��........................... ........................... 186
CHAPTER 21:
CHAPTER 2:
The Appeal Appeal of Comic Book Heroes Heroes ............ ............................................ ................................ 193 Reading: Japanese and American Comic Book Heroes ........................ ........................ 194
CHAPTER 23:
What's Your Favorite Brand o Celebrity? Celebr ity? ........... ............................. .................. 202 Reading: Balloon Boy Brand Failure ........... ................ .......................... ..................... 203
CHAPTER 24:
Strategy Practice .......................... ............................................. ................... 215
[]�j,W Envinment ................................................................................ 220 CHAPTER 25:
Eco Fashion.................... ........................ .......... ................... ............. 221 Reading: Fashion Victim or Environme Environmental ntal Victory? .............................. .............................. 222 Hunting the Hunters ............. ................... ........................ .................. 230 Readg: Pray r the Predators ............. .................................... ....................... 231 231
CHAPTER 26:
CHAPTER 27:
HighTech Trash..... Trash......... ...... ............ .......... 238 Reading: WasteAge ........ .................... .................... ............................ .................... 239
CHAPTER 28:
Strategy Practice ........... ................... ............. .................... ............... 249
Index of Target Words. 253 253
iv
Contents
To the Teacher .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.. .. .... ... . . . . ...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ...... ........ ... ..
Overview We know that learners need to have a vey large vocabulay in order to be able to fnction in an English environment. Recent research has shown that learners must know as many as 6,000-7,000 word families to be able to understand spoken discourse in a wide variety of contexts Furthermore, learners also need to know around 8,0009,000 word families in order to read a range of authentic texts (e.g. novels and newspapers) (Nation, 2006) Of course, learners can cope to some extent with smaller vocabularies than these, but then unknown words will be a recurring problem These gures may seem daunting, but even so, they do not flly reect the learning that students must do Each word family includes several individual word forms, including the root form (reect), its inlections (refected refecting refects) and regular derivations (refection refective). Nation (2006) shows that the most frequent 1,000 word families average about six members (t yes e family), decreasing to about three members per family at the 9,000 frequency leve According to his calculations, a vocabulary of 6,000 word fmilies (enabling listening) entails knowing 28,015 individual word orms, while the 8,000 families (enabling wide reading) entails 34,660 words (Schmitt, 2008). However, it cannot be assumed that knowing one word family member implies knowing (or being able to guess) related members Schmitt and Zimmeman's (2002) advanced learners of English typically knew only some, but not all, of the noun/ verb / adjective/ adverb members of word families they studied The upshot is that learners must learn a very large number of words to be successl English users. Unfortunatel, learners typicaly fll well shot of the size reqirements reported here Laufer (2000) suveyed a number of international teaching contexts and found that some university students knew around 4,000 word families (afer 1,8002,400 hours of instruction) However, the majority of learners she sureyed only knew between 1,000 and 2,000 word families These learners did know ome or all of the most equent word families in English (ofen considered the most fequent 000) but had woeflly inadequate vocabulay sizes compared to the requirements outlined here What are teachers to do about this typical deciency in vocabulary size? Clearly, the longterm goal of 6,0007,000 or 8,0009,000 words requires extended stud, but in the shor term, it makes sense to work towards a more achievable interim objective For leaers who have most of the highequenc, rst 2,000 amilies in place, the obvious target is the next equency band, that is, 3,0004,000. Fou o Voabula 1: Bidging Voabula focuses on just this vocabula. This vocabulary can be considered "bridging vocabulary as it exists between highequency vocabulary (which mainly expresses basic eveyday concepts) and the less frequent, extensive vocabular, which allows the expression of precise, nuanced, and stylisticall appropriate communication After your students have mastered this brdging vocabuar, they should be able to talk about a wider range of topics and use English with more precision. This should put them on the threshold of using English for more academic or formal purposes if they wish As such, we see this book as a ve good oundation for the more academic vocabulary and style found in Focus on Vocabula 2 Mastering the Academic Word List In this book, we explicitly teach 04 word families from the 3,000,000 equency band, although the majority of them are om the easier 3,000 band t would have been possible to include more words in this book, but there is V
always a compromise between teaching may words i a cursory shio and teachig wer words in greater depth. The words i the 3,000,000 bad are still relatively high frequency vocabular, ad so need to be leared well. Also, it must be remembered that we are teachig word families, ad so the number of idividual wo_ds taught will number in the thousands. I order to help studets gai a reasoable mastery of these words, we have drawn on the latest vocabula researc to design the most beecial exercises. The key ratioale behid the pedagogy in this book ca be summarized in he followig poits. • Words must be ecoutered numerous times to be leared. Natio (990) reviewed the literature ad concluded that it takes from ve to sixteen or more repetitions for a word to be leared. I every chapter of Focus on Vocabula 1, each target word appears at least four times, ad most appear may more times elsewhere i the book. The Strategy Practice chapters ad Uit Tests provide additional recycling opportunities • Learning a wod entails more than knowing its meaing, spellig, ad pronuciatio (Schmitt, 2000) I fct, there are a number of other types of word kowledge, includig a word's collocatios, grammatical caracteristics, register, frequenc, ad associatios. I order to use a word with condece, a learner must have some mastery of all of these types of word kowledge Some ca be taugt explicitly (fo example, meanig and spellig), while others ca only be truly acquired through numerous exposures to a word (fr example, equency and register ifrmation) Our extensive recyclig can help learers gai ituitios about types of word knowledge that are best leared i cotext We have provided exposures to the taret vocabulary in both reading passages ad i a number of exercise senteces, which model as may dieret cotexts as possible At the same time, our exercises focus o elemets that can be explicitly taught. Every chapter focuses o meaig, the derivative forms of a word (word families), ad collocation. • Students lear best when their attentio is focused o the material to be leared (Schmidt, 1990. To make the target words more oticeable, we have placed them i tye i the chapters i which they are the target words However, to avoid excess clutter, recycled target vocabulary is not boldfaced i subsequent chapters. • Leaers typically do ot kow all of the members of a word famil, even if they kow some of these word forms (Schmitt ad Zimmerman, 2002). Howeve, a learer must kow the correct form of a word (ou, verb, adjective, adverb) for a particular cotext. Thus, every chapter has a sectio (Word Families) that deals with the derivative forms of the target words • Equally imporant or the atural use of words is collocatio These word partnerships are actually dicult to teach, but we feel that collocatio is so important to the appropriate use of vocabulary that we have icluded a collocatio section i each chapter (Collocation. The exercises explicitly teach a umber of collocatios for the target words However, as it is impossible to teac all of the collocatios for a word, the tasks are best seen as exercises that help make learers more aware of collocatios in geeral and may help students build their collocatio ituitions for individual words more rapidly • In order to ensure that the information in this book relects the actual usage of the arget words, we have researched a umber of corpora, icludig the 263 million-word New Logma Corpus This has allowed us to empirically determie how the target words behave i real contexts. This was particularly usefl i identiig the collocations of the words, because ituitios are ofe unreliable i this area. In addition, the examples and setece exercises i tis vi
To the Teacher
book are informed by the patterns and constructions found in the corpus, and so are authentic in nature.
Organization of the Book<\�.· The book is divided into seven units, with each unit focusing on a specic subject Within each unit, there are four chaters-three main chaters plus a Strategy Practice chapter that resents additional information and chances to recycle the target vocaulary
MAIN CHAPTERS Each of the three main chapters is organized as follows Getting Stared provides warmup questions about the chapter topic The
qestions' main purpose is to activate students prior knowledge about the topic before they read the passage The questions also usually ask about the students life or ideas, and so can be used as a more general discussion starter as well Assessing Your Vocabula Knowledge: Target Words presents twentyfour
target words and asks studens to assess their knowledge of each word both before and afer they work through the chater (Revisiting the Target Words) The assessment test is taken from Schmitt and Zimmerman (2002) and views vocabulary learning as incremental Thus, even if students do not achieve productive mastery of every ord by the time the chater is nished, the test can show partial imrovement (for examle, from no knowledge to receptive knoledge). By avoiding a no knoledge I full maste dichotomy, the test can show smaller degrees of learning We would exect every student to learn enogh about the target words to show some improvement on this test, which should maintain and enhance their motivation Reading resents a readin assae that has been graded in difculty to be suitable
for the level of student learning the 3,0004,000 frequency band of vocablary The embedding of the target vocabulary in these texts ensures that it is not introduced in isolation, but in meaningful contexts There is also a great deal of target vocabulary in these tets that is not secically focused on in the chapter, and that provides natural recycling in new contexts of words students have already studied In addition, the passages are suitable for a wide range of readingbased tasks if you so desire This integration of reading and vocabulary allos the study of lexis in programs that have a reading focus, and promotes the benecial concrrent improvement of reading and vocabulary skills For example, at the end of each passage, e include six questions (Reading Comprehension) that focus on comprehension ranging om literal details to oinions about the issues raised by the text We also provide the wor counts for each main passage to allow you o use the passages for timedreading urposes Time reading of already amiliar assages gives students practice in developing luent reading skills Focusing on Vocabulary features the following sections
• Wd Mann features a variety of exercises designed to help students learn the meaning of each of the twentyour target words Some of the tasks are eductive in nature, and some are inductive, catering to a range of leaing styles
To the Teacher
vii
• Word Families provides practice in recognizing and using the various drivative word forms that make up a word's family (behave, behavio behavioral). • Collocation exercises ar designed to improve students' intuitions about the collocations a word takes (human behavio behavior modicatio Expanding he Topic provides various reading, discussion, and writing activities that recycle the target words and expand students word knowledge in new ways.
STRATEGY PRACTICE The fourth chapter in each unit is a Strategy Practice chapter that gives students anothr chance to engage with many of the word families thy have studid in the unit while at th same time developing vocabulary learning strategies Each Strategy Practice chapter begins with a Getting Startd section and ends with a Focusing on Vocabulary Cards section Th Stratgy Practice chapters deal w ith a variety of topics For example in Chapter 4 dictionary us is discussed In Chapter 8, the focus is on ssay writing The rmaining Strategy Practic chapters (12 16 20 24, 28) also have a Learning More about Words section as well as a reading skills section The Strategy Practice chapters are thus a combination of recycling focusing on word knowledge types and developing stratgies
Answer Key and Unit Tests Focus on Vocabula 1 is accompanied by an online Student Book Answer Key and Unit ests Th tests giv students additional vocabulary practice and assess their word knowledge Focus on Vocabula 1 draws on our vocabulary research and many years of experience teaching vocabulary We hope that you enjoy using it in your classes and that it helps your students learn the type of vocabulary they need to use English in more competent ways Good luck!
References Laufer, B (2000) ask effect on instructed vocabulary learning: The hypothesis of involvement In Selected Pape from AILA 99 Tokyo (pp 47-62) Tokyo: Waseda Univrsity Press Nation ISP (10) Teaching and leaing vocabula New York: Heinle and Heinle Nation, ISP (2006) How large a vocabulary is neded for reading and listening? Caadian Mode Language Review 63: : 5-8 Schmidt, R (10) The role of consciousness in second language learning Applied Linguistic 11 12-158 Schmitt N (2000) Vocabula i language teachig Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press Schmitt, N (2008) Instructed second language vocabulary learning Laguage Teaching Reseach 12 32-363 Schmitt, N, and Zimmerman, C B (2002) Derivative word forms: What do learners know? TESOL Quatel, 3 145-171 viii
the Teacher
To the Student •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why Study "Bridging Vocabulary? We assume you know the most commo words in English. Many of these frequent wrds are taught in schools an occur regularly in reading materials, so you have probably seen them often However, they mainly refer to common everyday topics and you will probably have trouble nding the right word if you want to talk about other things. The words you will study in Focus on Vocabular 1 are beyond this basic vocabular at the next level When you learn the vocabulary at this higher level you will be able to discuss a much wider range of topics and use English words much more precisely You can think of the vocabulary at this level as forming a "bridge" between the basic vocabulary you already now and the large vocabulary you would eventually like to lea. Bridging vocabulary is also an imporant step towards using vocabulary in acaemic situations in case you want to continue your education in English
Knowing a Word In order to use words effectively in your oral and written work, you must know more than simple wor meanings You must expand your nowledge of a wor so that you know which meanig ts a particular context You must learn which word form to use (for example a noun or a verb) i a specic sentence I addition, you must learn how to combine words with other words to form commonly used collocations Many elements of word knowledge are required i order to choose the best word or a particular situatio Some of these elements of word knowledge include the following • Word Meaning: Many words in nglish have more than one meaning. You must be careful to use the rght meanig for the right context. • Word Families: Most words are part of a family" of words with a shared meaning. You need to now how the different family members (for example noun form adjective form) are spelled and proounced • Collocation: Some words appear together frequently hey are word partners" or collocations Knowig these word parters can help you sound more natural. • Synonyms: Synonyms have a similar meaing, but there are ofen some contexts where one synonym is more appropriate than another one. • Frequency: he equency of a word can mae a difference in how it is used Generall, higher frequency words are more basic and are used in everyday situations, while lower frequency words are usually restricted to specic situations and ten to be more formal
ix
•
Vocabulary Learning Strategies
_
.
Focus on Vocabulr 1 will help you learn "bridging vocabulary words. Howeve, to learn them well you will need to continue meeting and learning these word families outside of this book. This means you will need to use vocabulary strategies to maximize your learning. Below we describe a number of these vocabulary learnin strategies Complete the activities to see how the strategies can help you lear the words bette.
USING A DICTIONRY One of the most important reasons to use a dictionay is to discover a word's meaning. However, many words have more than one meaning and you must be f carel to choose the one that matches the context. Below are three meanings of the word bolt from the Longman Dictona of Amercan Englsh. Match the meaning to the followng three conexts.
_ 1 weather 2. being in a hurry
a.
a screw with a at head and no point fr fastening things together lightning that appears as a white line in the sky: a bolt of lightning
3. mechanical things
to rn away suddenly
GUESSIN FROM CONTEXT Guessing the meaning of a new word from context is a very good way to supplement the learning of vocabulay om a book like hs You can get clues from the surrounding words and the constrction of the sentences Try this example, which has the target word
mood.
Have you ever been in such a bad mood that nothing made you feel happy? Even hearing your favorite song or seeing your best frend would not cheer you up Negative feelings like this are normal occasionall but if they last for a long time, friends may begin to consider you moody and might even star avoiding you altogethe 1 What is the meaning of mood? 2.
What are the clues that helped you discover this meaning?
3 Did you notice the word moody and guess that it is pat of the same word family? How could this help you understand the meaning of mood
x
To the Student
EXNSIV RADIG Although you gain a lot of benets from studying word, you alo need to see or hear them in many contexts to understand how to use them appropriately. One of the best way to gain this wide exposure is to read extensivel The repeated exposure to words in reading will help you remember their pellings and meanings, and will also show the other words they commonly occr with In other words, by reading widely, you will eventually begin to get a feel for which words collocate with the words you are learning Look at the ten examples of habit in these sentences. Do you notice any collocation patterns?
1 Whn dng you ned o dvop nb ang habits and onnu o 2. Sh had an annoyng habit of appng h ng on h ab
3 John an h ng hough h ha a nou habit h had nv ben ab o bak 4 H mo annoyng habit wa how he away domnad a onvaon 5. Undand you ang habits, and you w b on p o o ann
hem 6. The oah nay wa abe o u h pay' nou habit of ubbng h
ba 7. Many pope nd mokng an annoyng habit 8. Many Aman hav poo ang habits onumng r oo many aors
p da 9. H huband had many annoyng habits, bu h ovd hm ju h am 10. H nvou habit of kng h p dubd h ohe n h mng
THSAUUS PLUS ICIONAY If you want to expand your vocabulary and use the best word for a particular context, then a thesaurus can help you discover new synonyms However, you need to conrm with a dictionary that a new synonym is appropriate for the particular context Mot thesauruses will list elderly, ancient, and faded as synonyms of the word old. They have similar meanings, but they are not exactly the same Check your dictionary and write the word that best fits each sentence ancient
elderly
faded
old
1 Sad he _ man wa ong h mmoy and no ong rognzd h nd 2. Th _ uan no onge onand h bgh oo had
when wa nw 3 Sh hw h _ dek ou n h gabag 4 Th bon hey doved bongd o dnoau ha ud o v n h ea
To the Student
xi
USING NTERNET OOLS Nowadays, there are many Internet sites that can help your learning One of the best ones or discovering information about words is the Lextutor website (http://wwwlextutoca) One of the things it can show is how requent wors are. Lextutor gives equency information in 1,000-word bands For example "1,000 means that the word occurs in the 1,000 most frequent w ords in English, an "3,000 means that the word occurs in the band between the 2,001 and 3,000 most frequent words Frequent words can be used in many situations, as they are not esce o partcuar contexts Less equent wors are kel to e used mainl in particular situations, so you must be careful t only use them in these contexts or example old occurs about 474 times per million words of English and has many uses On the other hand, decrepit occurs only about once per milion words This is because it is mainly used to describe buildings and machinery t hat are so old that they are falling apart and no longer of any value
See if you have a feeling for _ow frequent the following synonyms are. Rank them from 1 (most frequent) to 4 (least frequent) Then go to the Lextutor website and click on the "Vocabprofile and then the "BNC-20 links to take you to the frequency page Check and see how frequent the words are. 1. _ essential imperative necessa vital
xii
To the Student
2 excellent exquisite magnifcent superb
VOCABUARY ARDS- KEY LEARNING STRATEGY Focus on Vocabula 1 will teach you many strategies for leaing vocabulary words. Using vocabulary cards is one such strateg. Look at the example of a vocabulary card below This card was created by a Japane se student who wanted to understand and remember the word horror. Study the card and read the directions for creating vocabulary cards of your own
(Front of card)
Word map
Pa of speech and pronunciation
horror (n) 1
emotion
h:fd
accident
(Back of card)
� horror / /
� wa
Word mily
Collocations
-id (ad j.) ibly (adv) -i (v)
horror move horror struck inspre horror
First language translation of hoo
death
Kord illustration (hou = dig)
(in Hiragana)
�,m (in Kan ji) Second language denition
intense fear, dread
Example sentence
The family watched in horror as their house burned
To the Student
xiii
How to Create and Use Vocabulary Cards To make your own vocabulary cards for the words in this book, follow these steps. 1.
Write the English word in the top lef coer of the front of the card. Then write the word's meaning in the top lef coer of the back of the card. Include anything that tells the meaning, fr example, rst language translations or English denitions. With this information, you can start using the card to learn the word. The card on page xiii is for a Japanese student learning the English word horror; therefore, it has two Japanese transatios oe H spelling and one in Kanji spelling
2.
When you review the card ad- new infrmation to it in the dierent sections. This will make you t1ink more deeply about the word and will expand your word knowledge. Include the following kinds of information on your car d: • • •
an example sentence fr the word notes on how to frm the other members of the word family a word map with related words a list of collocations any other infrmation you nd interesting or important
3.
Consider adding a memory picture to the card. This is cal led the keyword technique. In the sample card, the student drew a picture of someone digging up a skeleton because the English word horror sounds like the Japanese word horu (meaning "dig), and a skeleton evokes horro.
4.
Keep lling out the dierent sections until you know the word well. For some words, you may need to complete all of the sections. For other words, you may need less information.
5 Keep your cards in a box or folde. Take some cards out and study them ofen. They are portable, so you can even take them with you and study them on the way to and om school or work. As you lea a word better, move its card toward the back of your box so you will not study it as ofen. Put cards fr new words toward the ont where ou will see them more ofen. 6.
Remember to review each word numerous times. Repetition builds your memory of a word. Even afer you "know a word, go back and review it occasionally to make sure you do not orget it. If you do not revi ew, you will lose all of the benets of your previous study! As you study the target words in this book, try making vocabulary cards to help you remember the words. Studying with vocabulary cards will enrich the learning process and add to the knowledge gained by doing the exercises in the book.
xiv
To the Student
About . . . the Authors . .
..... . ........... .. ............................... •
(Nottingham Trent University) began teaching English in Japan and currently lives and teaches in the United Kingdom. She is a senior lecturer in EFL/TESOL at Nottingham Trent University, where she teaches in the EAP progra and the MA in ELT program. Her interests revolve around issues related to English for academic purposes materials development, and second language testing She is a regular presenter at English teaching conferences, in addition to consulting on vocabulary and testing projects.
•
(University of Nottingham) is a professor of applied linguistics at the University of Nottingham He has authored or co-authored ve books on vocabulary teaching and research, and over seven journal articles and book chapters on vocabulary topics He is an active researcher in all aspects of second language vocabulary studies and frequently presents at language teaching conferences, in addition to consulting internationally on vocabulary learning and testing issues.
•
(Nottingham Trent University) began teaching in Pakistan and then moved to rkey before returning to teach in the United Kingdom. He currently teaches at ottingham Trent University where he is a subect coordinator for EAP for business students and deputy progra leader for the summer EAP program within the EFL/TESOL department His interests include materials design and teaching English for specic academic purposes.
Diane Schitt
Norbet Schitt
David Mann
AUTHORS' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Amy McCorick, Leigh Stolle, Christopher Leonowicz, Marian Wassner, and the rest of the team at Longman who have helped to bring this proect to fruition. In particular, we are grateful to Longan for allowing us access to their corpus and for providing the concordancing sofware. Finall, we would like to thank the following reviewers for their valuable coments on earlier versions of the book: Duane S Fitzhugh, Northern Virginia Comunity College; Ray Gonzae ongoey oege, ayand ais orst, Concordia University, Montreal; Craig Machado, Norwalk Community College, Connecticut; Christine Meloni, eorge Washington Universit, Washington, D.C.; Margaret Plenert, California State UniversityFullerton Alan Shute, Bunker Hill Community College, Massachusetts; Elaine C Wolin, Instructor, Northern Virginia Community College
xv
\
Can We Be Happier? Geing Staed Discuss the questions with your classmates. +
What are te most common hings ht ake people happy?
+ Do you hink t is imoran to study peopes happiness? +
When e you happies?
Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box These are the target words for this chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word After you finish the chapter, score yoursef again to check your improvement
I I don't kow this word. m ave seen or heard ths wod before, but am not sure of he meaning
E I undesad his word whe see i or hear it in a senece but I dot know ho to use it n my own speing an wrtng
m I now this word and can use t my own speaing and wrting TARGET WORDS
_asse
_discipline
_longing
_philosophy
_astonishing
_esteem
_manner
_restaurant
_boost
_graft
_monk
_review
_cheerul
_inherit
_mystery
_steak
_deed
_instinctively
_obscure
_therapy
_devote
_inteention
_pace
_thrill
KNOWLEDGE CHE
1
Complete the sentences with wods that you have scored as 1
1 am o famiia wih he wrd/ tem _______ 2 I ave no ie what _______ meas Fill in the first blank with a word that you have scored as 2. Then complete the sentence
3 I think _____ coud mean _______
2
UNIT 1
Happiness
Reading The passage introduces the concept of happness and some research on this idea. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Why Are You Happy?
Are you happy? It is a simple question, one that you can instinctively answer with an easy "yes or "no. However, for some obscure reason the question "What is happiness? is more difcult to answe So too is the question that follows: How do we achieve it? 2 Well, dening happiness is not quite as simple as it might seem Go into any mall these days and you'll nd many people shopping at a frantic pace, believing that happiness is the thrill of buying a new pair of shoes or the latest high-tech device Indeed, the idea of happiness has been a topic of much thought and discussion within the elds of philoophy, religion, and science for the past ,500 years A follower of Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher would say that happiness is the joy obtained from learning about humanity through social relationships and good deeds. Those good deeds however, do ot include going to the grocery store because your mother has told you to, or treating yourself to a steak at a restaurant after a hard day's work In fact, a Buddhist would say that happiness is the reverse of consumerism, because happiness consists of f-discipline and a life without
longing. Another perspective comes from scientists who have demonstrated that 50 percent of happiness is a result of the genes we inherit from our parents rather than the eans we puchase a the mal 3 So who is right, the shopper, the philosopher, the monk or the scientist? Perhaps the answer lies in the eld of psychology or, more specicall, positive psychology In 1998, Martin Seligman, a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania, gave a speech at the American Psychological Association in which he said that rather than devoting attention to unhappiness psychology needed to change direction and focus instead on people for whom everything was going well He said psychologists had a reasonably good understanding of depression, but they knew almost nothing about the mysteries of a happy life He argued that if psychologists could isolate what those were, then people might be able to learn how to make themselves more satised with and cheerul about their lives This was the beginning of positive psychology 4 Since then, research on happiness has come up with some astonishing facts If we go back to the mall, shopping can indeed be a source of happiness, but it is signicantly less so once your basic needs have been met The best kind of "retail therapy" is to shop for someone else This is consistent with the Chinese teachings of ,500 years ago that asser that happiness lies in acting within social networks, rather than for our individual benet only Again, curret research agrees In 00, a University of Illinois study found that students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were those with strong iendship and amily networks Religion facilitates happiness in a similar manner Once again, a review of a large number of research studies on the links between religion and happiness has concluded that
CHAPTER 1
Can We Be Happier?
3
there is a positive correlaton between relgous commtment and ger levels of perceved well-being and self-tm. Grating modern researc onto Confucan 5 phioophy, we can go back to our orginal queston and say tat appness s a very personal combnaton of genetcs, actons and belefs. In te fture t may become a
standard practce for terapsts to suggest intrvntion tat boot happiness leves ncludng tankng people wrtng letters to old frends and angng out wt famly Wo knew tat learnng to feel good could feel so good?
READING COMPEHESION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences.
1 Wat does Conciansm say s te source of appness? 2 How muc of our appness may be te result of our genetc makeup? 3 How did Martn Selgan cange te way te eld of psycology tnks about
uman appness? 4 The passage talks about gratng modern researc onto Concian phioophy.
Wat does ts mean? 5 Wen was te last tme you used soppng to make yourself appy? Dd t
work? 6 Wy do you tnk strong frendsps play suc an mportant role n our
appness?
4
UNIT 1
Happine
(593 words)
Focusing on Vocabulary WORD MENING
This book presents a variety of strategies or learning and remembering the meanings of targe words. Someimes you will be able o nd cles to a word's meaning, or denition, in the sentence in which the word appears. In other cases, the senence will not conain cear cles to word meaning You may need to reread the secion in which the word appears and think abot the ideas presented in he ex If yo are sill nsure of he correc denition, you may need o ook the word up in a dictionary. A. Match the target words with ther definitons If you are unsure about a word's meaning, try to fgure t out from the context by rereadng the passage Then check your dictionary The frst one has been done for you Set 1
1. _ 2. _ 3. 4. 5. 6. _ 7.
instinctivey phiosophy deed restaurant mystery manner graft
a. somehing a person does, especially somehing that is very good or bad a place where you can buy and ea a meal c. the way in which somehing is done or happens an event, siation, etc., ha people do not ndersand or cannot explain because hey do no know enough abot i e. o add something very different to somehing, so ha it becomes par of it he sdy of he nature and meaning of existence trh, good, and evil occurring because of a naral endency to behave in a particar way or a natral abiity o know something tha is no learned
Set 2
l. pace 2. steak 3. inherit 4. monk 5. devote 6. therapy 7. esteem
a. the speed at which something happens or is done reament tha heps someone fee beter or grow stronger c. o use all or mos of your time and effort in order o do something or hep someone to be born with the sae character or physical appearance as yor parents e. a feeing of respect for someone, or a good opinion of someone a large, hick piece of good-quality red mea g. a member of an almae reigious group hat lives apar rom oher peope
CHAPTER 1
Can We Be Happier?
5
B. Read each target word and the list beow it One word or phrase n eac s s NOT a synonym for the target word Cross it out The irst one has been done or you
1 obscure
unclear
vague
ps
difcult to undertand
excitement
leaure
adventure
regulation
retraint
indulgence
dilike
wih
want
hay
oitive
joyful
redictable
urriing
hocking
declare
claim
deny
aement
decrition
rooal
inactivity
treatment
interrution
enhance
imrove
limit
2. thrill
boredom 3 discipline
control 4 longing
deire 5 cheerful
eriou 6 astonishing
amazing 7 assert
tate 8 review
valuation 9 inteention
interference 10 boost
increae
WORD FAMILES Mot word belong to a "family of word with a hared meaning. For examle, the word serious, seriousness, and seriously are related to each other-they are word form in the ame family. In the reading "Why Are You Hay? form of the word happy aear nineteen time The dierence in the elling indicate art of eech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb)
�-i N 61 · I �1 happiness
happy
happiy
Notice the ending for happi and happi. Thee elling attern are common at the end of certain noun and adverb form. However, notice alo that there in't a verb form of the word happy. If you arent ure of the form of a word or if there i a form of the word you dont recognize you can look the word u in a dictionary
6
UNIT 1
Happiness
A.
The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading. Compete the tabe. An X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common. Sometimes more than one form may be possibe If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary The first one has been done for you. Noun
asse
Adjective
Adverb
asserion
1. 2 asonshng 1
1 heel
2
2
devoe X
nsnvely
1 2 longng
X
mysey ose phlosophy hll
1 2
B. Choose the oret form of the word in ol in sentene a to omplete sentene Use the word families tabe you just ompeted as a guide Te first one has been done for you 1 a. The United States asserted its independence rom Great Britain in 776,
but it did not become a reality until the end of the War o Independence in 783. b.
asserion The government's that the recession was over did little to reassure the small businesses that were still struggling
2 a Happiness experts have discovered some astonishing facts b.
I was _______ to discover that some people are born with a greater capacity for happiness than others.
3. a Her cheerful personality was appreciated by all her coworkers. b.
The fans were instantly ___ up by the late goal, which gave their team the win
4. a Most parents are very devoted to their children b.
Her _____ to her studies paid o with high grades.
CHAPTER 1
Can We Be Happier?
7
5. a. Flying south in the autumn is an instinctive behavior of birds.
Parents ofen ofen _ _ know know when when their childre children n are lying or telling the truth 6.
a. The new clothes, cars, and other things we long for don't necessarily make us happie.
She looked looked _ _ at the shoes shoes in the store. 7.
a.
The mystery of Flight 19, a group of ve Navy airplanes that disappeared over the Bermuda iangle, has never been solved.
A number of musicians musicians have died under _ _ circumstances, including Brian Jones from the Rolling Stones and Jim Morrison from the Doors 8
a.
The instructions for video games are ofen so obscure that it is much easier to learn to play through trial and error than by reading the instruction manual
The of many legal documents means that average average people ofen cannot understand them without the help of a lawye 9. Philosophy is one of the major subjects studied at universit.
He was about the loss of his job and used it as a means of moving into a dierent caree. 10 a. She got a real thrill when her daughter won the swimming race Parach Parachuting uting over over the deser was truly truly COLLOATION
When you look at words in context you can see patterns in the way they are used. These patterns are not based on rules of grammar but on traditions of use by native speakers. Cerain Cera in words tend to occur together together and an d this is called coocation. Example:
We say ice cold But we do not say snow cold Sometimes the link between word parners and their meaning is clear and unsurprising-for example, example, the collocations bright light and heavy load Other times the link may be unexpectedfor example, example, the collocations bright chid and heavy heart Here are some typical collocation patterns Example: Exampl e:
noun+ verb verb+ noun adjective+ noun verb+ verb + adverb noun+ noun
birds sing deliver babies specic information breathe heaviy bear market
Because collocations collocations are not based on rules of grammar, grammar, the patterns for each word are one of a kind Therefore you must build up your knowledge of collocations one at a time This section introduces a sample of the patterns you need to know in your reading and writing Apply your growing understanding of collocations to new words and words you already know 8
UNIT 1
Happiness
Read the common collocations in the column on the left. Give two examples of things associated with each collocatio The first one has been done for you Example 1
1. good dee
Example 2
shoping fr eighbor
washing Dad's car
2. inhe inheri ritt property 3. rare steak 4. leisurely pace 5. physical therapy 6. Bu Buddh ddhis istt monk
7. rapid inteention
Expanding the Topic An important part of developing your vocabulary involves forming and supporting opinions about the topic you are studying Read the statements and indicate whether you agree (A) or disagree (D). Then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner
__ Studying phiosophy can lead to a happier and more peaceful existence __ 2. Eating at restaurants with your family is a good way to build amily ties __ 3. Grafting some xed relaxation time onto a busy schedule may lead not only to a less hectic lifestyle, but also to a healthier mind and body __ 4. Strict l-discipine is the best road to happiness __ 5. Writing a diary is the best way to review how happy you are __ 6. Slesteem is dependent on the possessions you have _ 7. Achieving a calm, relaxed manner will boost your sense of happiness __ 8. We should devote most of our lives to being happy
Write a 500-word essay on one of the statements above explaining why you agree or disagree with it
CHAPTER 1
Can We Be Happier?
9
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed tis chapter, use the scale to descrbe your knowedge of the target words.
abut his word . I I still don't know aything abut n . f I am sti not sue of the meaning o hs word eve afe r s n E ndesand s word whe see i o hea it a entence , b don ow how to us my own speaking nd wting
m know this wo and ca us it my n spakng and wrting TARGET WORDS
__ asse
se se
o
oso
asos
eseem eseem
__mae
__ esaa
_oos _ oos
a a
_ mo
_ee _ ee
ee ee
__ e
mse
__ sea
ee
__se
ose
ea ea
eoe eoe
ee eeo o
__ae
KNOWLEDG CHE 2 Seect examples from the words you now give a score of 3 or 4 but ddn't at the start of the chapter to complete the sentences.
1 ddn no that _ meant _ _ bee rea h hae 2 wasn sure sure hat hat k the the meani meaning ng of--- of--- but am now. 3 now am ondn ondn that now now wha means means but would ie moe pactic wh how to use it in my speakn and writin 4 coud nex nex use use when am __ __
10
UNIT 1
Happiness
Into the Flow Geing Staed Discuss the questions with your classmates.
What do you normaly o in the afrnons or evenngs after lass? Why do yu choose thse acivities? Have yu ever experienced he feeling o being o a "high? What knd f actvity or suation brough about that feelng? What kd o activities make ou feel excited and chalengd at the sme time Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box These are the target words for ths chapte Use the scale to score yourself on each word Ater you finish the chapter, score yorself again to check your improvement
I I don't knw this wod. s re of the meaning m I have een or heard his word beore , but I am nt sre undersand ths wor when I see it or hear it in a sentene but I ont know � how to ue it in my own spaking and writig I know this wor and can se i in my own speakng and writing TARGET WORDS
_absorbed
explode
intellectual intellectual
peer peer
ache
feedbac feedback k
_inteal _ inteal
strive strive
amusement
fictional
lung lung
tension
confront
fiercely
_medal _ medal
thus
distracted
fulfillment
motivation motivation
trivial
_drift _ drift
gripped gripped
_overcome _overcome
wohwhile wohwhi le
•
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Fill in the first blank wth a word that you have scored as 2. Then complete the second sentence
1 have seen / head head -· -· saw / heard heard itit whle was was Fill n the first blanks with words that yo have scored as 4 Then complete the sentences
2 One meani meaning ng of _ _ is _ _ 3 I last last used the the word while while was 11
Reading The passage introduces the concept of flow and some research on this dea. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary vocabulary words in bold.
G to th Flow and t can be panful. But n the lon run, reat experences e tese a up to a sense of masery that comes as close to happne happness ss as anythn else we can possbly mane. 4 The loss of self-conscousness that happens when you are completely n an actvty, socal, or physcals descrbed n psycholoy as a state of fow. It s called ow because people reularly descrbe the experence as smlar to g alon wth the ow of a rve. You dont ha ve to be an Olympc swmmer or star muscan to experence ow. In order to acheve ow you must experence an actvty as voluntary and enjoyable, and t must requre skll and present an achevable challene, wth the oal ben success You must feel as thouh you have control and receve mmedate about Do you ever nd yourself so completely your performance wth room for rowth , gpp by what you ae doin ha you lose you can acheve ow whle readn a ood book track of tme? tme? All of a sudden you look up at the or whle xn your ca. clock and realze that hours have passed? Ths 5 A rown body of research supports the could apply to a basketball player noton that by g and meetn n perfectn a shot, or a volnst y challenes, anyone can create ow n ther lfe concentratn on a pece of musc. When does What ths means s that we should not am fr a lfe whout stress or because these ths total enaement and loss of tme typcally occur for you? pressures actually encourae us to toward self, or the achevement of our 2 Contrary to what many beleve, these hopes and ambtons. moments n our lves are not passve, recept receptve, ve, 6 Scentsts such as Mhaly Cskszentmhaly relaxn tmes. These moments are when the (pronounced: me-hay chck-sent-me-hay) study body or mnd s voluntarly stretched to ts lmts the mpact of low states on human happness, n order to accomplsh somethn dfcult and productvty, and success. In one study 0 . . In turn, turn, we later reect on these hh-ow and lowow teenaers were asked to momens as reat experences It's far to say report on ther feelns and actvtes at reular then that reat experences dont happen happen to us; The hh-ow teenaers enerally they are somethn we make happen. reported more tme spent on hobbes, s ports, 3 However,, such experences are not necessarly However and homework, and measured hher levels pleasan at the tme they occur Take Olympc of selfesteem and enaement. Interestnly Interestnly,, old wnnn swmmer Mchael Phelps however they selfrepored lower levels of as an example. Hs muscles mht have fun than the low-ow teenaers. Apparently Apparently,, durn hs most memorable races, hs g hh-ow teenaers see ther lowow p mht have felt lke they would p, and he as experencn more fun enan n lowow mht have felt wth tredness. Yet , such as vdeo ames, TV, and these were probably the best moments of hs socalzn. socalz n. However However,, the hh-ow hh- ow teenaers lfe. He was n control and able to accomplsh end up havn reater lonterm happness as hs oals Gettn control of lfe s never easy, easy, 12
UNIT 1
Happiness
well as success in school, social relationships, and careers. 7 If low has such incredible benets fr our happiness, relationships, and success, then why do we usually choose to let ourselves be distracted by low-ow, and arguably trivial, activities? Why do we often choose our favorite TV prgram over an engaging fctional novel or game of basketball? One hypothesis is that
highow activities require more initial motivation because they require skill and concentration In other words, high-ow activities are workbut work that pays o! (618 words)
Adapted from http://pursuit-ofhappiness.org/ sciencehappiness aspx
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions n writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences
What are some key characteristics of low? 2. How can someone achieve ow? 3.
What are the main differences between highlow and lowlow activities?
4. What determines whether someone will engage in a high-ow or lowow activity? 5.
What are the most popular high-ow activities among you and your iends? Why do you nd them so interesting and exciting? Do you and your friends achieve ow through the same types of activities?
6. he reading focuses on the benets of high-lo activities, but can y ou think of any benets of lowow activities?
Focusing on Vocabular WORD MENIG
Many words have more than one meaning When you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, look up the word in your dictionary If the word has multiple meanings, use context clueswords and phrases around the wordto gure out which meaning ts A
Read the target words Use the paragraph number in parentheses to ocate and reread the word in context Then read the dictionay definitions and choose the one that reflects how the word is used in the reading. The first one has been done for you.
gripped (1) deeply engaged, interested strongly aected by something 2. absorbed (1) a. very inerested in something, often to the point of not noticing other things happening around you when light, heat, or energy is taken in and kept, not reected 3. fercely (1) a. energetically and with strong feelings angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner CHAPTER 2
Int the Flw
13
4. ache (3) a. to feel a continuous but not ver sharp pain in a par of yor body b. to wan to o or have something ver much 5. explode (3) a. to urs into small pieces, making a lou noise an causing amage . o sudenl increase greal in number amount, or egree __ 6. overcome (3) a. able o successfull control a feeling or problem tha would prevent ou rom achieving something b. unable to act or thin in the usual wa 7. intellectual ( ) a. a person who is well educated an interese in serious ieas . neeing serious thought in order o be unerstoo 8. drift (4) a. to move slowl on water or in the air b. o move, change, or do somehing without an plan or purpose 9. conont (5) a. to eal wih something ver dicul or unpleasant in a brave an determine wa . to face someone in a threatening wa as hough ou are going to atack he person 10. tension (5) a. a nevous feeling that maes it impossible to relax . the dierence between he nees or inuences of two things which causes poblems 11. ulllment (5) a. he feeling of being happ an satise with our life because ou are oing interesing useful, or important hings . he ac of oing something tha ou promise or agree o o __ 12. motivation (7) a. an eagerness an willingness to o something wihout neeing to e ol or orced b. the reason wh ou want to do somehing
14
UNIT
Happiness
B. Read the target words in the box Complete each sentence with the target word that matches the meaning of the words n parentheses You may need to change the form of the word to ft the sentence The frst one has been done for you
fconal ntea lung
amusement distracted feedback 1.
medl pee strve
thu trval w&
Supporters of democracy believe that "life, liberty, and the pursuit of
__ _ _ but also basic human rights. happiness are not only _ __ (valuable, meaningful)
2. Schoolchildren
take standardized tests at preset to nd (period time)
out whether or not they are achieving at the expected level for their age 3. Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi has found that teens who spend large amounts of
time with instead of doing challenging activities fail to (friend classmate)
develop their abilities 4 When le-handed people y o hrow a baseball with their riht hand they may get negative internal highlighting how (response advice)
uncomfortable the action is 5 There are many everyday activities that we do not enjoy but cannot avoid, , no one can be in the low all of the time (thereore so)
6 It can be very easy to ll your time with tasks and nish (not valuable unimporant)
the day realizing you haven't done very much at all 7 Finishers' and event shis provide extra
motivation
(award prize)
for
ordinary runners to participate in road races 8. Everyday
such as ying kites and playing video games (hobby activity)
have the potential to bring about ow if they present the right level of challenge 9. In
the world of Second Life, an online virtual reality (imagina made-up)
game residents can create and trade items and services with one anothe 10. There
are no shortcuts to a fully experienced life; humans must continually
to explore, develop, and achieve (make evey effot ty hard)
11.
Aspects of modern lifestyles such as housing and diet are linked to increases in asthma a medical condition that aects the small tubes that carry air in and out of the (chest, body organ for breathg)
12 For someone who is easily achieving ow is more (uocused iattetve)
difcult than for those who can easily concentrate on a task
CHAPTER 2
Into the Flow
15
WORD FAMILES
Most of the target words introduced in this capter are part of a word family. By earning te oter members of a word's amil, you can recognze words more quickly wen you read or listen and express yourself more clearly whe you write or speak Spelling patterns can elp you identify a words part of speec. A. The table contains word famlies for some of the target words in the reading n X ndcates that there s no form or that the form s not common Study the table Look for spellng patterns for the noun, adjectve and adverb forms of the words Lst the patterns n the space below the table he frst one has been done for you
-
.. -
.
absorb
absorption
Adverb X
1. absorbe 2 absorbng
ache
ache
X
1 achng 2 achy
confront
confrontaton
confrontatona
dstract
dstracton
1 distracted
X
dstractngly
2 dstractng
exploe
exploso
X
1 exploded 2 explodng
X
fulfl
ferceness
ferce
fulfillment
1 fulflled
fiercely X
2 fulfllng ntellectualze
ntellectual
intellectual
motvate
motivation
1 motvated
ntellectually X
2 motvatng 3 motvatonal tene
tension
tense
tensely
nouns _ + - / adjectives adverbs
16
UNIT 1
Happiness
B. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses. Use the
word famiies tabe to hep you. The first one has been done fo you.
absorption
(absorbed) k
1 g'
2. Ev _ (ache) k j vg 3. I __ (conont) , kg trivial k. 4. v j v g k ________ (distracted) 5. F g _ (explode) g g unfullled x 6. (ercely) . 7. A v _____ v. (fulllment) 8. _ (intellectual) g g. 9. Ngv g __ (motivation) k v v 10. Ag g gg v g k v g _____ (tension) x COLLOATION Y v kg g g x g R Example:
P g v intellectual development. adjective + noun Combne a word from Coumn with a word from Coumn B to form a coocation hen on te net pae match the coocation to its definition The first one as been done for you Column A
Column B
ctional
interval
v
medal
trivial
gripping
x
worthwhile
edback
z
lung
k
CHAPTER 2
Into the Flow
7
___g � r iJing dma 1 2.
exct teest ply, ove, o
TV
show
y peso o cetue
3.
wok tht s of lttle vlue o potce
4.
pze ve to the peso who coes th copetto
5 ov boy o fo oe peso to
othe fo ecl puposes 6. shot peo of te betwee two ctvtes 7. beecl o usefl ctvty 8 useful o helpful vce o foto
Expanding the Tois
o� "f
I eveyy lfe we e ofte eque to etell o estte the es wos of othes. Whe we o ts, we ely use the exct se wos o seteces we he o e. ste we pphse-tht s we estte the se e o foto us ou ow wos setece stuctues To be successful t pphs, you ee to evelop le vocbuly pctce us t A Read the orignal text and match wth the paraphrases.
Orignals
__ 1 Soe people t esy to cheve ow hey e ble to focus the tteto esly c expeece ow eve cult stutos Mewhle, othes hve to wok h to focus to cheve ow 2. At the e of lo y, people cooly t "too fcult to oe theselves to o oe e ctvtes ste ee effoless oes such s wtch T 3 Flow tes to esult pesol wth By e ow, you sklls evelop you eque ete ete chllees to t the "hh of ow . he feel of ow s ofe cope to plesue, lke the feel of tk hot bth. Howeve, ulke ow, plesue ethe eques effo o ves sese of cheveet Paraphrases
Becuse ow expeeces le to pesol evelopet, we ee to keep cononting ew chllees oe to cheve ew ow expeeces The blty to cheve ow es fo peso to peso Soe people ust strive to cheve the levels of cocetto eee to eet chllees whle othes c focus the o ctvty wthout y fculty Tk hot bth eques o eot; thus, ow cot be cheve thouh ths sply plesuble ctvty My people e overcome by less whe they sh wok o school, so they e the y by wtch TV ste of o soeth tht ht b oe pesol lfllment 18
UNI 1
Happiness
B. Now you try Paraphrase the sentences Use the target word in your paraphrase You may need to change the form of the target word
1 Flow is achieved when an experience is so enjoyable that it is like being carried away by a current with eveything moving smoothly without eort. drf _________________________
2 Researchers have interiewed over 0,000 people around the world-women who weave tapestries in the hihlands of Borneo, factory workers in the United States, motorcycle riders in Japanand these people have all said similar things So low seems to be an experience that is the same across cultures.
thus _
3 US teenagers experience low about percent of the time that they spend watchin TV, 4 percent of the time they do hobbies, and 44 percent o te time they are involved in sports and games Yet these same teenagers spend at least four times more of their free hours watchin TV than doin hobbies or spors
amusement _
Contrary to what one might expect Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi found that adolescents om disadvantaged backgrounds have hiher levels of enthusiasm and optimism than those from alent backgrounds.
peer _
Mihaly Csikszentmhay and others have carried out a number of esearch studies nvestgating the concept of flow Fnd an example of a research study on flow and wite a 400-500 word summay of the study
CHAPTER 2
Into the Flow
19
Revisiting the Targe Wo Now that you have completed his chapter, use the scae to descibe you knowedge of the taget wods.
I I still don' know anything abou hs word. m am stil not sure of the manng of this word even afe studying t.
E I undrstand this word hn I see it or hea it in a sentence, but don' n how to use t in my wn speaking and writing.
know this wrd and can use t n my own speaking and wriing. TARGET WORDS
_absorbed
_explode
intellectual
_peer
_ache
feedback
inteal
strive
_amusement
_ictional
_g
_ension
confront
_fiercely
_medal
_hus
distracted
_ulfillment
motivation
rivial
_dri
gripped
_oveome
_wohwhile
KNOWLEDGE CHE
2
Select examples fom the wods you now give a scoe of 3 o 4, but ddn't at the sta of the chapter, to complete the senteces
1 I didn't know that _______ meant ______ befre e s a. 2 asn't sure that I knew e meaning of-, but I am now. 3 I now am cden that I knw what ______ means, but I would like more practice wth ho o ue in my speaking ad writing. 4 I now know th _______ colocae wi _______
2
UNIT 1
H
Happiness in Bhutan Geing Staed Discuss the questions wth your cassmates. + C b pp? + I gv pbl z' pp? + W gv d pv pp ? Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the wors in the ox. These are the taret wors for this chater Use the scae to score yoursef on each wor. Aer you finish the chate, scre yursef aain to check your imroement. I I d' d m I v d d b b I g. I dd d I b I d' � pg d g. I d d pg d g. TARGET WORDS
__
_e
__
__eee
e
__ee __
__e __
__eee
__
_e
__e
__
e
e
e
e
__e
__
__e
e
21
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your pogess in leanin the vocabuary in this chapte.
• First, look at your scores in the table on page 21. Write the number of words for each score ( 1-4) in the at the beginning" column For example if you scored eight words as 1 (I don't know this word"), then write 8. • At the end of the chapter, score yourself again Then compare the two sets of scores For example, if six of the words you originally scored as are now scored higher (2, 3 or 4), write 6 in the showing improvement" column Write in the no improvement yet" column for words where your knowledge hasn't changed Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words �-
at the beginning:
at the end showing improvement
EXMPLE: 1
2 ,.
8
-
I
I
3
�· 4
UNIT 1
Happiness
·-
6
no improvement yet
2
Reading The passage describes how the government of Bhutan, a small contry in Southeast Asia has officially made the happiess of its citizes the number one priorit. As you read pay special attetion to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Gross National Happiness
2
It is a widely held myth that material ppy makes eole ha In fact, a key factor that hainess is social relationshis. Peole who rate themselves as hay tend to have regular and suortive with family and friends They also feel their work is valuable and Likewise, their ersonal situation is iortan whether they are satised with themselves, their rogress toward their ersonal goals, and their religious or siritual life Med Yones, resident of the International Institue of Management, develoed a seven category scale that measures a nation's mental and emotional health Taken together, the categories can be seen as an overall indication of a countys hainess: 1 Economic satisfaction: income, debt, savings 2 nvironmental satisfaction p, noise, trafc 3 Physical health severe illnesses, access to and 4 Mental health ositive , self-esteem 5 Worklace satisfaction unemloyment,
job satisfaction, motivation, worklace comlaints 6 Social satisfaction (including family and relationshi satisfaction) domestic p, rates, social discrimination, crime rates 7 Political satisfaction quality of local democracy, individual freedom, foreign conicts One countr, Bhutan, has tried to balance the economic and social asects of hainess in a unique wa Instead of p success solely in terms of economic citeria, such as the Gross National Product (an economic measure), Bhutan has established what's known as Gross ational Hainess (GNH) as its central national The idea is to both material and siritual develoment so that they both grow hand-in-hand Bhutan is committed to buiding an economy that p its culture, which is on Buddhist siritual values GNH is realized through four inciles sustainable develoment of the economy (that is, economic growth that can be continued), p of cultural values of the natural environment, and effective government Bhutan's decision to make its citizens 4 hainess a py seems to have had ositive results Even though it ranks quite low in ersonal income ( 124th in the world), it ranks much higher in hainess ratings A 2005 suey revealed that nearly all Bhutanese reorted being either very hay (45 ercent or hay (52 ercent), while only 3 ercent reorted being unhay In 2006, Business Week magazine ranked Bhutan as the 8 th haiest country in the world, and the haiest in Asia This is far better than many countries with y greater wealth, such as the United States (2d), the United Kingdom (41 st ), France (62nd ) and Jaan (90 ). Furthermore, this hainess aears not to 5 have come at the exense of the environment The Hay Index, a combined measure of human wellbeing and the environmental CHAPTER 3
Happiness in Bhutan
23
cost of supporting that well-being, ranked Bhutan 17 th out of 143 countries. This shows that supporting its happiness does not require spoiling its natural resources 6 So how has Bhutan has been able to pursue its unusual GNH? Because it is a small, rural country in the imalayan Mountains it is able to sustain traditions at the same time it is developing For example, people entering hospitals with no acute health problems can choose between Western or traditional medicine However, modern technology, such as TV, video shops, and the Internet is now becoming more common in the country This creates challenges for a GNH approach, which has found success by prioritizing national identity and culture On the one hand, such technological exposure might let in outside values and vices. For example it might raise
expectations for material goods from outside Bhutan that are not readly avaabe n e other hand, the Internet and e-mail would undoubtedly oer better communication in a country where mountainous terrain makes travel difcult It will be interesting to see how Bhutan tackles the problems of integrating with the wider world while also pursuing its unique "happiness approach to government It is certainly a social experiment that we all hope will flourish as an example of an alternative vision of what is important in lie (636 words) This passage was based on a number of souces, inluding the Gross Natonal Happness weste: http//ww.grossnatonalhappnesscom/Defaultaspx
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences
How does Bhutan rank in world happiness? 2.
The passage mentions several things that can make people happy. List these Then describe which one is most important for your own happiness
3.
What is Gross National Happiness (GNH)?
4.
Do you think that the idea of GNH could be used successfully in your home countr? Why or why not?
5.
Technology such as the Internet can aid communication in a rural country like Bhutan. Can you think of any other advantages?
6 What do you think will happen in the future in Bhutan? Why do you think this?
24
UNIT 1
Happine
Focusing on Vocabulary WORD MENING
When you enconter an nfamiliar word, se context clues and your previos knowledge to determine the word's meaning. Look at the examples Suppose that you did not know the exact meaning of the word fourish in the following sentences. Example:
The school created an environment where its students coud fourish. (u know schools are places where people develop their skills.)
The effective advertisements helped the new store to foush (You know that good advertising can help make businesses successful)
Cles in both these sentences sggest that fourish means "to develop well and be successful. A. Read the sentences and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word. Use context clues to determine the correct meaning Check your dictionary if you are not sre of the answer The first one has been done for you
It is sometimes difcult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income. � when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life when people have problems at work c when people have a special interest in something 2 The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valable and relevant topic. a directly relating to the subject or problem being discssed b. interesting or amusing concerned with important subects 3 Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy but it causes excessive pollution a employment for workers things that make the environment dirty prot for companies 4 The United Nations supports a number of health clinics in rural parts of Africa where the nearest hospital can be many miles away a places where marriages are arranged b places where medical treatment is given c places where clothes are made 5 Many doctors believe that having a positive mental outlook can lead to better physical health. a general attitude toward life b memory c desire for something 1.
CHAPTER 3
Happiness in Bhutn
25
The border disputes between China and Russia were argey solved b the 1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement. a. industries b. disagreements c disussions 7. The divorce rate in the United States is very high, with over 40 perent of arriages faiing a. ega beginning of a marriage b. eary eebration of the date of a marriage c. ega end of a marriage 8. The oah tried to fster a positive attitude toward eary morning praties. a. destroy b. design c enourage 9. Conservation of our forests and other natura andsapes wi aow our hidren to enjoy them in te future a. protetion b. sae c admiration 10. The rst priority of the ne government was to inrease spending on eduation. After that the hoped to make improvements to heath are a� diut probem b. idea c important thing 11. Smoking is onsidered a dangerous vice b most dotors a. bad habit or iega ativity b wa to remain heath c type of poisonous food 6.
NO 1. dictate: to ontro or inuene something, or to te peope exaty what they must do a. When working in groups, don't et one strong student dictate what a of the rest of you shoud do b. Don't et past ations dictate the hoies you make in the future � The hidren dictated their week spending money from their parents every Sunda.
26
UNIT 1
Happiness
2. engagement: involvement with something or some activity, usuall because it is interesting or important a. Novels that have interesting characters and unpredictable plots are more likel to encourage the engagement of their readers. b. The guitar had poor engagement because the strings were ver old and weak c. Britain has a long histor of engagement with the rest of the world 3. pursue: to work hard in order to achieve or get something a. It takes a great deal of eort and training to pursue the dream of winning an Olmpic medal b. Is it right for people to pursue their happiness at the expense of others? c The couple pursued their friends to hold their wedding in a downtown church 4. ambition: a strong desire to achieve something a. The ambition to update the document changed its meaning completel b. The president's ambition to lower energ use in the countr b 10 percent within feen ears seemed impossible c. A common childhood ambition is to become a professional spors star but ver few people fulll this dream 5. preserve: to make something continue without changing a. The compan has proposed eezing pa in order to preserve jobs The movie star avoided reporters questions about her famil in order to presee her famil's privac c. You need to preserve a table well in advance if ou want to eat at that restaurant on a Saturda night 6 funded: based upon something a. The American government is funded on the principle of a balance of power between the president Congress and the Supreme Court b. Their friendship was funded on a shared interest in poetr and literature c. H funded the serious illness when he visited his friend in the hospital 7. vastly: ver much a. The Sahara Desert is vastly larger than the deserts of North and South America and Australia b. The director's new movie is vastly different from anthing he has made before c. The school cafeteria is vastly replacing unhealth foods with more fruit and vegetables 8. planet: a ver lare round object in space that moves around the sun or another star a. The front planet on the airplane needed to be replaced because it kept losing ai b. Jupiter is he larges planet, and Mrcur is the smallest c. B 2009 scientists had found over 353 planets outside our solar sstem
CHAPTER 3
Happiness in Bhutan
27
9. spoil: to have a bad eect on something, so that it is no longer attractive,
enjoyable, usefl, etc. a One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed She found it diclt to spoil after her accident, so she couldn't return to
work as soon as she had planned c Dont let a bad experience in the morning spoil the rest of your day 10. ral:
relating to the countr, not the city
In the winter, the days become shorer as the sun become more al n the sky b. Rural life is ofen thought to be less stressful than city life c. Farming is the most common ob in ral areas of the state a.
11 tackle:
to deal with a dicult problem
Many international organizations are trying to tackle the issue of poor health around the world. b. He decided to tackle his weight problem by walking several miles every day c. To avoid sunburn, it is good to tackle sun cream on your skin several times a day a.
Word Tip metimes American and British English use different words to mean the same thing. In American English, te place where you buy drugs and medicines is called a drugstore or a pharmacy. In Britain, the same store is called a chemist US.: The drugstore on the coer is a good place to buy cough medicine. UK Chemist shops in England used to se tea in addition to dugs and medicines
28
UNIT 1
Happiness
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word familes for some of the target words in the reading Complete the table n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common Sometmes more than one form may be possible If you are unsure about a form, check your dictonary Verb
Noun X
Adjective
Adverb
1. ambo 2. 1.
X
coseao
X
2 X
1 dorce 2
egageme
1.
2 X
1.
2 3
presere
pollo X
1
2 1
2
X
X
X
X
prory
prospery
prse
X
relea
When using new words in writing, it is important to select a word with the right meaning and in the right orm, or part of speech. When yo edit your writing, check to make sre that your words have the meaning you intend and that the words are in the correct form Choose the word form based on the fnction each word performs in the sentence Does the word stand or a person, place, thing, or event (noun)? Does it describe a noun (adjective), or is it an action or a state (verb)? Or does it describe an action or quality (adverb)? Dierent word rms may have dierent spellings If you do not know the correct spelling of a word form, check your dictionary CHPTER 3
Happiness i Bhutan
29
B.
Read the sentences. In eight of the sentences, an ncorrect form of the target wor as been used If te form of the target word s ncorrect, cross t ot an te the correct form If the form is correct put a checkmark () Use the wor familes table to help you. The first one has been done for you ambitious
1.
She had th amhitieB goal of ntring th Boston Marathon, vn though th ntry rquirmnt for womn agd 18 to 34 was a prvious marathon tim of thr hours, forty minuts.
2. Th cons of th nvironment is on of th most important tasks of th twnty-rst cntury 3.
In th Unitd Stats, a vry high prcntag of all dvorc popl vntually rmarry
4 People who ngg in opnmindd discussion ar likly to b bttr informd than thos who stick to only on point of viw 5.
Th ns for pollu ar bcoming mor xpnsiv as popl com to raliz the tr cost of damag o th nvironmnt
6. On goal of th Acadmi Franais is th prsr of th Frnch languag against Anglicization 7.
Busy popl should prory th tasks thy nd to do rst
8.
A stadily rising stock markt is oftn a good indication of a country's conomic prosprous
9. Th polic pursud th bank robbr through v stats bfor h was nally caught
_______
10
Th rlvn of our history to our problms today is oftn not fully undrstood
COLOATION
You dvlop your knowldg of collocations by sing and haring words in many contxts and noticing which words combin with on anoth Rmmbr that th words in a collocation can combin with diffrnt parts of spch, as shown in th xampls Example:
adjctiv+ noun noun prposition noun+ noun
30
UNIT 1
Happiness
an optimistic outlook on the future a more positive outlook on her job a whole new outlook on life
In each set of sentences, the target word is paired with different words to form dierent colocations. Choose the coocaton that best fits the ast sentence and write it n the bank You may need to change the form of one word in the coocaton to fit the sentence The first one has been done for you
1. a. One step toward happiness is tackling the problem of low self-esteem. b. The police were given more money to tacke crime in the city c. The governor's priority was to tackle high unemployment in the car industry tackle the problem d. It will take an international efort to of global warming 2. a. The budget dispute between the Senate and the House of Representatives was settled when the president became involved b. The zoos in the cities of Berlin and Neumunster had a bitter dispute over a polar bear named Knut c. The trade dispute between the United States and China over the sale of American CDs, books, and computer soware has been resolved The North American Free Trade Agreement was designed to avoid _ between the countries of Canada, Mexico and the United States. 3. a. In the vast majority of cases, people bitten by spiders and snakes do not die b. There is a vast amount of information now available on the Internet c. A vast number of bird species exist, with some estimates as high as 10,000 different types. Paintings by famous old artists sell for a of money For example, a Rembrandt was put on sale for $46 million in 2004 4. a. The National Park Service dictates policy on the use of America's tyeight national parks b. A judge often must dictate the terms in a divorce when the husband and wife cannot agree c. The international agreement dictated that the treatment of prisoners should be safe and fair The winner of a war can usually in peace agreement discussions 5. a. Rural areas are regularly being absorbed into growing cities b. The rural population of America is srinking: 60 percent of Americans lived in the countryside in 1900, and only 25 percent did so in 1990. c. Some young people believe there is little that is interesting to do in rural communities Over 25 percent of in Costa Rica have been consered as national parks or protected zones 6. a. The local conservation group is worried that the new windmills will spoil the view of their valley b. The burned dinner did not spoil the party- of the gests suggested ordering pizza instead c. Slovenias lastminute goal spoiled any chance of Russi going to the World Cup. A Spanish udge has given the okay to unpopular building plans that threaten to _ in one of Spain's most beautifl areas
CHAPTER 3
Happiness i Bhutan
1
7. a. The Ryder Cup golf competition was originally created to ster good ns between Britain and the Unie Sae. b. The central ank cut interest rates in an attempt to ster economic growth c. A country's ag and national song are symols that can help ster a sense of unity among citizens of that country. Joining a clu or organization can ___________ of elonging or people with few friends 8. a. The coach was frustrated ecause his players seemed to lack the ambition o mprove their overall level of tness. b. For many years, my father has nursed the ambition to ecome a pilot, so for his fieth irthday we gave him ying lessons. c. The young actress was ale to fll her childhood ambition and act in a Broadway play In hakespeare's pla, Maceth is willing to kill King Duncan to ____________ to e king.
Expanding the Toic _ A. The questionnaire covers the seven categories of mental health and happiness discussed in the reading passage Rate yourself on a scale from 1 to 4 according to how happy or satisfied you are for each point, ith 1 being very unhappy/ unsatisfied and 4 being very happy/ satisfied Economic satisfaction
• I am prosperous enough that I do not have to orry about money for necessities such as food, shelter, and transportation
1234
• I have enough income to pursue my hobbies • My job is secure and ill be relevant in the future Environmental satisfaction
• The place here I live is free of pollution.
1234
• My government is committed to saving the planet from environmental disaster
1234
Physical health
• I am usually healthy
1234
• I have good access to health clinics and drugstores
1234
Mental health
32
UNIT
Happiness
• I have a positive outlook on life
1234
• I have enough self-confidence to tackle any problems in my life
1234
Workplace satisfaction
• I get along with my coworkers, with few or no disputes.
1234
• I have enough support from my company and coworkers to flourish in my job.
1234
• My company s honest and treats ts employees farly
1234
Social satisfaction
• I am fully engaged wth my communty and am involved in clubs and organizatons n my cty or town.
1234
• My priorities are largely founded on spendng quality time with family and friends
1234
• (If married) My relatonshp s sold with lttle chance of divorce
1234
Political satisfaction
• I am satisfed wth my government's attempts to foster nternational peace and cooperaton.
1234
• The government has been able to keep the level of vice to a minimum n my country.
1234
• My governments prioritization of health educaton defense and nternatonal relatons issues s about right.
124
B Now average all of your ratings together and write the result. Average Happiness Rating: _
Compare your ratings wth your classmates. n whch areas are you happer and in whch areas are you less happy?
Choose one area n whch you are not competely happy and wrte a 500-word esay about what you and other can do to improve the tuation
CHAPTER
Hapiness n Bhutan
Revisiting the Target Word Now that you have completed this chapter, use te scale to descbe you knowedge of the taget words.
I I still don't know anything about this word. m I am still not sure of the meaning of this word even after studying it I understand this word when see it or hear it in a sentence, but I dont kno ! how to use it in my own speaing and writing. I know this- word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_ambition
-drugstore
clinic
engagement ·_pollution
planet
relevant rural
conseation .flourish
_presee
_dictate
_oster
priority
_dispute
_founded
prosperity
vastly
_divorce
_outlook
pursue
vice
spoil tackle
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the beginning of te chapte and compete te Knowledge Check 1 table
3
UNIT 1
Happiness
A. Look at the LDE CD-ROM entry for fuent. Identify the parts of te entry Matc te descriptions to te entry parts Descriptions a. b. . .
udio le colloction exmple sentence prt of speech
fuMill·ment
. pronuncition in phonetic script . word grmmr . word mening #1 (most equent) . word mening #2 (second most equent
/l'lm�n/ noun [ucoutab.e]
•0
listen and repea] 1 the feeig of beig happy ad satisfied with your ife because you are doig iterestig, usefu, or iportat thigs ) Ann's work gives her a real sense of fuliment._
2 the act or state of eetig a eed dead or coditio
1 This conct or depends on the fument of cein conditions.
B. Now look at the entry for fuliment in your dictionary Wat information is provided? Check () the boxes in the table Compare answers wit a partner
word meaning word frequency alternative word meanings example sentences word grammar
pronunciation in ponetic script
collocations synonyms and / or antonyms ritis / mercan selings tesaurus entries audio files
part of speech
other:
36
UNIT 1
Happiness
UNDERSTANDING WORD MENING
When you look up a word, you ofen nd that it has more than one meaning. In many dictionaries, the rst meaning is the most common one and therere likely to be the one you need. Howeve, this is not always the case, so you should read all of te meanings to be sure. To gure out which meaning is correct, tink about te context in wic you eard or read te word.
A. Match the target words in the box t te correct groups of defnions Then read the deintns below eac targe wor ad hoose the one hat reflects how the wd is used te eang (Chapters 1-3) Use the capte number in paentheses to ocate a eead th word n context amusement (2)
review (1)
spoil (3)
tackle (3)
vice (3)
_ to try to deal with a dicult problem to orce someone to the ground so that the person stops running, as in a game such as rugby or football to talk to someone in order to deal with a dicult problem to start ghting someone, especially a criminal 2 - a carefl examination of a situation or process; evaluation, analysis an aricle in a newspaper or magazine tat gives an opinion about a new book, pla, lm, etc. to write opinion pieces fr a newspaper or magazine to repor on a seres of events or a period of time, mentioning the most important parts an ocial show of te arm, nav, etc., or a kng, president, or ocer of ig ran to obsere
_______ =
criminal activities tat involve sex or drugs a bad habit a bad or immoral quality in a person, or bad or immora ehavio (usually American English) a tool that holds an object very rmly so that you can work on it
4 _ someting that entertains you and makes time pass in an enjoyable way (British Englis) a special macine or game that is intended to enertain people, fr example, at a fir the process of getting or providing pleasure and enjoyment s. _______
to ave a bad eect on someting so tat it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, or useful to let a cild do or ave whatever e or se wants, ofen wit the result that te child beaves badly to look afer someone in a way tat is very kind or too kind to star to decay (Britis English) to mark a ballot paper wrongly so that your vote is not included CHAPTER 4
Strategy Practice
37
B. In most dictonaries, word meanings are listed in order of frequency Look up the arget words from Exercse A in our dictionay and compae enon o on page 37 Does your dictonary gve the same number of word meanings and are they in the same frequency order? Use the table to record your answers
Target word
Number of meanings
amusements review spoil tackle vice
C ompare answers wth a paner
38
UNIT 1
Happiness
Same meanings?
Same frequency order?
UNDERSTANDING WORD FORMS ND WORD FAMILIES
In addition to word menings, dictionries cn provide usel normtion bout word forms nd word milies. This inormtion is prticulrly usefl becuse it enbles you to select the pproprite word form to t your sentence nd therefore improve the overll ccurcy of your written work. Notice in the imge below the usel word form nd word fmly inormtion provided in the entries For exmple in the entry for motivation, we re told tht it is noun nd re given the djective form motivational. In the entry for motiate, there's link to other verb forms
� verb [trsiv] - eb fom ln and pea 1 k g hg mo·ti·vate
Praise, rather than ctism motivates hildren to do well. 2 motivating factor/force h why h cu wy Mone was the movatin factor behind their deision. mo·ti·vat·ed
� v ')
listen and repeat] 1 y g ch hg ) an intelligent and highly motivated student cu The killngs were thought to be racia movated (=done beause someone hates other raes mo·tiva·tion
�
listen and repeat] 1 ] h hg '5 Jak is sma but he laks motiation. If the task is too diult leaers lose motiaon 2 t] h why y w hg ') a student' motivation for leaing What s the motivation behind his ations? ->. 1motivational ' a motiational speeh
� c . lsen and repeat] h h k hg, cy wh h k h ' Poe are trying to find out the motive for the atk
mo·tive
[hesaurus]
The people bagan to question the motives of their leaders.
ULTERIOR
eason, explanation excuse ationae gounds - Thr b REASON 1
CHAPTER 4
Strategy Practice
39
A. Use your dictionar to look up the target words Find the word form / word famil information provided Use the table to record our resus Motivation as ee done for ou
absorbed
devote
longing
motivation
u
ADJ=
V=
ADJ= N =
N
polltion
therapy
B Compare answers with a paner
UNDERSTANDING COLLOATIONS
A good dictionary will provide infrmation and examples about words that are fund together in pattes called collocations. These pattes comprise much of speech and writing. A sound knowledge of collocations not only will improve the overall accuracy of your speaking and writing, but also will help make your utterances and sentences sound more natural to native speakers
40
UIT 1
Happiness
This is the entr r engagement. Notce that a model sentence or phrase is provided r each meaning sense an that common collocations are highlighted in bold.
en·gage·ment noun ) [ lis d p] 1 coub r rry 1) Charlene and I have broken o our engagement(= decided to end iO. 5 an engagement g (=a ring that a man gives a woman to show that they a engaged 2 coub (forma rr h r I Pfessor Campbe is in Fo Wo for a speaking engagemen. 3 ucoub h r f vv wh r h I a strategy of engagement and cooperation with China 4 coub, ucoub fh w r r 5 mta rules of engagement (=les that say when you should fighO For each of the target words, use your dictionary to find one collocation and model collocation sentence. Write them. Then write a sentence of your own that imitates some of the word order usage and phrasing of the model sentence.
1 collocation= ________________________ dictionary model sentence= your sentence=
2 collocation=- dictiona model sentence= your sentence=
3 f collocation= ________________________ dictiona model sentence= your sentence=
CHAPTER 4
Strategy Practice
41
4. mystery
collocation= _______________________ dictionary model sentence= your sentence
5 rural
collocation= _______________________ dictionary model sentence= your sentence
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards: MODEL SENTENCES THAT "TELL AND "SHOW Earlier in this book, you were introduced to the idea of making vocabulary cards and how usefl they are as a strategy for learning new vocabular. One section of your vocabulary card should be set aside for model sentences that use the target word Good model sentences shoud include two prts The rst part should "tell you something about using the target word The second part should "show what the word means Look at the example
trivial (adj) Meaning = not serious. important,
or
valuabe
Model sentence= My boss tends o compain about trivial things Yesteday he compained about the coo of the pape cips I had ordered.
Tell= My boss tends to complain about trivial things Show= Yesterday he complained aout the color of the paper ips I had ordered Adapted fom Kinsella, K (2009). TESOL presentation
Although dictionaries provide excellent model setences they sometimes fail to provide both "tell and "show parts So it is usefl to add your own model sentence as well
Instrctions
Select ten vocabulary cards for target words om Chapters 1-3 that you scored as a o 2 Check the model sentences you wrote for each word to make sure you have included a "tell and "show part for each one Add model sentences with "tell and "show parts where necessary Compare sentences with a pane
42
UNIT 1
Happiness
What Are You Thinking? Geing Staed Dscuss the questions with your classmates.
What re some key chracterisics hat make us specically human? What do you think the relaonshp is between thught nd lnguage? Can ou hnk abou smehing wthot havig the language to describe t Wha mthods might cienists u o sdy he begining f hough
+ +
+
Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box. Tese are the target words for ths capter. Use the scae to score yoursef on each word
I I don't now his wrd. f I have seen o head ths word before, but I am not sure of h meanng understnd ths word whe see t o hear t i senece, ut I don't now how to use t in my wn speaking and witng I kow his word and cn use t n my own spekig and writing TARGET WORDS
_ancient
commonsense multiple
staation
acuation deliberate
_origin
_symboicaly
biologica
expore
_possess
throat
_caed
indiscriminate _presence
cave
intriguing
primary
uniquey
chamber
_jewelry
_rhythm
verbal
tongue
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Compete te sentences with words that you have scored as 1. 1. 2
I am not famil wh he wor/ term _ I hae no idea what means
F in te first bank wt a word that you have scored as 2. Ten compete te sentence 3.
4
UNIT 2
Mind
I hink culd mea _
Reading The passage looks at the development of human thought. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
When Did Humans Begin to Think?
5 Understanding the o f humankind has ascinated scientists fr ceturies. We knw that ur ancestrs spit m thse f the chimpanzee ( ur csest bolol reative) etween 4 miin and 8 miin years ag. Evidence m fssi nes indicates that these eay ancestrs spread ut m Aica t ther parts f the wrd in ll waves eginning at east 1 miin years ag. By aut 100,000 years ag, mde humans (Homo sapien) had deveped in Aica, and y aut 40,000 years ag, they had reached Eurpe. They as egan t have a grwing n ther cntinents. 2 An interesting questin in humankind's devepment is, when did we egin t think criticay? In ther wrds, when did we tu m animas fcused ny n the daiy strgge t avid o t humans wh cud think bollly aut the wrd arund us? Hwever, answering this questin is nt eas, as thinking eaves n fssis t discve. 3 A oo assumptin is that higher eves f thught g hand-in-hand with bl anguage, ecause higher thinking, such as creative thught, wud naturay seek a means f expressin. S tracing the devepment f
6
7
anguage cud give an apprximate idea f when humans egan t think critica. Interesting, we d have sme fssi evidence reated t speech. Animas whse larnx (vice x) is paced high in their o are unae t prduce the variety f sunds necessary fr speech. Fssi nes te us that in eary humans, the arynx was olly high in the o. Hweve, y aut 00,00 years ag, had mved wer in the o. This wering prvided a arger sund b (the space in the o and the muth) in whc passing air cud e cntred y the o, making the lo f a wide range f sunds and pssie. (Mst anguages use etween twenty-ve and thirty sunds; Engish uses mre than frt.) S humans were physicay ae t speak arud 00,000 years ag, ut when did they actuay star ding s? Estimates range m ,000 t 100,000 years ag. But with n physica evidence f anguage use, we need anther apprach t determine mre precisey when humans egan t speakand t think critica. Prfssr Richard Kein f Stanfrd University suggests that art may e the ke. After a, n ther anima is ae t create r appreciate art it is a ly human trait. (Athugh mnkeys can put paint n a piece f pape, there is n indicatin that the resut represents any rea-wrd jects r any astract thinking.) If humans had the imaginatin t create a wrk f art (which in itsef is a means f cmmunicatin), then it seems highy ikey that they wud o the means f cmmunicatin: anguage. This suggests that the rst wrks f art can e cnsidered indicatrs f when anguage and critica thught egan. Unti recent, the eariest art was eieved t e paintings, gures, ad l fund in suthweste Eurpe and thught t date m aut 40,000 years ag. This suggested that humans rst ecame CHAPTER 5
What Are You Thinking?
4
capable of critical thought about 40,000 years ago. Howeve his ime ame was recently oerturned by an exciting discovery in South Africa Anthropologist Chris Henshilwood spent more than ten years exploing a cave there He found many well�made ools, but more intriguing were he 8,000 pieces of ochre, a sof sone ha can be turned into paint Henshilwood's breakhrough came in 1999 when he found an ochre piece with unmistakable etchings on it These were no indiscriminate knife marks, but lines cut in a carefl pattern In other words, i was a deli berte artistic design Henshilwood had
ound he oldest piece o ar yet, is date of rigin set at 70,000 years-nealy 30,000 ears before he art in Europe Based on Henshilwood's discover, it seems ha humans began o speak and ccay at least 0,000 years ago It will be interesting to see i any fure archaeological nds push this dae back even frher into the past (667 words)
See the BBC Horizon television program "The Day We Leaed To Think for more on this, available at you tue.com
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences.
Why is it particularly dicult to investigate early development of thought and language?
2. What is a physical requirement for the ability o speak? 3. How might art, thought, and language be related? When did humans begin o think criticall, according to he passage?
5. What do you think pushed humankind o develop thinking and language in the rst place? Was i a better chance or survival, or a more social or artistic reason? 6 Think o ways that ar represents critical thinking Give some examples using famous arworks
Focusing on Vocab "ul WOD EANNG A Match the target words wth their defntions If you are unsure about a word's meaning, ty to figure t out from the context by rereading the passage Then check your dictionay. Set 1
__ 1. presence 2. sym b li y __ 3. togue __ 4. artiu ation . hythm 6. jewer 7. idisrimina
46
UNIT 2
Min
he act o making a sound or of speaking words a regular, repeaed patte of sound or moement the existence of someone or something in a particular place the so par inside your mouth that you can moe around and use o eating and speaking e. an action that is done without thinking about the harm it migh cause representing something important . small things that you wear or decoration, such as rings or necaces
Set 2 1. _ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
origin biological staation commonsense throat chamber cave
a. an nclosd spac, spcially in your body or insid a machin . suring or dah causd by lack of food c. a big hol in h sid of a cli or hill or undr h ground rlad o h scinic sudy of living hings e. h ara a h back of your mouh and insid your nck h plac or siuaion in which somhing bgins o xis snsibl or pracical
B. Read each target word and the list below it One word or phrase in each ist is NOT a synonym for the target word Cross it out
1. multiple
whol
a lo of
svral
numrous
oral
spokn
voicd
vry old
arly
advancd
disincivly
xclusivly
rribly
handl
hav
blong o
major
nal
main
nlargd
scrachd
shapd
scap
inspc
xamin
inrsing
wid-ranging
xciing
on purpos
plannd
innional
2. verbal
wrin 3. ancient
prhisoric 4. uniquely
individually 5. possess
own 6. primary
chif 7. caed
cu 8. explore
invsiga 9. intriguing
ascinaing 10. deliberate
houghlss
Word Tip Commonsense is usually usd as an adjciv I can also b wrin as wo words (common sense), bu hn i is usually usd as a noun: common sense: o bhav in a snsibl way and mak pracical dcisions
CHAPTER 5
What Are You Thinkng?
47
WORD FAMILIES
A. The table contains word families for some f the target words in the reading Compete the table n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is nt common Sometimes mre than ne form may be possibe If you are unsure about a form, check your dictinar Verb
Noun
Adjective
aiculation X
X
Adverb X
biological
1 2
X explore
X
deliberate X
1 2
1 2 intriguing
1 origin 2 X
rhthm
staation
1
X
2.
1
symbolically
2 X
uniquely
B. Chose the correct frm of the word in bold in sentence a to ompete sentene b
Use the word families table yu just completed as a guide ' v _______ v v - x E R v x v v _______ v
4
UNIT 2
M
3. a. The reghters were concerned that the re had been set deliberately Our player's ______ attempt to trip the opposing player was considered poor sportsmanship. 4. a. Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, was the rst person to reach the South Pole Amundsen's party arrived on December 14 1911. The teenage years are an ___ __ period in childrens lives-a time when they begin to try out many new activities and meet new people 5 a. The story of the Lost Dutchman Goldmine in Arizona is one of the most intriguing legends from the American Southwest Thousands of tourists who are by the Northern Lights travel to Alaska, Scandinavia, and Northern Canada hoping to see their amazing display. 6. a. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences offers awards for both best original screenplay and best adaptation om another source The historical basis for the modernday Santa Claus ___ from a combination of many different stories and traditions from across Europ 7 a. The normal rhyhm of the heart is 60 to 100 beats per minute. Regular practice of comfortable, breathing is important for developing a good swimming style 8. a. During the 1840s, many Irish starved to death because of the failure of the potato crop The charity launched an emergency appeal to prevent in the region after lifegiving rains failed to arrive for the sixth year in a row. 9. a. Although the queen holds little political power she is still symbolically important as the gurehead of the United Kingdom Fastfood hamburgers have come to _ ___ the exportation of the American consumer culture to the rest of the world 10. a. Each person's ngerprints are unique with no two being the same Hurling is a Irish sport, although Irish emigrants have now carried it to many other countries
COLLOATION Read the common collocations in the column on the left Give two examples of things assocated wth each collocation. Example 1
Example 2
1. unique opportunity 2. ancient town CHAPTER 5
What Are You Thinkg?
49
3. deliberate act 4.cheap
jewelry 5. posess an ability
6. symbolic value
7. verbal agreement
8. mutiple users
Expanding the Topic A. Read the original text and match with the paraphrases on page 51 O __ 1. There is the stereote that early humans lived a very basic life and were not very ntelligent They lived n holes n rocks and weren't able to comunicate, except maybe wth a few hand gestures But is this the way our ancestors really lved? __ 2. In fact, the evdence suggests that early humans were remarkably capable They had learned how to make stone knves and other uttng nstruments to help them hunt and make clothes They also had art, with some of the best examples being te cave paintings in Spain and France They also cut a variety of aristic pattes into stones, ofen wth a geometric desgn __ 3. Early humans also were comng to grps with language At rst, we must just have made sounds whch did not ean anyhing, other than loud sounds perhaps indicating some type of alarm or waing But eventually huans leaed to control the movement of air through th e throat and mouth by moving the parts of this passage, whch made a variety of sounds possble These sounds then became matched with obects and deas om the real world Ths correspondence of sounds and partcular meanngs was the foundation of language __ 4. The use of language provided humans with mportant advantages over other anials Language allowed nfrmaton to be passed om one generation to the next, ensuring that knowledge essential to suval would not be lost Language also made it possible to work more eciently as a team, frther ncreasing the chances for success It also must have helped strengthen group identt, making ech famly or group stronger and more cohesive Advantages such as this suggest that language was one of the most mporant reasons for the surival of early humans
50
UNIT 2
Mind
Paraphrases a
The ability to use language must have been one of the pma reasons why early humans were so successfl
Humankind was also moving from making mae sounds toward using language. Early humans learned how to maniulate their e and other vocal organs to roduce a range of sounds that came to be connecd a with qe meanings Many eole have the imression that early humans were crde eole, living in ae and having no language But is this true? In fact, humankind was rlatively advanced They made usefl tools out of stone, drew beautiful art aintings on cave walls, and ae interesting designs into stones
B. Now you try Paraphrase the following sentences Use the targe word n your paraphrase You may need to change the form of the target word
1 The human throat, larynx, and mouth are well adated to make the variety of sounds necessary to use language This oen area can be maniulated to change the air ow and the sounds this air makes as it asses amer ____________________________
2 The air assage can be maniulated in a number of ways by the tongue The area above the larynx can be oned, fully closed, or artially closed with each osition roducing a dierent sound If artially closed, air goes through the nose making a "nasal sound ra ___________________________
3 The tongue can make other sounds as well One of the most distinctive is the "clicking sounds tyical of some lanuages in southern Africa These languages belong to the Khoisan language famil, which is distinguishd by th unusual clicking sounds, which are rare in other language families p eee ____________________________ _
4 It is stimated that there are aroximately ,000 to 6,000 languages in the world today This makes it logical to assume that the develoment of dierent languages must have started in very early times mmee --------------
CHAPTER 5
What Are You Tinkng?
51
Summarize the reading passage in 100 to 150 words. Use paraphrasing to help you meet this reduced word limit.
Revisiting the Target Word Now that you have competed this chapter, use the scae to describe your knowedge of the target words.
DI still don't know anything about this word.
m I am still not sure of the meaning of this word even after studying it I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I don't know how to use it in my own speaking and writing I I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing. TARGET WORDS
_ancient
commonsense - . multiple
staation
_aiculation
deliberate
origin
symbolically
_biological
explore
_possess
hroat
aed
indiscriminate _presence
ongue
cave
intriguing
prima
uniquely
chamber
jewelry
rhythm
verbal
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Seect exampes from the words you now give a score of 3 or 4 ut didn't at the sta of the chapter, to compete the sentences
1 I didn't know that _______ meant ______ beore reading this chapte 2 I wasn't sure that I knew the meaning of-, but I am now 3 I now am condent that I know what _______ means, but I would like more practice with how to use it in my speaking and writing. 4 I could next use _______ when I am
52
UNIT
Mind
What Color Is Your Laugh? Geing Staed
Discuss the questons wih yor classmtes. + Md k f b? + k ? W k b pg, k f g d k k f? + C d g d Tk f xp f b Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowlege: TARGET woRs
Loo at te wors in the o hese are the tar e or r hs chate Use he scae o score yourse on each wor I d' 1 v d bf, b I f g dd d I b I d k pkg d g k d d pkg d g TARGE WORDS
_abnormality
disillusioned
_perception
_rose
_auditory
_flavor
personality
_seep
_bee
_frequent
_porayal
_simultaneous
bolt
ink
prominent
_sni
_bubbly
inspiration
_refined
_spontaneously
_buzz
orchestra
revival
_wobbly
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1
Fil i the irst a wh a wo hat yo hae score a 2 he com ete he seco setene I v / d ---· I / d I il in e rst as with wors that you hae score as 4. hen com te senteces O g f _______ _____ 3 _____ ______ 53
Reading The passage discusses the remakable way that some eoe experience the senses. As you ea, pay specal attenton to the taget vocabulay wods n bold.
Synesthesia
When most people read a book, newspaper, or magazine, they see the words as black marks on the page. This is not surprising given that ink in most publications is black. Howeve, there is a group of people who do not see the words in ont of them as black Instead they might say that the number 4 is blue or the word gift is green. Others might say that the pain om a headache is orange, the flavor of sugar round, or a sni of a bouquet of roses pink. What's going on here? 2 According to neuroscientists, these people have a condition called synesthesia. The word synesthesa comes from the Greek words syn (meaning together) and aesthesis meaning perception) and means "joined perception." All humans have ve senses-touch, vision, hearing, taste, and smelland typically these are clearly separated from one anothe. owever, for a person with synesthesia the boundaries between the senses are weak So one sense, for example, sound, may seep across to another sense such as sight, so that the sound of an orchestra playing might be seen as green wobbly lines This combinationan auditory stimulation accompanied by a visual sensation-is the most common type of synesthesia. Any simultaneous combination 54
UNIT 2
Mind
of two or more senses is considered a form of synesthesia. Neuroloist Richard Cytowic became 3 interested in this phenomenon after he found out his neighbor tasted shapes Cytowic was convinced he should take a deeper look when less than two weeks ater he encountered a colleague who saw the sound of his hospital pager as red lightning bolts Cytowic and other scientists believe that synesthesia is not an abnormality �n fact, we all may experience synesthesia at birth t is only when our brain develops that the boundaries between each of our senses become more rened People wih synesthesia, on the other hand, retain these indistinct boundaries throughout their lives 4 Another nding is that the relationships between the dierent sensory perceptions are consistent over time. Someone who hears the buzz of a bee as purple will always see it as purple The sensations are also unique to individuals. One person may see the word tble as yellow and another see it as green. Although anyone can create links between the 5 senses and other ideas or objects through the use of metaphor for example, heated debate, bubbly personality, or loud shirt), this is not the same as synesthesia. Synesthetes experience these relationships spontaneously without any conscious thought One young synesthete blogger reports how disillusioned she felt when she saw a famous singer for the rst time and he didnt match up to the color she had seen for him when she rst heard him sing. Another reports how the sound of paper makes him feel physically sick, so he hates going to restaurants with paper tablecloths and napkins Thus, while some negative reactions may 6 result from synesthesia, Professor Simo Baron Cohen believes it is more useful to think of t as enriched perception because synesthetes often use their condition as a means to enhance memory or as a source of inspiration The prominent Russian artist Wassily Kandinskys synesthesia may have triggered the creation of
his famous portrayals of musical compositions as abstract paintings. 7 Medical science has known about synesthesia for several centuries, but this revival of interest has increased our understanding We now know that it is more fequent among women and lefthanders and that it appears to run in families
However, estimates of the number of people with synesthesi still vary widel, from 1 in 200 to 1 in 2,000 This may be because many people who have the condition may not realze that it has a name. (614 words)
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions n wrng. Base your responses on the readng and your own personal experences.
Give a shot denition of synesthesia. 2. List some of the possble sensory cominations of synesthesia from the examples in the readng passage
3 ow s synesthesia related to the brain? 4 In what ways might people with synesthesia benet from this condition? 5 Many or most babies have some degree of synesthesia, but later the boundaries between senses develop Wha advantage do you think there is for senses that are clearly separated? 6 The passage relates how metaphors often combine the essence of different senses [feeling blue (depressed), warm colors (colors of re: red, orange, yellow)] Can you think of other metaphors that mix senses?
CHAPTER 6
What Cl I Yu Laugh?
55
Focusing on Vocabulr WORD MENING
A. Read the target words. Use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate an reread the word n context. Then read the dictonary definitons and choose the one that relects how the word s used n the reading
ink (1) a a colored liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing b. a lack liquid in sea creatures such as octopus and squid 2 flavor ( 1) a the quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character b. the particular taste of a food or drink 3 rose (1) a a pink color b. a ower that often has a pleasant smell _ 4 perception (2) a the way you think aout something and your idea of what it is like b. the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc 5 orchestra (2) a a large group of musicians playing many dierent kinds of instruments and led y a conductor b. an area of seats in a theater close to and on the same leve l as the stage 6 bolt (3) a the metal ar that you slide across a door or window to lock it b. lightning that appears as a white line in the sky 7 rened () a polite, well educated, or elonging to a high social class b. improved in order to make something more effective 8. buzz (4)
a continuous, low, humming sound b. a lot of activit, noise, and excitement a.
9 bee (4) a a lack and yellow lying insect b. an occasion when people, usually women, meet in order to do a particular type of work 0 personaity (5) a someone who is very famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television, etc b. someone's character, especially the way the person ehaves toward others inspiation ( 6) a a good idea aout what you should do, write, sa, etc, especially an idea that you get suddenly b. a person, experience, place, etc, that gives you new ideas for how to do something
56
UNIT 2
Mind
_ 12. revval (7) a. when something becomes ctive or strong gin . new production of ply tht hs not been performed in long time
B. Read the target words in the box Complete each sentence with the target word that matches the meaning of the words n parentheses You may need to change the form of the word to ft the sentence abnormality
disillusioned
prominent
sniff
auditory
frequent
seep
spontaneously
bbbly
porayal
simultaneous
wobbly
1. Airlines offer
(repeated, regular)
lyer miles to thei best customes to keep
them loyl
2. The _______ leg on the chir cused the womn to fll off nd hit (shaky unstable)
her hed
3. The wter from the overowing bthtub begn to _______ (leak flow slowly)
through the oor, then into the ceiling of the prtment below
4. Scrtch nd _ crds in mgzines llow perfume (smell breathe in)
compnies to mrket their product in wy tht tgets more thn one of the senses
5. A phobi (n unresonble fer of something) is common type of psychologicl ____ (rregularty mperfecton)
6. People with (n) _______ lerning style pefe to lern through (hearng audo)
listening nd mke up erhps 25 percent of the popultion
. _______ people re usully populr becuse of their fun-loving (cheerful full-of-lfe)
nd exciting personalities
8. The corportion hd ________ tlks with severl potentil (at the same tme all at once)
buyers in n eort to quickly sell the filing compny
9. Sen Penn won the Acdemy rd for Best Actor in 2009 for his ________ of the Sn Frncisco politicn Hvey Milk in the (representaton descrpton)
movie Milk. 1. The udience _______ begn to cheer when the governor stepped (wthout plannng suddenly)
onto the stge to spek
11. As the cost of gsoline goes ever higher mny people re becoming ______ with lrge inefcient crs (dsapponted depressed)
12. Achbishop Desmond Tutu from South Aic is one of the most _____ dvoctes of pecefl chnge in politics (famous wellknown)
CHAPTER 6
What Color Is Your Laugh?
57
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word famlies for some of the target words n the readng n X ndicates that there s no form or that the form is not common Study the tabl Look for spelling patterns for the noun, adjective and adverb forms of the words Lst the patterns n the space below the table Verb
Noun
Adjective
abnormality
abnrmal
disllusion
dsllusonment
disillusioned
X
flavor
1. flavor
1 flavored
X
2 flavorng
2 flavorful
X
..
-.
anormally
3 flavorless frequent
frequency
nspre
inspiration
frequent
requently X
1 inspired 2 nsprng
orchestrate
1 orchestra
X
orchestral
2 orchestration perceve
1 perception
1 perceptible
1 perceptbly
2 perceptiveness
2 perceptive
2 perceptvely
refne
refnement
refined
seep
seepage X
spontanety
nouns---
X X
spontaneous
X
spontaneously
-------
adjectives ----- adverbs----
B.
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses Use the word familes table to help you
cold ad wet 1. Canada sered from an ___ (abnormal) summer last yea. 2. Many believe the low participation in te election was due to voter ____ (disillusioned) wit politics.
blend of black 3. Cinnamon Orange Instant Tea is a _____ (flavor ea ad oils based on an original recipe
58
UNIT
Mind
4. The airline has announced that it plans to increase the ______ (equent) of its serices to Turkey during peak summer months. 5.
Many successl athletes state that they were ______ (inspiraion) by watching the Olympics when they were young
6. The indie band has launched a new ______ ( orchesra)-dg album It's unlike anything they have released before 7. The students _______ (percepion) comment showed that she had real insight into the subject 8
Image editing sotware allows photographers to _______ (refne) the quality o their photos
9. The _____ (seep) from the pipe into the river carried poisonous waste 10.
My New Years resolution is to leave more room in my life for ____ (sponaneously)
COLLOATION Combine a word from Column A with a word from Column B to form a collocation. Then match the colocaton to ts defnton
Cm A
Cm B
bee
table
indelible
portrayal
personaliy
transation
accurate
sting
proinen
clash
rose
ink
siulaneous
citizen
wobbly
garden
1.
a garden planted with owers
2.
whe two eople dont like each other
3.
a shaky piece of furniture
4.
an insect bite
5.
___________ important member of the community
6.
realistic representation of a person or event
7.
liquid for making permanent marks
8
immediate conversion om one language to another
HPTER
What Color Is You Laugh?
5
Expanding the Topic�{s;: -
"
. �$ � ,{; ,
Most words are related to many other words through meaning links. Take the word sun as an example. What related words does it make you think of? Most people would say words such as moon, shine, light, bright, hot, sta1� and day. All of these words have some meaning link to sun and are called associations. Example:
sun -moon sun - shine I light sun bright I hot sun -star sun -day
(The sun and moon are the two main bodies in sky.) (The sun sines and gives o ig (Bright and hot describe te sun) (The sun is a sta) (The sun shining causes daytime on Earh.)
Thinking about association links to a word is usefl because associations often elicit words that are used together with the original word. For example, associations ofen create collocations. Look at te two target words and their ve associations See how the associations have meaning links to the target words Association
snif
Meaning Link
nose
(People and animals snif with ther noses)
smell
(People and animals snif to smell something.)
dog
(Dogs usually snif a lot)
air
(People and animals snif the air to nd a smell.)
noise
(Sometimes people and animals snif nosil)
renewal
(Renewal also means to becoes active or strong again.)
resumption
(Revival and resumption can both mean to
start again) reviva
60
UNIT 2
Mind
economic
(People look for an economic revival after a depression.)
religious
(In a religious revival, people renew their religion.)
industry
(Many old industries are in need of revival.)
A. Each of the word boxes has associations that belong to one of the target words Match each box of associations to a target word Then explain the meaning links champagne
bright
gas
electricity
personality
sparking
voce
lightning
storm
thunder
Meaning Link
Association
_)
(_-
1. bolt
(
)
(
)
___ ( (
____) (
( B Now add yur own associations to the following target words Then explain the meaning link
Association
Meaning Link (
)
( (
) )
(
)
( ) ( 2 buzz
)
( _ ( ____ )
CHAPTER 6
What Color Is You Laugh?
6
A number of famous people have been identfied as synesthetes. Choose one of ese peope After dong some background research, wrte a 300-wor ogra about your chosen famous person
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words.
I I still don't know an y hing about his word. m am stil not sre of th meanng of hs word even after stud y ing it E I unersand this wrd when I se t or har it in a entence, bu I dont know hw to use t in m y own speaking and writing
know ths wod and cn ue i in m y ow peaking and writng TARGET WORDS
_abnormality
disillusioned perception
rose
auditory
flavor
personality
seep
bee
frequent
porayal
simultaneous
bolt
ink
prominent
sni
bubbly
inspiration
refined
spontaneously
buzz
orchestra
revival
wobbly
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Select examples from the words you now give a score of or 4 but didn't at the start of the chapter to complete the sentences. 1. I didt kow that ______ mean ______ before
reading this chapte 2. I asnt sure that I knew the meanig of---- bu I am now 3. I now am onden that I know what ____ mens, but would
lke more practic wth how to use it i m y speakng and wring 4. I ow now that ______ collocates wth ____
62
UNIT
Mind
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress in learning the vocabulary in this chapter.
• First, look at your scores in the table on page 63. Write the number of words for each score (1-4) in the "at the beginning column. For example if you scored eight words as 1 (" don't know this word) then write 8. • At the end of the chapter score yourself again. Then compe e e of scores. Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words at the beginning:
at the end: showing improvement
no improvement yet
1
2 3 4
Reading The passage reports on findings from several new areas of research on the teenage bran. As you read, pay specia attention to the target vocabulary words n bold
The Teenage Brain
Think back to when you were entering high school Did you hve trouble getting up in the morning? Did your teachers think you were moody? Did your parents think you hd turned into an alien? These changes in your behvior were probablybecause you were a teenager and your brain was playing havoc with your life. Let's sta with wking up in the morning. This is ofen ource of conlct and aggravation for teenagers and prens In this 64
UNIT 2
Mind
case science is on teens' side. Researchers have found that the body's sleepwake cycle is governed by something called our circadian clock. This determines when our body is ready to fall asleep nd when it is ready to wake up. During the teenage years the circadian clock shifs foward about four hours. For exmple the child who used to go to bed t 8:30 PM. and rise at 6 AM, now wants to stay up past midnight and sleep in until 10 AM This chnge puts teens' sleep cycles out of sync with the sleep habits of the rest of their family f teens are forced to get up at the same time as everyone else then they begin to build up sleep debt. Researchers speculate that this sleep deprivation may provide one explnation for why teens feel unable to concentrate at home or stay alert at school and are generally -tempered. Lack of sleep also hs serious consequences with respect to learning. During sleep we rehearse all of the learning om our day and ssign it to longterm memory. Without enough sleep we aren't able to learn effectively. Research is providing provisional insights
into other areas of teeage brai development, too. Util recetly many researchers believed tat most important brain developmet took place i the womb and during the rst three years of life. However a large-scale study of 145 childre ad adolescents carried out by D. Jay Giedd ad colleagues at the Natioal Institute for Mental Health, has show that the teeage years are also an important period for brai developmet We know that the brai grows like a tree Jst before puberty the brain overproduces lots of new brain cells. Then durig the teeage years it prnes away any cells that are uused. This trimming of brain cells has prompted scietists to propose a "use it or lose it theory of brain developmet. Giedd believes that which leisue activities teens participate in during these yearsom playig video games to underakig more demandig hobbes suc as photoraphy and karatedetermine hich coectos surive into adulthood. Meawhile, i Boston researcers in the lartories at McLean Hospital are carryig out exploratory research on how the teen brain processes facial expressions. Tees and adults were asked to view a series of pictures showing a variety of facial expressions. The researchers found that the tees used a dieret par of te brai than the adults whe processing the pctures Tis resulted in them misreadig
the emotions beig expressed. Teen brais showed more activation in the brai crcuis that respod emotioall I other words, the teens' responses were more like gut reactions Adults o the other had processed the facial expressios using the preotal par of the brai This area is resposible for the exeuive fctios of the brai including planing, decision making reasoig, ad judgment The researchers specuae that this area regulates the more emotioal pa of the brai ad helps to cotrol reactios The fact that the tee brain is ot iteractig ith the emotioal regio i the same way as the adult brain could provide clues to uderstandig adolescet behavio. Therefore rather than expectig teeagers to act like growups, parents ad caretakers eed to be aare that teenage brais process the world differently than adult brais. Whie brai researchers are fll of nthusiasm regardig these ew ndigs tey are also quick to cation agaist transating them ito educational policies or ew teachig fads without rst cosiderig whether this is tly ustied. Oe poit that all researchers agree on is that the most cnsrutive thing adults can do to esure healthy brai developmet i their childre is to sped oving, quality time wit them (693 words)
READING COMPEHENSON Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences
Why do teeagers have such diculty waking up in the moring? 2.
What are some cosequeces of ot gettig eough sleep?
3.
Describe how the brai gros and develops.
4.
Why did the teenagers i the Bosto study react to facial expressios dieretly om adults?
5.
What practices could parets or schools put in place based on these research results?
6.
Do you thik teeagers should be treated like adults by their parents or i the eyes of the law?
CHAPTER 7
Di Yu Have Tuble Geting Up hi Mnng?
6
Focusing on Vocabulr,; WORD MENING A. Read the sentences and choose the phrase that best matches the meaig of the target word Use context clues to deterne the correct eang Check your dctona f you are not sure of the answer 1 T SETI I v alien v a. , , c. 2. T aggravation a. q 3 E alert v c. , , 4. O , rehearse, - , - v a. c. v , v 5. , v provisional a. , , 6 T v' trim , , ' c. , , z 7. T prompted v v a. v v
66
UNIT 2
Mind
8. If exercise bores you but you still want to b e health, take up a hobby that engages you in physical activit, such as dancing or hiking. a. process of being taught the skills for a particular job or activity activity you enjoy in your free time process of moving or way that something moves 9. The international space station is essentially a laborato that orbits Earth to allow researchers to carry out specialized experiments in space. a. building where tools and machines are used for making and repairing things building with rooms where people can work at desks special building where scientists do tests 10. Children who become caretakers of other family members ofen feel satised and proud of the contribution they are making to their family's livelihood. a. people who accept what is being offered people who look after other people c. people who try hard to avoid doing anything wrong 11. The crowd showed little enthusiasm for the speaker, and only a few people clapped when he nished his speech.
strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something help or protection c. close relationship between two things 12 You can improve the second draft of your essay if you pay attention to the constctive feedback om your teacher on your rst draf. given at once and without delay intended for anyone to know, see, or hear useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results B R NO . 1. moody: ofen changing quickly om having a ood temperment to having a bad temperment a. The actress played a moody, self-absorbed woman who took advantage of her iends and family to advance her own caree A poor diet can have a negative eect on childrens energy levels, causing them to become moody and out of sorts c. My sister is always happ, moody and a little bit silly; thats why everyone likes he 2. habit something that you do regularly or usuall, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many imes before a. Putting good sleep habits into practice is paricularly dicult for teenagers b. Watching movies is one of my favorite habits; I try to go to the movies every weekend. c. She has a habit of biting her lip when she is concentrating on something
CHAPTER 7
Did You Have Trouble Getng Up hs Mornng?
67
3. speculate: to guess about the possible causes or eects of something, without knowing all the cts or details a. I really shouldn't speculate, but I do think that the coach is thinking of cutting your son and mine rom the basebal team. b. That lawyer speculates in cases invoving workplace problems and empoyee rights. c. The poice resed to speculate on a motive or the crime at this eary stage in the investigation. 4. deprivation a ack o something that you need in order to e hea comrtabe, or happy a. The small town oered much in the way of social deprivation- community cente, a public ibra, a swimming pool, and a tennis court. b. Researchers have ound that even short-term sensory deprvation quicky eads to a reduced ability to carry out even simple tasks. c. Healthy eating doesn't have to be about deprvation You can include anything in your diet as long as it isn't eaten to excess. 5. temper the way you ee at a paicuar time, especiay when you ee angy a. You need to control your temper or it is going to get you into trouble. b. I had a high temper a through my casses toda, so I nally went home, took some aspirin, and went to bed. c. My sister is very sensitive and easily loses her temper if she thinks she has been wronged. 6. consequence something that happens as a result o a particular action or set o conditions a. Babe Didrison's success as a female athlete and gofer opened up many consequences r the women who ollowed her in these sports. b. The consequences of her mistake were ar more serious than she could have imagined. c. Meeting the doctor who became her husband was a wecome consequece of breaking her ankle. 7. prune to get rid o something you do not need or want, especially i order to redce size or cost a. The ife coach advised her to prune her schedule to make more time to do things that she realy enjoyed. b. We had to call a ree specialist to come in and prune our ok tree because the neighbors compained it blocked their sun. c. The company decided to pne o its most successu hotels by adng tness centers and other eisure ciities. 8. leisure: the time when you are not woring or studyin nd can relax and do things you enjoy a. The city's public leisure acilities need upgrading so that al residents can easily and economicaly travel around the town. b. Airlines oen oer discounted res to leisure travelers in orr to ll extra seats. Puzzes became very popuar at the time of the Industria Revoution because workers had more time availabe r leisure activities.
6
UNIT 2
Mind
9. circuit:
the complete circle that an electric current travels through
The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the compute. b. If all of the connections in a circuit are not intact, then the electrical current wll be stopped on its way through the circuit There was only one electricity outlet in the bedroom, so she had to use an extension circuit to plug in her compute. a.
10. executive
concerned with making decisions and ensuring that decisions are
carried out The executive functions of the company were carried out by a group of managers who set plans and policies for all of the employees. b. The directions for operating the machines were written out in executive detail to avoid any accidents. The kings and queens of Norwa, Sweden, and Denmark are all heads of state, bu none of them have any executve powers. a.
11. caution
to warn someone that something might be dangerous or dicult
Brain expers caution that the trainig gains made from playing computerized brain games rarely lead to improved performace in eveday life. b. Doctors caution that everyone should eat ve portions of fruit and vegetables a day in order to maintain a healthy diet. c. Public health experts caution that both the UVA and UVB rays in sunlight can do serious damage to our skin
a.
to change something into a dierent form or to express something in a dierent way
12. translate
a.
Ordinary people are hoping that the recent economic recovery will translate into more jobs. b. A raise in pay doesn't always translate into more spending mon� as much of it ends up going to taxes. c. The cake recipe stated it was okay to translate honey for suga.
CHAPTER 7
Did You Have Trouble Geting Up his Morning?
69
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word famles for some of the target words in the reading. Complete the tabe An X ndcates that there is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possible If you are usure about a form, check your dictionary Verb
Noun
Adjective
aggravati
1.
Adveb
2.
cati
1
1
2.
2
deprivati ethsiasm
X
1 2
X
habit
X
1
mdy
2.
X rehearse
X
prvisial X
speclate traslate
X
B Read the sentences I eght of the seteces an incorrect form of the target word has been used If the form of the target word is incorrect cross it out ad write the correct form If the form s correct put a checkmark () Use the word families table to help you
Although the food at that restaurant is excellent, the service is aggravation slow 2 After breaking her leg skiing last winter, she was v ery caution about wanting to go again this yea 3 A rst child sometimes feels deprivation of his or her mother's attention when a new baby omes into the home 4 We had a very enthusiasm and knoledgeable guide for our tour of Istanbul 5 I habit get a sti back from spending too much time sitting in ont of the compute
70
UNIT 2
Mind
6. Her moodiness almost uined our whole vacatio because we could never be sure whether she was going to want to join in any of our activities. 7. The fotball game has provision bee rescheduled r November 1, afer it was canceled today due to poor weathe. 8. The cast members of the play were very nervous because their nal rehearse hd not gone well 9. Afer the exam was nished, the students went o to a coee shop where they had a speculate conversation about their grades.
_ 0 A survey of Indian workers shows that eployees spend an average of one hour per day on various social networing sites. This translates to a 12.5 percent loss in roductivit. COLOATION In each set of sentences, the target word is paired wth diferent words to form diferent collocations. Choose the collocation that best fits the last sentence and write t in the blank You may need to change the form of one word in the collocation to fit the sentence
a. Science ction books and lms fuel our imaginations by int us to a wide range of superhuman heroes, turistic technolog, and alien worlds When the radio play War f he Wrld was rst aired n 1938, many people believed it was a real newscast and that Earh was under alien attack c. Ce Encner he Third Kind is one of the most famous Hollywood movies focusing on the topic of alien abduction Special eects have made it easier r lmmakers to creae more realistic and vared instead of simply showing deses. 2. a. Regional dierences between language users is a natural consequence of humans' ability to use laguage creativel. The massive population loss in Noh and South America afer the arrival of Columbus was a direct consequence of the introduction of European diseases. The Special Olympics clearly show that leading a limited life is not an inevitable consequence of disabilit. The changes to the library's opening hours were a(n) of suggestions put orard by regular library users. 3. a. The negotiators were hoping r a constructive dialogue between the company and union representatives in order to avoid a strie. b. Improving the public transport system may oer a more constrctive approach to dealing with trac problems than building ore roads. c. When teachers introduce peer editing into writing classrooms, they need to be sure that peer readers are trained to oer constrctive criicism The ability to give and take is an imporant part of good employe-employee relationships.
CHAPTER 7
Did You Have Trouble Getng Up hs Mornng?
71
4. a Although the pplicnt lcked some bsic skills, everyone on the interiew pnel greed tht her youthful enthusiasm more thn mde up for thes
gps b. For mny people, the initial enthusiasm they hd for their New Yer's resolution hs lredy worn o by erly ebrury c. My mth techer hd such n infctious enthusiasm for his subject tht even the most uninterested leers begn to see its usefulness. The ____________ for the new prk project quickly dried up when everyone sw how difcult it ws going to be to rise the necessry money 5 a. Susn wsnt willing to wit for the others to mke up their minds, so she mde n executive decision to order pizz nd grlic bred for dinne . In some countries, the oce of the president holds executive power, while in others the president is minly gurehed, nd rel power belongs to the prime ministe c. Ntionl emergencies such s oods, torndos, nd wildres require prompt executive action to ensure the uick rrivl of needed supplies The creful __________ the mngement tem mde during the economic slowdown ensured the compny'� suvivl 6. a. My little brother hd strge eatig habits He would oly et one ood t
time, nd he never llowed two dierent foods to touch ech other on his plte . My wife hs the annoying habit of setting her lrm clock to go o erly nd then hitting the snooze button bout ten times before getting up c. Alison hs the nervous habit of repetedly clering her throt whenever she hs to give presenttion or spek t meeting ve noticed tht my boss tugs t his moustche whenever he is sked difcult question It is (n) ------------, nd I doubt he even knows he does it 7 a The city hopes to regenerte the industril re long the river by bringing in more resturnts, prks, nd other leisure cilities In Englnd, spending time with iends nd fmil, listening to music, nd wtching TV re the top leisure activities of 80 percent of people between 16 nd 24 My fther trvels lot or his job, but lwys mkes sure to hve some leisure time to go sightseeing in the plces he visits According to the US Bureu of Lbor Sttistics, on n vere d, dults nd over spent .6 hours engged in _________more thn ny other ge group a. The physicl nd mentl helth problems experienced by retired NFL footbll plyers hs prompted a congressionl investigation into footbll brin injuries b. The refomtion of the rock bnd fer so mny yers prompted the question "Why did they brek up in the rst plce? c. Concerns bout pedestrin sfety prompted the city councils decision to put up ew trc lights t the corer of Lincoln eue d rod Street The price of tuition nd fer of missing her fmily ___________ to study t college in her home stte
72
UNIT
Mind
Expanding the Topic Ty to answer the trivia questions about the brain and mental health. 1. True
False
2. True
False
3. True
False
There is evidence that yawning helps your brain be more . The caretakers of pets are generally both physically and psychologically healthier than people who do not have pets Circuits in the brain are links between brain cells called There are about 1 billion neurons in a human brain Some things you can do to promote mental health include daydreaming, exercising, enjoying hobbies, keeping a journal and volunteering The speech production area of the brain was rst identied in a laboratory experiment in 1905 The number of neurons babies have has been pruned back by 20 percent by the time they are adults High blood pressure can directly cause bad temper. Timming one's weight can lead to better menta health neurns.
4. True
False
5. True
False
6. True
False
7. True
False
8. True
False
Given that the research reported here indicates that the teen brain is clearly different from the adult brain, should teenagers continue to be treated as young adults? Write a 500-word essay expressing your views. Be sure to provide supporting evidence.
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words.
I I still dont know anything about this word m I am still not sure of the meaning of this word even after studying it I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence but I don't know how to use it in my own speaking and writing I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS __aggaao
__oseuee __obb
__ue
_ae
constructive
boratory
reherse
ien
deprivation
eisure
specuate
cretaker
enthusism
moody
emper
caution
executive
prompt
trnsate
circuit
habit
provision trim
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the beginning of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table CHAPT 7
Did You Have Trouble Getting Up his Morning?
3
Strategy Practice Geing Stared Look at the three images taken from Chapters 5-7. Wthout loong bac at the chapters, how any target words can you remeber from each chapter?
Focusing on Skills: ESSAY wR1TNG One of the most eective ways to learn and remember new vocabulary words is to practce usng them. Writng is a great way to practice vocabular, and that's why there are writing tasks at the end of each chapter in this book This chapter presents a variety of useful vocabulary designed to help you with these tasks and uture essay assignments UNDERSTANDING ESSAY RCRE
Whether you are writing an essay for a college assignment or for a TOEFL or ITS exam essay structure is an important element to keep n mind Most essays have the following strcture: Introduction
n order to demonstrate a clear essay structure t s a good idea to use a selection of words and phrases that teachers and examiners expect to see This vocabulary s presented in the following sections 74
UNIT 2
Mind
WRITING HE INTRODUCTON
The purpose of an essay introduction is to lead the reader into your essay topi. An introduction usually includes three key elements: ( 1) a general statement that states the topic of the essay (2) a sentence that presents your main argument or opinion (3) a setion that outlines how you are going to organize your essay G The example phrases in the table are used to state the topic of an essay. They are divided into groups according to their specic fnction
A. Match the functions with the example phrases in the table Functions
introducing a contrasting viewpoint emphasiing the importance of a topic making a general statement Example phrases
_ ,
_ 2 _ 3
It s said that It is a fact that For many peope Most scientists agree that Some say that However, others believe that Neveheless some claim that On the other hand people say that The idea of (topic) is one of the most important ssues in is probably the bggest
B Look back at the three writng tasks from Uni 2 For each task, write a sentence that states the topic < The seond eleent of an essay introdution usually indicates the purpose of the essay and equently inludes the main argument The eample phrase n the box an be used to do that
Therefore in this essay, I will argue that this paper will explain . this essay will describe otline compare and contrast Look back at the three writing tasks from Unit 2 For each task write a sentence that states the purpose/ argument CHAPTER 8
Strategy Practice
75
@ The nal element of an essay introduction usually tells the reader how you are , going to organize your essa. Example phrases are listed in the box A. Use the phrases in te box o complete he tabe.
Finally, w e followed by .
will concue by saying that wil summarize he man oins ad conclude
il begin by
will ten go on o
I
1
Ti essay This pape I
2
I Ths
3
4
5
his esay this ape
6
Now that you know the ormulaic language of essay introductions you can combine the standard phrases with the target words om previous chapters It is important that you pay attention to word order and word form when adding your own words to these usefl phrases. B Compete each sentece wt e coect form o the wod in parentheses Use he chapter numbe n paentees to locate and reread te word in context Also use the word ailies tables n Unit to help yo Tn dentiy what pa o the essa intoducton he sntece i (1 o 3)
Most _ (biological) would agree that humans and apes have evolved om the same source. () 2 It is a well-known fact that the ablity to think is (uniquely) to human beings () 3 he idea f ________ (multiple) intelligences is one of the most impoant issues in educational psychology toda () 4 his essay will conclude by saying that research on synesthesia should be given greater _ (prominent) if we are to develop a better understanding of this condition ( 6) Howeve others believe that teenagers are (deprivation) of sleep which may provide one explanation for why teens are unable to concentrate for long periods of time (7)
76
UNIT 2
Mind
WRITING HE BODY
Once you have idented your top, argument, and organizational pan, you cn bgn the body. The bdy is cmposed of paragraphs tht reect your main pont. Each paagraph shoud nud (a) a topi nnce that ntodces he reader to he opic f your prgraph, (b) senences demnstran your man dea, an (c) supportig evde depending on the typ of essay you'r wrtin The foowng exampe phases can be used in th body f your essay They ae dvded nto groups accoding to ther specic functin
A. Match the functions with the example phrases in the table
Functions expressng oher peops onons b. begnnng opc sentnes introducng adtna poins
expressn your onin vng exaples
Example phrases First of all,
let's look at
To begin with, _ 1
Before I ,
I think it is useful to
Lets begin by Firs of all, Secondly, In addition, In addition to points _ 2.
There are a number of
issues ideas opinions
Fuhermore, to consider
Moreover, However, On the other hand, In contrast, Finally, Last but not least, Lastly,
For example, _ 3
To take another example, For instance, such as
CHAPTER 8
Strategy Practice
77
In my view, . I am convinced that I (completely) agree with _ 4.
It is dificut to disagree with
because
I disagree with the idea that
for the foowing reasons
I do not share the view that t is wrong to . The probem with (the author),
According to
_ 5
In his/ her
. ..
book,
claims .
artice,
states (the author)
chapter,
points out
On his / her website
mentios
As
argues
B Read the target words in the box Compete each sentence with the target word that matches the meaning of the words in parentheses alien
enthusiasm
possess
primary
rehearse
1. First of all, let's look at the _ reason for the development of (most impoant)
human thought 2 In addition to the ability to see sounds, people with synesthesia other unusual abilities (have
3 or example, parents consider the behavior of their teenage children to be completely (strange)
4 I do not share the view that teenagers lack because they (eagerness
are not getting enough sleep 5 According to Robert Stickgold of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sleep allows s to
(practce)
·, restructure and reclassify all of the
leaing from our day-and then assign it to longterm memory
78
UNIT 2
Mind
WRITING HE CONLUSION The nal part of an essay is te conclusion. The purpose of most essay conclusions is to summarize the main points made in the body and, in some cases to recommend some action The following example phrases are all commonly used in essay conclusions In sum, .
Therefore
there is a need for fuher
To sum up
Thus
it is possibe to argue that
conclude
it can be said that
In concusion,
this essay has found that I beieve that
Read the target words in the box Choose the target word that best competes the colocation and write it in the blank You may need to change the form f one word n the coocation to fit the sentence consequence
prompt
explore
provisional
speculate
1 Therefore there is a need to ____ the possibility of making signicant changes to school timetables to better suit teenagers
2 In sum, the likely _______ of sleep deprivation include poor concentration levels mood swings and ineective leaing 3 Therefore, it can be said that tere is growing _______ that art may be the ke to understanding when humans rs t began to think
4. Therefre the _ fndings of this study are that snesthesia is a far more common condition than originall thought and that it comes in a wide variety of forms 5 Thus I believe that action is required if we are to develop a better understanding of this condition
CHAPTER 8
Strategy Practice
79
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards: TARGET woRs 1N RTNG GAME t the beginning f thi bk, yu ere intrduced t the idea f making vcabulary card and h uel they are a a trategy fr learning ne vcabular. If yu have cmpeted Unit and 2, yu huld aready have a cllectin f 44 vcabulary card In additin, yu huld have already cpleted ix riting tak. Use your vocabulary cards to check ow many words you ave used in your writing tasks. Folow tese steps
Instrctions
Frm pair r team (eam and eam B). 2.
ach team elect a ttal f ten vcabulary card frm it tack f 44 vcabulary card. am eber each elect a piece f riting that they have dne. (Che piece f riting that ue a many f the target rd a pible) Fr example, a team f ve peple huld have ten vcabulary card and ve piece f riting.
3.
eam then elect ne f it n vcabulary card and ak eam B member if they have ued that targe rd in any f their riting tak
eam B i given time t kim their piece f riting t ee if they have ued the target rd 5 If eam B ha ued the taret rd, it receive ve pint fr each team ember h ha ued the rd crectly (nt fr h many time the rd ha been ued in each piece f riting) Fr example if the target rd i "buzz and three ember f eam B have ued buzz crrectly in their riting tak, the team i aarded fteen pint (three member x ve pint) 6 If the target rd ha nt een ued by any member f eam B, r ha been ued incrrectly, eam cre ve pint. 7 Once the cre have been tallied eam B che ne f it vcabulary card and the prce i repeated he team ith th highet cre at the end f the game in.
80
UNIT
Mind
Science Fiction into Reality Geing Sta Discuss the questons wth your classmaes.
+ Do you like science ction in general? Why or why ot? + Was Star Trek populr whee you gew p? Are you a fan? o thin sciece cion can· inspire th creation of new tecnoogy in he real world? Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words n the box These are the targe words for ths chaper Use the scae to score yoursef on each word
I I don't kow tis wrd. m I ave e o head this word befoe , ut I am not sure f th meaing I uderstnd this wod whn I se t o her it n a sentence u don't know how to use it in my own speaking and writing. know his wo nd can use it in my own speakng an wiing TARGET WORDS
_ae
dssove
_ae
sa
ae
_dos
_sso
_sowae
_ovee
ease
_oe
spa
_ ope
_ oa
ae
_ ew
oa
_ poae
e
dae
ap
_eeao
vae
KNOWLEDG CH 1 Compete the sentences wth words ha you hae scored as 1
1 am not famia wit the word/ term _ 2 I have no idea what _ means F n the frs bank wth a word tha you hae scored as 2 Then compete he sentence
3 hin cud mean _ 82
UNIT 3
Design
Reading The passage discusses how science fiction can inspire the creation of new technology, using Star Trek as an exampe. As you read pay specia attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Star Tek Technology
One of the most successfl science ction programs of all time is Star Trek. The original television series was rst broadcast from 1966 to 1969. This sparked the "Trekkie phenomenon, with a total of six television series and eleven movies as of 2009 A large part of Star Trek' ongoing popularity with science ction fans is the fturistic gadgets found in the various episodes Although transporters, time travel machines, and the like are not currently asible, other equipment seems viable and may be developed during our lifeties Consider the advanced hologram technology on the ships' "holodecks, which allowed characters to create simulated realities Scientists are working to develop similar technology today and Tele-immersion is one such application Tele immersion will create a simulated virual room ha alows people to come together and interact
without leaving their own physical location In fact, many of the Star Trek technologies that seemed dubious or impossible only a few decades ago now are available for use in the real world Probably the most notable of these gadgets was the handheld ip-n communicator, often used by Captain Kirk t o summon help when he and his crew were in danger on some alien world t allowed portable and lightweigt comunication wherever a person was The appearance of this device started Martin Cooper and his team at Motorola thinking about how to develop a mobile phone The rst mobile phones were hardly coveiet: They weighed 22 pounds, and the batteries allowed only thirtyve minutes of talk time However, once the technology was introduced, it advanced and iniaturized until it was developed into the small cell phones we have toda, which not only allow voice communications, but also allow access to all of the textual and graphic riches of the Internet As a result, cell phones are now commonplace, with at least 85 percent of adults in the US and the UK owning one 3 A nuber of other electronic devices from Star Trek are also now commonplace Many of the Star ek computerized gadgets featured touch screens, including the Starship Enterise' controls Nowadays, touch screens appear on everything from cell phones to smart refigerators. Our modern ebook readers and Blackerries were also foretold by the small computerized tablets that the Star Trek crew ued for reading and storing data And just as the Star Trek crew could always nd its location when on missios to foreign planets by using scaers, we can now do this on Earth by using a GPS (Global Positioning System) device 4 Some of the medical technologies on Star Trek have also become realit n the show, brain surgery was performed by attaching a gadget to someones head, whih healed internal iuries without cutting into te CHAPTER 9
Science Fction into Realy
83
brain. There is now a similar procedure called gamma ray surge, were a number of beams o gamma radiation are precisely focused at a single target-for example, a brain tumo This disso l ves and eliminates te diseased area Since te procedure is noninvasive, tere is little pain and much less chance for infection Star Trek doctors also diagnosed patients using the versatile andeld tricorder scanners. (In fact, the Star Trek tricorder seemed to do everyting, om checking a planet's atmospere to diagnosing a broken engine!) Modern patients are scanned in essentially the same wa, by magetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CAT scans, although the equipment is much larger than a handheld device Even te crusty D McCoy would be impressed 5 Another Star Trek technology that appears to be witin reach is te universal communicato
A number of translators already are avalble on te Internet, and they do a ar athouh a om perfect) job of translating written texts But translating speech is muc more dicult People speak wit a wide variety of dialects and acents wic current voice recognition systems simply cannot co p wit For te best results, te so ft ware must be trained to each speaker's individual voice Howeve, improvements gradually are being made, and it may be years rater than decades before suciently powerful voice recognition so ft ware makes simultaneous oral translations possible 6 Wit advances such as these, it is fair exciting, and perhaps a bit frightening to ask, how ar behind can M Spocks telepathic "mindmeld communication be?
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions n wrting. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences
1 List our inventions om Star Trek programs that are available or use toda
2 What two inventions are not yet available, but may be within our lifetimes? 3 How does mode medical tecnology compare wit that shown in Star Trek? 4 I a universal translator is eventually developed, will there still be value in learning a second language? How does a science ction soy or program, suc as Star Trek, ead to te creation of new technology?
6 Will it ever be possible to visit oter stars using spacesips that travel faster tan te speed of ligt?
4
UNIT 3
Deign
(698 words)
Focusing on Vocabul WORD MEANING A. Match the target words wth teir defnitions If you are nsure abot a word's meanng, try to fgure t out from te context by rereading the pasage Then check your dctoary Set 1
l, _ 2. 3. 4, 5. 6, 7.
crew battery refigerator tabet mission accent sotware
a. an important job that involves traveling
somewhere b. a large piece of electrical equipment, used for keeping ood and drink cool c. a pad of paper r writing on d a group of people with special skills who work together e. an obect that provides a supply of electricity for something such as a radio, car, or toy f the way someone pronounces the words of a language . the sets of programs that tell a computer how to o a particular ob
Set 2
1. vabe _ 2 p 3. portabe _ 4. graphic , scan 6. magnetic 7. diaect
a. able to be done or worth doing b.
c.
.
. f.
g.
connected with or including drawing, printing, or designing able to be carried or moved easily to use a piece of equipment that passes an electrical beam over something; to take a picture of what is inside to move something with a quick sudden movement so that it is in a different position capable o attracting iron obects a orm of a language that is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that is slightly dierent om other forms of the same language
CHAPTER 9
S F R
85
B. Read each target word and the list below t One word or phrase in each list is NT a synonym for the target word Cross it out 1. trek
journey
trick
long trip
voyage
aunch
set in motion
ame
workable
trouble-ee
possible
doubtfl
questionable
unpromising
renewable
ot xed
transporable
practical
oldfashioed
useul
iternatioal
large-scale
worldwide
lique
knock dow
sofen
handle
deal with
manage
verbal
by mouth
heard
2. spark
start 3. feasible
practical 4. dubious
uhelpfl 5. mobile
moveable 6. convenint
hady 7. global
commuity 8. dissolve
melt 9. cope
unite 10. oral
spoken
Word T Although many people believe that accent and dialect refer to the same thig, it's usefl to be aware o how they are dieret. Accent reers oly to prounciation while dialect refers to grammar ad vocabulary as well For example, peakers om Boston and Dallas have dierent accents, but ot differet dialects lthough there are diereces in their pronunciation the words and grammar they use are the same In Eglad, people om Newcastle speak a dierent dialect than people from London In addition to using dieret prounciation, they also use a range of dierent vocabulary
WORD FAMILIES A The table on the next page contains word failies for soe of the target words in the reading Coplete the table n X indicates that there is no form or that t he form is not comon Sometimes more than one form ay be possible If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary
86
UNIT 3
Design
-
.. -
. X
convenient
X
dubious
X
feasible
1.
Adverb
global
2 X
1 graphic 2 1
magnetic
2 3 X
poable
X X
1 2 refrigerator scan
X
1 2 X
viable
B. Choose the correct form of the word in old in sentence a to complete sentence b Use the word famiies tabe you just completed as a guide. 1. a
It is often more convenient to drive a car than to take public transportation, but public transportation is usually the greener alternative
_ stores make it easier for bus people to bu food but the foods the carr are ofen lacking in nutritional value 2
Although John D Rockefeller was one of the richest en in American histor, much of his wealth was gained b rather dubious business practices He looked at his friend's rust old car and wondered whether it was safe to get into
a.
Although the plan had man critics, the CEO still believed that it was fasible
The US governent ran a stu to determine whether it was possible to begin sending astronauts to the moon again, but decided that it was simpl too expensive
CHAPTER 9
Science Fiction ino Realty
87
4. a. There is now overwhelming evidence that global warming exists.
he trend toward the _ of bakig has made it much more dicult or individual governments to regulate interational bans 5. a. Newspaper adverising is heavily dependent on graphic design for its visual appeal b.
Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is a ________ novel that tells the story of the author growing up in Iran
6. a. The orh Magnetic Pole, which compasses pont to, s stuated in Canada and moves about 25 miles per yea b.
________ are attracted to certain metals such as iro ad steel
7. a. he exploration of the oceans has been made possible by a portable air supply system called SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) b.
Their small size and , alog with good sound qualit, is what maes MP3 players popula
8. a. American homes have refigerators that are much larger than those in most homes in Europe b. Alexader Twining is credited with developing the rst commercially viable method of _ in the nited States i the mid1850s 9. a. When the checkout boy scans your purchases at the supermaret, he's sending valuable inormation to the store manager about sales and inventory b.
Veterinarians are now able to reunite owners with their lost pets by using handheld to read microchips implanted under the pets sin
10. a. For a young singer struggling to get noticed, YouTube oers a viable option for selfpromoto b.
Although many questioned the _ of professional womens soccer, successul leagues now exist in the nited States, Australia, and a number of European countries
COLLOATION Read the comon colocations in the column on the eft. Give two exaples of things associated with each collocation Example 1
1. regional accent 2. spark debate 3. cope with a situation 88
UNIT 3
Design
Example 2
4. upward mobility 5. rescue
mission 6. crew member 7. software application 8. oral examination
Expanding the Topic This is a list of a number of devices commonly seen on Star
Trek.
Devies a. .
a handheld communicator the matte-antimatter engine the phaser the photon torpedo reading pads
replicators the ship's computer a transporter the tricorder j a universal communicator
A. Complete the descriptons of the devces usng the target words from the box You many need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence battery
ssoe
ss
eer
e
dialect
flip
s
trek
Dcrpton 1. __ This was activated by _______ command 2 __ This is a weapon on
Star __
ships that creates large
explosions 3. __ This portable device is used for a variety of _______ purposes 4. __ As the main power for the ship, it may have been supplemented by ______ for backup power 5 __ There was no need for ______ to presere food because
these devices created any type of food on command 6 __ This weapon shot large energy bursts that would _______ enemy ships, rocks and virually anything else 7. __ Originally this was a device that _______ open, but later was incorporated into the Star Fleet badge CHAPTER 9
Science Fiction into Reality
8.
This device could instantly tanslate any alien language or
9. Th w read a variety of thngs om these-----, hch look very much ike modern digital boo reades 10 This evice cold instaty mv he cre to _ on panets by tning the ce memers into eng B N Star Trek feasible ' W 500 feasible Revisiting the Target Word
I I si ont kno anythng about thi od m I a ·m sll not sure of th meanng of this o ven after stding it undestand this od n I see it o ha in a sentence bt I dont kno ho to us it n my on speakn and itg I kno ths od and can use t in my n speaking nd ting TARGET WORDS
_accent
dissolve
magnetic-
scan
battery
dubious
mission
software
convenient
feasible
mobie
spark
cope
oral
ablet
crew
global
poable
trek
dialect
graphic
refrigerator
viabe
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2
S x 3 4, 1 didn kno that meant befoe eadng his chate 2 I asnt ue that ke the meaning of-------, but am no 3 no am conden tha I kno a means but I ould lie me pact ith ho o use it in my speaking and itn 4 I coud net use en I a 90
UNIT 3
Design
How Choice Architects Can Help You! Geing Staed· Discuss the questions with your classmates.
+ Have you evr fund choice dicult t mak bcause thee were too many options to choose om? + What knd of roducts cause this "choice overoad fr you + Wat or who o you turn o for advce in these situation?
Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box These are the target words for this chapter. Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I on't kno his word. m I have seen or har this wor before , but m no sure of the meaning. E I understand ths word wen I ee t or hear it in a sentence but dont know how to use it in my own peaing an wrtng
I know his word and can use it n my own speaking and wrtin RGET WORDS
_adopt
_diet
_handy
_layout
_architect
_donate
_hint
_ifestyle
_beware
_encounter
_impose
_menu
_clash
_gently
_indulge
_professor
_classi
_glance
_infrequenty
_relieve
. consumer
_grab
_label
_shelf
Fill in the first blank with a word that you have scored as sentence. 1.
2.
Then complete the second
I have seen / heard -------· I saw / heard i while I was
Fill in the first blanks with words that you have scored as 4. Then complete the sentences. 2
One maning of _______ s ______
3
I last used the word _____ whl I ws ______ 91
Reading The passage describes how "choice architects" can guide us in making the best choices for ourselves. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words n bold.
A Nudge in the Right Direction
5
Freedom, independence, choice-these are all good things right? Some might even argue that these are basic human rights, and that having laws that dictate behavior clashes with our right o choose for ourselves. 2 But is there such a thing as too much choice Yes, some say Being ee and independent requires us to make choices, and sometimes those choices can be dicult 3 Lets sa ou've decided ou want to at more healthfull. Youve read books, bogs, and magazine articles about heath diets and listened to news reports about what is and isnt good for ou However, ou dont have time to carefull plan menus for meals or read food labels at the supermarket Since ou reall are committed to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy wouldnt it This is where a "choice architect" can help relieve some of the burden of doing it all ourself 4 Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which consumers make decisions For example, the person who decides te layout of our local supermarketincluding which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oanges are stackedis a choice achitect. So is the erson who organizes where the salad and dessert bars are in our school or work caeteria. And, believe it or not, the arrangements the adopt will inuence 92
UNIT 3
Design
6
7
the selections ou make accordin to Rca Thaler and Cass Sunstein, proessors at the Universit of Chicago Thaler and Sunstein sa that govements dont have to impose healthier listyles through laws-fr example, smoking bans and transfat bocotts Rather the sa, that if given an environment created b a choice architect- that encourages us to choose what is bestwe will do the right thing In other words, Thaler and Sunstein would like to see designs that gently push, or nudge, customers toward making healthier choices, without removing eedom of · hoice The call this idea "nudge because it combines the idea of eedom to choose with gentle hints om choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives For example, the British and Swedish governments have introduced a socalled "trac light sstem to classi foods as health or unhealthy. This means that shoppers can see at a glance how much fat, saturated fat, suga, and salt each product contains simpl b looking at the lights on the package A green light indicates that the amounts of the fur nutrients are health; ellow signals that the shopper should beware; and red means that the fod is high in at least one of the four nutrients and shoud e eaten in moderation The shoppe is given important health infrmation, but is still ee to decide whether to grab an apple or indulge in that chocolate brownie. Moreover, Taler and Sunstein believe that ordinar people would especially benet from nudges when encountering an of the fllowing ve situations. When • we have to choose now, but deal with the consequences later • the degree of dicult is great • it is a decision that is made inequently • there is no immediate feedback • the choice is about something unfmilia Actual situations include things as ordinar
as deciding which car to buy, how much insurance to get, and which charities to donate to. 9 But, as we all know, despite our best intentions, we don't alwas make good decisions So, couldn't we all benet from a
little nudge in the right direction ever now and then? (602 words)
Summarized from Thaler, R and Sunstein, C (2008). Nudge. Lndn: Penguin Bks
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions wrtng. Base your resposes on the readng and your own personal experences. 1. What is a choice architect? 2. Describe Thaler and Sunsteins idea of "nudge 3. The passage suggests that people can benet om help in making choices in ve paricular cases List them 4. The passage illustrates the idea of nudging people to better choices with the example of food labeling (green, ellow, and red signals). Can ou think of two other examples of nudging? 5. A recent trend is the growing number of Internet comparison and advice sites Have ou ever used such a site? Did ou nd it helpful? 6. Do ou think the government should require us to make healthier choices, for example, not drink alcohol or smoke? Or should this be totall left to individual choice?
Focusing on Vocabular WOD EANNG A Read the target words Use the paragraph number parentheses to ocate and reread the word n context Then read the dctonary defntons beow each word and choose the one that refects how the word s used n the readng.
1 (1) a. to be in conlict because of ver dierent ideas, beliefs, or opinions b. to look bad togethe, as with colors or desgns 2. diet (3) a. the kind of food that a person or animal eats each da b. a wa of eating in which ou onl eat cerain foods in order to lose weight 3. menu (3) a. a list of things on a computer screen that ou can ask the computer to do b. a list of all the kinds of food that are available r a meal 4. label (3) a word or phrase used to describe a person, group, or thing, but s unfair or not correct b. a piece of paper or other material attached to something that gives infrmation about it CHAPTER 10
Hw Chice Achtec Can elp Yu!
93
5. handy (3) a. good t using somethin, especily tool b. usef
6. reieve (3) a. to reduce pin or probems b
to repce someone wen e or she hs competed duty or needs rest
7. layout (4) a. te wy i wic writin d pictures re rrned on pe the wy objects in n re re rrned
8. shelf (4) a. on, t, nrrow bord ttched to w or in me or cupbord, used or puttin tings on b. t, nrrow surfce of rock, especiy under wter
9. adopt (4) a. to tke someone ese's chid into your ome nd ey become his o r her prent b to decide to strt usin pricur metod, pn, or ide
_ 10. hint (5) a. very sm mount or sin of somethin b.
somethin tht you sy or do to sugest n ide to someone, without tein them directy
. grb (6) a. to get some food or seep quicy becuse you re busy b.
to tke hod of someone or something with sudden or vioent movement
12. ncounter (7) a. to experience or de with something . to meet someone without pnnin to B R C Y architect
consumer
glance
infrequently
beware
donate
impose
lifestyle
classify
gently
indulge
professor
1. The moter took quick _ behind her to see tht her (quick ook, glimpse)
chidre were owing
2. The od ws we known for writing the most popur (univesity teache lecturer)
university textbook on chemistr
3. Tim eers-Lee is credited with bein te _ of the Word (designe buide)
Wide eb
9
UNIT
3
Design
4.
Afer a hard week of work, it is good to _____ yourself on the (have something nice, treat)
weekend. 5.
Andrew Carnegie ___ millions of dollars to buil d over 2,50 (gve contrbute)
public and university libraries in at least nine dierent English-speaking countries 6.
The International Monetary Fund _____ stricter lending (force obge)
conditions on the country because of its corruption. 7.
The nurse __ gave the newborn baby to its mother to hold (softly caefuy)
for the rst time 8
Visitors to Australia should ___ of the Sydney fnnel-web (be caefu be cautious)
spider, which is highly poisonous to humans 9.
have beneted from better food labeling, as they can (custome user)
make more informed decisions about the food they eat 10.
Environmental groups urge people to adopt a "greener ______ (way of ife existence)
11 A
"blue moon (a second fll moon in a month) occurs _______ (rarey sedom)
only about once every two to three years 12
Ancient Greek philosophy _______ the world into four main (categoize goup)
elements: earth, water, re, and wind.
WORD FAMILIES A
The table contains word famlies for some of the target words in the readng. An X indcates that there is no form or that the form is not common. Study the table Look for spelling patterns for the noun, adjective and adverb forms of the words Lst the patterns in the space o the next page.
Verb
Noun
Adjective
adopt
adopton
adopted
clash
clash
classif
1. class
..
-
. X
X
X X
classifed
2 classfication donate
donaton
X
X
encounte
encounter
X
X
X
gentleness
gently
gentle
glance
glance
X
X
impose
imposition
X
X
indulge
ndulgence
idulgent
ndulgently
infrequency
infrequent
infequentl
X
CHAPTER 10
How Choice Arcitects Can elp You!
95
nouns- adjectives adverbs B. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses Use the word families table to hep you
1. The _ (adopt) plan had the suppor of all the members of the committee. 2. Much of the last century was dened by the _ ( clash) between communism and capitalism 3. The _ ( classi) of smallpox as an "eradicated disease occurred in 1979; it is the only human disease to be completely eliminated. 4. The _ (donate) of blood is one of the most valuable things anybody can do. 5. The _ (encounter) with the bear in the frest lef hi shaken and scared. 6. She spoke to the dog with a _ (gently) voice in order to calm him down 7. The spy _ (glance) around the coer to see if anyone was fllowing him. 8. The (impose) of taxes by England was the main cause of the Amercan War r Independence 9. The athlete ate very carefll, with an occasional chocol ate bar being his only ______ (indulge) 10. Afer moving to Australia o America, she was only able to make (inequently) visits home to see her parents. COLLOATION Combine a word from Column A with a word fom Column to form a collocation Then match the colocation to its definition
9
UNIT 3
Design
Column A
Column B
chief
goods
comrable
menu
relieve
pain
subtle
architect
grab
a bite
designer
lifestyle
dinner
hint
consumer
label
1.
_ the main person responsible fr a plan or idea
2.
fashionable products
3.
a list of food available for the evening meal
4.
a life in which you have enough money to buy the things you want
5.
to quickly get something to eat
6.
things that people buy for their own use
7.
to make something hurt less
8.
an indirect suggestion that is not very easy to understand
A. If you were completely free, what kind of lfe would you choose? Complete the sentences and phrases wth the target words from the box Yo may need to change the for of one word n the collocaton to ft the sentence There are three extra words
1
adopt
encounter
indulge
architect
gently
layout
beware
glance
lifestyle
classfy
handy
professor
consumer
hint
relieve
donate
impose
shelf
Which
would you like?
. eating at nice restaurants with fancy every evening b. eating at home in the dining room with your family c. eating on the sofa watching TV 2.
Which kind of career would you prefer? . working outdoors in forests and gardens b. being a(n) a a university . being an enterainer such as an actor or musician
3.
If you wanted to yourself, which kind of treat would you prefer? . going shopping to by yourself something nice b. going out to an expensive restaurant c. taking some time o to stress and just relax
CHAPTER 10
How Choice Architects Can elp You!
97
If you did not have to worry about health issues, which type of
4.
diet
would ou
____ ?
a vegetarian diet b a "Mediterranean diet with lots of fruit, vegetables olive oil, sh, and dairy products c. a rich diet with lots of meat, creamy sauces and desserts a
5. Wat would be the _______ of your ideal house? very open, with a few large rooms and modern frniture b. lots of smaller rooms with traitional rniture c medium-size rooms with lots of ____ to put books and plants on 6
On an ideal vacation, what woul you most like to ______? distant drum music ______ reaching your ears on a moonlit Tahitian beach b a(n) ______ of spice in the air as you walk through an Inian garden c catching a(n) ______ of a beautifl "birdofparadise in a New Guinean forest a.
7.
If you could be known as the ________ of a new development that would benet the whole world, which would you choose? new, fasgrowing foods that could relieve hunger b a cure for cancer c a machine that could control the weather and eliminate disastrous w inds and oods a.
8 If you could _______ one law that would help reduce global warming, which would you choose? ________ cars according to size, and severely tax the largest ones limit the amount of goods packaging including plastic grocery bags c. require aHhomes to install improved insulation so that they keep their heat better a
B
Now think about the pros and cons of each choice and decde which you would prefer. Discuss the reasons for your answers with a classmate Di he or she make the same choices as ou? Why or why not?
Choose one of the topics in Exercise A and write a 500-word essay describing the advantages and disadvantages of each option and which one you support
98
UNIT 3
Design
Revisiting the Target Word
Now that you have completed this chapter , use e sc o describe your knowedge of the target os. I I ' m ! � TARGET WORDS
_
_
_ _
q
_
_ _relieve
_
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2
Seec examps fom he wor you now giv a sce of 3 or 4 bt ddnt a te ta o the chpter to mete the enenes 1 2 -------
CHAPTER 10
How Choice Archtects Can elp You!
99
Positive Design Geing Sta Discuss the questions with your classmates.
+ Think of your favorite gadget. What do you like about it? + Have you ever had an experience where the design of a mahine or produt has made it diult for you to use? + Do you nd it diult to be reativ if you are strated or ang? Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box. These are the target words for ths chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word.
I I don't kno this ord. f I have seen or heard this ord before, but I am not sure of the meaning. I understan� his ord hen I_see it or hr in a sentene, but I dont ko -ho to use 1t my on speakg and tg. I kno this ord and an use it in my on speaking and riting. TARGET WORDS
100
UNIT 3
Design
_appliance
_frustration
· k�tte
_passionate
_bulb
_hassle
_loyalty
_persist
cassic
humor
_oset
resolve
cra
idiot
_opt
squeeze
_curiosity
_illustrate
ornamental
_sting
_device
_irritated
_panic
tolerate
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress in learning the vocabulary n this chapter.
• First, look at your scores in the table on page 100. Write the number of words for each score (1-4), in the "at the beginning column For example, if you scored eight words as ("I don't know this word), then write 8 • At the end of the chapter, score yourself again. Then compare the two sets of scores Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words ... at the beginning:
at the end: showing improvement
no improvement yet
1 2 3 4
CHAPTER 11
Positve Desgn
0
Reading The passage looks at the impact of design on the usability of products. As you read, pay special attention to the taget vocabulary words in bold.
Easier on the Eye-Easier to Use?
1
2
"More and more people buy objects for intellectual and spiritual nourishment. People do not buy my coee makers, kettles, and lemon squeeze because they need to make coee, to boil wate or to squeeze lemons, but for other reasons - Alberto Alessi, designer
Have you ever stood in ont of a cash machine and been unsure of how to make it work? Your frustration mounts as you try dierent buttos, and you begin to panic because if you make another mistake, the machine will eat your card. How can a machine make you feel like such an idiot? Alternativel, have you ever seen a Mni These classic little British cars may not seem terribly practical because they canot carry many people or much stu Nonetheless, there is something about their style that attracts people In fact, their owners are so passionate about them that they actually have their own international association of Mini enthusiasts What these cases have in common is that they both illustrate the effects of design-bad and good on human emotions. 3 William Morris, a key gure in the English ars and crafts movement in the late 800s, amously stated, "Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful. Even today aesthetics (beauty) and functionality (usability) remain the two key features of esign, whether we are talking about the design of a building or a light bulb. 102
UNIT 3
Design
However the question of which is more imporant may never be resolved. 4 This is illustrated by another wellknown saying in design: form ollows function This normally means that the usability and practicality of a desig should always take priority over the beauty of a design For those of us who have encountered bad design, thi seems to make perfect sense Remember the hassle of the cash machine or times when you have stood in ont of a door pling on an oamental doorknob when the door actually oped with a simple push Naturall, we might prefer a more fnctional product regardless of what it looks like 5 However, researchers have found that aesthetics really do matte For example, in a study of how people use computers, researchers found that early impressions inuenced people's longterm attitudes about the computers' quality and use People perceive that more beautifl and attractive designs are easier to use than their less attractive counterparts. Because these designs look easier to use, people are more likely to use them eve though a less attractive device may have superior usability features 6 According to Donald Norman, a cognitive scientist, this is because positive emotions aid learning, promote creativit, and encourage curiosity. This means that how well we are able to deal with a diculty-such as an unfamiliar machine-is partially dependent on how we perceive the machine itself. Thus, how a device looks or feels can play an importat role in fostering positive attitudes toward it and toward users' willingness to persist with dicult instructins or less than perfect performance Take cell phones, for instance They are plagued with problems such as difculty getting a network connection and batteries that run out midway through important calls Nokia was one of the rst cell phone companies to realize that aesthetics could take some of the sting out of these
inconveniences ad ofset negative feelings when they do occur. It bega to design phones in a variety of colors and with customizable ringtones The result was a more positive appraisal by users who were more willing to tolerate the phones' limitations 7 Google is another compay that has opted to take this eect into account in its design. Consider how Google plays with its logo to celerate holidays or recognize famous people or events The use of humor puts users in a good mood, which can have a positive eect on their search for information. This in turn fosters loyalty to he Google search engine. Likewise drivers irritated by the standard
faceless voice of a GPS device may well be charmed by that same device speaking n their graddaughters voice Product desigers recognize that consumers have a variety of reasons for prefering one design over another and look for ways to ofset potential negative aspects of ther products t should therefore come as no surprise that the iPhone home espresso machines, and other popular applances are n designed as much for their style as for their ctionalit t might eve be said that the new design motto is "Beauty is in the eye of the consumer (745 wrds)
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writng. Base your reponses on the reading and your own personal experiences
1 What are the two most important factors that desgners of new proucts must consider? 2 What relationship between these factors have researchers found? 3 What are the specic effects of positive and negative feelings on learning? 4. What lesson have modern designers learned om these ndings? Give an
example 5 Think of a dicult or prolematic machine or gadget you have had to learn to use Were you successful in learning to use it? What do think contributed to your success? 6 Make a list of other products hat combine style ad fnctioality.
CHAPTER 11
Poitive Deign
103
Focusing on Vocabl WORD MEANING A Read the sentences and choose the word or phrase that best matches the
meaning of the target word. Use context clues to determine the correct meaning Check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer
1 You can either use your maple syrup immediatel, or you can store it in a plastic bottle so that you can easily squeeze it onto ancakes late. put fo into your mouth, an chew an swallow it b. get liquid om something by pressing it c put a sof substance over the surfce of something a.
2.
Even an idiot should know that if you rob a bank, you should not take photos of yourself with the mone clever person stupid person c. criminal a.
3
Record Store Day is a campaign by people who are passionate about records to get other people reacquainted with their local record shops. knowledgeable about something because you have seen it, read it, or used it b. liking someting a lot c. not considered modern or fshionable anymore a.
4.
Council members will try to resolve parking problems on High Street, which have led to complaints about trac congestion. take something away om the place that it is b. say that you are annoyed or unsatised with something c. nd a satisfctory way of dealing with a problem or diculty a
5.
When my computer broke down, I had to go to the library to do all of my homework. It was such a hassle something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is dicult to o b busy and noisy activity c. failure of a reltionship or system a.
6
The mind is like a muscle that becomes stronger through continual exercise, so the mental exercise caused by curiosity makes your mind stronger and stronge. staying completely still extreme tiredness c. desire to know about something a.
7.
Dance Island surprised spectators at today's race. Few would have assumed that when the 7-yea-old horse began to chase the leade, he would persist and race to a brilliant secondplace nish. continue to do something, although it is difcult or other people oppose it b be the best or most successfl in a race, game, election, or competition c. quicy llow someone or something, in order to catch them a.
10
UNIT 3
Design
8. The sting of not being invited to the party upset her until she realized she was now ee to go to the play she wanted to see.
something that happens, espeially a strange event great happiness or pleasure c sharp but usually temporary physial or emotional pain 9. I like wearing wool, but my mother and sister annot tolerate the srathiness of it on their skin. a. be able to aept something unpleasant or diult, even though you don't like it move slowly and with great eor c have enough money to buy or pay for something
10 Students who study modern languages may opt to study one language or two a. beome a member of an organization, soiet, or group hoose one thing or do one thing instead of another c. refuse to aept, believe in, or agree with something
11 My favorite high shool teaher used to use humor to help us relax before an impoant test. a. something frightening or sary something nny that makes people laugh c lak of foo 12. I understood that the delay was not the airline's fault, but I was iritated that it did not make any announements to explain what was going on. a. trying or intending to ahieve something feeling annoyed or impatient c no longer worried
B R C NO 1. kettle: a ontainer with a lid, handle, and spout, used for boiling and pouring water a. Using the Eo Kettle will save eletriit, water, and time (it omes to a boil really fast), and it will save you mone. ransfer the meat mixture to a preheated dish. Top with the mashed potatoes and bake in a preheated kettle at 9 degrees elsius or 375 degrees Fahrenheit for thiry minutes c. In the mornings, the maid fried baon and eggs, lled the kettle r tea, and slied bread for toast. When it was read, she arried it to her master's bedhambe. 2. fustration the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient beause you annot ontrol or hange a situation, or ahieve something a. We need to raise the levels of aademi ustration in publi shools. b. The players' rustration mounted as their repeated attempts to sore were all expertly stopped by the goalie. c. His sense of fustration inreased when he again failed to reeive the promotion he flt he deserved.
CHAPTER 11
Positive Design
105
3. panic: to suddenly feel so frightened that yo cannot think clearly or behave sensbly a. Some people feel like they are going to panic when speaking to a large adience for the rst time. Filmmakers have always known that one way to captre an adience is to panic the life ot of them c. I was maybe for mintes into my rst triathlon when I swallowed too much water I began to panic I wasn't sre how Id manage to nish the swim 4. classic: admired by many people, and having a vale that has contined for a long time. a. If yo want to sip coffee in a classic caf, go to Vienna, where the coffeehouses oer fablos cakes along with amazing coee b. Marice Sendaks classic pictre book Where the ld Tings Are is one of the best-loved childrens books of all time c. Lee Iacocca rose from classic beginnings to become boss of Ford Motor Company 5. illustrate: to make the meaning of something clearer by giving examples
The costmes in the "Marriage in the Movies exhibition are being sed to illustrate the development of the wedding dress since the eighteenth centry b. A small path was illustrated by low yellow lamps hidden in the ower beds c. In reexolog, maps have been drawn to illustrate which body organ is linked to which part of the sole of the foot 6. craft: a job or actvity in which you make things wth yor hands, and that yo usally need skill to do a. Many jobs today reqire compter crafts b. Hobby crafts sch as knitting have become fashionable leisre prsits c. Ddley Library will be holding a children's craft activity from 10:30 to 30 A.M on Thrsday 7. bulb: the glass part of an electric light a. They keep knocking down old paper bulbs and ptting p new ones b. A dim light came from a tiny electric bulb hanging from the ceiling Thomas Edison patented everything from the rst phonograph player in 877 to the rst practical light bulb in 879 8. oamental: designed to make something look attractive rather than to be sed for a particlar prpose a. The oamental lions that sit otside City Hall are a poplar meetin spot for iends going ot for the evening b. My job is to think up creative and oamental advertising ideas c. The bttons on the dress were prely oamental-h was a zipper on the side or ptting the dress on and taking it off
106
UNIT 3
Design
9. dece: a machine or tool that does a special job a. Apple has revealed plans for a new device that will allow consumers to watch 3-D lms on the inside of a pair of glasses. b The ceiling is bordered with a beautifl, handpainted, loral device c. Many restaurants are replacing paper pads and pens with handheld devices that allow waitstaff to record and process orders electronicall 10. ofset: to use one cost, payment, or amount of something to cancel or reduce the eect of another a. Many people believe that we can ofset the effects of our polluting lifestyles by planting trees that take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere b. The company used prots om the sale of the land to ofset losses from low sales c. We were worried that we would ofset the children if we told them in advance that we were not going to Disneyland 11. loyalty: the quality of always supporting something or somebody a. Many companies hope that by building brand loyalty in children toda, those children will stay committed to their products as adults b. I've always had great loyalty for people who can speak ore than one language. Although the choir director felt that the younger woman had a stronger singing voice, she gave the solo to her old friend out of loyalty 12. appliance: a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment, such as a stove or washing machine, used in the home a. The new shop, Papercraf, sells a number of multicolored appliances that are great for sending invitations and thankyou cards b. Missouri is encouraging the use of energy-efcient appliances by oering $5.6 million in rebates to residents who buy energy-ecient clothes washers dishwashers, furnaces, and air conditioners c. The wedding registy industy is woth a whopping $12 billion annuall, and appliances continue to be the most-asked-for category of gif
CHAPTER 11
Positve Desgn
107
WORD FAMILIES
A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading Complete the table n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possible; If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary .
•
.
frustration
'
Adverb
.
1. 2.
X illustrate
idiot
1
X
2
opt
1
ornamental
X
2
panic
X X
passionate
persist resolve
1
X
X
2
tolerate
B Read the sentnces In eight of the sentences, an incorrect form of the target word has been used If the form of the target word is incorrect, cross it out and write the correct form If the form is correct, put a checkmark (V). Use the word families table to help you Although the coach found the referee's decisions frustration, he had to admit that the loss was due to his team's poor quality of pla 2. The movie we saw last night was idiot It was supposed to be a serious historical rama, but there were too many factual errors
3 The hard work by the band members in preparing for the parade is illustrate of their commitment to music and each othe 4 The cruise price was all inclusive for everything on the ship But since the land tours were opt, you had to pay extra if you wanted to go 5 Many of the nest traditional Christas tree oamental om Germany and Eastern Europe are made of glass 108
UNIT 3
Design
6. The young man tried to hide his panic as he waited his turn to bungee jump. 7. The lawer argued passionate in defense of his client. 8 Although my mother never nagged, she still managed to be persist and normally got what she wanted 9. His poor performance in today's race simply strengthened his resolve to train harder for the next race and win a medal 10 The fan produced just enough air movement to make the room feel tolerate despite the heat and humidity COLLOATION In each set of sentences, the target word is paired with different words to form different collocations. Choose the collocaton that best fits the last sentence and write it in the blank You may need to change the form of ne word in the collocation to fit the sentence
1 a. In the early part of the twentieth centur, when electricity was still new, lightbulbs represented luxur, which is why you see xtures with bare bulbs in historic houses b. A luorescent bulb is four to six times more efcient than an ordinar incandescent bulb. c. General Electric, the granddaddy of lightbulb producers, has developed an LED replacement for 4- bulbs that can last r seventeen years. An ENERGY STARqualied compact _____ will save about $3 over its lifetime and pay for itself in about six months. 2. a. John Ford's magnicent lm of John Steinbeck's classic novel Te Grpes of Wrath is on Channel 4 at 2 PM b. The Rolling Sculpture Car Show will bring classic cars to ain Street, Ann Arbor, on the rst weekend in Jul c. n a classic study of product development, BozAllen and Hamilton repored that only two out of ten new products were a commercial success orrison's tells the story of a woman who escapes om slaver to eedom in Cincinnati but remains haunted by her daughter's murde 3. a. The school decided to hold a craft fir to raise money for new choir robes b. There is an excellent choice of craft courses and workshops in the U.K., covering a huge range of subjects in all areas of arts and crafs c. arkway Craft Center is one of the ve shops of the Southern Highland Craf Guild and features work om 3 Southe Appalachian crafspeople The aims to educate the community thr ugh events and activities arranged to accompany its lively exhibition program
CHAPTER 11
Positive Design
109
4. a. The actions of the old man in the library aroused my curiosity, so I ece
to folow him when he left. Since no one was allowed into the bulding while it was beng remodeled, we ha to sats our curosty by lookng at drawngs mae by te architect and nterior desgne c. Babies show their curiosity by puttng objects nto ther mouths in order to feel ther texture and to learn something about them Working n academia oers an ncredble amount of eedom to _ ntellectual don't know of any other job that allows you the eedom to get up n the morning wth a new idea and go into work to research it 5 a. Leaders in the automotive industry want people to realize that the main saty evce in the ont seat of a car is the seat belt, not the airbag b. There is a wide range of home securty devices on the market You can get alarms, panic buttons, and wndow and door sensors, to name just a few c. Some medcal devces such as X-ray machnes and thermometers, diagnose diseases or condtons Others, such as pacemakers and inhalers, are used for prevention or treatment Parents must decde whether cell phones for children are actually a or just another mus!-have consumer product 6. a. wanted to avoid a hassle when the babysitter came, so made sure the
children were already n bed b. Are the small rewards given by loyalty cards really worh the hassle of shopping only at select stores? c. Machines that recognize an indivduals eyes are ntended to reduce the hassle of immigraton procedures for frequent travelers Buying your movie tckets onlne means that you can of standing in lne, and you can be sure that your movie isnt sold out 7. a. n the novel Jef in Venice, Death in Varanasi Geo Dyer uses his typical humor to tackle love and death n a headlong, enteainng ush b. Garrison Keillor on A Pirie Home Companion relies on self-deprecatng humor all the time, most famously by tellng stries of rural Minnesotans c. Dark humor s a frm of bravery n the face of bad news The worse things
get, the fnner think they are The lm Little Miss Sunshine abot a little girls dream to win a beauty pageant, uses lots of _ to ntroduce us to her very troubled famly 8. a. One of the characteristics of a great leader s the ablity to nspire loyalty in
his or her followers b. Naturalize ctizens are required to pledge an oath of loyalty to their new countr c. The hockey team's championship win rewarde the loyalty of fans who had stuck with the team even during its losing seasons Afer undergoing a series of tasks and challenges, new recruits to their chosen aternty or sorority
110
UNIT 3
Design
Expanding the Topic Complete the passage. Use the taget words fom the box You may need to change the fom of the wod to fit the sentence Thee is one exta wod aace
ae
se
sqeeze
cassc
kee
aea
s
The Essence of Good Design Over the years designers and artists have tried t o cpture the essence of good design in mottos. The aim of these sayings is to help ohers understand the ideas of good design We have seen two such mottos already This passage will explre ur more of these mottos 2
Less is more. This saying is associated wih the German-born architect Mies an der Rohe In his Modernist view beaut lies in simplicity and elegance and the am of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most ecient means Design should avoid unnecessary ( 1) Japanese interior design is a good example of these beliefs
3
More is not bore The Americanbo architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badl the result is soulless design PostModernist designers began to experiment with decoration and color again Product design was heavily inuenced by hi view and can be seen in kitche·n (2) _______ such as mixers juicer and (3) _____
4
Fitness fr purpose Successl product design takes into consideration a product's fnction purpose, shape fm color and texture The most important result fr the user is that the product does what is intended For example think of an adjustable desk lamp It needs to direct light where it is needed it needs to be stable and it needs to be constructed om materials that will withstand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the use Stylish design alone cannot (4) _ a users (5) _ at a collapsing lamp
5
Form fllows emotion This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinge He believes design must take into account the sensory side of our naturesight smell touch and taste These are as important as rational thinking When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste we appreciate a coollooking dispenser that still allows us to easily (6) the toothpaste onto our bsh Or a handy onion chopper that can take the (7) out of slicing onions CHAPTER 11
Positive Design
111
Choose modern product and research its design. Write a 500-word essay that considers the key design principles reflected in the product.
Revisiting the Target Word Now that you have complted this chapte, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words.
I I still don't know anything about_this word. m I am still not sure of the me aning of this word ven after tudying it E I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I dont know how to use it in my own speaking and writing
I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_appliance
_frustration
_kettle
_passionate
_bulb
_hassle
_loyalty
_persist
_classic
_ humor
_oset
_resolve
_crat
_idiot
_opt
_squeeze
_curiosity
_illustrate
_ornamental
_sting
_device
_irritated
_panic
_olerate
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the beginning of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table
112
UNIT 3
Design
Strategy Practice Geing Staed� - Look at the three images taken from Chapters 9-11. Without looking back at the chapters, how many target words can you remember rom each chapter?
Learning More about Wors: SYNONYMS When you are introduced to a new word, your teacher or textbook may ofen link the new word to a synonym that you already know. For example you may be told that gently, a target word om Chapter 10 means the same as carefully. However although synonyms are words that are simlar, there are normally key derences in ther meanings and uses. We can say that synonyms share a common meanng. In the table, you can see that all of these synonyms share the meaning "to affect wth wonder owever, each word also has an additional meanng sense that is not shared wth the others
To afect with wonder
surprise
a
astonish
a
amaze
a
astoun
a
Because unexpected
Because di ficut t believe
So as to cause confusion
So as to leave one hepless to act or think
a
113
There are several other ways that synonyms might differ from one anothe. • One word has a wider meaing, whereas the other word has a ore specic eaning • One word is more formal or informal than the othe • One word sounds more polite than the other • One word is much less frequent than the other • One word is only used in British or American English • One word is used in technical or medical contexts whereas the other word is used by ordinary peole This means that it is important o treat synonyms with care y to nd out how they are dierent from each othe Very few pairs of words can be used interchangeably in the same situations The descriptions explan why the paired synonyms are not interchangeable. Circle the synony that matches the description The first one has been done for you
Descriptions
14
UNIT 3
Design
1.
Oe is British
2.
Oe is more inforal
3
Paired Synons
� mobile hoe
b.
cell phoe
a.
aoyance
h.
hassle
One is more formal
a.
doable
b.
viable
4.
One is more polite
a.
idiotic
h.
unwise
5.
One is less frequent
a.
ornametal
b.
decorative
6.
One is ore specic
a.
sort
h.
classify
7
One is more technical
a.
diet
h.
food
Focusing on Skills: READING IDENTFNG LINKS
Recognizing synonyms can help you identi reated, or inked, ideas within a reading. By identifying the inked ideas, you can better understand the message. To create inks, writers use chains of related words, such as synonyms, superordinates (words used to describe a category), subordinates (words that belong to a category), and co-ordinates a group of subordinates) These chains connect ideas within and across sentences In the following passage, the inks are shown with arrows
. dentify the type of relationship (synonym, superordinate subordinate or co-ordinate) between the words in each link
In 2008, the European Union 1 imposed a poicy wereby (2) tire manucturers are required to (3) label their tires with cri ·a (4) =for brakin '
=
venient access t information about their roducts' performance. 1. ---------
3 ---------
2 --------- 4
B ow identify the vocabulary chains in a paragraph taken from the reading in Chapter 10 otice the words in bold and underline the related words Then draw lines to connect each chain
4
Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which consumers
make decisions For example, the person who decides the layout of your loca supermarketncluding which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are stackedis a choice architect So is the person who organizes where the saad and dessert bars are in your schoo or work cafeteria. And, beieve it or not, the arrangements they adopt wil inluence the selections you make, according to Richard Thaer and Cass Sunstein, prossors at the University of Chicago.
CHAPTER 12
Strategy Pracice
115
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards: Cards: uNKs GAME An impotant stage in the process of learning new vocabulary is to t o regularly review and use the target words you have encountered The more equently you do this, the more likely it will be that you remember new vocabulary and are a ble to use them accurately and condentl This T his game will help you to do this. T he name of this activity is "Links and th e aim is to create links between target words. This will test your target word knowledge and our ab r words You will need your growing collection of vocabulary cards Instrctions 1.
Form pairs or teams (Team A and Team B)
2. Team A selects four vocabulary cards cards at random and presents the rst three t hree to
Team Te am B 3
Team Bis then given time to discuss a way to link all three target word s
4 When Team Team Bis condent that it has ound a way to link the target words, it presents its idea to Team A. 5
If all agree that the links are reasonable, Team Bis B is awarded three points
6
At this stage, Team Te am B is given the opportunity to win an additional two points by inking the fourth vocabulary card to the rst three
Bchooses ur vocabulary cards for 7. Once the scores have been noted, Team Bchooses Team A, and the process is repeated. Example: Here is a model answer to illustrate how you might link three words
For many years, scientists and archaeologists have studied how architects in ancient Egypt designed designed and built the pyramids T he pyramids contain particular stars. However, However, it i t is still chambers that have air vents that point to particular a myster as to why these air vents exist A story is just just one way to show links Other ways include word gramma, pronunciation, and collocations.
116
UNIT 3
Design
What's behind an Attractive Face? Geing Staed
Discuss the qutions wih yur classmates. + W f f() d d b p dg f f v ? + T x d p ddg f v? + I , v v f? N d f woRs Assessing Your Vocabulary Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs
Look at the wos in the o hese are the tar e wors o his chater Use the cale to score yourse o a wor I I d' d m v d d b I f g I dd � d I b I d pg d I d d pg d g TARGET WORDS
_ally _ ally
feility feility
neous
reproduce
ample ample
_fine _fine
_ numerous
_reward _ reward
cheek cheek
_gallery _ gallery
_ obsession
_ superior
chin chin
_jaw _ jaw
_perceive _ perceive
_surgeon
_circuaion _circuaion
lip
_porai _ porai
_sweat _ sweat
_convey
_necessity _necessity
_rapidly _rapidly
_uck _uck
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1
Comete the senencs with ors tat you hae score as 1 d/ d/ _ _ 2 I v v d Fi in the rst ank with a wor tht yu hae sre as 2. hen cete the senence 3 I d d _ _ 118
UNIT 4
Face It
Reading The passage introduces the concept of facial beauty. It looks at why we hink hink some faces are more attractive than others As you read, pay specia attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Facial Araction
We see a certain face, and without knowing why, our hearts begin to beat faste. We ma even start to feel nervous and begin to sweat. Our ees blink ore rapidly because we want a better look What's going on here? Ou bod is responding to a face that our brain autoaticall has judged to be attractive 2 You might think that the idea of facial attractiveness attracti veness is a reativel new phenomenon, phenomen on, reected b our growing obsession with cosetics and celebrit In fact the origins of facial beaut appear to lie in the biological necessity to surive and successfull reproduce What we now call beaut was originall our wa of determining who was a potential ate With limited food resources reso urces and eve-present dangers, it was imporant for our earliest ancestors to choose a mate who would not onl pass on successfl genes to fture generations, generatio ns, bt also surive childbirth and live long enough to be able to provide for the famil The face conveys information about age, health, and fertility, and the better the signals, the more "attractive a person was to potential mates. 3 Research shows that our primitive ancestors focused on the skin because it is a reliable indicator of a strong imune sstem. n addition, the jaw lips, and ees signal information about hormone levels In women, for example, lips that have a full shape
indicate positive estrogen levels and good blood circulation Smmetrical facesfaces that are similar in shape on each sidealso were perceived to be a sign of good health and, thus more attractive 4 Its reasonable to think that our feelings about facial beaut aso wold be inuenced b our culture, gender, and age Afer all, these factors aect everthing fro the music we prefer, to the clothes we wear, to the food we eat. However, research b Gillian Rhodes at the Universit of Western Australia has found that we are born with preferences for certain face tpes In fact, numerous studies have reported that babies prefer to look lo ok at attractive faces This suggests that clture has a ver limited eect on hat we udge to be a beautifl face. According to Jdith Langlois at the niversit of Texas, Texas, not onl do dierent cultures share siilar views on facial attractiveness, but men and women from different cultres also have similar facial preferences, and people from different cultres of all ages are attracted to similar beautifl faces. 5 The evidence suggests that we are geneticall wired to consider certain characteristics more attractive than others A woman's face should be smmetrical with clear skin, a small chin and nose, a narrow jaw and slim eebrows, but fll, welldened lips and cheeks and large ees. An attractive male face also should exhibit man of these features. 6 owever,, before we all rush to nd the owever eaest plastic surgeon to have our chins tucked, noses reduced and ees widened, we should consider that a growing number of stdies are beginning to show that phsical featres can be of secondar imporance Researchers at the Universit of Aberdeen in Scotland have discovered that women found en who were being smiled at b other women to be more mor e attractive despite the fact that the en lacked the th e tpical characteristics of an attractive face. The opposite was true for CHAPTER 13
What's beind a Aracve Face?
119
men. At UCLA, a study of art in galeries has oud that portrits that emphasize the right side of the face are juged by viewers to be more attractive Again, this was despite a lack of typical facial beauty characteristics Also, there is ampl evience indicating that some of the most celebrated female faces do not t a standard pattern pattern of beaut such as those of many profssional models Instea, their unique facial features are what cause them to stand out from the crowd 7 Regardless of how beauty is dened, its rewads extend beyond just nding a mate
Attractive people tend to ea supio salaries are ecvd as being fiedie ad eve ge smaller fes and lighter prison sentences. n short we don't appear to have move on very far om our earliest ancestors So if we cannot do anything to change our genetics, maybe it is time to evolve our behavior instead Since most of us dont need to wory about limited resources an eve-present angers anymore perhaps we shoul ay ourselves with people base on what they do rather than on how they look
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences
1 The passage describes several facial features that indicate good health and attractveness ist them
2. How early in life does the preference fr particular facial types begin to appear? 3 There are several advantages advantages to being physically physically attractive besides besides nding a mate What are the, according to the passage?
4. Does the passage suggest that physical beauty is the most important thing? 5. How impotant do you think physical beauty is compared to personality and intelligence intelligen ce in the way we evaluate other people?
6. Do you think that males evaluate females using the same criteria that females use to evaluate males?
12
UNIT 4
Face It
(730 words)
Focusing on Vocablr· WORD MEANING A Match the target words with their defintions. If you are unsure about a word's meanng, try to fgure it out rom the context by rereading the passage Then check your dictionar Set 1
1. perceive 2. chin _ 3. cheek _ 4. gallery _ 5. ample 6. reward _ 7.fne
a. to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way b. a fee charged because a person has done something wrong or broken the law c. the sof round par of your face below each of your eyes d. the ont par of your face below your mouth e. the benet that you receive as a result of doing something f. more than enough g. a building where people can see pieces of art
Set 2
1. sweat 2. obsession 3.jaw _ 4. lip 5. surgeon _ 6. tuck 7. portrait
a. to put something into a small space, especially in order to protect, hide, carry, or hold it b. a doctor who does operations in a hospital c. an extreme and unhealthy interest in or worry about something that stops you from thinking about anything else . the bone that support the bottom of your mouth e. one of the two sof pars around your mouth with redder or darker skin £. a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person g. to have drops of salty liquid come out through your skin because you are hot, ill, ightened, or exercising
B Read each target word and he list below it One word or phrase n each list s NOT a synonm for the target word Cross it out
1. neous
anxious
worried
angry
ightened
quickly
hurriedly
steadily
need
requirement
choice
duplicate
imiate
sample
transmit
stop
give
2. rapidly
speedily 3. necessity
obligation 4. reproduce
copy 5. convey
pass on
CHAPTER 13
What's behind an Attractve Face?
6. frit emptiness
uitlness
richness
productiveness
movement
leak
distribution
few
lots of
countless
better
greater
advanced
group
unite
separate
7. circulation
ow 8. numerous
many 9. superior
similar 10. ally
combine
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading Complete the tabe n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possibe If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
ally
X
circulation convey
X
X
1.
X
2 X
1 feility 2. necessi neous
X 1.
1.
2.
2. numerous
3 X
1.
rapidly
. reward X
1. surgeon 2
12
UNIT 4
Face It
X
B. Choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b
Use the word famlies tabe you just comp leted as a guide.
1 a. With the threat of war in the region, the small country felt t necessary to aly tself to its larger neighbo. b.
The ________ of women voters and young voters was enough to elect the progressive candidate
2. a. Exercising helps improve blood circulation in your body b.
He was too shy to ________ around the room and meet new people
3 a. Modern cell phones are not mere telephones; they also convey Internet information and fnction as cameras, video cameras and game platforms b.
It is never nice to be the _______ of bad news
4. a. The frility clinic helped many childless couples have a bab b.
The ________ Crescent is an area with rich soil where human civilization began It is located in the modern-day countries of Iraq, Sria and Lebanon
5. a. Having a university degree is becoming a necessity in today's job market b.
The fact that she was beautiful wasnt the main reason why he fell in love with he
6. a. She was extremely nerous before her job interview b.
They stood up _______ and admitted that it was their mistake
7. a. There are numerous reasons why we might be attracted to a paricular person b.
The sheer ________ of wildebeests attracted lions from miles around
8. a. The supermarket rapidly removed the items from its shelves as a result of a health scare b.
Having a modern ________ transit system is key to the success of any major city today
9. a. She received a $2,000 reward for giving the police the information they needed to catch the criminal.
More ofen than not, universities _______ hard-working students with higher grades 10. a. The surgeon removed the tumor om the sick man b.
The pacemaker had to be _______ inserted into the woman's heart
CHAPTER 13
What's behind an Attractve Face?
123
COLLOATION Read the common collocations in te column on the eft Give two examples of tngs associated with each collocation. Example 1
Exampe 2
. ample space
2. art gallery 3. pay a fne 4. red cheeks 5. rub your chin 6. superior performance 7. cold sweat 8. famiy porrait
Expanding the Topic - An important par of developing your vocabuary nvoves forming and supporting opinions about te topc you are studyng Read te statements and indicate wether you agree (A) or disagree (D) Then iscuss your opinions and reasonng with a parner __ The media is he reason why we are al obsessed with our physica appearance. __ 2. Cosmetic surgeons should be banned from operating on peope under the age of 21 3. Fertility treatment for coupes who have no children should be free. 4. Our perception of what is beautifu is a orm of discrimination _ 5 Ony peope with attracive faces shoud reproduce __ 6. A person's lips are the most attractive facia eature. 7 Womens hair looks better loose and down than tucked up into a bun, as in many hairstyes rom the 190s and 1960s 8. Men with rugged faces (for exampe strong chins and solid jaws are perceived to be ore many tha those without these features
Choose one of the statements bove and write a 500-word essay on wy you agree or disagree with it
124
UNIT
Face It
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to descrbe your knowledge of the target words.
I I st don't know anything about this word. m I am ti not se of the meaning of ths wod even fte studying it I udrstand his word whn or hear i in a senence, bu I dont know � how o use it in my own speaking an wriig know this wod and can use i in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_a
_e
eos
epodce
_ape
e
eos
ewad
cee
_ae
osesso
speo
c
jaw
pecee
seo
ccao
_p
poa
swea
_coe
ecess
_apd
_ c
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Select examples from the words you now gve a score of 3 or 4, but ddn't at the start of the chapter to complete the sentences
1 I idn know that _______ meant _______ befo ead hs ce 2 I wasn't se that knw the mening of-------, bu I am now 3 I now m onden that I know wha ___ means but I would ie moe pracic with how to use t in my seaing and writng 4 I coud next se _______ when I m _______
CHAPTER 13
What's behind an Attractive Face?
125
Makeup: Painted Faces Geing Sted· Discuss the questons wth your classmates + Do you use any facial cosmetics? If so, make a ist of what you use. + Why do peope wear makeup? + Shoud men wear makeup?
Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words n the box. These are the taget words for this chapter Use the scale to score youself on each word
I I don't know this word
m I have seen or heard this word before but I am not sure of the meaning E understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence but I don't know how to use it in my own speaking and writing
I I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_abandon
_empire
_mineral
_powder
_alongside
_grease
_mud
_recipe
_illion
_honey
_nut
_routine
_civilization
_ingredient
_pale
_shadow
_crushed
_marital
_peume
_strict
_dese
_mercu
_poisonous
_wax
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1
Fll n the fst blank wth a word that yo have scored as 2 Then complete the second sentence 1 I have seen/ heard----· I saw/ heard it while I was
Fll n the fst blns wth wods that you have scoed as 4 Then complete the sentences 2 One meaning of _ is--- 3 I ast used the word _ while I was--- 126
UNIT 4
Face It
Reading The passage describes the use of makeup throghout hstory. As yo read, pay special attention to the target vocabary wods in bold.
Face Paint
2
3
Animal courtship customs include amazing uses of smells, tastes, sounds, sigts, and pysical touc to signal ealt and attractiveness to possible partners. But wat signals do umans use to signal yout, ealth, and attractiveness? We depend mainly on visual signs, wit an important one being acial cosmetics, or makeup In fact te global makeup industry is now wort many billions of dollars per yea Makeup was rst used as far back as 100,000 years ago by early umans called Neandertals Archaeologists have discovered tat Neandertals used colored minerals found in mud to decorate teir faces Face paint was used alongside tattoos, bone air accessories, and cave paintings to signal social information It was te Egyptians, owever, wo were te rst civilization to use makeup as a beauty product Wen we tink of ancient Egyptian faces, te rst ting we notice is teir dark eye makeup Tis early makeup was originally used by both men and women to shadow teir eyes rom te reection of the brigt desert. (day football and baseball players use black grease on teir cheeks for a similar purpose) In time, te makeup became a way of sowing off te beauty of the wearers' eyes, and Egyptian women began to create teir own recipes, using combinations of minerals, metals, and burned nuts Te Egyptias also wore blue eye makeup (also called "eye shadow") made from te stone
lapis lazuli and red lipstick made from crushed beetles 4 Te Egyptians weren't te only ancient civilization to use makeup Te ancient Greeks not only gave us te word cosmos, from wic we get te Englis word "cosmetics, but tey also created te rst face creams Some of tese creams even contained perfumes Roman women favored early forms of mascara, eye shadow, and rouge A famous Roman sayng translates as "A woman witout paint is like ood witout salt. 5 Altoug only Roman women used brigy colored makeup, bot sexes frequently applied powder to teir faces to witen teir skin. Pale facial skin was considered to be beautifl Pale skin distinguised te iger casses om laborers wo ad tanned ski om working outside Altough pale skin was tougt to look ealtier and more beautil, some metods used to get te look were actually deadly Early forms of wite face powder contained lead, mercury, and arsenic, wich are igly poisonous Tey werent only poisonous for te weare Some face powders could kill wit just one kiss on te ceek! For hundreds of years after te fall of the 6 Roman Empire, te use of cosmetics was frowned upon by many Europeans due to strict religious views Tis canged in te seventeenth century, when te term "makeup was rst used It was considered igly attractive for men and women to wear wite powder and paint beauty spots on teir faces Te sape and position on te face of a beauty spot could signal te wearer's place in societ, matal status, or even teir desire to irt. 7 Society's view of makeup canged again in te nineteenth century. Women avoided powders and brigt colors, and men abandoned makeup altogether Instead, women mixed natural ingredients, suc as oatmeal honey, and eggs, to improve teir natural looks At one point, women were considered more beauiful if tey looked unwell So tey used CHAPTER 14
Makeup: Painted Faces
127
cosmetics to make dark circles under their eyes, to redden teir lips, and to make their skin look ple as wx. 8 Modern makeup owes much to the growth of the lm industry in Hollyood, which popularized suntans and "the movie star look ost importanty, the birth f the commercial cosetics industry has made mass-produced
cosmetics much more aordable and now they are part of the beaut routine of a soca classes. Toda, it is fashionable once again for both sexes to indulge in facial cosmetics, paricularly cosmetics made from the same natural ngreden used centuries ago
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questios in writing. Base your responses o the reading and your own personal experiences
1 How long has makeup been used by humans? 2 Why did the Egyptians originally use dark eye makeup? 3 What effect did the development of the cosmetics industry have on the use of cosmetics? 4 How is the infomation in the passage organized?
5 Makeup has swung between being popular and unpopular through the ages In today's world, do you think akeup is becoming ore or less popular in general? 6 Do you personally like makeup, or do you prefer the natural look?
128
UNIT 4
Face It
(645 words)
Focusing on VocabUI' WORD MENING A. Read the target words Use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate and reread the word in context Then read the dictionary definitions and choose the one that reflects how the word is used in the reading
1. shadow (3) a. rkne cue by meting preventing ligt m recing plce b. te b eect r inuence tt meting , ic mke ter ting eem le enjyble, ttrctive, r imreive 2. as (3) a. tick ily ubtnce, fen put n te mving prt f mcine t mke it mve mtly b. ftty r ily ubtnce tt cme met en it i cke 3. (3) a. e f intructin fr mking n cking meting, piculrly f b. (be a recipe for somthing) likely t cue prticulr reult, fen b ne 4. (3) a. mll piece f metl it le trug te mile, ic i cree nt blt t ften ting tgeter b. ry brn uit inie r ell, ic gr n tree 5. shd (3) a. trete t ve permnently rine ppernce b. brken r pune int mll gment 6. owd (S) a. r ubtnce in te rm f ver mll grin . , ligt n 7. a (S) a. t be me t eem muc le imprtnt b. kin clr tt i vey ite, r iter tn it uully 8. (5) a. te plnet tt i neret te un b ev, ilve-ite, pinu metl tt i liqui t rinry temperture 9. aado (7) a. t tp ving prticulr ie r belief, r t tp ing prticulr ting b. t leve mene, epecilly mene yu re repnible fr _ 10. ho (7) a. eet, ticky ubtnce pruce by bee, ue b. term ue t re mene yu lve _ . wax (7) a. li ubtnce me f ft r il n ue t mke cnle . nturl ticky ubtnce in yur er
CHAPTER 14
Makeup: Painted Faces
129
_ 12. routine (8)
a set of movements tht form prt of performnce b the usul order in which you do things, or the things you regulrly do B. Read the target words in the box. Complete each setence with the target word that matches the meaing of the words n parentheses You may need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence. alongside
dese
marital
perfume
billion
empire
mineral
poisonous
civiI ization
ingredient
mud
strct
1. The populrity of ringtone downlods hs developed _______ (with, next to)
dvnces in cell phone technology 2. The Romn ________ lsted more thn 400 yers nd nlly fell to kingdom, domain)
invding tries from the north 3. Mny villges in Mli consist of _ huts drt, soi)
4. It is predicted tht Indi's popultion of _______ people will one thousand millon)
continue to grow nd will overtke Chin within twenty yers 5 Chili nd coconut re common in Thi cooking pa component)
6. The ________ of eshly cut lowers completely lled the room scent aroma)
7 The Aztecs hd (n) ________ tht covered much of wht is now populaton ctzenry)
Mexico 8 When pplying for trvel vis yu re equently sked ou your sttus marriage unon)
9. Some of the erliest mterils used for mkeup such s led nd mercury,
hve een ound to e highly ethal toxic)
10.
Due to glol wrming, there is the vey rel fer tht signicnt res of lnd will turn into __ (wasteland, arid regon)
11
One wy for some of the poorest countries in the world to improve their economic development is to exploit their rich resees (rock raw maeria)
12
It is typicl or exclusive golf clus to hve (n) _______ dress (firm sern)
code for nyone who wnts to ply there
130
UNIT 4
Face It
Word Tiv? The word billion is an example of how globalization has aected the English language. For most of the twentieth centu, one billion in the UK was equal t one millin x ne million (1,000,000,000,000), whereas in the U.S, one billin is one thousand x ne million (1,000,000,000) his was because the UK used the long-scale, largenumber naming system, in which evey new term greater than ne million is ne million times the revious term Hwever, the US uses the shrtscale naming system, in which every new term greater than ne million is one thousand times the revius term. In 197 4, the UK. ocially adopted the shotscale naming system Hwever, many eple in the UK and continental Europe still consider a billion t be one millin million
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common Study the table Look for spelling patterns for the adjective forms of the words List the patterns in the space below the table Noun
Adjective
abandon
abandonment
abandoned
X
civilize
cvlzaton
civilized
X
crush
crush
crushed
X
.
.
..
.
.
2 crushing grease
grease
greasy
X
marry
marriage
1 martal
X
2 married muddy
md
muddy
X
pale
paleness
pale
X
perfume
peume
perumed
X
1 poisoned
X
perfumery poison
poison
2 posonous powder
powder
1 powdered
X
2 powdery
adjectives
CHAPTER 14
Makeup: Painted Faces
131
B. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in arentheses Use the word families table to help you
The climbers _ (abandon) their attempt to climb Mount Everest when the weather became too dangerous to continue. 2. The early Egyptians had a highly ( civilization) societ. 3. We were neary _ (crush) when the ban came on stage 4. The meat was far too _ (grease) for my liking 5. Michelle and Barack got (marital) on October 18, 992 6. Hippopotamuses get their skin _ (mud) to protect it against the sun 7. Our skin stays _ (pale) if we stay indoors 8. The oldest _ (perfume) appears to have been created in Cyprus nearly 4000 years ago 9. The (poison) dart og skin contains a toxic chemical that sickens or kills any animal that touches or eats it
In the seventeenth centur, it was common for men to (powder) their faces and hai COLLOATION Combine a word from Column A with a word from Column 8 to form a collocation Then match the collocation to its definition Column A
Column B
strict
wax
barren
routine
colonial
rules
organic
honey
daily
empire
sweet
shadows
long
ingredients
hot
desert
a substance used to make skis go ster
the set of things you do every day
3.
a group of countries ruled by another country that is ar away
4. the eect of the sun when it is low in the sky
5
foods grown without using articial chemicals that are used in cooking
6. a food that children love to eat
132
UNIT 4
Face It
7
a very dr place where little life can exist
8.
laws that you must follow exactly
Expanding the Topic Try to answer the trivia questions about makeup and cosmetics.
1. How many people have abandoned their glasses to use contact lenses worldwide? a. 125 million b. 250 million 375 million 2. How much money is spent on makeup every year? a. $20 billion b. $30 billion $40 billion 3. Which modern makeup uses mercury alongside other inredients? a. face cream b. lipstick c. no makeup has mercury 4. Which substances were used by Native Americans to make their facial paint? a. plant maerials such as roots, berries and tree bark b. soil colored by the minerals it contained a and b 5. Why is it important to read the ingredients of makeup? a. because some makeup goes bad relatively quicy . because some kins of aeup hould not be used together c. because some products use nut oils, which can cause an allergy in some people 6. What is often used in body lotions and cleaners as well as in food recipes?
sugar honey chocolate a.
7. The rst American tour of Tutankhamen was a hit and his famous eye shadow inspired the popular "Egyptian eyeliner look In which years did the tour take place? a. 195-1957 19611963 19671969 8. What is the world's most expensive perfume? a. Clive Christians Imperial Majesty Chanel No 5 Jean Patous Joy
Decide on some aspect of beauty, makeup or cosmetics and write a 500-word essay on this topic. Some possible topics include the tattoos that the Maori wear in New Zealand the heavy dark makeup some groups like "Goths prefer to wear or historical uses of makeup not discussed in the reading.
CHAPTER 14
Makeup: Painted Faces
133
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scae to describe your knowedge of the target words.
I I still don' know anyhing bout this ord. m I m til no sure of he menng of this word eve afte studying t E I understand this word when I ee it or har it i a senence, but I don't know how to use it my own speakng and writng
I I kow ths od and cn e t n my own speakng ad t TARGET WORDS
__abandon
__empire
__ea
__powder
__alongside
__grease
__mud
__recipe
b
honey
__nut
__routine
civilization
__ee
pale
__shadow
__crushed
__aa
__perfume
__strict
dese
__mecury
__oisonous
__wx
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Seect exampes rom the words you now give a score of 3 or 4 but ddn't at the start of the chapter to compete the sentences
1 I didnt know that ____ meant ___ before eadn this chate 2 I wasn't ue that knew the meang o _ bt am nw 3 I ow am onent hat I knw what------ mea bu wld lke more pactice wit o o use t n my speakg and wng 4 now kow at _ olocats wih
134
UNIT
Face It
Facial Recognition: Do You Know Who I Am? Geing Staed Discuss the questions wth your classmates.
+ What facial features do you think are the most important for facial recognition? + How many dierent faces do you think a single person can recognize? + What would life be like if you couldn't recognize people's aces? Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge:
TARGE woRs
Look at the words in the box These are the target words or ths chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I don't know this word. 1 have seen or heard this word before, but I am not sure of the meaning I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence but I don't know how to use it in my own speaking and writing I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
__aificial
__distinguish
_ groceries
__remedy
__ behave
_elaborate
_hormone
_sequential
__composition
_envisage
_infant
__sneak
cuddle
__ fascinating
_objective
__summon
database
_ former
__ofender
_tragic
_disguise
__ furnish
_recollect
wander
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress n learing the vocabulary in this chapter
• First look at your scores in the table above. On the next page write the number owords for each score (-4) in the "at the beginning column or example if you scored eight words as ("I don't know this word) then write 8 • At the end of the chapter score yourself again Then compare the two sets of scores Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter 135
Your score
Number of words . at the beginning:
at the end: showing imroveent
no improvement yet
1
2 3 4
Reading The passage describes research on how we recognize faces and the technological applications that have been developed as a result. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold
I K'ow Tht Fc
Envisage walking into a room of people, or wandering down a busy sidewalk, watching
a TV program-and not knowing who anyone is because you can't recognize faces. Unfortunatel, for a small minority of people recovering from a tragic illness or accident, this is the world they live n Thanll, scientists are now much closer_to understanding how facial recognition works, wit signicance for possible future remedies. In the meanwhile,
136
UIT 4
Face It
their work is enjoying immediate application in law enforcement 2 As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birh In fact, we can recognize the composition of our mothers face well before we can recognize her body shape It's scinating how the brain can carry out such an elaborate nction at such a young age, especially since we don't learn to walk an talk until we are over a year old By the time we are aults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces How can we remember so many faces when many of us n it dicult to recollect something as simple as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to pinpoint the particular areas of the brain and processes necessary for fcial recgnition 3 Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have identied a specic area of the brain called the fusifarm ce re (FFA), which is used only for cial recognition This means that recognition of familiar objects, such as our clohes or cars, is summoned om elsewhere in the brain Researchers also have found tat the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place Previousl, it had been thought that w only needed to see certain facial features
Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process but instead involves three sequntial steps The rst step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person's face which is similar to how we scan the bar codes on our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the ace we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And nall the brain ishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This coplex processing is done in a split second so that we can behave quicly when reacting to situations for instance sneaking into a store when we see a former partner coming down the sidewalk 4 But it isnt just structures and processes within the brain that ake recognition possible according to scientists in Switzerland. They have identied a "udde chemical" that our body releases to help us distnguis between ob jecive recollection of a face and the emotional eelings associated with familiar faces They believe this hormone, which is responsible for feelings of love in relationships particularly between mothers and their babies in the past helped us to recognize our mothers at bih in order to surive. 5 Despite considerable progress scientists are still far fro developing treatents for
patients with recognition diculties However, their ndings are already being used in the legal eld. We have all seen TV crime drams where an iage of a criminal is uploaded onto a police computer and minutes later the crime tea gets the identity of the oender s this really possible? Although the FB doesn't solve any cries in sity inutes it does use sophisticated sotware known as artifcial facial recognition to compare the likeness of criinal faces caught on closed-circuit TV (CCTV) with drivers license photographs held on government databases There have been doubts regarding its reliabilit though because faces change with age and crnals can use dsguises to confuse the computers. Acknowledging this researchers in srael have used recent facial recognition studies to develop a ore humanlike 3D facial recognition syste that is far ore reliable. 6 So, the next time you see a friendly face across the street take a moment to recognize the enorous iportance facial recognition has in our lives Most of us are lucky enough to be able to do it hundreds of times per da Then, as you continue to walk down the street past a security camera consider tat it may not b e ust watching youit might be recognizing you (730 words)
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questios i writing. Base your responses on the readig and your own personal experiences
1 What has prompted the growing amount of research on facial recognition?
2 What discoveries on brain fnction and structure are referred to in the text? 3 n your own words how does the cuddle chemical help mothers and babies form a loving bond?
4 s the use of facial recognition sotware in TV crie shows realistic? Can you think of any arguments against law enorceent agencies using acial recognition technology? Can you think of any other applications it ight be useful for?
CHAPTER 15
Facial Recgntn: D Yu Knw Wh I Am?
1
Focusing on Vocabula:Q WORD MENING A
Read the sentences and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word. Use context clues to determine the cect meanng Check your dictonary if you are not sure of the answer
. For
an hour and a half we wandered around the streets of Venice, totally lost.
a. tried to nd someone or something by looking very careully spent time in a place or with someone, especially for pleasure or interest walked slowly across or around an area usually without a clear direction or purpose 2 The color of a star depends on its chemical composition and its mass. a. chemical change that happens when two or more substances are mixed b. something that is made of only one thing way that something is made up of dierent parts 3.
Singapore's mix of cultures and history makes it a fascinating vacation destination. extremely interesting b. much quicker very expensive a
4 The pages of a book are sequential a occurring in the correct order; one afer the other b ordered according to the letters of the alphabet c happening or chosen without any denite pattern 5.
Price promotions are mainly used with ast-moving consumer goods such as groceries luxury items food and other household items c consumer electronics
6 The thieves snuck into the store while the owner had his back turned. a entered a building illegally and by force b. visited a place to search for something illegal c went somewhere secretly and quietly to avoid being seen or heard
7 Her frmer boss now works for a computer rm in Los Angeles. a previous new rst 8 She had fallen asleep cuddling her favorite doll a dreaming about a particular object b letting something slip out of your hands holding someone or something very close to you with your arms
138
UNIT 4
Face It
9. It's always dicult to be objective about an issue as sensitive as the death penalt a. unfairly against or in avor of a paricular group according to what everyone in a group agrees with or accepts c. based on facts rather than on your feelings or beliefs 10. Paets usually blame teenagers' moody behavior on teens' hormones, their choice of iends, or the lyrics of the music they listen to.
people who are never satised and always complaining chemical substances produced by your body that inuences growth, development, and condition c. illnesses that results in an inability to sleep 1. utting a young ofender in prison is not an eective deterrent against that person repeating the crime
someone who is waiting to go on tril or to court someone who is guilty of a crime c. someone who is very rude or insulting 2. The UK govement has a database fr a wide range of topics including agriculture, business, crime, population, and transporation. a. large amount of data stored in a computer system so that you can nd and use it easily person hired by the government to provide a seice company that sells information fr a prot
B. Read the target words and definitions Then read the sentences Circle the sentence in which the target word s NOT used correctly
. envisage: to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something might be like a. Scientists envisaged a sharp drop in ozone levels over the Antarctic region throughout the past ve years The new football stadium cost a lot more than had been originally envisaged c. I cannot envisage what life will be like in fy years. 2. tragic: a tragic event or situation makes you feel very sad, especially because it involves death or suering a. Are you insured against tragic damage to your propery? b. The cour was told that the ski instructor was not to blame for the tragic death of one of her students c. The earhquake rescue team was deeply moved by the tragic stories it heard 3. remedy a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better a. There are a number of possible remedies to this problem The collapse of major banks and growing uneployment are yet more remedies of the global nancial crisis. c. She tried some herbal tea and other anti-stress remedies but none of them worked
CHAPTER 15
Facial Recognition: Do You Know Who I Am?
139
www.languagecentre.ir 4. inant: a baby or very young child a. Health experts advise mothers o o smoke during pregnancy to proec innts b. Our cat has jus had a liter of six inants c. There are clear dierences in speed of learning beween innts and eenagers. 5. elaborate having a lo of small parts or details pu togeher i a complicaed way a. Sociologists have developed increasingly elaborate heories to explain teeage behavior b. Elaborate painigs by the aboriginal people of Australia are extre mely valuable c. The builder was only able to give us an elaborate estimate of how much i was goig to cos to extend he kitchen 6. distinguish: o recognize and understand the differece betwee two or more things or people a. It was a complex process trying o distinguish all the similarities in he three sets of daa b. A iny baby soon learns o distinguish is mother's face om oher adults' faces c. They had to distinguish between problems due o lack of ability and problems due o lack of otivation 7. recollect: o be able to reember somehing a I do no recollect ever aving bee o Fargo, alough y o e says we went there when I was a child b. The evens of 9/11 were so dreadfl hat even ow it is paiful o recollect the c. Afer twenty-ve years of recollecting recipes Barbara has copiled them ino a cookbook 8. summon: o gaher or call forth (your courage memories) especially wih eort a. The music of the ice cream rck summoned emories of chidhood vacatios at he seashore b. I had o summon all of y courage to walk past the barking dogs c. The new computers were summoned after consumers failed to show ay ineres 9. uish to supply or provide soehig a. Applicans for a driver's license must ish proof of their identiy b. Iternaional aid organizaions fuish supples to whatever par of he world is in need of hem c. The family ished money fro the bak o buy a new ca 10. behave o ac in a particular way a. A police spokesperso said the demonsrators were well behaved Eventuall he children hemselves may begin to undersand teir own feelings and why hey behave as hey do c. The portrai of he old an behaves as though i were a phoograph
140
UNIT
Face It
11. arifcial: not real or not made of natural things, but made to seem like something that is real or natural a. The advantage of arifcial Christmas trees is that they last foreve. b. Nowadays, I only buy meat that is arifcial c. My dad is trying to lose weight so he uses arifcial sweetener in his coee 2. disgise something that you wear to change your appearance and hide who you are a. The thief used a wig and false moustache as a disgise b. My daughter wanted a new cheerleader disgise for her birthday c. The mystery guest turned out to be my iend in disgise WORD FAMILIES A.
The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading. Complete the table An X ndicates that there s no form or that the form is not comon Sometimes more than one form may be possible. If you are unsure abo a form, check your dictionary -
Noun
.
Adjective
..
.
aificial
X
cuddle
X
disguise
X
1 2 fascinating furnish
X
objective
X
1 oender
1
2
2
3
3 sequential tragic
X
wander
X
1 2
CHPTER 15
Facial Recognition: Do You Know Who I Am?
4
B. Read the sentences In eight of the sentences, an incorrect form of the target wor has been use f the form of the target word is incorrect, cross it out an wre the correct form If the form is correct, put a checkmark (} Use the word families table to help you
1. The economic crisis has kept prices articial low. 2. She loved to cuddle with her lu tedy bea 3. Dan wore an amazing disguise He had me completely fooled 4. I was fscinating when we visited the Egyptan exhibit at the museum 5. Their house was ish ith expensive rugs, sofs, and vases bought on their recent trip to Morocco 6. The jury's task is to weigh the evidence objective and impartialy 7 There are many new methods to prevent criminals from committing other oender
8. The dance is basicaly a sequentially of steps that you repeat over an over again 9. William Shakespeare wrote many tragically _______ 10 With their parents at work, the kids were lef to wanderer the streets COLLOATION In each set of sentences the target word is paired with different words to form dierent collocations Choose the collocation that best fits the last sentence and write it in the bank You ay need to change the form of one word in the colocaton to fit the sentence
1. a. Leaing to behave is a key part of growing up b. Only ater their teacher shoute at them di the students start to behave themselves c. Mom asked if we could try to behave, even though she knew we hated visiting the dentist I'm really worried about Jimmie He's ____ really strangely 2. a. The travel company has created an online database of 23 hotels that allow pets. b. In-store computers allow customers to search the database to see if their books are in stock. c. Goo companies in today's market update their customer databases on a regular basis to ensure high levels of customer service The new computerized library system makes it possible for students to _ ______ several _ at once in order to n assigned reaing material
142
UNIT
Face It
3 a Living on a farm in Colorado, e wr a million mils away from our frmer in Boston. b Susan was still on good trms with hr frmer boss. c Michal Schmachr is on of th most famous frmer Formula On world champions It can b hlpfl to kp in contact with your __ jst in cas you nd a job rfrnc. 4 · a Hormone replaement thrapy is a mthod usd to rplac hormons that your boy is no longr proucing by itslf du to ithr ag or illnss b Som patints may bnt from hormone treatment in thir ght against crtain disass. c Maintaiing a halthy body wight can hlp to kp hormone levels unr control Growth __ start o low in arly lif and pak jst bfor pubrt aftr which thy graually clin with ag 5 a If you nd it hard to liv on your currnt salar th best remedy would b to chang jobs Thr ar many doctors who argu that thr is littl vidnc to support th ida that herbal remedies ar ffctiv altrnativs to prscribd drugs c In Brazil mint ta is a traditional remedy to trat various problms, from hadachs and stomach pain to fvr an lu. Chins _ hav bn tstd as supplmnts to convntional tratmnts and hav bn shown to giv promising rsults 6 a Th stor of th boy in a balloon hundrs of ft abov ground ndd up bing an elaborate hoax b Ancint Egyptians cratd an elaborate system of ditchs and canals to irrigat thir crops rchaological vidnc shows that th First Popls of Canada practicd elaborate rituals and clbrations. Storis of UFOs and alin abduction ar frquntly ismissd as xampls of 7 a Futurologists ar mployd by lading tchnology companis to envisage the xciting ture of high-tch gadgts b I trid to envisage how my lif wold change onc I movd to th Unitd Stats. c H coldn't envisage plan that would work in rality. Climat xprts ar trying to to stop glacirs and polar ic caps om mlting 8 Th disappointmnt sh flt at not winning th talnt comptition was so grat that sh found it difcult to summon a smile for th photographrs at th nd of th show. b Th rowr summoned the strength to rach th nish lin just ahad of th nxt boat. c I nd to summon all of my courage to gt on th rollcoastr rid Aftr hiking all day and thn stting p m tnt I couldn't to mak a r to cook, so I simply opnd so bans and at thm dirctly from th can
CHAPTER 15
Facial Recognition: Do You Know Who I Am?
143
Expanding he Topic Complete the passage. Use the target words from the box You may need to cange the form of the word to fit the sentene There is one extra word composition
distinguish
groceries
recollect
cuddle
furnish
infants
sneak
For social animals, such as humans, the abiity to (1) _ dierent aces om one another is important since this skill (2) us with important social information, such as whether
the person is our partner and therefore someone we can (3) with, or whether the person is a stranger and an
introduction would be more appropriate. 2
But how do we (4) the faces we know? The rst step to acial recognition is the processing of visual information in the brain, which is thought to rely on the orientation of features such as lines
3
By manipulating images o celebrities, such as Coldplay's Chris Martin and actor George Clooney, researchers have found that nearly all the informatio n we need to recognize a face is contained in horizontal lines such as the lines o the eyebrows, the eyes, and the lips. Further analysis of facial (5) has revealed that these features could be simplied
into black and white lines of information, similar to bar codes 4
Bar codes, such as those found on {6) in supermarkets, were developed as an ecient way of obtaining information om ood packages: Straight, one-dimensional lines are far easier to process than two dimensional characters such as numbers. Our aces may have evolved in a similar wayfor example, to allow parents and (7) to recognize each other
5
The researchers analyzed various natural images, such as lowers and landscapes, and found that aces are unique in conveying all their useful information in horizontal stripes The bacode pattern has many advantages It allows a face to be recognized eciently by the visual pars o the brain; it is easy to locate in complex scenes and it appears to be resistant to changes in the overall appearance of the face.
Adapted from htp://w.sciencedaycom/releases/2009/04/0904 3 2027 28 .htm
1
UNIT 4
Face It
Imagine that for one day you have lost the ability to recognize people's faces. Write a 500-word story that describes your day, your feelings and the consequences
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter use the scale to describe your knowedge of the target words.
I I still don't know anything about this word m I am stil not sure of the meaning of this wor even after studying it E I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I on't no how to use it in my own speaking and writing
! I know this word and can use it in my own spaing and writing. TARGET WORDS __aifcial
__distingush
__groceries
remedy
__behave
__elaborate
__hormone
__sequental
__composition
__envisage
__infant
_ sneak
cuddle
__fascinating
__objective
__summon
_database
__former
_oender
_tragic
_ disguise
__furnish
__recollect
__wander
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the beginning of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table.
CHAPTER 15
Facial Recognto: Do You Know Who I Am?
4
Example:
Teachers should not im p th ersonal befs on thr studnts. (impose something on somebody)
Teachrs hould ot oce her suens o ado t new belefs (force somebody to do something)
School cy eq urs all tudens to ear unfo (require somebody to do something)
O teachr ade us stu ft ew wods every we (make somebody do something)
What ths ean s that wen ou chose a synony o a lst, you hve to tnk about the graar that gs wth t and whetr te syony and he trutre ok el the e you are wrtng. A L impose C 10 impose 46 ? D B L donate. ?
core eanng:- I D My fthr donated one of s kdeys o hs ste 2 Hs grandfathr contrbutd $, twa hs uton fes i 3 oal cans vded sue jobs f aea student i Wells Fargo ank gve y bother a sal busness loan i __________________ CHAPTER 16
Strategy Practice
147
Some words may be followed by more than one grammatcal patte. Look the mode sentences f amle and its synonyms: noug, sufcin, a plny. am·ple adjective [thesaurus] listen and repat]
1 more than enough
Thr wl b mpl opporun o sk qusons.
2 ample belly/bosom etc. a big stomach, etc., n a way that s attractive or pleasant -amply adve
e·nough ade, deee ) 1 as bg, as many as far as much etc as necessary Ths bg sn' bg enough to hol
my su H osn n enough to py rn Is h ol enough for shool? » Do h enough foo for ryboy?
suMi·cient � adee (fom as much as you need for a partcular purpose
ENOUGH INSUFFICIENT Wl $100 b sun? Thy h suicent n to sn hm o prson -suficiency [singular, J Is hr suny of m o n h ?
plen·ty 1 a large amount that s enough or more than enough E ple of frus n gbls h plen to o bou
Other words may der n other ways still You can nd nformation about the grammatcal behavor of words n a good learners' dctionay
Focusing on Skills: READING USING CONTEXT O WORK T WORD MEANNG
When you encounter an unnown word while you are readng, you can use context clues to wo out the unnown words meaning Texts oer a vaiety of deent clues to help you Below are ve such clues Match the clues with the samples taken from Chapters 13, 14, and 15 on the next page. The "unknown words are underlined Clues
_ 1 There is a word in the sentence wth a simlar meaning to the unnown word _ 2 The text provdes examples of the unnown wod _ 3 The text develops an idea tat is closely lined to the meanng of the unnown word _ 4 The text uses punctuaton to sgnal that a deniton of the unnown word is provded neab _ 5 The unnown word(s) are part of a word or idea you aleady now well 1
UNIT 4
Face It
Samples a.
A woman's ce should be symmetrical with clear skin, a small chin and nose, a narrow jaw and slim eebrows, but full, well-dened lips and cheeks, and large eyes. An attractive male ace also should exhibit many of these fatures.
In fact, the origins of facial beauty appear to lie in the biological necessity to surive and successflly reroduce. What we now call beauty was originally our way of determining who was a potential mate. With limited food resources and evepresent dangers, it was imporant fr our earliest ancestors to choose a mate who would not only pass on successfl genes to fture generations, but also surive childbirh and live long enough to be able to provide fr the mil. c.
Smmetrical facesfces that are similar in shape on each sidealso were perceived to be a sign of good health, and, thus, more attractive
Women avoided powders and bright colors, and men abandoned makeup altogethe Istead, women mixed natural inredients, such as oatmeal, hone, and eggs, to improve their natural looks. How can we remember so many faces when many of us nd it dicult to recollect something as simple as a phone number?
Focusing on _Vocabulary Cards: auEsT10N TIME The name of this activity is "Question me, and the aim is to practice using· target words. This will help you review your target word knowledge and your ability to use target words. You will need your growing collection of vocabulary cards.
Instrctions 1 Choose ve vocabulary cards at random 2.
On a separate piece of paper, write ve questions. Each question should include one target word.
3 Get a teacher to check your questions. 4.
Ask a partner your ve questions and write down his or her answers
5.
Report back to the rest of the class your questions and the answers you wrote down.
CHAPTER 16
Strategy Practice
149
Techno-Doping Geing Staed
Discuss the questons wh your classmates. + W p d p / ? + W p dd p k p ? I p d p ? Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs
get wos fo his chaer Use the Loo the ws in te box Tese ae the ta scale to sce ouself n eac w I I d' k d m I v d d , I I dd d I I d pk m I k pk d TARGET WORDS
_alike
controversia gambing
ban
_crash
giant
paricipation
barrier
cushioned
glory
scandal
boxing
_dedicated
glove
sik
broadcast
dwelling
gravel
unprecedented
_champion
exposure
helmet
wool
launch
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1
Comlete he senences wth wos at you hae score as 1. 1 I / _ 2 I v d ____ . Fl n e frst ban wh a wo at you hae oe as .hen cmlete the sntece. 3 I _ d
151
Reading The passage examnes the use of technology in sports a nd the mplcatons for farness and partcpaton. As yo read, pay special attenton to the target vocabulary words n bold.
Spos Technology: Is It Unfair?
Throughout histor, competitive sports have been a source of glory for both athletes and fans. But the sports world is not without controversy, with gambling, drug use (also known as doping) and scandals now almost commonplace However, some believe another threat to sports requires equal attention: technodoping. his is the use of technology to obtain an unfair advantage to unfairly lessen the challenges faced by modern-day athletes, and to limit the eld of competitors 2 Some claim that the design of sports equipment damages sports because it noticeably improves athletic performance above natural athletic development For example in 198 a well-known swimsuit manufacturer introduced a controversial swimsuit made of silk instead of the usual wool which many believe led to the world freestyle record being broken Eighty years later that same manufacturer created another controversial swimsuit, and an unprecedented 108 swimming world records were broken in the same year Sports writers and researchers alike argue that the occurrence of the performance improvement at the same tie as the launch of the swimsuit could not be just chance The swimsuit has since been banned. In addition to over enhancing perormance, sports equipment technology may even ake sports more dangerous, some experts clai For example, boxing gloves and head
152
UNIT 5
Technology
guards have resuted n more ran nes oxers are more willing to hit and to take a hit to the head because of the new equipment 3 Such improvements in equipment design and performance in sports also have had an effect on participation Competitive sports in the twentyrst century require vast amounts of money Athletes without enough money are unable to compete at the highest levels because they lack access to the technology that would make them competitive A sportsperson staing out who has limited commercial support cannot compete against a champion supported by giant sponsorship deals worth millions of dollars Money inuences participation at all levels of all sports. Research carried out in 001 ound that in US. households with a yearly income of less than $40,000, only 49 percent of the children played spos, whereas if a family earned more than $80,000 participation in sports rose to 7 percent A key reason is the high cost of technology in modern sports However, there are those who argue that it is unfair to say that technology has had only a negative role in modern sports Overall, technology has dramatically improved safety, not ust for the competitors but also for spectators For example, in motor sports, carbonber technology has greatly improved crash survival rates for drivers Hightech track designs with larger gravel runo areas and cushioned safety barriers have reduced spectator risk And without developments in helmet design, Brazilian F star Felipe Massa, who suffered a serous head inury while racing in Hungary in 009, would not be still driving today 5 It is also argued that rather than limiting participation technology is, in act, widening it It is true that technology can add to the cost of equipment; however, technology is the e reason that sports equipment can be mass produce making it cheaper and therefore easier for a wider public to buy echnology has also brought a broader variety of sporting events
om around the world into our dwellings, be it hut cottage, or mansion. Technological advances include broadcasts of live and recorded sporting events on TV radio, and the Internet which means greater exposure to spos There are at least y TV channels dedicated to sports in the United States alone Taking a single sporting event as an example, in 2009 more than 150 million people watched the Suer Bowl on TV 6 Finall technology has brought about an increase in airness in sports as well Not only has broadcast technology made refereeing sports more accurate thanks to video playback facilities but developments in timing devices have reduced the number of inconclusive
results-for instance the number of draws in track and eld events Technology gains have also made drug testing in sports ar more comprehensive and reliable, so it could be said that rather than technodoping technology is actually responsible for antidoping 7 In sum there are always two sides to every issue, and the technodoping argument certainly shows no sign of going away anytime soon As for which side of the argument you support consider how the fan or athlete in you would feel if golf balls were still lled with feathers, tennis rackets crafed from wood and swimsuits made of wool (734 words)
RADING COMPEHNSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses o the reading and your own personal experiences
In your own words how would you dene "technodoping? 2. Explain in your own words the relationship between falling participation rates
and technodoping in US households. 3. Research has shown that a new boxing glove design and new head guards have
resulted in more brain iuies What is the reason or this 4 Can you think of any sports not mentioned in the text that might be negatively
aected by technodoping? 5. Can you think of any additional arguments in support of technology's role in
spors? 6. List as many sports stars as you can whose performances you believe have not
been the result of unair technological advances
CHAPTER 7
Techno-Doping
153
Focusing on Vocab _u l . WORD MENING A. Match the target words with their definitions If you are unsure about a word's meaning, try to figure it out from the context by rereading the passage Then check your dictionary Set 1
__ __
. 2. 3. 4.
glory controversial gambling scandal _ s. silk 6. wool __ 7. unprecedented
a. never having happened bere, o never having haened so much . someting socking ually involving someone imotant behaving badly c. a thin smooth sot cloth made om a vey thin thread-like material oduced by a wom . the imortance honor and raise that eole give someone tey admire a lot e. when eole risk money o ossessions on the eult of something tat is not certain sch as a card game or a horse race . a seious argment about something that oten involves many eole and continues or a long time g. the sot thick hair that hee and some goats ave on thei body
Set 2
. 2. . 4. __ 5. __ 6. 7.
launch boxing glove gravel cushioned barrier helme
a. the sot o ghting while wearing big leathe hand otector . small stones sed to make a ace fo things suc a aths and oads c. designed to soen te imact o one ting itting anote . a hysical object tat kees aar two areas eole etc e. when a new oduct such as a book is made available or made known . a strong hard hat that peole such as soldies motorcyclists and olice wea to rotect thei heads g. a iece o clothing that you wear on yor hand in ode to rotect it kee it wam
B Read each target word and the list beow it One word or phrase in each list is NO a synonym for the target word Cros s it out
1. alike
comaable
dieent
equal
simila
obid
outlaw
emit
invovement
taking at
watcing
2. ban
diallow 3. paricipatio
doing 154
UNITS
Technology
4. champion fan
title holder
victor
winner
huge
massive
miniature
dive
pile-up
smash
home
store
residence
program
show
transmission
contact
enjoyment
familiarity
ambivalent
enthusiastic
fanatical
5. giant enormous 6. crash collision 7. dwelling abode 8. broadcast play 9. exposure awareness 10. dedicated devoted WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words n the readng Complete the table n X indicates that tere is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possible If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary .
.
.
Adverb
-
controversial
X
cushioned
X
dedicated
X X
exposure glory gravel
X
1. 2
2
X
1
1
paicipation
2.
scandal X
X
1. silk
1
2
2
wool
1
X
2
CHAPTER 17
Techno-Doping
55
B.
Choose the correct form of the word in bold n sentence a to comple te sentence b Use te wo famles tabe you just copete as a gue.
1
a. Bnning smoking in public plces in New York ws tva mesure . There hs been huge _ oer where o pu he wr memoril
2. a. Mresses on he ground he sunmn's fll . s ery comforble shoe wih good, rm ------, specilly designed for jogging on he rod 3. a. Being �t sporsmn, See rined eery dy of he week . To rech high leel of skill requires len, ---, nd o of hrd work 4. a. The filure of Brd nd Jen's mrrige receied lo of medi x . The shrk opened is mouh nd _ rows of shrp whie eeh 5. a. The old ciy hll needed lo of repirs o ge i bck o is former . Moies h iolence my be responsibl for some of he rise in crime 6. a. Eery mjor consrucion sie needs consn supply of cemen, sones, av, nd we . Their new grden conins couryrds, green lwns nd prey ower bes 7. a. The new mngemen srucure oers more opporuniies for aat in decision mking . Eeryone in he clss is epeced o _ ciely in hese discussions 8. a. Newsppers only seem ineresed in gossip nd aa . In he 100s, wrier George Sndrelly womn_ sociey by dressing like mn 9. a. Jockeys wer colored shirs mde of . Mny shmpoos nd hir condiioners clim h hey will lee your hir feeling sof nd _ . a. Sheep's conins lnolin, fy subsnce h werproofs he . One hunred yers go, i ws more common fr people o wer underwer hn underwer mde of coon
156
UNIT 5
Technology
COLOATION Read the common collocations in the column on the le. Give two examples of things associated with each collocation Example 1
Example2
1. global ban 2. boxing ring 3. news broadcast 4. Olympic champion 5. plane crash 6. safety helmet 7. residential dwelling 8. unprecedented eman
(
Expanding the Toic_ An important part of deveoping your vocabulary involves forming and supporting opinions about the topic you are studying Read the statements and indicate whether you agree (A) o disagree (D). Then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partne __ 1. The cost of equipment acts as a barrier to participaion in sports at al levels __ 2. Professional boxers shoul not be allowed to wear gloves __ 3. Swimming giants, such as Michael Phelps, shoul retu their meals an nancial rewars if they wore swimsuits that have subsequently been und to give unfair perormance avantage _ 4. Olympic athletes, om rich an poor countries alike shoul be require to use stanar equipment when competing _ 5. Gambling on sporting events shoul be made illegal _ 6. Humans have physically evolved as far as we possibly can, so the future of competitive sports relies upon the continued launch of improve technology alone Choose any piece of sporting equipment-for example: the tennis racket, the golf club soccer footwearand write a 500word essay on how this equipment has developed over time as a result of advances in technology
CHAPTER 17
Techno-Doping
57
Revisiting the Target Words · Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words.
I I sti don't kow aything about this wrd. m am still not sure of e meaning of ths wod eve afte sudyig t E I undestand his wrd when I se it or hear t in a sentnce, but dont now ow to use t n my own spaking and wring
I know this word and can se t n my own speaking and wrtng TARGET WORDS
_alike
_controversial _gambling
_launch
_ban
_crash
_giant
_paicipation
_barrier
_cushioned
_glory
_scandal
_boxing
_dedicated
_glove
_silk
_broadcast
_dwelling
_gravel
_unprecedented
_champion
_exposure
_helmet
_wool
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2
Select examples from the words you now give a score of 3 or 4, but did n't at the start of the chapter, to complete the sentences. 1.
I did' knw hat _______ ment _______ befoe dg s cpte
2
I wasn't sue tha I knew the eaning of- bu I am now
3
ow am condent that I know wht _______ mans, but I would ke more prace wih how to use it in speaking and wrtng
4 cold next se _______ when I am _______
158
UNIT
Technology
Connected or Disconnected?
Geing Staed _ Discuss the questions with your cassmates. +
How much time do yo spend onine/ sing the Interne pr wek?
+ How does tis compae wit e time you spend sciaizing with iends? +
Do you think ta keepig in touch ih frinds onine is as good s seein hm ce-to-face?
Assessin Your Vocbulary Knowledge:
TARGE woRs
Look at the words in the box. These are the target words for ths chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word.
I on't know hs wod. m ve seen or erd th word beore, but I am ot re of e manng. E I undestan his word whe I see r hea t n sentece but I on't kn how to use it in m y own speaking and wrng.
I know this word ad can se i in my own spekn and writing. TARGET WORDS
__anxious
__eaggea
__aae __ge
e
senstive
__va
__shrink
__ag
_e
__esae see
sat
__ retail
__ verify
__se
es
__ rip
__ vigorous
evasag
_g
sacrifce
__ vital
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Fil in the first blank with a word that you hae scored as sentence.
2.
Then coplete the second
1 I have see I hea _______. I saw/ heard it hile I was
Fi i the first blanks with words that you hae scored as sentences.
4.
hen coplete the
2 One menn o _____ s ____ 3 last sed te word
whle I was ____ 159
Reading The passage is about the impact electronic media has had on social interaction. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Wll Thy Cll Us "Grto Isolto?
Retail sales of cell phones and MP3 players
are rising year after yea. More people are spending sizable chunks of their lives in virtual worlds And the use of social networking websites is continually increasing. Now, amid fears of the dangers of decreased social interaction, a backlash has begun. With parents and teachers alike grumbling about youngsters being stuck indoors by themselves, kids are being told to put away their game consoles and have more face-to-face fn wit their iends Likewise, kids are complaining about their parents taking work calls and emails during family time and so are forcing adults to rip themselves away om their cell phones and laptops. However, is tere any scientic evidence to verify that we are, in fact, interacting less? Is it an exaggeration to say we are becoming "Generation Isolation"? 2 According to psychologists, social isolation occurs wen people have only modest amounts of interaction or no interaction with their peers Frequent use of the Internet, video games, and MP3 players might contribute to this. For example, results rom a questionnaire sent out to more tan 4,000 American adults found tat te more time the respondents spent online, the more socially isolated they became. Of those who spent veplus ours per week online, approximately 10 percent attended fewer social events than they had in the past Nearly 15 percent ound that te time they spent with family and iends had shrunk. And nearly 5 160
UNIT 5
Technology
percent spet less time talking to family and iends on the phone. Anoter study found tat there are mounting numbes of people living by themselves, couples spending time apart, and parents spening time away om their children In fact, facetoface interaction has alved over te past twenty years, whereas use of electronic media has doubled ikewise, te number of people with "core partners (people with whom you discuss your most sensitive issues) is 30 percent lower than a generation ago. This evidence seems to suggest that if we limit the use of electronic media, we can avoid social isolation. Yet researc sows that the occurrence of "severe social isolation has not changed over the past twentyve years. In fact, research indicates that technology users ave larger discussion networks than non users For instance, if you own a cell phone, your number of core partners is likely to be 5 percent higher tan if you don't, and your core partners are likely to be more diverse. For Internet users, the gure is closer to 15 percent and signicantly more for those wo use the Internet more equently Researchers also have discovered that using te Internet doesnt stop people from visiting public places, as originally thougt. Because the Internet is such a convenient way to nd informat ion about places suc as libraries, museums, and bars, Internet users are more inclined to visit these placesplaces where they are mor e likely to meet new and charming people om a variety of backgrounds There is also evidence to suggest that social networking websites, bogs, and chat rooms are having a positive impact on democratic politics This is because they are solutions to the so called "spiral of silence problem Some people nd it dicult to express their views faceto face because they are anxious about wat their peers may think. Tis is bad enough when it happens wit children, but when it appens with adults, it can have a devastating effect on political enagement. It is vital tat there be
porunities for adults to share diverse ideas and opinions. Active participatio i political debate is a key feature of a vigorous democracy. The advantage of comunicatios technology is that it facilitates equal access to discussion s and an equal right to be heard without sacrifcing privacy. his, in turn, eans greater social participation and decreased isolation 6 So, is the use of social networking websites putting us at risk of greater social isolation? It
seems that there is't a simple yes or no answer to this As techology develops it becomes ever ore sophisticate, which allows greater social interactio However, we need to remeber that in order to sed a iend an e-ail, text essage, or chat ivitation, we need to have et the in the rst place So perhaps this is as good a time as any to log o ad go out (714 words)
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses o the readng and your own personal experences.
How would you dene "backlash? Accordig to the text, why has there bee a backlash against olie social interactio? Have you experienced this backlash yourself? 2 What evidece is given to support te idea that we are becomig "Generation Isolation"?
3 Why do you think people with cell phones and acess to the Iternet have more core partners? 4 I your ow words, explain what is meant by the spiral of silence
5 Do yo vaue electronic edia, such as music dowloads and online lms, as much as you value CDs and DVDs? Why or why not? 6 How do you think social iteraction will develop over the ext fy years? Will we stop meeting facetoface altogether?
Focusing on Vocabulary WO ANING A Read the target words. Use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate and reread the word n context. Then read the dictonary definitions and choose the oe that reects how the word s used in the readg.
chunk (1) a large, thick piece of soethig that does ot have an eve shape b. a larg part or amout of soethig 2 grumble (1) a to keep complaiig i a unhappy way to make a low, cotinuous sound _ 3 console (1) a to make soeone feel better when they are feelig sad or disappinted b. the control unit o a mechaical electrical, or electroic system 4 rip (1) a to copy music fro a CD to an MP player or coputer b. to remove something quckly ad violently CHAPTER 18
Cnnecte r Dicnnecte?
11
5. isolation () a. the stte of being fr wy from ny others . something tht hppens only once, nd is not likely to hppen gin 6. modest (2) a. unwilling to tlk bout bilities or chievements . not ver gret, big, or exensive 7. inclined ( 4) a. sloping or lening in prticulr direction key to do something or behve n particular 8. silence (5) a. complete bsence o sound or noise . filure or refusl to discuss something or nswer questins bout something 9. devastating (5) a. very dmging or destructive b. very impressive or eective _ 10. vital (5) a. full of energy in wy tht is exciting nd ttrctive b. extremely impornt nd necessry or something to succeed or ex ist 11. sacrifce (5) a. to oer something to god, especilly in the pst, by killing n niml or person in religious ceremony b. to decide not to hve something vluble in order to get something tht is more importnt 12. privacy (5) a. the stte of being ble to be lone nd not seen or herd by other people . the stte of being ee om public ttention B. Read the target words in the box Complete each s· entence-ith the target word that matches the meaning f he words in arentheses You may need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence anxious
exaggeration
questionnaire
shrink
approximately
mounting
retai
verify
charming
network
sensitive
vigorous
1. It is (n) __________ to sy tht he erns more money thn (overstatement, embeishment)
nyone I know, but he is cerinly very well pid 2. The disese ects ______ 0 percent of the dult popultion (about, around)
3. The ________ sks students how they feel bout ccess to computer (survey, opinon po)
cilities on cmpus 4. The sentor dmitted tht ocuments contining highly ______ (delicate, private)
informtion hd been pssed on to newspper journlist . There ws ______ pressure r the president to tce the issue of (gowing, escalatng)
helth ce reorm 162
UNIT 5
Technology
6.
Scientists are able to show that the Canadian ice cap has begun to _
at an alarming rate.
(reduce in sze, get smaer)
7.
The core of this international consists of compters (system set of connections)
permanently joined throgh high-speed links. 8 She thoght her iend's new boyiend was ve (appealing charismatic)
9.
Environmentalists have lanched a(n) campaign to ght (strong energetic)
against the timber company's plan to ct down the whole forest 10. Alex 11.
was a bit becase he'd never lown before (worried, apprehensive)
Sam Walton opened his rst Wal-Ma _ otlet in 1962 (store, market)
12.
Jornalists have to that their story is factally coect (confirm check)
before it goes to print WORD FAMILES
X L , , , L Noun
'
.
-
anxious
approximately
X
devastating
exaggeration
X
inclined
X
1 . islation
X
3 X
privacy
1 sensitive
z
3 z
3
4 verify
X
X
vigorous
CHAPTER 8
Connected or Disconnected?
63
verbs---------------------------- nouns---------------------------- adjectives -------------------------- adverbs---------------------------- B. Complete each sentence wt the correct form of the word in parentheses Use the word faml table to help you
They waited _______ (anxious) by the phone r news of their daughte.
2. Statisticians can use (approximately) whe calculating probabilities. 3. The inteational response to the _ ( devastating) caused by the tsunami was immediate. 4. The costs o the Olympic stadium have been wildly ______ ( exaggeration) in the media. 5. I have no (inclined) to believe anything I read in the newspapers. 6. -------� (isolation) has been a recurrent theme in US. political and economic histo 7. It is increasingly common or movie stars, singers, and politicians to complain about the invasion o their _ (pvacy) lives. 8. Street lamps use light (sensitive) to know whe to switch on and o 9. Online payment systems rely on ______ (ve) technology to make sure that transactions are secure. 10. He -vigorous) denied rmors that he was p l aning to leave the city's otball team. COLOATION Combne a word from Column A wth a word from Column to form a collocaton Then match the collocaton to ts defnton
16
UNITS
Column A
Column B
let
charming
modest
network
old boy
rip
prince
sacfce
retail
statistics
shrinking
sum
ultimate
therapy
vtal
violet
g
1. ___________ a perfect man who a young woman might
dream about meeting 2. ___________ the giving up of something valued, usually one's
life, for a cause one believes in 3. ___________ the system by which men who went to the same
school, belong to the same club, etc., use their inluence to help each other 4. ___________ the act of buying things that you do not need
when you are unhappy because you think it will make you feel better 5. __________ facts about birh, deah, marriage, and health,
collected by the state 6. ___________ to get very angry 7.
a relatively small amount of money
8.
someone who is very shy
Expanding the Topic Complete the passage. Use te target words from the box You may need to change the form of the word to ft te sentence chunk
exaggeration
mounting
sesiive
console
grumble
questonnaire
siece
Harmful Eects of Video Gaes
It is no () _______ to say that the rate of violence and aggression among children and teenagers is on the rise But instead of just (2) _______ about this problem, it is important to try to nd the causes and address them
Entertainment media-TV, video games, moviesseem o be one cause In paricular, video games, rst introduced in 1970, have taken over the world of child entertainment and have become a subect of considerable research, including a number of detailed (3) _______, r their presumed role in inluencing child behavior and psycholog.
CHAPTER 18
Connected or Disconneced?
65
3
There is (4) ______ evidence that video games can have greater negative eects on children than TV and movies. As video games are more engaging in nature, children usually actively participate in these games and also identi themseles with the aggresso. Besides, video games ofen contain scenes of incredible violence, which frher puts children at risk of developing aggressive thoughts and behavio In addition, children play ese games over and over, and, according to psychologists, repetition and reward alon with active involvement enhance learning. Therefore, video games can be more eective in instilling aggressive behavior in young children, as compared to passive media such as TV and movies. 4 Volence and aggrssion depicted in video games, if practiced in the real world, can cause serious injury and even death It is believed that excessive video game playing may reduce a child's (5) to others. Besides, excessive gaming can have an adverse impact on the academic performance of a child. It can also result in social isolation, as children tend to spend more time playing games in ( 6) and less time conversing with mily members and iends. Another imporant harmful eect of video games is that they can aect a childs perceptions about gender roles, as women are ofen portrayed as the victim or the weaker person in many of these games 5 Finall, spending large (7) of time playing on computers and game (8) can signicantly reduce physical activity in children and teenaers, teeby increasing the risk of obesit. Besides obesit, other health related issues associated with playing video games include videoinduced seizures, muscular and skeletal disorders, and nerve damage.
Adapted from http://w.buzzlecm/articles/armfl-eects-of-video-games,html
You have just read a text about video games and their harmful effects on children. Write a 500-word response that takes an opposing viewpoint to the text.
166
UNIT 5
Technology
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe our knowledge of the target words.
I I stil don't know anything about this word. f I am sti not sue of the meaning f this wo d ven fe studyng t I unersand ths wod when I se t or ear it in a sentece, but I on n � hw t use i my own speang an wg m I now his rd and can use in my w seang and wg TARGET WORDS
__anxious
__ exaggeration __ network
__ sensitive __ shrink
__ approximately __grumble
__ privacy
__ charming
__questionnaire _silence
cunk
__ inclined
_
isolation
retail
__verify
__console
__ modest
__ rip
__vigorous
__devastating
_ mounting
__ sacrifice
vital
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Seect examples from te words you now give a score of 3 o 4, ut didn't at the start of te chapter to complete te sentences.
1 n't now that ______ mant ________ befoe ren ape 2 wsn't sur hat knew the meaig ____, but am no 3 I w am condn ta now wha ______ mn, bu ould lke moe patce with how o use t in my speaing and wrtng 4 I now now that ______ colocates with __ __
CHAPTER 18
Connected or Disconected?
67
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Hmanity Geing Staed Discuss the questions with your classmates.
+ List dierent examples of machine technology that you use in a typical day. + In your opiion, what has been the most signicant advance i technology in your lifetime? Why? + Do you consider advances in machine technoogy to be more of an opportunity or a threat to our fture? Assessng Your Vocabulary Knowledge:
TARGE woRs
Look at the words in the box These are the target words for this chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I don't kow this word m I have seen or heard this word before but I am not sure of the meaning. I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I dont know � how to use it in my own speaking and writing I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
16
UNIT 5
_ colonize
_forever
_protest
_sophisticated
_crumble
_halt
_publicize
_steal
_drown
_lens
_receiver
_stumble
_electroic
_merge
_ruin
_horny
_error
_novel
_salvatio
_rial
_filter
_outline
_sergeant
_virus
Technology
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress in learning the vocabulary n this chapter.
• First, look at your scores in the table on page 68 Write the number of words for each score (-4) in the "at the beginning column. For example, if you scored eight words as 1 (I don't know this word) then write • At the end of the chapter, score yourself again Then compare the two sets of scores Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words .. at the beginning:
at the end: showing improvement
no improvement yet
1
2 3
Reading The passage considers how future advances in technology might impact human existence As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold
s of th Mchs
The complex relationship between humans and technology has been a constant featre of modern life: from reallife protests during the Industrial Revolution in the seventeenth century, to the imaginary worlds of early science ction novels of the late nineteenth century and movies in the twentieth and twentyrst centries. During this time, technology has divided s into two basic groups those who thin technology will revoltionize humanity in a positive way and those who believe it will bring abot our downall 2 One area where technology cold have a positive impact is human evolution Life forms
have evolved over millions of years surviving by constantly adapting to environmental changes However, the conditions for continuing human evolutionary change are beginning to crumble awa Humans have colonized most pars of the world and have become extremely mobile ths limiting opportunities for human genes to develop flter, and mutateall of which s necessary for us to keep up with environmental changes Some scientists believe that technology has the power to overcome this They say that at some point, human biology and machine technology will merge thus allowing human evolution to continue rever. 3 In 009 the case of an American army sergeant who lost his leg in the Afghan war was publicized He was tted with a leg that contains a computerized (or bionic) knee that is able to mnitor and adjust its own movement In the same year doctors implanted electronic devices into the eyes of a U.K man who had been blind for thiy years. These hightech CHAPTER 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Hmanity
6
receivers have enabled him to see the outlines
4
5
of objects and to read text. Othe exciting new possibilities include contact lenss that enable weares to see computer displays and compute chips that could replace the part of the bain that stoes shot-tem memoies. A thornier vision of future human technology elationships is based less on parneships and moe on technology taking ove. Fo example some ites efe to an idea called "the technological singularity This is the point wen computes wit suciet intelligence are able to create even better faster more intelligent machines than humans would ever be capable of creating. This development of articial intelligence (AI) would be beyond the contol and understanding of human ceators and could mak the beginning of ou end. However the development of moe advanced compute intelligence is proving to be more challenging than anticipated. One trial to determine whethe a computer appears to "think involves a human udge having two conversations, one with a human and one with a machine. If the human udge is unable to distinguish between them then the machine has passed the test. To date no computer has succeeded. The key area where AI stumbes is the ability to make connections between seemingly unconnected things in orde to geneate creative thought. Howeve AI is getting moe sphscad: Machines have ceated music and played games that have fooled
human udges; devices tell lifeguars i f someone is drowning; and computes conto ta in ou cities. But as fo computes actually taking 6 over thee is currently very little evidence to suppot this Despite feas of computer vues stealng pesonal inormation computes communicating between temseves and computer systems eplacing human wokfoces thee is no evidence of computes actually taking over our lives any time soon. Keeping on top of the situation is ne organization called the Association for the Advancement of Articial Intelligence (AAAI) This goup looks at the potential impact of cuent advances in AI. A similar grup was set up in the 1970s to look at emerging advances in DNA technology and accuately predicted the emgence of genetic engineeing in humans and genetically modied crops which were hitheto unknown. So mayb the AAAI knows something e don't. To sum up we are still some ways o from making an informed prediction about whethe technology will be our salvaon or will ruin our lives. But it would be an error to assume that advances in technology will ever halt, as compute scientist John von Neumann did fy years ago when he stated "It would appear we have eached the limits of what is possible to achieve ith compute technology.
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base yor responses on the reading and yor own personal experiences.
According to the text why is human evolution at isk? 2. How might humans benet om merging with machines?
3 Why is "the technological singulaity consideed a theat to humans? 4. Why does the text reference the organization called the Association for the
Advancement of Aticial Intelligence? 5 Apat om the eld of bionics in what other areas could technology be of benet to us? 6 Afe eading the text do you conside technological advances to be moe of an
opporunity or a threat? Has your opinion changed since the beginning of the chapter?
170
UNIT 5
Technology
(692 wrds)
Focusing on Vocabulr "t , .; WORD MENING A. Read the sentences and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word Use context clues to determine the correct meanng Check your dctioary if you are not sure o the answer
1. Because of the economic recession, the two companies decided to merge into one. a. close a factory, business, or piece of machinery, either permanently or for a short time come together in a group combine or join things together to form one thing 2. The troops trste that their sergeant knew how to get them home safely. a. anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the police lowe-ranking ocer in the arm, air force, police, etc c. indiviual who evelops and manufactures goods and services used for military purposes 3. It is so annoying when you pick up the telephone receiver, ial the number, and then get a recorded voice message a piece of equipment that blocks signals equipment that converts signals into sounds or pictures c. sound made by electronic equipment 4. The newspaper photographer relied on her long lens to get pictures of celebrities. a. piece of equipment that emits a special bright light when you press the button on a camera to take a photograph piece of equipment used for climbing up to or down from high places piece of curved glass or plastic that makes things look bigger, smaler, or clearer when you look through it 5 New drugs must go through extensive trials before they can be used to treat people
process of testing to nd out if something works eectively long line or a series of marks that have been lef by someone or something series of things that are icult to eal with 6. Every few years computer sofware manufacturers release more sophisticated versions of their bestselling titles a. very well designed and very advanced, and ofen woring in a complicated way unusual primitive or more basic 7. The lifeguards pulled the man who was drowning om the water and tried to revive him a. moving or dropping down from a higher position to a lower position dying om being underwater for to lng, or killing someone in this way staying or moving on the surface of a liquid without sinking
CHAPTER 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Humany
171
8. Kim was convinced he'd pcked up the virus fo his iends laptop
. se of isrucion ecrety u onto a cmpuer comuer prgram, whh can destroy information b. v smal organsms . pe f cmpue soware ha ds a particar jo 9. Juan aw he youth tryg o steal he car and alled he poice immediae a. rong meta th can e shapd easil
b eare oursef o do something ha ou know wi e un eaant r upsting . ake somehing hat elongs to someon els 10. Geting the more inteesing ad etter paying jo was m salvation a. somhin ha peens o saves someone or somthng om dnger, loss
or iure b. sustance th you pu o soe skin make it less painl . something hat auses a complee ailure or loss of someoe's mne , mora sandad or soca posion 11. Ai accdent nvesigaos were ale to rule out human error as cause of he
crash a. misake
b. why somehing hppens c. way o solving proem or dealin with a dic situion 12. Danica Paricks prgress i the tock car race was halted y a echnical
aure a. allowed to ary n
b. sowed dow prevned om contiuig B. Read the target words and definitions Then read the sentences Circe the sentence in which the target word is NOT used correctly
1. protest: wds acions ha how that you do no at someoe to do
omehing o hat you dlke somehing ery much a. Th polic atered in numer at he angoazaon protest b. The eaces were oncernd aou he sudents' poo protest over he
semese c. Poliica protests were al to common eure of the 1960s 2. novel a ong wrien story n whic th harars and vnts ar ctiona a. The professr pulished his research in te academic novel b. The Matrx lms were oosely ased o a sci- novel y William Gison c. In North Amrica romce novels are the most pouar genre of modern
iteraure 3. crumble to ose power ecome weak, r fail a. M deerminaton o nish he marathon crumbled when I saw he "15
miles to go sign b. Th q uarerk was hit and crumbled the al c. The Rman Empire egan to crumble in 180 CE 172
UNIT 5
Technology
4. colonize: to star living somewhere in large numbers a. Plans r humans to colonize Mars have been put on hold for the time being. b. Dead trees are equently colonized by ants. c. My family started to colonize this house way back in the nineteenth centur. 5. flter: to remove unwanted substances, objects, or people om something a. Some villages in sub-Saharan Aica use sand to flter their wate. b. There is a huge choice of software available that can be used to flter emails to avoid spam. c. We use our ont teeth to flter ood when eating. 6. rever: fr all fture time a. Sherry was doing the job rever until she decided what she really wanted to do Some of the documents om the ancient libra in Alexandria have been lost rever Environmentalists are worried that continued destrction of rests may result in the loss of some species rever 7. publicize: to give information about something to the public so that they know about it a. The Dalai Lama's visit to the U.K. was highly publicized b. Sam had to make a few changes to his assignment beore he publicized it and handed it in. c. These days too many guests on talk shows are only there to publicize their latest book or lm. 8. electronic: involves the use of equipment, such as computers and TVs, that use electricity a. My dad still uses an electronic alarm clock that he has to wind up every night. b. Music in the 1980s was dominated by the use of electronic keyboards. c. Most of the eectronic components in our household appliances are made in China. 9. outline: a line around the edge of something that shows its shape a. A outline of the murder victims body was still visible on the sidewalk b. Prehistoric hunters cared the outlines of animals into rock c. I once saw a newspaper outline that said Elvis was living on the moon 10. thoy: complicated and dicult a. Delegates at the climate change conference failed to come to an agreement on the thoy issue of limiting carbon emissions. b. He had the thoy honor of accepting the Academy Award or best acto. c. What to buy them for their wedding gif was a thoy issue since there were so many choices.
CHAPTER 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Humanty
173
11. stumble: to stop or make a mistake
I was so nervous during the rst perrmance that I kept stumbling over my words. b. She recited the whole poem without stumbling once. c. The new printer was able to stumble over twenty pages per minute. 12. ruin to destroy a. Stella's chances of going to Harar were ruined by her straight-A grade average. b. The rapid fall in sales rined any chance of keeping the company going. c. The accusations of an aair with his personal assistant rined his reputation in Washington. a.
Word Tip Military ocers throughout the world are given titles according to their level of command an the number of personnel they are responsible for. his title is known as a rank, and the insignias (symbols) for each rank are displayed on ofcer uniorms. The U.S. Army has the following ranks within its command structure, from lowest to highest: corporal, sergeant, second lieutenant, rst lieutenant, captain, major lieutenant colonel colonel, brigadier general, maor general, lieutenant general, and general.
174
UNIT 5
Technology
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word famies for some of the target words n the readng Complete the tabe n X indicates that there s no form or that the form s not common Sometimes more than one form may be possibe If you are unsure about a form, check your dctionary
-
Adjective
Noun
.
colonize
..
-
. X
1. 2. 3. X
crumble
X
1 2.
drown
X
1 2
electronic
X
filter
X
1 2.
halt
1. 2.
merge
1
X
2 X
1. protest 2
publicize
X
receiver
1
X
2
CHAPTER 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Hmanty
75
B. Read the sentences In eight of the sentences, an incorrect orm of the target word has been used f the orm of the target word is incorrect cross it ot and write the correct form f the form is correct pt a checkmark (V). Use the word amilies tabe to hep yo 1 W C' v
C A S colony 2. H crumbling x 3. T v v drown 4 ' v electronic 5 W lter 6. T halted 7. T merger, 8 A protest 9. T publicize ________ 10. T v receiver COLLOATION n each set of sentences the target word is paired with different words to orm different coocations hoose the coocation that best fits the ast sentence and wre it in the bank Yo may need to change the form of one word in the coocation to fit the sentence 1. a. T v catalog of errors W computer eo c. T Challenger human error ____________ T M 2. a. Classic novels Pride and Prejudice, b. T J C -v romance novels v c. T paperback novel A 193 ____________ v 3. a. H blurred outline b. T rough outline c. A trace the outline T ____________
76
UNIT 5
Technology
4. a. It was such a silly mistake to eat all of that chocolate before dinner because it ruined my appetite b. Seeing her ex-bofriend with his new girlfriend totally ruined her day c. Excessive federal debt has ruined the economy . Wall Street speculation has , according to some
5. a. The early portable phones housed in large briefcases would have been considered sophisticated technology in the 1980s . Free applications for the iPhone are less sophisticated versions of the ones you have to pay fo c. She impressed the board of directors with her more sophisticated approach to tackling the problem . Our evegrowing dependence on _ is a major cause of concern for some scientists 6. a. Every so often I would try and steal a glance of her as she sat on the other side of the classroom b. Each ear The X Factor contestants hope to steal the nation's heart c. She stole the limelight at the Oscars ceremony thanks to her stunning dress . He tried to at the answers dr but was caught y the teacher 7. a. The new cancer drug underwent ve years of clinical trials before it was launched onto the market b. Every year colleges run trials to select the best athletes for their teams c. The racing yacht underwent months of trials at sea before it was entered in the Americas Cup race . The pharmaceutical company had to consider the nancial consequence of the vaccine failing its 8. a. Immigration controls were stepped up to stop the spread of the deadly virus . Computer viruses cost the US economy $18 billion in 2001 c. The school was shut due to the outbreak of a mystery virus . The football star missed the training session because of a no doctor could diagnose
CHAPTER 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Humanty
177
Expanding the lo1 A. Each of the boxes has associations that belong to one of the target words Match each box of associations to a target word Then explain the meaning links camoufage
contact
military,
gass
rank
paparazzi
stripes
uniform
teescope
Association
vew
Meaning Link (
__ ( (__
1. lens
(
( ( ( () ) B
Now add your own associations to the target words Then explain the meaning inks
Meaning Link
Association
() forever
(
)
(
)
) ) ) ( ) ( () (
178
UNIT 5
Technology
)
Association
Meaning Link
( _______ (_______ ) (
3.
)
(
( (
( ) (
4. thorny
(
_____)
Read this statement: "Technology will be our salvaion" Do you agee o aee with the statement? Write a 500-word essay explaining why. "
Revisiting the Target Word"_ Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words
I I still don't know anything about this word. m I am still not sure of the meaning of this word even afer studying it I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I dont know
� how to use it in my own speaking and writing I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_colonize
_forever
_protest
_sophisticated
_crumble
_halt
_publicize
_steal
_drown
_lens
_receiver
_stumble
_electronic
_merge
ruin
thorny
_error
_novel
_salvation
rial
filter
_outline
_sergeant
virus
Go back to the beginning of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table
CHPR 19
Evolution v 2.0: Shared Humanty
179
Strategy Practice Geing Staed Look at the three images taken from Chapters 17-19. Whou loong bac at he chapers, how many arget words can you remember from each chaper?
Learning More about Words: METAPHORICAL MEANING Many words have metaphorical meanings in addition to their literal meanings. In this unt, some of the words have etaphorical meanings This exercise explains these dierent types of meaning and gives you a chance to practice using them. The litel meaning is the basic or original meaning of a word Example:
Green is a colo. It is a mixture of blue and yellow. The metaphorical meaning is when a word is used to describe something other than itself In this case, the thing being described will share similar qualities or characteristics with the word used to describe it. For example, many things to do with the environment are green: grass, trees and plants Thus, people or activities that protect the environment are also called green. Example
Green shopping bags = reusable shopping bags Green party a political party that places a lot of importance on environmental issues
180
UNIT 5
Technology
A. Read the litera and metaphorical meanngs and examples Match the words with ther metaphorical meanings Then compete the sentences You my need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence The first one has been done for you (o reread the word in context, use the chapter number in parentheses)
Words and literal meanings
e crash 17) to hav an accidnt and hit somtig ls violntly: The plane crshed into the mountain.
__ 2. drown 19) to i bcaus on is trappd udr watr The man dwned in the rive
__ 3. flter 9) to rov unwantd substancs fom war, a, c. by passig it throuh a spial substanc or pic of quipm: The air was fltered before reaching the engine to remove any dust
__ 4. giant ( 17) vry big man aimal or plant Many children ' stories have a giant in them, such as "Jack and the Beanstalk.
__ 5. lens 19) a pc o glass or plastic that maks thngs look biggr smallr or clarr whn ou look through it A lens in his glasses was cracked. __ 6. netwok 8 a ytm of , tb, rs tc th o ac oh and a connc to ach othr: The U K railway network was in desperate need of renewal.
__ 7. thoy 19) wh a bush plnt t. has pointd parts that mak t panfu touch He scratched his legs badly when walking thugh the thoy bushes.
__ 8. trial 9) th procss o law whr a judg or jury dcids if somon is gilty o a rim: He was found guilt of robbe at the trial. Metaphorical meanings
anything tat is xtrmly bg: Toyota is a ________ car compan selling over 8 million cars globally per yea
to b i a vry dcut situation tha fs almost mposib to scap from The count is __ in debt
c. anythig that maks omthing appar clar: Thrugh the ______ of hindsight he knew it was a mistake to invest in the risky company
a group o pop organzaios tc, that onnctd or ta wrk gthr He had a _______ of inuential iends rom his days at Haar e. t suddnly bgin prformin vry poorly or top working compltly: The when I pushed the button. computer
to rmov wors, informaton c, that you o not nd o wnt The new softwa ______ out all spam before it reached my e-mail account. g. a procss i whc somon somthing) s tstd to s i th prson r thing) sasfactory fr a particuar purpos The new empoyee was hired on a six-month ______ basis.
a quston problm iss c tat is compicatd or diul Raising taxes has always been a _______ issue for political parties CHAPTER 20
Strategy Practice
181
B. Look back at Chapters 17-19 Which of these words were used in a lteral sense and which were used in a metaphorical sense?
Focusing on Skills: READIN� MAINND SUPPORTING DE
Like word meanings, some texts are more direc than others. Writers ofen start their texts with a main idea that they want to express however not all writers provide this so clearl Nevertheless, we can identi the main idea by studying how they build their text paragraph by paragraph We can clearl y see how this works if we make a map of the strcture of the ext.
A Turn back to the Chater 17 reading "Sports Technology: Is It Unfair? on page 152 Complete the text map by identifying the claims and support
Introduction
Frst claim
)�
Technology enhances athletc performance beyond the natural ability of any athlete.
Support for first claim
)
Enhanced swimsuit technology has led to an extraordnay number of world records being broken
Second claim
Support for second claim
Third claim
Support for third claim
Fourth claim
Suppo for fourth claim
182
UNIT 5
Highlights controverses in spos and introduces techno-doping for )• fuher focus
Technology
Fifth clam
Support for fifth caim
Sixth clam
Support for sixth cam
Conclusion
· B. Now answer these questions
1 Which statement best expresses the main idea of the whole text? Technology has led to inequality in sports at many dierent levels. Technology has had both positive and negative eects on the world of sports T he role of technology in sports is similar to that of doping because it allows athletes to compete above their natural ability level. Technology plays an important role in people's involvement in sports 2.
What organizational pattern did the writer use to present his ideas? What words or phrases help us recognize this pattern?
3.
What is this writers view on the role of technology? How do you know?
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards: cATEGoR1ze The name of this activity is "Categorize, and the aim is to check your knowledge of target words and to review your vocabulary cards. Instrctions 1.
Form pairs or teams (Team A and Team B).
2. Team 3. T he
A selects feen vocabulary cards and puts them into three groups of ve.
three groups of cards are presented to Team B.
4 Team B then has to gure out how Team A has grouped the vocabulary cards and is awarded one point for each correct answe S.
Once the scores have been noted Team B chooses fteen vocabulary cards for Team A and the process is repeated.
Note: You might consider word associations word famil pronunciation, etc. as ways of grouping the feen target words CHAPTER 20
Strategy Pactice
183
What Makes a Hero? Geing Staed -� Dscuss the qustons wth your classmats.
• What are the main characerisics of a hero? • Can anybody be a hero • What knd peson i consided a hro in yu hom cuntry? Assessig Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Loo at th wods n th box. Ths a th tagt wods fo ths chapt. Us th sca to sco yousf on ach wod.
I I n't know ths wor. m I have seen or heard his word bfore, bu I am ot sr of t meanng udersand this word wn I se or hea i in a sentence, but I don' know � how to use i n my own seakin and writing I kw this word and ca ue in my on speakng and riting TARGET WORDS
_acca
_
_aiv
_so
_ai
_a
_pio
_vo
_av
_vi
pivig
_soi
_cois
_ a
_poi
_spi
_coi
_o
_ak
_sp
_coag
_oos
_oaio
_iig
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Complt th sntncs wth wods that you ha scod as 1. 1. 2.
I am no fmla wit the wod/ term _______ I have o idea what ___ meas
Fl n th fst ban wth a wod that you ha scod as 2. Thn complt th sntnc. 3.
I thnk _______ cul mea______
185
Reading The passage discusses the dea of heroes and looks at one author's lst of te 100 greatest nternatonal eroes. As yo read, pay speca atteto to the taet vocabulary words in bold.
Who's a Hero?
2
What makes a hero? Different people will point to different caracteristics-ug, vision, inence over important world events In fact we all have dierent ideas of what makes a hero and, conseqently, mae different choices abot wo or personal heroes are Yet there seem to be certain types of people who we are all likely to reard as heroic. One way of identiin these types of people is to consider the names that occr on "reatest heroes" lists and to try to re ot the characteristics or experiences that link these people toether H Pal Jeers provides one sch list in his book The 100 Greatest Heroes: Inspiring Profles of One Hundred Men and Women Who Changed the World. He ranks the people he considers the 100 reatest heroes
3
of all time. So who does Jeers consider reat heroes, and what makes them so reat? One cateory of Jeffers's heroes miht be called "nation bilders This incldes the early American fonders Geore Washinton, Samel Adams and homas Jeerson In Bolivia Colombia Ecador, Per and Venezela Simn Bolivar is a national hero for leadin Latin Aericas revolt for independence from Spain and, in fact, Bolivia is named afer im On the Asian ubcontinent, te peacefl leadership of Mohandas "Mahatma Gandhi was inential in India achievin selfrle More recently in Eastern Erope the rermation of
186
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heoes
overnments from commnist to democratic was ided by exceptional personalities, sch as Vclav Havel, who led te Velvet Revoltion in former Czechoslovakia In the same wa, Lech Was�a accelerated Polands move toward democratic overnment throh his inence as leader of the trade nion "Solidarity 4 The cateory of "war heroes" is also evident in J effers's list This is not srprisin as war is often terriing and reqires extreme corage in the face of horrendos daners Sch heroism is illstrated by Adie Mrph, a soldier who received many decorations for battleeld corage, incldin several sinlehanded attacks on enemy positions One of these was te hiest US military award, the Medal of Hono However, interestinl, nearly all of the other military heroes on the list are not battleeld soldiers, bt rather the soldiers political leaders and enerals For example Winston Chrchill showed sper leadership in Great Britain drin its darkest days of World War I Likewise, Franklin Delano Roosevelt led America throh the same war Ot of te 100 heroes in Jefferss book abot oneqarter are -raning military ocers Historicall Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte are considered two of the reatest enerals ever and Horatio Nelson is jstiably admired for his strateies in several sea battles However, most of the ilitary leaders in Jeerss book come from the World War II era, incldin Generals Chales de Galle and Dwiht Eisenhowe 5 Explorers and adventrers are also well represented on Jeerss list Christopher Colmbs is poplarly credited with discoverin the "New World, althoh of corse it was already discovered by the Native Americans livin there. Richard E Byrd ained fame for explorin both the Arctic and Antactic Perhaps one of the most splendid achievements of the twentiet centry was the rst solo iht across the Atlantic Ocean, realized by Charles
Lindbergh in 1927 and repeated by Amelia Earhart in 1932. Later in the centur, space was the new ontie, and the Russian Yuri Gagarin was the rst man to orbit Earth, while Neil Armstrong had the pr i vilege of being the rst person to walk on the moon. 6 However, any list of heroes must go far beyond the people named by Jeers. Consider Nobel Peace Prize winners Wangari Maathai, whose Greenbelt Movement has planted millions of trees in Aica, and Muhammad Yunus, who pinered village banks fr women
in Bangladesh. Both have restred hope in these parts of the world. In the end perhaps the best denition of her is "someone with the ability to inspire, who exhibits qualities that we ourselves would like to possess (643 words)
The complete list is published in H. Paul Jefers (2003). The 100 Greatest Heres: Inspiring Pofles of One Hundred Men and Women o Changed the World. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp/Citadel Press
RADING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on he reading and yor own personal experiences .
What three types of her are highlighted in the passage?
2. Do you agree that the people mentioned in the passage are hers? What categories of her are imporant but are not mentioned in the passage? 3. What characteristics do you think are most important in dening a her? 4. Why do you think that many lists of heres are made up mainly of men? Who are some important female heres? 5. Who is your personal he and why? 6. Why do you think that leaders get most of the credit for achievements, rather than the "ordinary people who do most of the work?
Focusing on VocaDl WOD ANING A Mach he arge words wih heir definiions If yo are nsre abo a word's meaning, ry o figure i o from he conex by rereading he passage Then check your dicionay Set 1
__ . __ 2. __ 3. __ 4. __ 5. __ 6. 7.
her revlt cmmunist enem y admired ad vnture splendid
a. someone who opposes you or wants to hur you when strong and ofen violent action s taken against something, paricularly the government c. excellent relating to a political system where the government controls the production of all food and goods a person who is admired or doing something extremely brave or remakale respected and liked because of something good you have done an exciting experience in which dangerous or unusual things happen
CHAPTER 21
What Make a He?
187
Set 2
_ 1. 2. 3. 4. . 6. 7.
courage prole continent soldier fme privilege pioneer
a. lrge mss of lnd surrounded by se . short description tht gives importnt etils bout someone or something c. member of country's rm, especily someone who is not n ocer . the stte of being known by ot of peope becuse of your chievements e. specil dvntge or chnce to do something tht is only given to one person or group of people . to led or be prt of the erly development of something . the quity of being brve when you re fcing dicult or dngerous sitution
B. Read each target word and he list beow it One word or phrase in each ist s NOT a synonym for the target wod Cross t out
1. rank ctegorize
order
grde
count
sitution
reorgniztion
development
nish
uicken
hurry
plin
gente
pprent
scry
touching
cusing pnic
wfu
terribe
horribe
terric
wonderful
lexible
progrm
period
time
resident
originl
locl
return
renew
ssume
2. rermation improvement 3. accelerate speed up 4. evident obvious 5. terriing ightening 6. horrendous helpful 7. superb excellent 8. era ge 9. native nsty 10. restore bring bck
18
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heoes
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the readig Complete the table n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possible If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary
Noun
Verb
Ad jective
aeleae
Adverb
X
X
1.
1.
1.
2.
2 admed
2
3. X
age X
X X
fame
evde
1 2. X
X
heds
pee
X
ese
X X
1. evl 2.
3 X
X
speb
B Choose the correct form of the word in bld in sentence a to complete sentence Use the word families table you just completed as a guide
1. a. The invention of the microchip accelerated the development of computers and other digital technology b.
Correctly sized ski poles are used by downhill skiers to improve balance, speedand _
2. a. He had nothing but admiration for his mothe, who made many sacrices to raise him b.
The teacher's dedication to her students was
3. a. The soldier's courageous action saved the lives of many of his coleagues
The volunteers worked _ to prevent the oodwaters om entering the town 4. a. The popularity of the movie was evdent from the long lines outside all of the movie theaters in town b.
The constant attention of the public was too much fr the actor who locked himself in his house and refused to come out CHPTER 1
What Makes a Her?
89
5. a. Alexander Fleming's claim to fme is the discovery of te antibiotic penicillin. b.
One of the most _______ engineers in Britain is Isambard Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway and a number of well known steamships.
6. a. The horrendous winter conditions made the roads almost impossible to drive on The banking failure of 2008-09 was ______ exensive costing governments around the world many billions of dollars
7. a. PanAm Airlines pioneered transPacic ights, with its "Flying Clippers taking seven days to make the veleg, 8,000mile trip b.
Rober Goddards _______ work on rockets laid the foundation for Americas Apollo space program, which landed men on the moon
a. The coach hoped that a win in this weekends game would restore the fans condence in his team The ________ of peace in Northern Ireland has led to economic revival in the city of Belfast.
9. a. The political leaders move to raise taxes without consultation caused a revolt in his party Galileo was a scientic ______ whose support for the theory that Earth orbits the Sun led to him spending the last nine years of his life under house arrest 1 a. The sound quality of the Stradivarius violin was superb b.
Michael Phelps was ______ equipped to become one of the greatest swimmers of all time because of his ideal body shape (long thin bod, long arms, big feet)
COLLOATION Read the common coocatons n the column on the eft. Give two exampes of thigs assocated wth each coocato Example 1
1 national hero , great adventure 3 bitter enemies
4. economic rerm
190
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
Examle 2
5. splendid opportunity
6. terrif ing experience
7. communi countries
8. brave soldier
Expanding the Topic A. Everyone has his or her own idea of "what makes a hero." The reading passage gave examples from H Paul Jeffers's list of heroes Below are eleven brief profes of other people admired for various kinds of achevemen Compee e sentences Use the target words from the box You may need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence accelerate
era
privilege
revolt
admired
native
reformation
soldier
continent
pioneer
restored
terrifying
1. Amerigo Vesucci was an explorer and mapmaker and is popularly believed to have given his name to the _ of North and South America 2. Davy Crockett-a(n) , soldier, and polticiandied at the Battle of the Alamo in Texas 3. Amy Johnson was an early lying adventurer and is for being the rst woman to ly solo from Britain to Australia 4. Pierre de Couberin created the Olympic Games, wit the rst games of the modern being held in Athens (896) and Paris (900) 5 Stting Bull was a(n) American leader who resisted the white man's expansion onto their land 6. Rosa Parks sparked a against te discrimination of African Americans by refsing to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama in 9 7. Florence Nightingale medical care for _ and later set up a training school for nurses 8. Nelson Mandela led the ght against apartheid in South Africa which social justice and eedom for all citizens 9. Jonas Salk developed the rst safe and eectve vaccine against the _ cildhood disease polio
CHAPTER 21
What Makes a Hero?
191
__ 10. John Deere developed frm achiner that alowed rmers o g y _______ her roduction of foo, wic p food prcs for everne. __ 11 Th cw Fiht 549 w ned he _______ receivin e ke to New Yok C r ucesl ndn Airbus 320 on te Hudson Rver aer ot all power o i enne B. Now rank each person(s) for how heroic you fee they are: 1 = most heroic, = least heroc Dscuss your ranking wth a cassmae How simiar are your rankings? Now that you have carefuy consdered the characterstcs that make a hero wrte a 500-word essay on a person who you beeve to be a hero and gve the reasons why you thnk he or she s a hero.
Revisiting the Target Word Now that you have competed ths chapter, use the scae to descrbe your knowedge of the target words
I I stil don't knw anthin ab this wor f am til not ure of the menin of this word even afer sudn it. � I nderstand hi wd when I see it or hear i in a entence, bu I dn know how to use t in m ownpeakin and writin m I kno his word and can ue t n m ow speak and wrin TARGET WORDS
__accelerate
__enemy
__native
__restore
__admired
__era
__pioneer
_revolt
adventure
evident
__privilege
__soldier
__comunist
__fame
profile
splendid
__continent
__hero
__rank
__superb
courage
__horrendous
__reformation
__ terrifying
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Seect exampes from words you now gve a score of 3 or 4 but ddn't at he sta of the chapter to compete the sentences
I ddnt kow that ________ meat _______ befoe readin ths chapte. 2. I was ure tht I knew the meanin o ________, but am now means ut I ould r ow am condent tht I knw what like more practice wit ow to ue it m seakin and wrt 4. I coud next use _______ hen am ______ 192
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
The Appeal of Comic Book Heroes Geing Staed Discuss the questions with your classmates.
+ Do you read comic books? s, which nes? + Do ou ave a favorit comic book heo Wh is it and wh? + How d ou hink co book gh der r ne cnry th nex Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words n he box These are the target words for ths chapter Use the scale to score youself on each word
I I dn't know hs word. m I av seen or erd ths word beore b am nt su of the meanin m I nestand this word hen I see t or her in a entence, but I dnt know ow to use it in my own speaing and riing ! know thi word nd an use it in my own pkng nd witing TARGET WORDS
_adored
costume
harsh
_serialzed
_boom
crude
innocent
_skec
_bulging
_detriorate
_mas
_solel y
_captre
_endwed
morta
_stark
_cartoon
_evi
_naive
_nike
_comc
_fantastic
_perpetua
_wardrobe
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Fll in the frst blank wth a word that you have scored as 2. Then complete the second sentence
1 I have seen I head -· I saw / head whie I wa Fll in the first blanks wth words tht you have scored as 4. Then complete the sentences.
2 One meaning of ______ s _ 3 I last ued he wod __ whe I ws _ 193
Reading The passage discusses comic books in Japan and Amerca and the heroes n those books. As you read, pay special attention to the target voabuary words in bold.
Japanese and American Comic Book Heroes team and the artst who produes c drawngs of ntal deas When these penil c are naled the outlines, dialogue and olor are added Also, reators of cc superheroes sometimes sell ther ttles to other reative teams, who keep the superhero "alve This s n ontrast to manga reators, who are ofen ndvdual authors y responsble for the storylines, dalogue, and awork When a manga reator dedes to stop, so does the hero
To some people, the idea of readng cc books seems hildsh. To others, cc are nothing more than remnders of ther happy hildhoods. But for people who love cc books, they an be a c esape from the realties of modern life Cc are able to transport readers to brghtly-olored, magnary worlds where superheroes ght wth supevllans, where good an trumph over , and where heroes an save thousands of c people om the "bad guys. Cc are publshed gloall, but Japanese and Amean versons dominate the market despite the fator perhaps beausethey der in a number of ways. 2 To begn, Japanese manga "books are usually smaller n heght and width but thiker than Amerian cc Mana stories are signiantly longer, ofen hundreds of pages long ompared to the typial thrty-two page format of Ameran cc Additionall, Japanese cc tend to be printed n blak and white and oen feature several longrunning z stories. Ths s Ameran cc, whih are rnted in full olr and only feature the headline hero 3 The two types of cc are also reated in very different ways Ameran cc are a group eor, beginnng wth the storywrting 194
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heoes
4
Another dierene s the appearane of the heroes Maga heroes look smaller, younger, and more than ther allonquerng Ameran ounterparts who sport musles and of themed c Also, manga heroes rarely look Japaese, and the stories are not typially set wthin a Japanese ontext onversel, Ameran cc heroes, despte ther , are proudly Amerian and are for their readness to defend U.S ities Importantl, n Japan a manga reator an hmself or herself beome a national hero, beomng almost as famous as the haraters 5 Probably the biggest diferene s the readership Up untl the 190s, Ameran cc books were read by both hidren and adults, with popular ttles suh as Superman sellng as many as half a mllon opies per month. The arrval of TV, however, led to a long-term delne
in sales so that now the average reader of an Amerian cc book is a teenage boy with an interest in superheroes. In Japan, the ontrast ouldn't be greate. There manga sales are still reahing as high as $ 7 billion eah year largely beause readers range from young boys and girls up to middle-aged men and women A urvey by the Mainichi newspaper estimates that 42 perent of women aged 20 to 49 read cc. Manga for men and boys like the Amerian cc, tend to be ation oriented while manga for women and girls tend to be foused on relationships 6 Though not as prevalent as the dierenes, some similarities between Amerian and Japanese cc do exist. In terms of harater design, both feature haraters typially drawn with large eyes to more learly c emotions. For example, it is easy to see the simiaities between the arge eyes o Bambi, an early Walt Disney c harater, and the large emotional eyes of most young manga heroines In addition, in both Amerian and Japanese cc, the hero has a weakness, suh as being lumsy or ill, to show that he or she is only . (ut Amerian heroes
are with superhuma abilities as well) Perhaps the best-known example of an Amerian heros weakness is that Supermans powers when e omes into ontat with Kryptonite. An example om Japan is the deadly illness Prine Ashitaka must ght in Hayao Miyazakis lassi anime c Princess Mononoke.
Historial origins and boxoe suess are other areas of similarity. Despite there being little ontat between the two ountries at the time, both Japanese and Amerian cc book superheroes rst appeared at the start of the twentieth entury. They both remained relatively obsure until sudden growths in popularity just afer World War II oth Amerian and Japanese cc have had onsiderable rossover suess into movies and omputer games, whih has inreased the overall popuarity o superheroes 8 heir similarities and dierenes aside, together Japanese and Amerian cc books demonstrate the worlds desire for heroes. (744 words)
READING COMPEHENSON Respond to the questions n writing. Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences. .
The passage desribes several similarities and dierenes between Japanese and Amerian cc books. List them
Do manga writers have more or less ontrol over their cc than their Amerian ounterparts? 3 Why are cc so muh more popular in Japan than in the United States? How an the popularity of cc superheroes be inreasing if the ales of cc books are falling 5 Have you se�n a "cc hero movie? Did you like the cc book version of e ero etter or the movie version? Why? Cc books are less popular worldwide than they used to be, but have seen a rebirth in the form of graphi novels What do you think might explain the growing popularity of graphi novels?
CHAPTER 22
The Appeal f Cmic Bk Here
195
Focusing on Vocabul WORD MEANING
A. Read the target words Use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate and reread the word in context Then read the dictiona definitions and choose the one that reflects how the word is used in the reading 1. comic (1) a. k y b.
y k z y
2. fntastic (1)
( , y) ky h. y , v, jy a.
3. harsh (1) a. ; v h.
v , k
4. crude (3) a. v ; y
k b. v , y y 5. sketch (3) a. k
, qky 6. stark (3) a. vy h.
y v
7. bulging (4) a. k , y vy
� b y v
8. costume (4) a. y
y y k k k , 9. mask (4) a. v y b.
y y v k k
_ 10. capture (6)
, , , a.
_ 11. moal (6) a. v v
vy , y 19
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
_ 12. endowed (6)
a. nturlly hving good feture or qulity b. sitution in which college hospitl etc, is given lrge sum o money tht provides it with n income B. Read the target words in the box. Complete each sentence with te target wod that matces the eaning of the words in parentheses You may need to change the fom of te wo to fit the sentence. adored
deteriorate
nave
solely
boom
evil
pepetual
unlike
caoon
nnocent
sealized
wardrobe
1. Scientists hve unsuccessflly tried to develop (n) "_____ (continuous, unending)
motion mchine which would keep moving forever despite iction nd ir resistnce trying to stop it 2.
Mny sustnces when exposed to sunlight o long (become wose, weaken)
periods of time 3. The king o Thilnd is one of those rre leders who is _____ (loved adred)
y ll of his people 4. (dfeent fom, not alike)
mny musil instrments Scottish gpipes re ment
to e plyed outdoors 5.
Mny clothing stores strt selling their summer so erly (clothes, dess)
tht snow my still e on the ground 6.
The min prolem with wr is tht more victims re hurt (not invoved, hamless)
thn soldiers 7.
Illegl drgs re n) _______ tht costs the economy millions of (somethng vey bad, vice)
dollrs per ye 8.
Becuse of low interest rtes nd inexpensive energ the economy is (ncease, be very successful)
9. In the rst hlf of the twentieth centur movies were oen preceded y short lm stories such s Buck Rers nd (made in a series, poduced in seveal pas)
Captai Mave, which sully hd out dozen prts 10
A politicin should e elected to politicl oce sed ______ (only involving nothing else)
on ility nd honest ut unoruntel in the medi er welth nd personlity lso ply n importnt prt 11
According to n estimte in 200 Shrek 2 ws the highest-erning movie of ll time mking over $00 million (dawing, film ade of dawngs)
worldwide 12
It is ___ to elieve tht every mily cn ord to et (inexpeenced ovely trusting)
helthil s esh it nd vegetles cn e reltively expensive CHAPTER 22
The Appeal of Comic Book Heroes
197
Word Tip common mistake in student writing is to confse the words costume and A uniform. Both words refer to sets o clothes, but here the similarities stop. Compare the denition of costume that you have just studied with the denition of uniform a particular type of clothin won by all he members of a group or uniform: organization such as the police school childen etc What are some key ierences? Who migh t wear a uniform? Who might wear a costume?
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word famles for some of the target words in the reading n X ndcates that there is no form or that the form is not common Study the table Look for spellng patterns for the verb, noun adjective and adverb forms of the words List the patterns n the space below the table
-
• I
.
adore
adoraton
Adverb
1 adored
adoringly
2 adoring deteriorate
X
deteroraton
X
X
evil
evil
evilly
X
1 innocence
innocent
innocently
moral
motally
navety
naive
navely
perpetuate
perpetuity
perpetual
perpetually
seralze
1 seral
1 serial
serally
2 seralaation
2 serialized
sketch
sketchy
2 innocent X
1 mortal 2 mortality
X
sketch X
X
sole
X
solely
verbs-------------------------- nouns--------- adectives --
------------
-----------------
adverbs--------------------------
198
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heoes
B.
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses. Use the word families table to help you.
1. The new mother looked _____ (adored) at her baby. 2. The testing of the rocket led to a relations between the two countries.
(deteriorae) of
3 Comic superheroes often battle against (evil) scientists. 4 She smiled (innocen when she did not understand the joke. 5
The severe heart attak made her begin to reect upon her (moral)
6 The candidate's political ___ (naive) was shown by his refusal to listen to his more experienced colleagues advice. 7 Youg children can be very tiring for parents because they are (perpeual) moving around. 8 Instead of using a single drawig, comic strips typically tell a story (serialized) throug a number of pictures in orde 9. The young child much preferred _ (skech) pictures to playing sports 10 The _ (solely) purpose of many best-selling novels is to help their readers pass the time pleasantly without thinking too hard.
COLLOATION Combine a word from Column A with a word from Column B to form a collocation Then match the collocation to its definition Column A
Column B
booming
measure
caroon
market
capure
opportunity
crude
conditions
fanasic
a soldier
harsh
wardrobe
winer
characters
stark
reminder
1 � a very successful economy 2
examples: Mickey Mouse and Winnie the Pooh
3
the set of clothes you wear in cold weather
4
circumstances in which it is dicult to do well
5
something that makes you remember an unpleasant truth
6 7.
a great chance to do somethng you want to do an estimate of something that only gives an overall impression with little detail
8 _______ to catch a ghter CHAPTER 22
The Appeal of Comic Book Heroes
199
Expanding the Topic A.
Below are caoon heroes that have appeared in comic strips, movies, and children's books Complete te descriptions. Use te target words from te box You may need to change the form of te word to fit the sentence There are three extra words
adored
comic
deteriorate
nnocen
soey
bulging
costume
endowed
mask
stark
capture
crude
evil
perpetua
unlike
.
Dscp
.
- 1. Superman
-
2 Batman
- 3 Aquaman
A Belgian boy newspaper reporter e is traveling around the world with is dog Snowy He often uses clever tricks to defeat criminals b
- 4. Green Lantern - 5 Wonder Woman
-
6. The Flash
- 7 Captain Canuck - 8. The Hulk 9 Tintin _ 10 Babar
A magical bear-like creature wo protects the forest and rides in a catlike bus, e is by Japanese children
This superero often fights against the supervillain Lex Luter
This character is able to villains with the (rope) of Truth, wic forces them to tell the truth This hero uses a ring that shoots out energy His has a symbol on it that shows where te ring obtains its power f
_ 11 Totro _ 12 Asterix
This is a gentle and elephant king who uses the knowledge gained during schooling in Paris to wisely rule his elephant kingdom
g. His superpower is super speed h
When Bruce Banner becomes angry, e turns green and develops muscles
This is a book superero based in Canada j Although rather small, e is with super strength after drinking a magic mixture given to him by Getafix The over is head is shaped like a nighttime flying animal I oter superheroes, he lives in the oceans and is able to communicate wth sea creatures Now try to match the descriptions to the heroes
200
UNIT 6
Choose one of the cartoon characters from Exercise A or a character you know well and write a 500-word essay describing why you enjoy reading or watching that character's adventures.
Revisiting the Target Words Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words
I I stil don't know anything about this wrd. m I am sti no sure of the meaning of this wrd evn after stuying i. I undersand tis ord whe se i or hear it in a sennce , bu I don' kno � how o use it in my own speaking and writing 1
! I know hi word nd can use it in my own speakng ad writing. TAGET WORDS
__adored
_
costume
__harsh
__serialized
_
_
crude
__innocent
sketch
bulging
_
deteriorate
__mask
solely
_
capture
_endowed
_moal
stark
_
caoon
_
__naive
__unlike
_
comic
__fantastic
perpetual
wardrobe
boom
evil
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Seect examples from the words you now give a score of 3 or 4, but didn't at the sta o the chapter, to compete the sentences.
I didn't w tha _______ ment _______ bfore reading hs chapte 2 I wasn sre h I knw th meanng of _______, but I am no. .
3 I now am ndnt ha I know what _______ means, but I would lke moe practice with how to use i in m y speang and wrting. 4 now know h ______ oae wh _______
CHPE 22
The Appeal of Comic Book Heroes
201
What's Your Favorite Brand of Celebrity Geing Sta •
!
; � :
Discuss the questions with your classmates.
Do you have a favorite brand? What is it and why do you like it? + What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of being famous? + Do you think people should have to earn celebrity or should anyone be able to be famous? +
Assessig Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words n the box These are the target words for ths chapter Use the scae to score yoursef on each word
I I don't know this word. m I have seen or heard this word before, but am not sure of the meaning 1 understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence but I dont know E how to use it in my own speaking and writing know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
202
UNIT 6
_amateur
cable
helicopter
anonymity
distubing
interchangeable plead
attributed
elevated
ironically
premium
baffled
fade
iable
substitute
balloon
genuine
media
talent
band
gossip
peculiar
isiblity
Celebrity and Heoes
perk
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress in learning the vocabuary in this chapter.
• First, look at your your scores scores in the the table on page 202. Write Write the number number of words for each score (-4) in the "at the beginning column For example, if you scored eight words as 1 ("I don't know this word), then write 8 • At the end of the chapter score yourself yourself again. Then compare compare the two sets sets of scores. Are ou showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words .. at the beginning:
at the end showing improvement
no improvement yet
1 2 3 4
Reading The passage discusses the changng notion notion of ceebrity in modern times As you read, pay specia attention o the target vocabuary words in bold
Balloon Boy Brand Failure
On October 5 2009, the American media was taken over by a breaking news story Cable news networks carried the story live, and the whole countryand soon much of the world turned ts ees to Colorado. There, an amateur scientist who had built an experimental weather
balloon found that the balloon had broken awa from its base and blown away At about the same time he discovered that his 6ea old son was missing. TV news helicopters, emergenc service workers, and the Colorado National Guard were called in to help search for the boy. Two hours later, the balloon landed 60 miles away with no little boy inside Five hours later, the little boy was found hiding in the famil garage Later that evening, the bo's answer to an interie question on NN appeared to indicate that the whoe event had been a publicit stunt for the purpose of "making the family more marke marketable table for fture media interests One month later, his parents pleaded guilty to criminal charges relating to the hoax This stor is a disurbing comme comment nt on modern society's obsession with fam e and celebrity It appears that ordinary people are willing t do the most peculiar things to project themselves into the public eye. While we may be bafed by the actions of the parents in the balloon boy story and wonder, "What were
HAPTER 23
What's Your Favorite Brand of Celebrity?
0
they thinking?" a marketing or public relations sraegis would ave an easy answer to this question. The The parents, who met at acting school were looking to achieve what marketers reer to as hig visibility." Marketers traditionally achieve this this by creating a story about a product averising the product, developing events aroun the product, and writing news stories stor ies about the product The balloon boy story folows all of tese steps-only substitute people" for product." 3 We are familiar with products and even places, such as Las Vegas or Venice, being markete as brands. Now, just as proucts an places must compete to attract the attention of potential buyers and tourists, people, too, are looking to create distinctive brands for themselves to separate themselves om the anonymity of the crowd In oter words these people want to become ighly visible. In te past, an otherwise ordinary person might be elevated to ig visibility- celebrity-by birt (Prince William), extraordinary talent (Venus Williams), or some heroic eed (Captain Sully Sullenberge, who landed U.S Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River) However However these days tere is a new kind of celebrit Tis new type of celebrity occurs when ordinary people with no genuine talent or skill acieve fme simply trough repeated exposure in the media In his book titled Celebrity, Chris ojek calls this attributed celebrit. Paris Hilton and the seemingly interchangeable cast members of TV reality shows are perfect
examples of people who depend on gossip magazines an enerainmen nes" pg or websites to both put tem and keep them in in te public eye So these days, celebrity alone no longer guarantees visibility because competing wannabe celebrities are vying to keep their places in the public eye eye One way for celebrities to widen teir reac is trough brandin Thus, the already successfl Richard Branson owner of Virgin Airlines has worked hard to successlly brand himself as an ent entrepreneur and an aventure Davi Beckham one of the most amous uman brands in the worl has boosted his ame by spending a lot of is time o the eld endorsing products and sacricing is privacy to te photographer's lens By taking advantage of the worldwide popularity of soccer,, is wifes soccer wi fes early success as a pop star and his model goo looks, Beckam has boosted his earning power far beyond that of other equally talented players And it is precisely this premium that oters aspire to, because high visibility results in reater privilege, power, pa and perks 6 Unortunatel, or the balloon boy amil its quest r a amily brand has all gone wrong Iroically, no ony did it not acieve the perks of elevated visibility, the parents have been judged liable r the cost of the rescue mission The end of this story will in all likeliood, be that the balloon boy and his mily fde into obscuri.
REDING COMPREHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on on the readng and you own personal experiences
Wat publicity stunt was carrie out by the balloon boy's boy's amily? 2 Wat were the parents parents motives motives or what they di? 3 How is Venus Williams's Williams 's celebrity dierent om Paris Hilton's celebrity? 4 Wat is the purpose of achieving high visibility? 5 What are your views on the new type of celebrity? Do you have a se of avorite
celebrities whose activities you ollow via enterainment programs, Facebook, Twitter, or magazines? 6 Name some other celebrities wo have successlly branded themselves Describe the key features of their brands
204
UNIT 6
Celebity an Hee
(705 words)
Focusing on o n Vocabt· WORD MEANING A.
Read the sentences and choose the phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word. Use context clues to determine determine the correct correct meaning. Check your dictionary i you are not sre of the answer
1 While the the total total number number of TV channels and and media companies is growing, the number of owners in control of the TV, radio, and newspapers is getting smalle. a. places where planes take o and land forms or or systems systems of govement govement c. organizations that provide news and information for the public 2. In 999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones became the rst balloonists to travel around the world in a hot air ballon It took them nineteen days, twenty-one hours, and ftyve minutes a. large boat used for caring people or goods across the sea large bag of strong, light cloth lled with gas or heated air so that it can oat in the air c. vehicle that ies through the air and has one or more engines 3. There has been a disturbing rise in childhood obesity in recent decades, with 7 percent of children now considered seriously overweight a. dicul to describe or explain worryi worrying ng or or upsetting upsetting c. rude and uniendly 4. Curling is one of the most peculiar but ascinating sports at the Olympics. Players use brshes to help move m ove a stone along a strip of ice. a. liked by a lot of people rece recently ntly made, made, invented, or created created c. strange, unfamilia, or a little surprising 5. Events such as the Olympics Games in Bejing and the World Expo in Shanghai are excellent ways to raise the visibility of Chinese culture and technologcal development a. something that has a bad eect on your life the process process of keeping something something secret secret c. the situation of being noticed by people in general 6. In cooking, yogurt can be substituted for sour cream, thus reducing the calorie and ft content of dishes a. carefully looked at fr a long time · used instead instead of something something else else c. done over and over again 7. Aer being awarded the Olympic Games, the team om Rio de Janeiro boarded the airplane home with an elevated sense of pride in their city a. raised up or higher than other things not sure sure of where you you are c. empt, not covered by anything
CHAPTER 23
What's Your Favorite Brand of Celebrity?
205
8 In the tourism business, hotel and tour guide operators look for job appcans appcans who emonsrate renness even n sress suaons. ext extrem remely ely bad bad real, rather than pretended or false work working ing and able o o be used used 9 My sister sister has no artistic artistic ; ; she can't paint, draw, draw, or sculpt. An ye se has always anted to be an artist stro strong ng hope hope or or wish wish natural ability to to do something well protection fro fro bad things that could could happen to to ou 10 Deparment stores have been been gradually discontinuing discontinuing many many of the that were familiar to our parents, such as generous return policies and gif wrapping serices peo people ple who who like like you bonuses benets extra things freed freedoms oms to do hat hat you you want to to 11 y, the womens downhill ski race was canceled because o hey snow done or appening appening withou clear clear or sensble sensble reasons reasons developed in an unexpect unexpected ed ay done or said ithout thinking o o the possible results results 12.
Our hopes for a win this season fded when the opposing team scored s fourth goal go gott attent attention ion pretended to be ill gradually disa disappear ppeared ed
B R T C NT 1 : a system of broadcasting broadcasting television that is istributed istributed via cables cables and is paid or by the person pers on atching atching it e earliest earliest projectors, such as as the "magic lantern, actually showe up in the late 6s, but presented only still images images When I as a child, all of my friends had and could could watch V programs that we werent able to see Our company company provides a movie serice, special spors channels, channels, an Internet acces access s 2 doing an an activity activity just for pleasure, pleasure, not as a job he competition competition was open to golfers only to ensure ensure a more even playing eld My grandfather grandfather goes to weekend ea markets where he sometimes sometimes buys and sells antiques, but only as an collector Wimbledon was the last of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments tournaments to offer offer equal prize money to both its male and female competitors.
06
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
3 hecopter: hecopter: a y f aiaf aiaf wi lag mal mal blads blads n a un v r quikly mak i y In a hecopter, il uss is lgs f ak ak and landing and n lis n ising ai say u in ai. T Pnz Pnzan an-S -S Mar's u Isls f Silly as bn ad by hecopter sin 194, making i wlds lngsunning sduld hecopter si. c T uning blads vid n nly lif a allws a hecopter hecopter y bu als nl a allws i mv m sid sid, mak uns, and ang al(iud pe: sn n agumn agumn in a u f law f xaml xaml agu w yu a guily f a im Paul Bull, a fm bul Pinss Diana, aad in u pe pe n guily uns f . A 1-ya-ld lal man will will pe svn days in jail diving wiu a lins c Tmw Mial Milkn, by wnd f Wall S, S, will pe guily six flnis and ba imslf f biggs n in is 5 e e wn yu ann undsand undsand xlain xlain sming sming Elvis imsna Mai R was e by f f is sui sui and guia m is a: an' imagin wy anyn wuld wan s ings" Af uning m m is avls, avls, dvld a sang illnss a l is ds e c T fball lub e a signd f B Fav ais mny nw quimn. 6 r: a y f du a as a aiula aiula dsign and and is mad by a aiula man, Ta sumak sumak slls r-nam dus f ims ims su as laund r sa, a wls, and windw lan T imag f a r many an b b u if i as issu a maj all f is du, as and wi Tya in 2010 c Luis Baill invnd a sial sial r f wiing l blind and aially sigd l lan ad 7 o ot t wn l l d n knw w yu a wa wa yu nam nam is T gvnmn gvnmn ial as as willing sak nly n ndiin f ot F a sn ming fm fm a small wn, ot f iy an b a lil figning c Ms Amians wan a siy aaizd by valus f ingi, ot, snsibili, fainss, and nnss 8 ttrte: ttrte: gad as blnging blnging , , bing ausd ausd dud dud by by smbdy sming T ula as as If yu an sand a, g u f kin" is mmnly ttrte Psid Psidn n Hay uman T lig usid my windw windw ttrte a l f inss, inss, s I ad k windw lsd vn ug i was v r c T asy nau nau island island l as bn ttrte ttrte gnl bzs and asy ids f island islf CHAPTER 23
What's Your Favoite Band of Celebity?
207
9. interchangeable: when things can be used instead of other thins a. Interchangeable projects allow people from dierent countries, who would not otherwise meet, to get to know each other and share activities. So many towns have lost local businesses to large chain stores and restaurants that the towns themselves begin to look interchangeable c. Eli Whitneys invention of interchangeable parts led the way in the development of factory assembly lines. 10. gossip information that is passed om one person to another about other people's behavior and private lives, often including unkind or untre remarks a. If you are looking for gossip, the Internet is fll of celebrity sites ready to tell all about your favorite celebrities b. Jobcentre Plus can provide you access to jobs, gossip and guidance on getting the training you need for the job you want c. I didnt enjoy my last job because there was far too much gossip in the oce, and I found out it was sometimes about me
· 11. premium: an additional amount of mone, above a standard rate or amount a. If you want a hotel room with an ocean view, there is a premium o $100 per night compared to a room with a city view. b. Movie theaters are charging a $3 premium for tickets to 3-D movies compared to ticket prices for normal 2-D movies c. The price of eating out is going up because in many places the standard premium for a waiter or waitress is 18 percent 12. liable: legally responsible for the cost of something a If you damage any of the frniture in your dormitor you will be liable for the cost of repair or replacement b. Scandinavian countries take a much more liable approach to maternity leave than the United States, with parents eligible for twelve to sixteen months of paid leave c. A libray is not liable or copyight iningement by its uses if it displays a notice saying that the making of a copy may be subject to copyright law
208
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
WORD FAMILIES A The table contains word famiies for some of the target words in the reading. Cmpete the tabe n X indicates that there is no form or that the form is not commn Sometimes more than one orm may be possibe I you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary Adjective
Verb X
Adverb
anonymity
X
aibuted
X
1. bafled
X
2
1. 2. distubing nterchangeable
1. 2.
ironcally
X
X
X
liable
X
peculiar
substitute
X
.
X
2 X
visibility
B Read the sentences In eight of the sentences an incorrect form f the target word has been used I the form of the target word is incrrect cross it ut and write the correct form If the form is crrect put a chemar (v) Use the word famiies table to he you
One way that universities maintain quality is to give students the opportunity to anonymity evaluate ter professors in end-of-course questionnaires 2. More and more people are eating like vegetarians Obserers attributed this trend away from eating meat to health concerns 3. When traveling to a foreign country for the rst time, people nd that even the simplest tasks such as making a phone call can be bafle 4. The student's work was disturbing similar to an essay handed in by a student om the previous year so the teacher had to check whether it was plagiarized. 5 The interchangeable of many products (for example, toothpastes colas ice creams) means that marketers have to work hard to convince us to buy any particular brand CHAPTER
What's Your Favorite Brand of Celebrity?
09
6. Ironically, the Icelandc volcano that closed many Europen rports led to a tourism boom n e, where the arport remaned open for usness. 7. The hotel accepts no liable fr loss or damage to tems left at the hotel although t wll do ts utmost to ensure the securty of all elongngs. 8. One reason chldren are ghtened y clowns s that they look a t lke humn engs ut they aso ook peculiarly and they do unusu thngs 9. Some experts thnk that the emotonal attchments fans have wth celertes sere as a substitute for rel socal nteracton wth real people. 10. The actress was visibility shakng as she accepted the Academy Award COLLOATION In each set of sentences, the target word is paired with dierent words to form different collocatons. Choose the colocation that best fits the ast sentence and write it n the bank You may need to change the form of one word n the coocation to fit the sentence
1 a. It's a tradton at many graduton ceremones to release balloons nto the sky to celerate the students achevement. Doctors are now able to clear a locked lood vessel y usng a small wre to nsert and then inate a smll balloon nsde the esse c. My frends and I used to play a game where we would low and low to see who could burst a balloon rst Mny people are unaware that _ n large numers at specal events can result n ltterng and harm to wldlfe. 2. a. Many arlnes, supermarkes, and stores have tred to uld brand loyalty among ther customers by developng some knd of reward card b. Some brand names such as Kleenex Q-Tps and Vaselne have ecome so popular that they hve replaced the orgnal name of the product c. The clothng company wanted a brand identity that was sex, stylsh and had atttude to appeal to shoppers n ther late teens and earl y twentes The derence etween smply uyng the same product repeatedly and s that the latter ncludes an emotonal te t o the product 3. a. My grndmothers memories of lvng through the Great Depresson were ding so I began recordng our conversatons n order to keep a famly record of her lfe b. The light was fading and the snow was startng to fall so the hkers hurred down the mountan ack to the ase camp. c. As the clock tcked closer to zero the fans hope that ther team mght stll wn was quckly ading for the peace process ecause nether sde seemed wllng to make changes to ts poston on land rghts
210
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heoes
4. a. Do you think that people using reusable shopping bags are making a genuine eor to tace climate change or simply making a fashion statement? b. Although many people have expressed a genuine conce about how to help the community recover from the damage caused by the sorm, they aren't sure what exactly they should do. c. The success of the basketball team seems assured this year because the coach and team members have expressed a genuine desire to improve upon the weaknesses of last yea Nurses need to be able to relate well to people of all ages and backgrounds, have strong communication and listening skills, an d possess a _ to help people
5 a. The actor and director of the movie dismissed rumors about a major disagreement between them as idle gossip b. Before you send that e-mail packed with juicy gossip, doublecheck the name listed in your "Send to box c. Beware of ofce gossip! Although being in the know sounds attractive, passing on personal information about work colleagues can get you into trouble The "news presented in many entertainment magazines s really only , and some magazines have even been sued for making false statements 6. a. Afer the climbers had spent thirty-six hours on the mountain in snow and eezing temperatures, a helicopter rescue team brought them to safet b. Experience the thrill of a helicopter light over downtown Manhattans Financial District, the Statue of Liber, and many other sights that the New York City skyline has to oe c. The hospitals emergency center, located at the noth end of the building, has a separate entrance and exit as well as a helicopter pad The patient was transferred to another hospital by air ambulance The took twenty minutes coma o sixy minues by road 7. a. The soccer team stayed at a countryside hotel to avoid the media hye that normally developed before an important match When a movie gets nominated for an Oscar, lm companies often begin a media campaign to gain support for their lm Studies in the US., UK, and Australia all report that womens sports receive as little as percent of total media coverage compared to 9 percent fr mens spos. Governments often sponsor public service to encourage people to stop speeding, stop littering, or stop smoking 8. a. Not everyone who shows talent at an early age will be successfl According to author Malcolm Gladwell, hard work, social conext, and cultural background also make a dierence If the team is going to continue to be successfl in fture years, the coaches must work to develop their young talent now c. My teachers were concerned that I would waste my talent if I got a job stacking shelves at a supermarket, so they encouraged me to apply r an internship instead The bosses felt that th best way to improve the company's performance was to work with current employees to instead of hirng new people CHAPTER 23
211
Expanding the Topi- A. Match the paraphrases to the original text O __ In the 1950s, there were only four TV networks in the United States, and these networks broadcast their signals through the ai. Unfortunatel, this meant that many rural homes could not receive the signal, and some people solved this problem by putting an antenna on the top of a hill and running wire om it down to their homes This idea led to companies putting in wires to entire towns, which provided a wide range of channels through these direct conctions __ 2. he nuer of V channels has increased enormously in the last ten to twenty years, with people willing to pay a premium to get spors and movie channels his has resulted in many people having access to over 100 channels, the sheer numer of which can e overwhelmi ng __ 3. T talent shows, though, are not new The rst talent shows moved om radio to TV in the 1940s Ordinary perfrmers were given the opportunity to act, sing, or dance, and the viewing pulic voted for their favorites by postcard or telephone __ 4. Unlike today's contestants, who receive recording contracts, past winners were awarded a scholarship of $2,000 and normally returned to their ordinary lives
P a he prizes for winners of early talent shows were extremely small in comparison to todays perks and rizes, and paricipants normally fell ack into oscurity afer their oent of me b. he earliest V talent shows ean airing in the 1940s as radio programs made the switch to Amateurs erformed or a V audience, which chose the winners through a mail or telephone vote
The growth in numer of V channels now means that viewers are presented with a bafing assorent of programs-fr more than they could ever wish to watch d. There were oriinally very w channels, ut the introduction of cable networks, where V copanies connected directly with hmes, led to a wider range of channels eing availale
212
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
B. Now you try Paraphrase the sentences Use the target word in your paraphrase You may need to change the form of the target word
. Judith Sheindlin was relatively unknown uside he legal wrld of famiy court nl an artcle in the Los Angeles Tmes and a follw-up story on he nw prgram 60 Minutes brouh her to he aentin of TV producers who proposed tha she sar in he normoul poular corroom reality shw Judge Judy. ae ___________________________
e e
2. The program deals with aes normaly handled in small claims cour Viewers of th show an choose to hae their cases arue on he show, provded they sgn a document agreeing o ccept he judgment mae by Judge Judy ea
3. he pram has been running since 1996, and ahouh he people nvolved n each case ae dern f you watch to ofen you bgin to see pern an afer a while the cases and he pares involved begin o all look ake eaeae _______________________
4. What prompt people to want to air their probms in nt of a naonal TV audiene? Perhaps they maine hat one apearance on TV will lead to others and all the benets f ame will fllow _____________________________
Wrte a 500-word essay in whch you discuss soe of the possible reasons for the ncreased focus on fame and celebrity in modern society
CHAPTER 23
What's Your Favorite Brand of Celebrity?
Revisiting the Target Word Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scae to describe your knowledge of the target words.
a I still don't know anthing about this word. f I am stil not sure of the meaning of this word even after studyin H I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I don't know � how to use it in m own speaking and writing. I I know this word and can use it in m own speaking and writi TARGET WORDS
_amateur
_ cable
_helicopter
_perk
_anonymity
disturbing
interchangeable _plead
attributed
_elevated
ironically
premium
baffled
fade
liable
substitute
balloon
_genuine
media
_ talent
brand
_gossip
· peculiar
visibility
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the begnning of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table
214
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
Strategy Practice Geing Staed Look at the three images taken from Chapters 21-23. Without looking back at the chapters, how many target words can you remember from each chapter?
Learning More about Words: us1NG THE wR You have been introduced to meanings, the word family and collocations for the words taught in this book But ou can onl trul lear a word b using it. Here are soe shot activities that give you practice in using words in diferent ways Review the definitions and sampe sentences for the target words and then answer the questions Definition and sample sentence
Questions
1 interchangeable: when things can be used instead of other things
List four exampes of things that are interchangeabe.
Ei Whitney's invention of
Synonyms are commonly thought of as words with interchangeable meaings But are synonyms truly interchangeable? What are some characteristics that make synonyms different from each other?
interchangeable parts led the way in
the development of facto assembly lines.
215
Definition and sample sentence
Questions
2. admire: to respect and like someone
a. List five people who you admire
because of something good the person has done He admired Martin Luther King J for leading the Civil Rights Movement
b People who are admired have positive characteristics, e.g, bravery ist the characteristics you most admire c. Wha caracerc wou you ike people to admire about you? Why
3 perpetual continuin all the time without changing or stoppin
a. ist three things that are perpetual, ie., never chaning at all
There is perpetual snow at the top of Mount Everest
b Perpetual can also refer to things that only ee to continue forever because they are unpleasant, eg, perpetual exams, perpetual struggle List five different things for this meaning of perpetual.
4. amateur: used about someone who
a.
does an activity just for pleasure, not as his or her ob The golf competition closed to professional players, to give the amateur players a chance
List two spos that remain amateur at all levels
b. What are the advantages of playing a spo as an amateur? As a professional? c. What activities besides spos can you do as an amateur?
5 Now you do it Add a word of your own and make a set of related questions. Give the questions to a classmate to see if he or she can answer them
Focusing on Skills: READING _ CHOOSING REDNG TS
Making lists and brainstorming examples are great ways of practicing v ocabulary Reading is ·a nother way to use you r ocabulary knowledge and has the added bonus of exposing you to words But not just any kind of reading will improve your English In order to choose the best reading material for you, it i s important to rst understand the relationship between vocabula and reading In our everyday lives, we read because we want to get information or pleasure om a text In other words, we read for meaning rather than to learn ew language. In order for a text to have language leaing potential, it needs t o both provide understanding and be challenging Researc tells s that the ,000 most equent words in English normally make up about 80 percent of the words in most texts i n English
216
UIT
Celebrity and Heoes
A. In the text, al of the words above the 2000 frequency level-20 percent-have been blanked out How much of the text can you understand?
The mous reporter Tintin has wowed ns for _______ raveling the world on _____________ with his dog, Snow the ___books contained elements of ______
-----, even political------· And political is exactly what this ______has become. Originally published in the early 1930s, Tti i the C follows the _______boy reporter to the Belgian Congo in what was seen as "deepest, darkest Aricaat the ime a Belgian ____ There the _______ hire a local guide, visit ______ villages even _______----- So far, so normal for an
. But its the language and imagery used in the
______that has caused _______in those critical of it. The guide looks like a _______ with a black -------, large eyes, and _______ _______ red----- And the views _______ are _______and------ The Belgian writer and ________ Herg later said he
writing ita style
that reected the _____________ of the time. But that's not Bienvenu Mbutu's
of it Hes a Congolese
national living in Belgium, and he's asking the courts to ______ the book, although he says he would be satised if it was sold with a warning about the content
You probably understand the gist of the stor, but missed out on a lot of detail. That's the experience of knowing only the 2,000 most equent words in English. B Now look at the text With all of the words at the 3,000 and 4,000 frequency levels (the words studied in this book) added, your understanding increases significantly Only five words remain blank, or "unknown*
The famous reporter Tintin has wowed ans for decades raveling the world on wild adventures with his dog, Sno, the comic books contained elements of fntasy, mystery, even political thrillers. And political is exactly what this _______has become.
CHAPTER 24
Straegy Pracice
17
Originally published in the early 1930s, Tintin in the Congo follows the
courag eous boy reporer to the Belgian Congo in what was seen as "deepest, darkest Aica-at the time a Belgian colony. There the advent hire a local guide, visit remote villages, even encounter · So far, so normal for an explorer But it's the language andmagery used in the omic that has caused outrage in those critical of it. e gide looks like a _______ -wh a black , large eyes, and
, red lips And the
views adoped are racist and colonialis The Belgian writer and illustrator Herg later said he regretted writing ita style that relected the inoleran
oulook of the time But that's not Bienven Mbutu's percepion of it He's a Congolese national living in Belgium, and he's asking the cours to ban the book, althogh he says he would be satised if it was sold with a warning about the content *episode, wildlife golliwog complexion plump
Research tells us that in order fr a text to both provide nderstanding and be challenging, the most favorable balance is 98 percen known vocablary to 2 percent unknown vocabular In other words, if you know 98 percent of the words in a text (only one word in fty is unknown), you'll understand enogh to nd it interesting and sefl, while still being challenged by the 2 percent of new words This balance also allows you to further develop understanding of words you have previously studied Yo can determine if a text is at the right level simply by reading a page or two and noting how many nknown words you see Happy readi�g!
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards: STEPPING STONES The aim of this activity is to use yor knowledge of target words to successfully get across a grid befre your opponent does Instrctions
1 Form pairs or teams (Team A and Team B) 2 Each team selects twentyve vocablary cards and arranges them into a x grid The cards should be placed in such a way tat the side o f the card with the pronunciation, word famil, and collocaion infrmation is not visible to the opposing team
218
UNIT 6
Celebrity and Heroes
3. Team A points to a card in the rst column of Team B's grid A member of Team B picks up the card and, without letting Team A see the target word information written on the reverse of the card, asks Team A a question about one feature of the target word that had been hidden om view Example:
Team A points to a card Team B picks up the card and reads the word on it: courage. Team B then asks, What part of speech is the word "couge? or any other question related to the inormation on the card 4. Team A responds, and Team B checks the card to conrm the answe S. If correct, Team A points to another card and steps and are repeated Only cards that are adjacent to (touching) correct answer cards and in the next column to the right (or "moving forward) can be selected, as shown here
X
adjacent card
corrcty nswrd crd
adjacent card
X
adjacent card
X
X
X
X
S. If Team A is incorrect, the card is returned to the grid, face up, and is out of pla 6. Its now Team B's turn Team B points to a card on Team Xs grid, and steps through 5 are repeated 7. The rst team to get across the grid, as shown here, wins
Step 1
Step 4 Step 2
Step 5
Step 3
CHAPTER 24
Strategy Practice
219
Eco Fashion
Geing Staed Discuss the qestons with your classmates.
+ How freq uently do yo go shopping for clothes? What do ou cnsder mpnt when byng cothes-for exmpl, pce stye? the materia the cothes are made of? + What d you d wih your old clothes?
Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge:
RGET woRs
Look at the words in the box These are the target words for ths chapter Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I d' k h od.
m have seen or hard thi word befoe but am not sure o the e. understad thi wo whe se t or hea t n a sentnce, bt t kno how to use it n my own speakng and wrting. know thi word and can use it n my wn span nd tn TARGET WORDS
__am
ac
_ove
sod
coscece
edeao
ecce
ssaae
_ dsca
e
secodad
ee
ease
_ave
se
ed
epede
__ ease
so
pe
saed
ove
eaorda med
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Complete the sentences with words that you hae scored as
1.
1 am no fmla with h ord/term _ 2 hv no dea hat _ mans Fll n the first blank wth a word that you hae scored as sentence.
2
hen complete the
3 thn could men 221
Reading The passage is about fast fashin and the consequences for the environment and people in less developed contries. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold.
Fsho Vctm or Evromtl Vcto
2
3
You are on your way home and you make a quick visit to the mall to see if there is anything novel or interesting in any of your favorite stores. Chances are there will be if you shop at any of the retail chains that use the fast fashion model of business There's no longer any need to wait for a change of season (for example, om autumn to winter) to see a new collection of clothes because ashion retailers are introducing new lines of clothing on a monthl or even wee basis. Fast fashion retailers make it possible for fshion-conscious shoppers to stay current without breaking the bank by offering up low priced clothes that follow the latest trends. Over the past ten years falling prices have led to extraordinary growth in expenditures on clothing. In Britain alone shoppers spend over $3 7 billion per year on clothes and the fast I discount fashion sector makes up one-h of this market In fact, theres so much shopping going on that our closets cant keep up, and people in developed countres are now discarding clothes at higher rates than ever before Theres no thought of mending a hole or sewing on a new button when a new shirt can be bought fr six or seven dollars When a dress gets stained, why pay to dry-clean it when we can buy a new one instead? According to the Environmental Protection Agenc the average American throws
222
UNIT 7
Environment
away more than 68 pounds of clothing and textiles per year. So what happens to all of the clothes we throw away? 4 Clothing and textiles are the fastest growing waste product in Britain with 63 percent of unwanted clothes ending up in landlls and only 16 percent being recycled. This has serious consequences for the environment because many of todays clothes are made from synthetic bers, which do not break down naturally. This can create problems as water cannot low into the soil and chemicals om the fabrics release poisons into the surrounding air and water. 5 There are other options for our unwanted clothing Many of us ease our conscience about all this waste by donating our unwanted clothing to charities Howeve, even charities cannot keep up with the tuover of clothing and end up selling the excess for recycling or expo. Since 1989 U.S exports of used clothing and other worn textiles have more than tripled and now exceed 7 billion pounds per yea. Many of these clothes get a new lease on life when they end up in the ourishing markets or secondhand clothes in Aica and Eastern Europe Clothing that is in good condition is highly sought after and provides consumers there with the opportunity to be smartly dressed. However this virtuous circle of developed 6 countries providing clothes fr those in poorer countries is only sustainable if te coting is well-made and durable Unfortunatel a major reason fast fashion clothes are so cheap is because of a decrease in the quality of materials and manufacturing This leaves less reason for developing countries to buy the poorly made clothing and so will eventually lead to a fall in demand or Western castos So we need to take a closer look at the economic and ecological impact of fast fshion Both government bodies and the fashion derations are calling or eco approaches to
fashion. For example, the British government used the occasion of London Fashion Week to l its sutainable clothing action plan The plan encourages everyone to consider the
impact of a fashion item, om the cradle (its design) to the grave (its disposal) (598 words)
READING COMPEHENSON Respond to the questions in writing Base your responses on the reading and your own personal experiences.
1 According to the text, why is fast fashion so successful?
2. How much money is spent on clothing in Britain each year? 3 Why is throwing away old clothes a growing environmental issue?
4. What is meant by a virtuous
circle?
What is the opposite of a virtuous circle?
5. Would you consider wearing econdhand clothes? If so why? If not, why not? 6. What measures do you think were included in the British government's "utainable clothing action plan"?
Focusing on Vocabular WOD EANNG A Match the target words with their definitions If you are unsure about a word's meaning, try to figure it out from the context by rereadin the passage Then check your dictionary Set 1
_ 2 3 4 __ 5. __ 6. 7.
auumn trend xpenditure ew extile rec y cle fber
a. the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time b. to use a needle and thread to make or repair clothes or to sten something on to them . a current style; something in vogue d. a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth, etc . to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again f. the season between summer and winter when leaves change color and the weather becomes cooe any type of woven oth that is made in large quantities, used especially by people in the business of making clothes
CHAPTER 25
Eco Fashion
223
Set 2
__ __ _ __ __
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
a. the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time . able to continue without causing damage to the environment c. cloth used for making clothes, curtains, etc . if something has "a new lease on life, it is changed or repaired so that it can continue . to increase by tree imes as muc, or to make something do this . the place in the ground where a dead body is buried g. the par of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
fbric conscience tuover tripe ease sustainabe grave
B R O NOT C 1. nove
esh
new
original
traditional
astonishing
average
unexpected
get rid of
throw away
unload into
x
patch up
repair
maked
stine
tainted
ditch
earh
mud
enfolding
enriching
enveloping
amend
lessen
relieve
nearly new
pre-owned
used
apprenticeship
association
partnership
2. extraordinary
amazing 3. discard
cast o 4. mend
arange 5. stained
blemished 6. soi
dirt 7. suounding
encircling 8. ease
alleviate 9. secondhand
manual 10. deration
alliance
224
UNIT 7
Envirnment
WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading. Complete the table An X indicates tat there is no form or that the form is not common Sometimes more tan one form may be possble If you are unsure about a form, ceck your dictionary Noun
Verb X
.
.
.
-
-
.
conscience X
X
discard
X
X
1. 2 extraordinary
1
1
2
2
3 federation X
lease recycle
X
1 2
X
sew
X
1 2 surrounding sustainable trend
B. Choose te correct form of te word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b Use the word families table you just completed as a guide. 1 a I'd park my car in the handicapped parking space, but my consiene
would bother me She ____ asked the others where they wanted to go before giving her suggestion 2 a You should disard any old cleaning materials
The committee ______ his idea saying that it was unworkable 3 a The actor had extraordinary power over her audience in the theate
Miles Davis was a jazz trmpeter ______ 4 a The British Federation of Film Societies supports all aspects of the lm
industry in Great Britain b.
_____ is a type of government with a strong central authority
CHAPTER 25
Eco Fashion
5. a.
The operation gave her a new lease on ife
b The newly renovated uilding was already __ when we went to view it. 6
The new governor pedged to improve the state's recycling and waste disposa systems b Fleece is a human-made faric created om _ plastic ottles 7 The army surgeon attempted to u the wound on the sodier's eg b was a popular pastime for adies during he Victorian era a.
The SWAT team decided to suound the ank in an effort to stop the roers from getting away b Being ack in her hometown relaxed her she realized as she walked through familiar ___
8. a.
9. a.
Governments around the word are ooking for more sustainable sources of energy
b Diane was ale to _ the quick pace of the marahon thanks to al of her road training over the winte 10, A comination of forma and informal garments worn at the same time is the atest trend in fashion b He thought he was so __ wearing those leather trousers
Word Tip Compound nouns are xed expressions that are made up of more than one word They can e two or more words written separateyfor exampe credit ard-o they can e joined y a hyphenfor exampe siseinlaw. Or they can e one wordfor example tuover. ompound nouns can e a source of confsion for students in their writing ecause there are no hard and fast rules aout when to separate hyphenate or join togethe Also writing conventions change over time If you are in any dout check your dictionary
226
UNIT 7
Envirnment
COLLOATION Read the common collocations in the column on the left. Give two examples of things associated with each collocation Example 2
Example 1
1. autumn tints
2. ease the tension 3. cut expenditures 4. fber optics
5. grave digger 6. novel idea 7. soil erosion 8. stained glass
Complete the passage on the following pages Use the target words from the box You may need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence There are two extra words a
fabric
eoa
triple
ease
e
textile
oe
Fast Fashion in the U.K.
Students were once the pioneers of edgy, eclectic fashion New customized pieces were mixed with (I) _______ classics Nothing was olimits in terms of stle; in fact the crazier the bette But these das universit campuses are full of ashion clones Where has all the experimental fashion gone?
CHAPTER 25
Eco Fashion
7
2
Student budgets are tight and leave litte room or luxury. The success of chain stores, such as Primark and H&M, has ed to the rise o ast ashion " Clothes are being produced more cheaply than ever and are regarded as disposabe rather than as a ong-term wardrobe investment These days there is genuiney no reason to wear an outt twice or to bother with (2) _ the holes in od avorites avorites
3
Now it's easier than ever to ook ike the ceebrtes of te moment, with retailers churning out moreo-less exact replicas o their outts. outts . As soon as designers send a garment down the catwalk, chain stores are copy copyiing them for a action o the price
4
The rise o chain stores and their incredibly rapid stock has aso meant that smaler businesses have struggled (3) to compete Independent boutiques in particular have been hard hit by the threat o larger retailers because because nobody wants to pay $95 or a pair o jeans when that is (4) _ _ the price of a pair of jeans at Primark Primark The trth is, students are going to opt or whatever seems to be the biggest bargain, and are increasingly turning their backs on designer brandshardy surprising given the amount o student debt
Thri stores were once loved by students for their unique vintage cothing; nowadays they are more ike the t he gaveyrds o cheap supermarket garments Genuine bargains are lost beneath piles of humanmade and unwanted cast-os that the stores simply can 't sell (5) _ and Fur coats, brooches, and patterned dresses have made way or cheap, badly made, massproduced exports," exports," said one student we interiewed
6
Its not a doom and goom; vintage stores appear to be bucking the ten and doing well, well, thanks to the rise o vintage ashion Oten tucked away on back streets, they can be heaven or a shion lover with unique pieces rom across the decades The Internet aso oers aternative retailers a patorm, and cothes can be customized or proessionay proessionay altered nd though more expensive, dressmakers wil wil oen make outts om scratch i you provide the (6)) __ (6 ___ _
7
Aternatives to the mainstream do exist, students just have to look harder to nd them Being a poor student shouldnt mean you have to sacrice style
Adapted om http://w.independentouk http://w.independentouk/student/student-life/fshion/fas /student/student-life/fshion/fastt fashion-1517291html.
Read this statement: "The fashion industry's need to produce new trends every season is moraly and environmentaly usstainable." Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Write a 500-word essay explaining why. 8
UNIT 7
Environment
Revisiting the Target Words _ _ Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words.
I I stil don't knw anything about this word. n ot sure of the meaning meani ng f this word even afer studyig i m I am still not I undestand his word when I see t or hear it i a entece, but dont know � how to use i in my on speking and wriing kow ths word and can use it in my own speaking and riing. TARGE WORDS
__autumn
__fabric __ fabric
__novel
__surrounding
__ conscience
_federation
__recycle __ recycle
__ sustainable
__ discard
fiber fiber
secondhand
textile
__ ease
__grave
__sew
trend
_..expenditure _
_ lease
__soil
triple
stained stained
_urnover _ urnover
_mend mend _extraordinary _
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Select examples from the words you now give a score of 3 or 4 but didn't at the sta of the chapter to complete the sentences 1.
2. 3.
4.
I didnt know tht _______ meant _______ bfore readg ths che I asn't sure that I new the manng of ______, ______, but I am nw. I now am onden that I know what ______ mens mens but I wuld lke more practice with how to use it in m speking and writng I could next use _______ when am _______ _______
CHP 25
Eco Fashion
229
Hunting the Hunters Geing Staed Dscuss the questions with your classmates.
+ How many dangeus animals can you thik of? Lst them. + How woud you react f you saw a shark +
D you aree ith hunting so why? nt , wh o?
Assessing Your Vocabulary Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words in the box These are the target words for this chapter. Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I on't knw thi wd
m I have een r heard tis word before bu am not sue o the mang E I nderstand this wrd when I see it o hear it in a sentnce but I dont knw how t use i in my own speaking and wring.
I know his word and can use it in my wn speaking and wring TARGET WORDS
_affection _ affection
_diver _ diver
_ _
_seldom _ seldom
_aggressive _ aggressive
_ _
_menace
_soup _ soup
_campaign _ campaign
_ae _ ae
nuisance nuisance
_species _species
_headline headline aasp aasp _
_ocean _ ocean
_ vicious
_p _ p
intimidate intimidate
poaching
_wolf _ wolf
_dee _ dee
_jungle _ jungle..
_pose _ pose
e
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Fill in the first blank with a word that you have scored as 2 Then complete the second sentence.
1 ve see / head head ------· ------· I saw / head head i while while was
Fill in he first blanks with words that you have scored as 4 Then complete the sentences
2 One mean meaning ing of __ _____ ___ is ____ _____ _ 3 I last used the the wod wod __ __ while while I as _____ _____
230
UNIT 7
Environment
Reading The passage is about the food chan ad other complex reatioships withn natura ecosystems. As you read, pay specia attention to the target vocabuary vocabuary words i bold.
Pray for the Predators
The nancial cost of protecting endangered species is enormous. Since 1985, the World Wildlife Fund, a charity largely fnded by public donations, has invested over $1 billion in endangere endangered d species. In 2007, U.S. federal and state spending on wildlife protection was around $165 billion. What's more, wildlife protection campaigns frequently feature predator species, such as sharks, tigers, wolves and lions, in their headlines even though these animals pose a direct threat to human lives and incomes So why protect them when they are so costly? Fishermen, divers and surfers might indeed uestion the need to protect sharks. Afer all, in 2008 the International Shark Attack File (SAF) reported that there were nearly sixty cases of attacks on humans. However, sharks do far more than intimidate swimmers As apex predators- at the top of the food chain-they perform a key role in maintai maintaining ning the agile balance of the ocean ecosystems. For instance, coral reefs with lots of sharks have greater numbers of and a better variety of other sh species particularly those that eat coralkilling algae Also, where shark numbers have been severely reduced, the negative effects on ocean ecosystems are apparent. For example, the number of large sharks o the east coast of the United States has declined
by more than 50 percent and, as a result, there are now ten times as many cownose rays These rays eat shellsh, such as scallops and clams, which has severely damaged the U.S scallop industry The shing industry has also been affected; the drop in shellsh has led to a decline in water ualit, which leaves coastal zones struggling to support large numbers of young sh 3 On land, the image of apex predators as icious killers is also hard to gnore. Ter apparently aggressive behavior means that they are seldom looked upon with much afection, especially in areas where life for local people is already very dicult Take Tanzania for instance, where more than 00 people have been killed by lions since 1990 However, the relationship between these predators and land based ecosystems has been found to be just as connected as sharks are to ocean environments Justin Brashares, a researcher at the University of California, has h as found that the falling number of lions in subSaharan Aica is the most likely cause of the sudden increase in baboons. The growing baboon population is more than just a nuisance The baboon presence in the area now threatens crop production on an unprcedented scale. 4 t's even more dicult to convince people of the value of apex predators when conseration projects might result in these animals becoming more of a menace n forest conseration areas in Nepal for example, tiger attacks have jumped to around seven per year. year. Studies showing that the eects of not protecting apex predators are worse than the th e eects of protecting them are not limited to fao Indian jungles or Aica grasslands In the United States, the reintroduction of wolves was ercely criticized by farmers at the time it was rst authorized. However,, the growing population has controlled However elk numbers, which, in turn, has led to tree regeneration. Other related effects include an increased variety of species, reduced erosion,
CHAPTER 26
Hunting the Hunters
31
and improved forest re recover rates. Concientally, wolves also attack cootes which are responsible for twent-two times more livestock deaths than wolves and cost farmers and ranchers $ 7 million mill ion a ear ear 5 Altough apex predators ma be costl in terms of lives and money, the overall returns on the conseation investment appear to outweigh individua osses So if ever ou are tempted
to t soup made rom shark ns, or if ou see a TV program showing the death of a bi cat om poaching, consider the catastrophic eect these activities have up and down the ood chainom the sallest organisms at the bottom to the number one preator at the top: us (637 words)
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions questions i wrtig. Base your responses on the readng and your your own persoal expereces
1. What is an apex preator? 2. Ouine te eects on the ecosstem when the number of apex predators changes Create one outline for an ocean-bd ecosstem and one for a land based ecosstem 3. Wh is the portraal of apex predators as vicious a problem for organizations tring to save them? 4. Go back to the introuction Wh do ou think wildlife protectin campaigns feature lions, wolves and sharks instead of other species in the food chain? Is the author of the text largel in favor of or against against te protection of apex predators? How do ou know? 6. Do ou think it is worth protecting species of animals that are endangered? Wh or wh not?
Focusing on Vocabul, Vocabul J , ". WOD ANING A Read the target words Use the paragraph number in in paretheses to ocate ad reread the word n context. The read the dictioary definitos and choose the oe that reects how the word s used i the reading.
_ 1. campaign (1) a. marketing materials and public actions that are intended to persuade people to buy, use, or support a product seice, or cause b. to promote our candidac as ou run for a political ofce 2. wolf 1) a. someone or something that is bad an causes all the problems in a situation a wild animal that looks like a large dog and lives and hunts in groups 3. hea heali line ne ( 1) a. to be the main band at a t a concert b. the title of a news stor or ke point of campaign material 4. pose ) a. to sit or stand in a particular position in order to be photographed or painted b. to eist in a wa that ma cause a problem danger danger,, or dicult
UNIT 7
Environment
5. diver (2) a. someone who swims or works under water
using special equipment to
help with breathing b. someone who jumps into_the water head and arms rst
6. ocean (2) a. a very large area of water on Earth's surface b.
a lot of something, especially a liquid
7. crop (3) a. the part under a birds throat where food is stored b.
a plant or plant product such as wheat or apples that is grown by farmers and used as food
_ 8. menace ( 4) a. something that is dangerous b.
a person with a threatening qualit, feeling, or way of behaving
9. jungle (4) a. a thick tropical forest with many large plants growing very close
together b. so1ething that is ve untid complicated, or confs
10. soup (5) a. to have problems (be in the soup) b.
cooked liquid food, ofen containing small pieces of meat, sh, or vegetables
_ 11 fn (5)
one of the thin body parts that aquatic animals such as sh use to swim b. part of a plane that sticks up at the back and helps the plane y smoothly a.
12. poaching (5) a. gently cooking food
especially sh, in a small amount of water or il b. illegally catching or shooting animals, birds, or sh, especially on private land without permission
B.
Read the target wods in the box. Complete each sentence with the taget wod that matches the meaning of the wods in paentheses. You may need to change the fom of he wod to fit the sentence. afection
decline
ion
species
aggressive
fragle
nuisance
vicous
catastrophic
intimidate
sedom
zone
Most duck are meat eaters, but geese eat plants on land, (types, kinds) and swans are able to use their long necks to get to water plants. 2. All of the kids in the class were by the school bull (fighten scare)
3 My grandmothers glass vases were extremely (delicate easily broken) 4. The movie was spoiled by three teenag boys at the back of the theater who were talking and generally making a(n) of themselves (annoyance bother)
CHAPTER
Hunting he Hunters
33
5. Because of new anti-smoking measures, the numbers of young people who smoke is steadily _ (fall, reduce)
Even two months afer the event it was still dicult to travel within the
6.
earthquake _ (area, region)
Jimmy hated deivering the mail to the Simpson family ecause of their huge
7.
_ dog (mean, ferce)
Poce say hat _ ehavior while drvng cae ore
8.
(foreful, violent)
accidents than anything else 9.
I � have time to go to the movies these days ecause wok (hardly eve, rarely)
is taking up so much of my time 10.
Zac wished his pet lizard showed a little more _ (fondness, love)
11.
The chances of eing killed y a mountain are minimal (at, large animal)
You have a greater chance of dying from a ee sting 12.
Last night's lackout was caused y a(n) _ failure in the (disastrous, terribe)
local power grid WORD FAMILIES A
The table contains word families for sme of the target word in the reading. An X indicates that there is no form or that the fom is not common Study the tabe Look for spelling patterns for the noun, adjective and adverb forms of the wors. ist the patterns in the space on the next page.
Verb
Noun
Ad jective
..
X
afeon
afectionate
afectionately
X
aggression
aggresse
aggressively
1 ampagn
campaign
campaign
.
. X
2. campaigner X
catastrophe
delne
declne
dive
1. dive
aasroph X
catastrophically X
diving
X
headline
X
1. intimidate
X
2 der headline
1. headlne 2. headliner
nmdae
intimidation
2 intimidating poach
1 poacher
poachd
X
2 poahng X 234
UNIT 7
Environment
viciousness
ous
viciously
nouns- adjectives adverbs B. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses Use the word families tabe to help you 1.
Lionesses are well known r being _______ (afection) mothers.
2. Wolves show their teeth and growl as signs of __ (aggressive) 3. Greenpeace ____ (campaign) boarded the whaling ship and displayed a huge banne
4 Dinner last night was an absolute (catastrophic) 5. Last year the number of complaints ___ (decline) sharply as a result of the new customer seice approach
6 My dream is to move to Tobago and open a small ______ (diver) school 7. Usain Bolt's perormance in the 100 and 200 meter nals grabbed all of the (headline) 8. She refsed to be _____ (intimidate) by the meanlooking neighborhood 9. (poaching) regularly shoot at wildlif wardens in many of Aicas big game reserves 10. The _____ (vicious) and negativity of some political campaigns has begun to put o voters
CHAPTER 26
Hunting the Hunters
235
COLLOATION Combine a word from Column A with a word from Column B to form a colocation. Then matc the colocation to its defnition Column A
Column B
drop in the
nuisnce
heart of a
jungle
le
kitchen
menace
lion
soup
ocean
urban
out
pubic
to society
zone
wolf
1 to stop paying attention because you are bored
or tired 2. ___________ someone who has committed many crimes or is very dangerous 3. __ someone who does things that annoy a ot of peope 4. ___ narrow and/ or crowded city streets, aeys, subways, and inne-city neighborhoods 5 _____ a ve sma amount of something compared to what is needed or wanted 6. ____ brave 7. _____ someone who prefers to be by himsef or hersef 8.
a pace where peope with no money and no home can get free food
Expanding the Topic· _ .
An important part of developing your vocabulary nvolves forming and supporting opinons about the topic you are studying Read te statements and indicate wheter you agree (A) or disagree (D). Ten discuss your opinions and reasonng wth a partner.
__ 1. Farmers shoud be aowed to ki apex predators if the predators threaten animas and crops 2. There shoud be an inteationa ban and severe punishment fr those who continue to serve shark n soup 3. Richer, more deveoped economies ave a responsibiity to nd the protection of agile ocean ecosystems around the word 4. Humans pose a greater threat to sharks than sharks do to us
236
UNIT 7
Envirnment
_ 5. Because we seldom hear abot ttacks on humans and livestock, apex prdators should be reitroduced io ras where hey had pevioly bee found or example, th wolf in th Und Sats o the cheetah n Inda. _ 6. It is wong fr the US. govement to pnd so much money o the potection of endngerd species when so mny of ts citizens lack basic heh nsuance
Identiy and research another ood chain or ecosystem relatonship. Write a 500-word essay that outlines the reationships between the species in that ecosystem
Revisiting the Target Word_ Now that you ave completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowedge o the target words
I I still dont know aythng about this word. m I am still not sure of the meanng o this word eve afer studying t E I udstad tis wod when see t o hea it i a sntence, but don' now hw o se it n my wn eaking a writing.
I I knw this word ad cn use it n my wn speaking and wting TARGET WORDS
__aeco
__e
__ o
seo
_aggesse
__f
__eace
__sop
__capaig
fage
__sace
__speces
__caasopc eae
__ ocea
__cos
_cop
_ae
poacg
wof
__ece
jge
__ pose
_one
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Select exampes rom the words you now give a score o 3 or 4 but didn't at the start o the chapter to compete the sentences
1 I ddnt kow that _ mean bere eading this chapte
2. I wasnt ure hat I knew th meaning of-, bt I am now 3. I now am cden ht I kno wha mes, but I woud like more practc wih how to ue it in my eakig an writing
4. nw know that collcate with
CHPTER 26
Hunting the Hunters
37
·High-Tech ;as Geing Staed�- scuss the questons with your classmates.
+ How often do you replace your cell phone and other similar computer equipment? + What happens to your old gadgets? + Do you think it's right for some countries to expor their trash? Explain your reasons. Assessing Your Vocabulary Knowledge: TARGET woRs Look at the words n the box These are the target words for ths chapter. Use the scale to score yourself on each word
I I don't know this word 1 have seen or heard this word before, but I am not sure of the meaning E I understand this word when I see io hear it in a sentence but I dont know how to use it in my own speaking and writing ! I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing TARGET WORDS
_ _e
238
UNIT 7
_ve
_se
_ss
_ss
_
_sse
_e
_e
_veses
_e
_
_
_e
_e
_e
_e
_se
_ese
_eee
_zs
_see
_eve
Environment
KNOWLEDGE CHE 1 Check your progress in learning the vocabuary in this chapter.
• First, look at your scores in the table on page 238. Write the number of words for each score (1-4) in the "at the beginning column For example if you scored eight words as 1 ("I don't know this word) then write 8. • At the end of the chapter score yourself again Then compare the two sets of scores Are you showing improvement on most of the words in the chapter? Your score
Number of words
·at the beginning:
at the end: .
showing improvement
r
no improvement yet '
1
2 3 4
Reading The passage looks at the consequences of consumerism and technoogy on the environment. As you read, pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold
Waste-Age
On a computer it is easy to delete software and les by sending them to the recycling bin Text messages TV programs music and photographs can also simply be deleted. If they couldn't our tech products would ll up and grind to a halt However the situation isnt quite so straightforward when it comes to geng rd of the hardware itself The rate of demand for technoloical
invention has resulted n annual sales of technological consumer goods (TCGs) growing year after year In 2008 for example global sales of TCGs increased by 14 percent to $694 billion Some of this growth is due to new users buying TCGs in developing economies but the vast majority is the result of users in developed economies replacing existing equipment The resulting problem is disposal of the old equipment n the United States 80 percent of TVs and 70 percent of computers end up in landlls and nearly 200 million old PCs are being kept in warehouse facilities According to the US Environmental Protection Agency another 40 million Cs could join them in the next few years Unfortunatel the challenge doesnt end there According to the United Nations Environmental Program the sheer volume of discarded technological consumer goods also called "ewaste could be as high as 50 million tons per yea worldwide Not only that but CHAPTER 27
High-Tech rash
39
e-waste contains toxins, such as lead, cadmium, and PVC An nreasing problem is that some e-waste is now being disposed of in countries not equipped to deal with it. It is estimated that California alone shipped about 10000 tons of e-waste overseas n 2006, and 40 percent of that was sent to developing countries such as Malaysia India, Ghana, and Brazil Ineffective waste disposal these areas has led to higher levels of environmental pollution and dreadf medical conditions such as cancer in adults and birth defects n babies However, there are several possible solutions to curb this growing tide of e-waste washing up on the shores of developing countries First of all there needs to be more consumer awareness and use of specialist recycling companies in developed economies At present, only a token 20 percent of e-waste is disposed of in this way 5 A second solution could lie with greater global regulatory and legislative power In the early 1990s, a campaign was mounted to stop trade in e-waste, and in 199 an international ban on hazardous waste being shipped to developing countries was signed The European Union has subsequently woven this agreement into its legal framework Unfortunatel, he United States has yet to sign up, and illegal trade in ewaste by companies wanting to bypass expensive waste treatment processes or earn muchneeded foreign currency continues to grow
An alternative to these solutions is to shif the burden from consumers and governmens to manufacturers and retailers of hightech goods Since they are the ones proting from technology sales they should e e solution For example more companies now collect and recycle old technology and are looking at ways to make their equipment "greene For example euipment could be made with fewer harmful substances, making it easier and cheaper to reycle t could also be made of more reyced components Finall, green equipment coud be designed to have a greater scope of possibilities in terms of pdati terefore minimizing the need for replacement 7 erhaps we are now turing the corner in ewaste management as stronger laws and penalties and growing corporate accountability are all starting to have an impact However without us actively seeking ways to rethink our development and use technology to protect the planet against further environmental damage, these measures will only make a small dent in an evergrowing pile of waste (628 words)
Adapted fom http://ngm.naionalgeographiccom/ 2008/01/high-techtash/carroll-ext
READING COMPEHENSION Respond to the questions in writing. Base your responses on the readng and your own personal experences
Currently how is he United States tacking the problem of increasing TCG sales and the resultant waste? Why is disposal of old computer hardware such a big problem? 3 In addition to the growing number of domestic users reating ewaste why are some less developed countries facing an additional e-waste burden? In your own words summarize the three ways to solve the problem of ewaste outlined in the reading Which of the three ways to solve the problem of e-waste do you think is most likely to have the biggest impact? Explain your reasons. 6. What e-waste disposal facilities are available in your area? Can you think of any other small-scale solutios that could be introduced in your neighborhood?
240
UNIT 7
Envinment
Focusing on Vocabul&tJ �WORD MENING A. Read the sentences and choose the phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word Use context clues to determine the correct meaning Check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer
1 The lack of available credit meant the global banking system ground to a halt. a. sped up
stopped gradually c. fell over
b.
2. Marketer say that computer hardware needs to be replaced every three years
in order to keep up with advances in computer programming a. computer programs and games
people who write computer programs machinery and equipment 3. They were shocked by the sheer amount of work their boss expected them to
get through in te next few days very heav, large b. very unusual rare very boring uninteresting 4 Many species of birds migrate overseas to nd fod during the winte when birds or animals travel regularly om one part of the world to another to or in a foreign country c. to go around searching fr food or other supplies 5 Lance Armstrong has won the Tour de France seven times despite having had cancer a. a very serious back problem that aects cyclists and other athletes
a very serious emotional problem in which concntrating or long periods of time is dicult c. a very serious disease in which cells in the body start to grow in a way that is not normal 6. In an eort to save the rm mone the executives were equired to curb their
expenses especially when traveling a. make something become larger in size number or amount
control or limit something in order to prevent it rom having a harml eect c. nd the total number or tol amount of something by adding 7. The best time or inexperenced surfers is close to low tide since the waves are
much smalle a. continuous movement of water in a rive lake or sea
regular rising and flling of the level of the sea c. waves in the sea or on a lake that are white at the top
b
CHAPTER 27
High-Tech Trash
241
8. There were only a token number of the groom's iends nd fmily at te
wedding; most of the guests were members of the brides ami. a. small and not very important
much more than is reasonable or necessary c. not unusually big or small
b.
9. The value of one currency compared to another is called the exchange rate a. arrangement with a store that allows you to buy something and pay for it
later b. system or type of money that a country uses c. amount of money that you borrow from a bank 10. Mercury is a strange substance because it is the only meta that is liquid at
room temperature. result produced by burning something b. thing tht you use instead of the one that you usually use c. paicular type of solid, liquid, or gas 11. The scope of the investigation was limite because so much evidence had
been destroyed in the re a. right to use ocial power to make legal decisions
range of things that a subject, activit book, etc, deals with c. ofcial decision made in a court of law
b.
12. Failing my last assignment has really put a dent in my condence a. something that helps someone feel better and more posiive
something that helps something increase, improve, or become successful c. reduction in the amount of something
b.
B. Read the target words and definitions Then read the sentences Circle the sentence in which the target word is NOT used correctly
1. delete: to remove something that has been written down or stored in a
computer a. I accidentally deleted my assignmet when tried to prnt it out b. Congress decided to delete the nal clause of the legislation. c. He couldnt delete the grass stains from his shorts no matter how many
times he washed them 2. invention: a new and clever idea or product a. Necessity is the mother of invention b. The new version of the Ford GT is an amazing invention c. Many inventions have contributed to the modern computer-for example,
scientists built machines that could do basic mathematical equations as early as the seventeenth centur. 3. warehouse: a large building r storing a large quantity of goods a. Most major museums have a warehouse where they store the items in their
collection that they dont have room to exhibit. b. The company had a computerized system that made it possible to know exactly how much merchandise was in the warehouse at any one time c. Warehouses oer great advertising opportunities for companies because sporing events bring in tens of thousands of fans 242
UNIT 7
Envirnment
4. disposal: when you get rid of something, especially somethig that is dicult to get rid of a. The safe disposal of nuclear waste is a very complex problem b The disposal of signatures for our petition took two weeks c. In 2005, the disposal of household waste in landlls in the United States totaled 133 million tons 5. dreadfl: extremely unpleasant a. Tiger Woods shot a dreadfl score in the rst round, which made him co leader afer eighteen holes b. I had a dreadfl headache afer babysitting the kids next doo c. The Lakers have had a dreadfl start to the new season, losing two out of three games 6. shore: the land along the edge of a large area of water such as an ocean or lake a. Niagara Falls, two very large shores on the border between Canada and the United States, are popular with tourists and are used to produce electricity b. On the shores of the sub-Antarctic islands, tons of watemainly plastics wash up every yea Accordin to the Jamaican tourist board, about 2 million tourists visit Jamaicas shores each yea 7. mount: to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action a. The army unit was prparing to mount a early morning attack on the reel base b. Bob Geldof and Midge Ure mounted the world's biggest names in rock to raise money for millions starving in Aica c. The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art plans to mount an exhibition of rare Greek temple artifacts later this yea 8. hazardous: dangerous, especially to peoples health or safety a. France is the most hazardous overseas touist destination in the wold receiving more foreign tourists per year than any other country b. Ship breaking, or demolition, is one of the ost hazardous and dangerous jobs in the world, according to the International abor Organization c. Basketball is the most hazardous sportin the United States, with more than 529,000 estimated injuries in 2006 9. weave: to put many dierent ideas, subjects, stories, etc, together and connect them smoothly a. The popularity of the Harry Potter books comes om J K Rowlings ability to eolessly weave new characters and plot twists togethe b. Many bands weave together because of personality clashes between the musicians c. Social networking websites are able to weave communities closer togethe 10. byass: to avoid obeying a rule system, or someone in an ocial position a. Heavy job losses are an unfortunate byass of the current economic environment b. The aid workers byassed the ocial government channels in an attempt to get the fod and clothing to those in need as soon as possible They have installed new software on our computers, which makes it impossible to byass the companys Internet security settings CHAPTER 27
High-Tech rash
43
11. penalty: a punishment for breaking a law, rule, or legal agrement a. More than 60 percent of the word's popuation ives in countries that sti have the death penalty Mobile broadband users face sti penalties r exceeding their download imits. The govement is oering special tax penalties fr those wanting to start up their own businesses 12. accountability: the state of being responsible fr te eec yu actions and wiing to explain or be criticized fr them a. A equent criticism of large multinational corporations is that the lack sucient accountability There have been several high-prole meetings to improve Califoias waste management and social accountability measures Proof of profssiona accountabiity qualications and a college degree are the minimum standards required b accounting rms when recruiting new sta WORD FAMILIES A. The table contains word families for some of the target words in the reading Complete the table n X indicates that there is no form or tha the form is not common Sometimes more than one form may be possible If you are unsure about a form, check your dictionary Verb
A I
I
•
•
I
X
accountability delete
X disposal
X
1. 2
1 2. dreadful X
hazardous invention
X
penalty
X
tide
X
1 warehouse
X
X
2 weave
24
UNIT 7
Environment
X
B. Read the sentences In eight of the sentences, an incorrect form of the target word has been used If the form of the target word is incorrect cross it out and write the correct form f the form is correct put a checkmark (} Ue the word famlies table to help you 1. S accountability
' 2. T delete
T C 3. T v - dispose TV
4. S N j L T dreadl 5. L C hazardous 6. v L V invention
7. Gv penalty
8. C tide
9. T warehouse
10. J C woven v x v COLLOATION
n each set of sentences, the target word is paired with diferent words to form diferent collocations hoose the collocation that best fits the last sentence and write it in the blank You may need to change the form of one word in the collocation to fit the sentence 1. a. P curb its activities b. C v curbed their excesses c. T F v curb the growth
M 2. a. M v freign currency b. T local currency S K c A strong currncy
S S v _ CHAPTER 27
High-Tech Trash
3. a. Green computer hardware is computer equipment that has been built om recyced materials and that uses a fraction of the eectrict nora equipment uses. b. Helicopters and heavily armored vehices are the most effective military hardware in the curent conict Huge out-oftown DIY stores, which se toos and paint at discount prices are argey responsibe for the dramatic decline in loca hardware stores I ran out of screws whie xing the shelving unit so I drove down to the ____________ to see if they had an 4. a. The athlete hired a new coach once he had decided to mount a challenge for the Olympic gold medal b. Afer the ship ran aground in the storm the coast guard mounted a rescue The director was looking for nancia backing to mount a modern production of Hamlet during the festiva The opposition pary thought the prime minister's poor health provided them with a good opporunity to to his eadership 5. a. The Far East and Pacic regions received over $600 miion in overseas aid from the United States in 2008 b. More than 670000 overseas students attended an American coege r university in 2008 c. The 2008 overseas travel statistics show that 31 milion US citizens traveed broad. The largest numbers of currenty in the United States are from India and China 6. a. The police are broadening the scope of their investigation b. Britney severey limited the scope of the biography being written about he c. Teaching ESL to immigrants alls within the scope of adut literacy The city council hopes to ____________ seices for young people during the summer vacation 7. a Jane was overhelmed by the sheer luxury of their vestar beachfront aparment in Hawaii b. Sues dad thought her attempt to sail across the Atantic Ocean was sheer madness c. While on safri in Namibia Sam and Charlie were stunned by the sheer number of eephants drinking at the waterhoe Many industry experts have ben taken aback by the ____________ of people who now use Amazon s Kindle as their main source of reading materia 8.
246
UNIT 7
a. It is estimated that 8 percent of persons aged 12 years and over have been invoved in some orm of ilicit substance abuse in the past onth Marion JonesThompson the frmer world champion track and eld athlete agreed to return her god medals afer she was found to have taken a banned substance during the Sydney Oympics in 2000 c. Botuinum is the most ethal naturally occurring toxic subtance known to humankind and yet it is used as an eective medication Sports stars around the word have to be very carefu when they catch a cold or u because some of the most common remedies appear on the internationa ____________ ist
Environment
Expanding the Topic
_
'
A. Each of the boxes has associatons that belong to one of the targe words Match each box of associatons to a target word Then eplan the meanng lnks coast
dstant
o
rocky
waves
cell
charty
hosptal
smokng
treatment
Association
Meaning Link
(______ ______) ) ) ___)
1. cancer
(
_ )
B.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
Now add your own assocatons to the target words Then explan the meanng lnks
Association
Meaning Link
_____) (_____) (
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2 dent
(
)
(
)
_ _ (_ (_______
CHAPTER 27
High-Tech Trash
247
Association
3.
Meaning Link
______) ______ ) ) ( ()
grind
___) _) _) (------
Read this statement: "The burden of e-waste disposal and recycling shold be borne by consumers. Do you agree or dsagree with the statement? Wrte a 500word essay explainng why
Revisiting the Target Wld Now that you have completed this chapter, use the scale to describe your knowledge of the target words
I I still don't know anything about this word m I am still not sure of the meaning of this word even after studying it I understand this word when I see it or hear it in a sentence, but I dont know how to use it in my own speaking and writing I know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing T ARGE T WORDS
_accutabty _det
vet
_she
bypass
_dspsa
_mut
_substace
- cace
_deadfu
_veseas
_tde
_cub
_d
_peaty
_tke
_cuecy
_hadwae
_scpe
_waehuse
_deete
_hazadus
_shee
_weave
KNOWLEDGE CHE 2 Go back to the begnnng of the chapter and complete the Knowledge Check 1 table. 248
UNIT 7
Envirnment
Strategy Practice Geing Staed Look at the three images taken from Chapters 25-27. Without looking back at the chapters, how many target words can you remember from each chapter?
Learning More about Words: MULTIPE MEANINGS You've almost reached the end of this book As you continue reading and studying, you will come across many of the words studied in this book in a variety of new contexts. However, when you eet a "known word in a new context you may be surised to nd that you do not flly know it afer all This is because any words in English ave more than one eaning Verbs like with fteen meanings and beat with thiry-one eanings are good examples of this We have primarily focused on ensuring that you learn the most frequent meaning of each of the words studied Since you are certain to come across the other meanings of the words in this book, it is imporant to be aware that the dierent meanings of a word may have dierent patterns of use. For example, they may partner with different collocations Look at the collocations of mounting, a target word from Chapter 18: Example:
(gradually increasing) ounting numbers ounting evidence mounting criticism ounting pressure Compare these with the collocations for mount a target word from Chapter 27 Example
(to plan, organize, and begin an event or course of action) mount a campaign mount a rescue mount an attack mount a challenge 249
Another target word with several collocations is novel om Chapter 25: Example:
(not like anything known beore, unusual and interesting) novel approach novel idea novel method novel way
novel
. N novel 19 novel
(a long written story)
1
_ novel
3 _ novel
2.
_ novel
4
_ novel
Dierent meanings of a word ay also have different word famiies For example the word gave can mean "the lace in the round where a dead body is buried (Chapter 25) The word family or this meaning is as llows
�grave Noun
i lUJ· � I X
X
But gave can also be an adjective meaning "very bad or s�rious Here is the word family or this meaning
.-IML =grave
Another example is curency. t can mean "the state of being up-todate or happening now and is par of the word family or curent:
�I
currency
I 7 currency ?
' currency �-
250
UNIT 7
Enviroment
Focusing on Skills: SPEAKING SPOKEN VERU WRITEN NGLIH
Words can have more than one meaning, but of course English also has more than one way to express the same meaning. Which words we choose to express an idea may be dierent depending on whether we are speaking or writing Spoken English typically contains words that are more common and colloquial than those found in written English A good case of this is phsal verbs. Although they are very equent in spoken discourse they occur much less equently in written texts An example is discard - throw away. The table shows the occurrence per million words: discard
throw away
written English
15
213
spoken Engish
13
529
We see that discard is used about the same amount in written and spoken Enlish but that thw away is much more common in spoken English than written English Match the words from this unit with their phrasal verb synonyms.
l. _ 2 3 4. 5. _ 6.
mend byass curb dispose decine deete
c. e
cross out fall o get rid of patch up hold back go around
Focusing on Vocabulary Cards TH s1G ou1z As you have seen throughout this book word knowledge involves several elements as ilustrated in the "word wheel
The aim of this quiz is t review your target word knowledge You will need your entire collection of vocabulary cards Read the instructions on the next page CHAPTER 28
Strategy Practice
251
Instrctions
1. Form pairs or teams (Team A and Team B) 2. On the classroom whiteboard (or piece of paper) draw a blank word wheel 3. Team A selects a vocabulary card and reads the target word to Team B 4. Without using its vocabulary cards, Team B completes the word wheel for the target word by giving examples, denitions, etc Team B is awarded two points for each correct answe 5.
If Team B is unsure about any of its answers, it can opt to consult its vocabulary cards to nd the answe In this case, only one point can be awarded for correct answers
6. Once the scores have been noted, Team B chooses a target word or Team A and the process is repeated 7. T he team with the most points at the end of the quiz is the winne
22
UNIT 7
Envirnment
Index of Taet Wors •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The llowing is a ist of target words and the chapter in which each word is introduced. A
abandon 14 abnormality 6 absorbed 2 accelerate 21 accent 9 accountality 27 ache 2 admired 21 adopt 10 adored 22 adventure 21 aection 26 aggravation 7 aggressive 26 alert 7 alien 7 alike 17 ally 13 alongside 14 amateur 23 ambition 3 ample 13 amusement 2 ancient 5 anonymity 23 anxious 18 appliance 11 approximately 18 architect 10 articulation 5 aricial 15 asse 1 astonishing 1 attributed 23 ·auditory 6 autumn 25 B
baled 23 balloon 23 ban 17 barrier 17 battey 9 bee 6 behave 15 beware 10 billion 14 biological 5 bolt 6 boom 22 boost 1 boxing 17 brand 23 broadcast 17 bubbly 6 bulb 11
bulging 22 buzz 6 bypass 27
curisity 11 currency 27 cushioned 17
C
D
cable 23 campaign 26 cancer 27 capture 22 caretaker 7 caoon 22 caed 5 catastrophic 26 caution 7 cave 5 chamber 5 champion 17 charming 18 cheek 13 cheerful 1 chin 13 chunk 18 circuit 7 circulation 13 civilization 14 clash 10 classic 11 classi 10 clinic 3 colonize 19 comic 22 commonsense 5 communist 21 composition 15 conont 2 conscience 25 consequence 7 conseation 3 console 18 constructive 7 consumer 10 continent 21 controversial 17 convenient 9 convey 13 cope 9 costume 22 courage 21 cra 11 crash 17 crew 9 crop 26 cude 22 cumble 19 cushed 14 cuddle 15 curb 27
database 15 decline 26 dedicated 17 deed 1 delete 27 deliberate 5 dent 27 deprivation 7 desert 14 deteriorate 22 devastating 18 device 11 devote 1 dialect 9 dictate 3 diet 10 discard 25 discipline 1 disguise 15 disillusioned 6 disposal 27 dispute 3 dissolve 9 distinguish 15 distracted 2 disturbing 23 diver 26 divorce 3 donate 10 dreadfl 27 drif 2 drown 19 dugstore 3 dubious 9 dwelling 17 E
ease 25 elaborate 15 electronic 19 elevated 23 empire 14 encounter 10 endowed 22 enemy 21 engagement 3 enthusiasm 7 envisage 15 era 21 eor 19 esteem 1 evident 21 25
evl 22 exaggeraton 18 eecutve 7 ependture 25 eplode 2 eplore 5 eposure 17 etraordnar 25 F
fabrc 25 fade 23 fame 21 antastc 22 fascnatn 15 feasle 9 federaton 25 feedback 2 fertlty 13 er 25 ctonal 2 ercely 2 lter 19 n 26 ne i3 avor 6 fp 9 loursh 3 forever 19 former 15 fster 3 founded 3 ale 26 equent 6 frustraton 11 fulllment 2 fsh 15 G
aller 13 ambln 17 ently 10 enune 23 ant 17 lance 10 loal 9 lor 17 love 17 ossp 23 rab 10 raf 1 raphc 9 rave 25 ravel 17 rease 14 rnd 27 rpped 2 roceres 15 umle 18 H
hat 7 halt 19
254
Index of Target Words
handy 10 hardware 27 harsh 22 hassle 11 hazardous 27 headlne 26 helcoper 23 helmet 17 hero 21 hnt 10 hoby 7 honey 14 hormone 15 horrendous 21 humor 11
dot 11 llustrate 11 mpose 10 nclned 18 ndscrmnate 5 ndule 10 nfant 15 nfreuently 10 nredent 14 nhert 1 nk 6 nnocent 22 nspraton 6 nstnctvely 1 ntellectual 2 nterchaneable 23 nteal 2 nterventon ntmdate 26 ntrun 5 nventon 27 roncally 23 rrtated 11 solaton 18 J
jaw 13 jewelr 5 junle 26 K
kettle 11 L
lael 10 laborato r 7 launch 17 layout 10 lease 25 lesure 7 lens 19 lale 23 lfestyle 10 lon 26 lp 13 lonn
loyalty 11 lun 2
M manetc 9 manner 1 martal 14 mask 22 medal 2 meda 23 menace 26 mend 25 menu 10 mercur 14 mere 19 mneral 14 msson 9 moble 9 modest 18 monk moody 7 mortal 22 motvaton 2 mount 27 mountn 18 mud 14 multple 5 myster 1 N
nave 22 natve 21 necessty 13 nerous 13 network 18 novel 19 novel 25 nusance 26 numerous 13 nut 14 0
ojectve 15 oscure 1 obsesson 13 ocean 26 offender 15 oset 11 opt 11 oral 9 orchestra 6 orn 5 ornamental 11 outlne 19 outlook 3 overcome 2 overseas 27 p
pace 1 pale 14 panc 11 patcpaton 17 passonate 11
peculiar 23 peer 2 penalty 27 perceive 13 perception 6 perfme 14 perk 23 perpetual 22 persist 11 personaliy 6 philosophy 1 pioneer 21 planet 3 plead 23 poaching 26 oisonous 14 olluion 3 portable 9 portrait 13 portrayal 6 pose 26 posses 5 powder 14 premium 23 presence 5 presere 3 rimary 5 priority 3 privacy 18 privilege 21 professor 10 role 21 prominent 6 prompt 7 proserity 3 protest 19 provisional 7 prune 7 ublicize 19 pursue 3 Q
questionnaire 18 R
rank 21 rapidly 13 receiver 19 recipe 14 recollect 15 recycle 25 rened 6 reformaion 21 reigeraor 9 rehearse 7 relevan 3 relieve 10 remedy 15 reroduce 13 resolve 11 restaurant 1 restore 21 reail 18
review 1 revival 6 revolt 21 reward 13 rhythm 5 rip 18 rose 6 routine 14 ruin 19 rural 3 s
sacrice 18 salvation 19 scan 9 scandal 17 scope 27 secondhand 25 seep 6 seldom 26 sensitive 18 sequential 15 sergeant 19 seialized 22 sew 25 shadow 14 sheer 27 shelf 10 shore 27 shrink 18 silence 18 silk 17 simultaneous 6 sketch 22 sneak 15 sni 6 software 9 soil 25 soldier 21 solely 22 sophisticated 19 soup 26 spark 9 species 26 speculate 7 splendid 21 spoil 3 spontaneously 6 squeeze 11 sained 25 sark 22 savation 5 steak 1 steal 19 sting 11 srict 14 strive 2 stumble 19 substance 27 substitute 23 summon 15 superb 21 superior 13
surgeon 13 surrounding 25 sustainable 25 sweat 13 symbolically 5 T
tablet 9 tackle 3 talent 23 emper 7 tension 2 terriing 21 extile 25 theray 1 hoy 19 thrill 1 throa 5 thus 2 tide 27 token 27 tolerate 11 tongue 5 tragic 15 traslate 7 trek 9 trend 25 trial 19 trim 7 triple 25 trivial 2 tuck 13 turnover 25 u
uniquely 5 unlike 22 unprecedened 17 V
vastly 3 verbal 5 veri 18 viable 9 vice 3 vicious 26 vigorous 18 vis 19 visibility 23 vital 18 w
wander 15 wardrobe 22 warehouse 27 wax 14 weave 27 wobbly 6 wolf 26 wool 17 worthwhile 2 z
zone 26 Index of Target Words
255
