FM 3-05.10.1
ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND COMPUTERS
June 2000 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U. S. Government agencies and their contractors only to protect technical or \ue000 operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by \ue000 other means. This determination was made on 5 December 2003. Other requests for this document must \ue000 be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, \ue000 ATTN: AOJK-DT-JAA, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000. DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.
Headquarters, Department of the Army
FM 3-05.10.1
Field Manual No. 3-05.10.1
Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 3 0 J une 2000
Army Special Operations Forces Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Contents Page
PREFACE .................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1
THE ROLE OF C4 SYSTEMS IN SUPPORT OF ARSOF ..................................... 1-1 Organization of ARSOF ...........................................................................................1-1 ARSOF Missions and Collateral Activities ...............................................................1-1 ARSOF C4 Doctrinal Principles and Architectural Tenets .......................................1-2
Chapter 2
THEATER COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................ 2-1 Theater Communications Interfaces to DOD Networks...........................................2-1 Theater Special Operations Command....................................................................2-3 SOF Theater Communications Assets.....................................................................2-4 Theater Communications for the JSOTF.................................................................2-5
Chapter 3
THE ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS SIGNAL BATTALION (AIRBORNE) ......... 3-1 Organization and Mission.........................................................................................3-1 Concept of Employment...........................................................................................3-2 Command and Control .............................................................................................3-4
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their \ue000 contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under \ue000 the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on \ue001 5 December 2003. Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, United \ue000 States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DT-JAA, Fort \ue000 Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000.\ue001 \ue001 DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or \ue000 reconstruction of the document. i
FM 3-05.10.1
Page
Chapter 4
SPECIAL FORCES ................................................................................................. 4-1 Organization ............................................................................................................ 4-1 SF Communications Elements ................................................................................ 4-2 Concept of Employment .......................................................................................... 4-5
Chapter 5
RANGER REGIMENT ............................................................................................. 5-1 Organization ............................................................................................................ 5-1 Ranger Communications Elements ......................................................................... 5-1 Ranger Communications ......................................................................................... 5-2
Chapter 6
ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS AVIATION REGIMENT....................................... 6-1 Organization ............................................................................................................ 6-1 ARSOA Communications Elements ........................................................................ 6-1 Task Force Organizations ....................................................................................... 6-3 Command and Control Organizations ..................................................................... 6-3 Liaison Requirements .............................................................................................. 6-3 ARSOA Communications ........................................................................................ 6-5
Chapter 7
CIVIL AFFAIRS ....................................................................................................... 7-1 Organization ............................................................................................................ 7-1 CA Commands ........................................................................................................ 7-1 CA Brigades............................................................................................................. 7-1 CA Battalions ........................................................................................................... 7-1 CA Communications................................................................................................ 7-2 CA Communications Nodes .................................................................................... 7-2 CA Information Management................................................................................... 7-2
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS......................................................................... 8-1 Organization ............................................................................................................ 8-1 PSYOP Communications Elements ........................................................................ 8-2 PSYOP Communications ........................................................................................ 8-4
Chapter 9
SPECIAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT COMMAND.................................................. 9-1 Assistant Theater Signal Office ............................................................................... 9-1 ARSOF Support Battalion........................................................................................ 9-2 Organization ............................................................................................................ 9-2 SOSB Communications Section.............................................................................. 9-2
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Appendix A
SCAMPI .................................................................................................................. A-1
Appendix B
AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) MIL-STD-188-141A ...................... B-1
Appendix C
JOINT BASE STATION .......................................................................................... C-1
Appendix D
SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES TACTICAL ASSURED CONNECTIVITY SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. D-1 GLOSSARY................................................................................................ Glossary-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... Bibliography-1 INDEX ............................................................................................................... Index-1
iii
Preface Field Manual (FM) 3-05.10.1 is the Army special operations forces (ARSOF) manual on command, control, communications, and computers (C4). It also covers the ARSOF Signal Battalion (Airborne [A]) and the ARSOF Support Battalion, which are specifically dedicated to support deployed joint special operations task forces (J SOTFs) and Army special operations task forces (ARSOTFs). This manual describes the organization, duties, and responsibilities of signal elements in each area of special operations (SO); the capabilities and requirements from supported commands; operational command information flow; and command and control (C2) architecture from operational units to the special operations command (SOC) and theater or national C2 systems. It also provides the doctrinal principles of ARSOF C4 systems to— • Supported commanders (unified, joint forces, multinational, and Service component). •
Signal planners in the conventional forces.
•
Signal elements organic to ARSOF.
•
Personnel with limited or no Special Operations Forces (SOF) experience.
This manual captures emerging technology, as well as current operational capabilities. Users must adapt these principles to any given situation, using professional knowledge, skills, and judgment. This publication must be used in conjunction with FM 100-25, Doctrine for Army S pecial Operations Forces , an d F M 31-20, Doctrine for S pecial Forces Operations . The proponent of this publication is the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS). Reviewers and users of this publication should submit comments and recommended changes on Department of the Army Form 2028 to Commander, USAJ FKSWCS, ATTN: AOJ K-DT-J AA, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-5000. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
iv
Chapter 1
The Role of C4 Systems in Support of ARSOF A C2 support system that includes C4 systems is a commander’s principal tool in collecting, transporting, processing, disseminating, and protecting data. C4 systems are the information exchange and decision support subsystems within the total force’s C2 support system. The continuous need for information to support SO is the basis for the SOF C4 system. Availability of information can make the difference between success and failure of an SO mission. The data must get to the right place, on time, and in a format that is quickly usable by the intended recipients and must generate appropriate actions. Special military operations conducted in peace, stability and support operations, and war differ significantly from conventional operations. ARSOF use of C4 systems is distinct because of the ARSOF missions. ARSOF operators must be able to communicate long-range, anywhere in the world and at any time, while remaining completely interoperable with joint and Army C4 systems. To understand ARSOF C4 systems fully, one must first understand the organization of ARSOF and the ARSOF missions.
ORGANIZATION OF ARSOF
1-1. The United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) reports to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), one of the nine unified commands in the United States (U.S.) military’s combatant command (COCOM) structure. USASOC is an Army major command composed of active component (AC) Army, Army National Guard (ARNG), and United States Army Reserve (USAR) SOF. 1-2. The United States Army Special Forces Command (USASFC) (Figure 1-1, page 1-2) consists of five AC and two ARNG Special Forces Groups (Airborne) (SFGs[A]). The United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (USACAPOC) includes one AC Psychological Operations Group (POG) and two USAR POGs, four USAR CA c om m an d s, an d on e AC C A ba tt al ion . ARSOF MISSIONS AND COLLATERAL ACTIVITIES
1-3. The characteristic nature of SO is the use of small units in direct and indirect military actions focused on strategic and operational objectives. These actions require units with combinations of specialized personnel, equipment, training, and tactics that are beyond the routine capabilities of conventional military forces. ARSOF plan, conduct, and support SO across the full range of military operations. ARSOF missions normally are joint or
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FM 3-05.10.1
interagency in nature, conducted unilaterally with allied forces, as a combined force, or with indigenous assets. 1-4. ARSOF are organized, trained, and equipped to accomplish the nine principal missions shown in Figure 1-2, page 1-3. Based on their inherent capabilities, resident in the primary missions, ARSOF also frequently conduct collateral activities as required by the changing international environment. ARSOF missions and collateral activities are dynamic because of the direct effect of politico-military considerations that frequently shape SO, requiring clandestine, covert, or low visibility techniques and oversight at the national level. ARSOF C4 DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURAL TENETS
1-5. To enable its assigned forces to perform the ARSOF missions and collateral activities, USSOCOM developed C4 doctrinal principles and a r c h i t e c t u r a l t e n e t s t h a t g u i d e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s u p p o r t o f S O.
Figure 1-1. USASOC Organization
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Missions Counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (CPWMD) Combatting terrorism (CBT) Foreign internal defense (FID) Special reconnaissance (SR) Direct action (DA) Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Civil Affairs (CA)
Collateral Activities Coalition support Combat search and rescue (CSAR) Counterdrug (CD) activities Countermine (CM) activities Humanitarian assistance (HA) Security assistance (SA) Special activities
Unconventional warfare (UW) Information operations (IO)
Figure 1-2. ARSOF Missions and Collateral Activities DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES
1-6. C4 support to ARSOF must be — •
•
•
•
•
Global. SOF C4 systems span the full range of diverse SO mis sions worldwide. They make maximum use of existing national capabilities, as well as commercial, tactical, and host nation (HN) assets. Access to the infosphere is available at the lowest possible tactical level. S ecu re. Employment of SOF C4 systems involves the use of the latest technology procedures and National Command Authorities (NCA)approved ciphers and devices that prevent exploitation by the enemy. Mission-tailored. SOF C4 systems deploy relative to the projected o pe r a tio n a l en vi r o n m e n t , in fo r m a tio n -tr an sf er r eq u ir e me n ts, th r e a t, and mission analysis. Value-added. SOF C4 systems never compromise a unit on the ground, in the air, or at sea. Flexibility and interoperability of C4 systems substantially increase the fighting effectiveness of the SOF warrior. Older systems have a hierarchical architecture. Today, however, communications architectures produce direct lines of communications necessary for SOF missions. Jointly interoperable. SOF C4 systems are interoperable by design, adapting to varying C2 structures. They support operations with joint, multinational, and interagency forces.
1-7. The following principles: •
planning
considerations
incorporate
C4
doctrina l
SOF primary communications must be digital.
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•
C 4 s u p p o r t m u s t d e p e n d o n n a t i o n a l s y s t e m s t o t h e m a x i m u m ex te n t possible.
•
Access to the infosphere must be at the lowest possible tactical level.
•
Communications systems must be seamless.
ARCHITECTURAL TENETS
1-8. ARSOF must be able to communicate anywhere and at any time worldwide using national, theater, and ARSOF communications assets. The doctrinal principles and planning considerations are the building blocks for an operational architecture that guides C4 strategy. The architectural tenets for SOF C4 systems provide SOF operators seamless, robust, and automated C4 systems, using the full frequency spectrum while making sure the systems comply with established standards. Implementation of these tenets eliminates traditional geographical, procedural, and technical boundaries. The infosphere allows SOF elements to operate with any force combination in multiple environments. The following is an explanation of the architectural tenets: •
•
•
S eam less. Digital SOF C4 systems are transparent to the w arr ior and support every phase of the mission profile —in garrison, in transit and while deployed. Multiple entry points into the infosphere, high-speed networks, and worldwide connectivity are critical elements o f t h is t en et . Robust. Robust networks feature multiple routing, alternative sources of connectivity, bandwidth on demand, and modularity and scalability. Multiple routing and alternative sources of connectivity prevent single points of failure and site isolation. Bandwidth on demand, providing automatic network reconfiguration, is available for garrison locations via SCAMPI (see Appendix A) and for tactical SOF. (NOTE: SCAMPI is not an acronym.) SOF missions dictate the use of independent modules that can be arranged or rearranged as required. These independent modules provide building blocks of operational capability. Autom ated. SOF C4 systems must facilitate the exchange of digital data and implement advanced automation techniques to reduce operator manning and to exploit unattended operation. Achieving a fu ll y a u tom a te d ar ch it ec tu r e r e qu ir es —
Simplified standard human-computer interfaces. Standard data elements. Distributed interactive databases. Local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Digital switching nodes combined with dynamic bandwidth. Client and server environment.
Full automation facilitates the exchange of information with all players in the mission, including elements of a joint force, other SOF components, a wide range of intelligence sources, national information sources, the Services, and multinational forces. Networking technology of the LAN and the WAN is the cornerstone of a digital, seamless nodal
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architecture that provides transparent connectivity at all echelons. Radio technology development must include automatic link establishment (ALE) and low probability of intercept or detection (LPI/D) for many mission profiles. •
•
Full spectrum. SOF C4 systems must use the entire frequency spectrum for information transfer. Blending the SO missions in with an HN environment or working around frequency congestion may enhance many of the SO missions. ARSOF must be in a position to use not only emerging technology but also technology outside traditional high frequency (HF) and man-portable satellite systems. Standards compliant. SOF C4 systems must adhere to commercial, international, federal, and Department of Defense (DOD) hardware and software standards. Adherence to DOD C4 standards ensures a capability to interchange hardware and software products plus interface and exchange data, through the infosphere, with all organizations that support or require SOF. Compliance is a requirement in the following areas:
Commercial off-the-shelf equipment. Operations security. Security and survivability. Standard visual displays. Interchangeable, modular, tailorable hardware. Standard software applications.
1-5
Chapter 2
Theater Communications When the NCA authorize military operations, the geographical commander in chief (CINC) organizes his theater to integrate his unified operations with multinational and interagency activities. SOF permanently based in theater are under COCOM of the CINC. The CINC normally exercises operational control (OPCON) of all assigned SOF through the theater SOC. The geographical CINC may, however, choose to exercise OPCON of SOF through other subordinate commanders. The theater communications system (TCS) is a hybrid network of theater Army Forces (ARFOR), Air Force Forces (AFFOR), Navy Forces (NAVFOR), Marine Forces (MARFOR), and SOC Forces. These assets interconnect under the direction and management of the CINC or commander, joint task force (COMJTF) command, control, and communications (C3) systems directorate (J 6).
THEATER COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACES TO DOD NETWORKS 2-1. The TCS provides several communications interfaces to DOD networks. These interfaces enable the units in theater to communicate anywhere in the world. Following is a list of interfaces to DOD networks: •
•
•
•
Automatic digital network (AUTODIN). AUTODIN is the principal, long-haul, DOD automatic digital network. It provides message switching for the transmission of record data traffic on a store-andforward basis between AUTODIN switching centers, tactical messageswitching equipment, and fixed or transportable subscriber terminals. Defense Message System (DMS). The DMS will replace AUTODIN as the DOD message-switching standard. DMS consists of all the hardware, software, procedures, standards, facilities, and personnel used to exchange messages electronically among organizations and individuals within the DOD. The ultimate goal is to service all DOD users with an automated desktop writer-to-reader message system using the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) as its transmission medium. Defense Switched Network (DSN). The DSN is the principal commonuser, switched, nonsecure voice communications network within the Defense Communications System (DCS) that provides long-haul voice communications. Tactical subscribers usually gain common-user, circuit-switched access to DSN through the TCS. D I S N . The DISN consists of threefold Internet Protocol (IP) Router Networks separated by classification level. These networks are N-level (unclassified but sensitive) Internet Protocol Router Network
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(NIPRNET), the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET), and the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS). Tactical subscribers gain access to the DISN through the TCS. •
•
•
•
Defense Red Switched Network (DRSN). The DRSN provides worldwide command, control, and intelligence multilevel precedence and secure voice service, including conferencing and interfacing with other networks. DRSN allows users to conduct secure conversations and data exchange, up to and including Top Secret and sensitive compartmented information (SCI) classification levels. Global com m and and control system (GCCS) or Arm y global com m and and control system (AGCCS). The GCCS re p laced the W orldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS). It incorporates the core planning and assessment tools required by combatant commanders and their subordinate joint forces commanders. The GCCS meets the readiness support requirements of the Services as well. It is the principal migration path for defense-wide C2 systems using open systems standards and commercial off-the-shelf and government off-the-shelf components. The SIPRNET provides connectivity between GCCS sites. Defense S atellite Com m unications S ystem (DS CS ). The DSCS is the key DOD high-capacity transcontinental transmission system, providing long-haul service between the continental United States (CONUS) and various locations outside the continental United States (OCONUS). Operating in extremely high frequency (EHF) and super high frequency (SHF) bands, the space and associated ground segments provide critical strategic connectivity and directly support the ground mobile forces. The DSCS normally provides theater access to the DCS. Standard Tactical Entry Point (STEP). STEP sites are multifunction access points for multichannel satellite communications (SATCOM). Located at major defense communications hubs, STEP sites are controlled by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). The DISA Washington is responsible for all CONUS STEP sites. Each area DISA controls its own STEP. Although the DISA controls access to the STEP sites, users must still receive permission from the Regional Space Support Center (RSSC) Washington before accessing the satellite link to the STEP site. STEP sites provide access to the SIPRNET, the NIPRNET, AUTODIN messaging, and the DSN telephone system. Access by the tactical user to the J WICS may be available at STEP sites.
2-2. During a contingency operation or crisis, the NCA and the supported CINC must have C2 links to the deployed joint task force (J TF) headquarters. In turn, the deployed JTF commander must have the information needed to accomplish the mission and to sustain the forces. 2-3. The primary means of extending services from the strategic Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) to a deployed JTF is through connectivity into a DII entry point using the SATCOM terminals of ground mobile forces (GMF) and the DSCS constellation of satellites. Tri-band terminals and
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leased commercial satellites may also provide connectivity. Figure 2-1 depicts how tactical and strategic communications systems interface.
THEATER SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND 2-4. Theater SOCs are the geographical CINCs’ sources of expertise in all areas of SO, providing the CINCs with a separate headquarters to plan and control the employment of joint SOF in military operations. Theater SOCs normally exercise operational control of SOF (less CA and PSYOP) within each geographical CINC’s area of responsibility. When a CINC creates a J TF, the SOCs provide the nucleus for establishing a JSOTF. The theater SOC commander is normally the theater Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC). The six SOCs (Figure 2-2, page 2-4) supporting geographical CINCs worldwide are— •
U.S. J oint Forces Command (USJ FCOM).
•
Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT).
•
Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR).
•
Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC).
•
Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR).
•
Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH).
Figure 2-1. Strategic and Tactical Systems Interfacing
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Figure 2-2. Theater SOCs
SOF THEATER COMMUNICATIONS ASSETS 2-5. The theater SOC identifies C4 requirements to the geographical CINC. The geographical CINC has three options available to support SOF communicationsrequirements: •
Task theater assets to fulfill the requirement.
•
Initiate action to acquire assets from the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A).
•
I n it i a t e a c t i o n t o a c q u i r e a s s e t s f r o m t h e J o i n t C o m m u n i c a t i o n s Support Element (JCSE).
THEATER ARMY COMMUNICATIONS COMMAND
2-6. During war, the Theater Army Communications Command has OPCON over the Army signal organizations supporting the theater Army and its component commands. In this role, the signal command is responsible for all in-theater Army communications that are not organic to Army corps and smaller sized units. The Theater Army Communications Command operates and maintains in-theater Army DII facilities (and in some cases, joint facilities) that are, in turn, under the management control of the local DISA field command. Communications below Army level are organic to the supported command (corps, division, or separate brigade). THE ARSOF SIGNAL BATTALION (A)
2-7. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) globally deploys to provide robust, flexible, secure communications support up to two theater SOCs simultaneously. It is the only AC signal unit specifically dedicated to support deployed J SOTFs and ARSOTFs. For further discussion of the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A), see Chapter 3 of this manual.
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JCSE
2-8. The JCSE is a unique communications organization under the OPCON of the Chairman, J oint Chiefs of Staff (CJ CS). Headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, the JCSE consists of an AC element and two Air National Guard Joint Communications Support Squadrons (JCSSs). The JCSE’s primary mission is to provide communications support for two simultaneously deployed J TFs and two J SOTFs. 2-9. The JCSE possesses a wide range of tactical communications capabilities tailored to meet a variety of contingency missions. The unit has personnel from all the Services, as well as a wide array of tactical and commercial communications equipment. The JCSE is the primary, rapidresponse, long-haul communications unit available to theater commanders worldwide. It establishes tactical connectivity into the DII and between the C I N C a n d h i s c o m p o n e n t s o r b e t w e e n t h e C I N C a n d a JT F c o m m a n d e r. 2-10. The JCSE maintains a high state of readiness. Small elements of personnel and equipment can deploy in 24 hours. Larger communications packages can deploy worldwide in 72 hours. The time elapsed from notification to deployment is primarily a function of the requesting command’s planning time lines and the availability of sufficient air transport to move JCSE equipment and personnel to the contingency location. JCSE mission support packages vary from small lightweight manpacked equipment carried by airborne-qualified quick-reaction teams, to full JTF headquarters communications packages containing truck-mounted, high-capacity transmission and switching equipment. 2-11. JCSE assistance is short-term in nature and fills critical needs until other assets are in place. The JCSE deploys under a CJCS -directed 45-day time limit, which maintains the CJCS’s strategic response capability. If circumstances warrant, the geographical CINC, under approval of the CJCS, may request an extension to this time limit.
THEATER COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE JSOTF 2-12. The Joint Force Command (JFC) J6 establishes a joint communications control center (JCCC) to manage and control the TCS network. The JCCC establishes and promulgates the plans, policies, and procedures to implement, monitor, direct, and control the TCS. Each Service component establishes a similar staff to interface with the J CCC. 2-13. The JFC provides the communications link, including equipment, from the JTF to the JSOTF headquarters. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) provides connectivity into the DII to satisfy the requirements for secure voice and data between the JSOTF and the sustaining base architecture. It also provides the link from the JSOTF headquarters to the JSOTF component commands’headquarters. 2-14. Integration of JSOTF communications with the DII and the TCS is critical. It requires ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) coordination with the SOC J6, JTF JCCC, the Service Component Command communications officer, and the DISA. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) provides signal planners as liaison or augments the JSOTF J6 and the JTF JCCC. In addition, the
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battalion provides signal planners who form the nucleus of the J SOTF J CCC. The JSOTF JCCC serves as the single control agency for the management and technical direction of the JSOTF communications network. These staff signal officers and noncommissioned officers plan and engineer the validated communications requirements of the Commander, Joint Special Operations Task Force (COMJSOTF). The JSOTF JCCC also minimizes disruption of services to JSOTF subscribers and precludes duplication of effort by signal units. These planners are crucial to maintaining COMJSOTF unity of effort and operations tempo, while maximizing the use of limited resources. 2-15. The Army Service Component Command (ASCC) links the ARFOR commander to the ARSOTF commander when deployed under a JTF. This link between the ARFOR and the ARSOTF also provides interconnectivity to the overall tactical TCS and the DII. The ARSOTF normally establishes communications with subordinate elements using organic assets or assets from the ASCC Signal Command. During certain SOF contingency operations, the COMJSOTF may direct that the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) provide additional support to the ARSOTF when ASCC assets are unavailable.
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Chapter 3
The Army Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne) The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) ensures establishment of communications among the unified commander, the JSOTF, and each of the subordinate Service SOF component commands. It also ensures that all communications are secure, robust, reliable, and flexible.
ORGANIZATION AND MISSION
3-1. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) consists of a headquarters and headquarters company (HHC) and two signal operations companies (Figure 3-1). Additionally, three forward signal detachments, supporting SOCSOUTH, SOCPAC, and SOCKOR are assigned to the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A). The signal detachment supporting SOCEUR is assigned to U.S. Army, Europe, and is not part of the ARSOF Signal Battalion. (The “Germany Signal Detachment” assigned to the ARSOF Signal Battalion [A] remains in CONUS.) The signal detachment at MacDill AFB, Florida, supports SOCCENT.
Figure 3-1. Organization of ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) 3-2. The mission of the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) is to provide operational and tactical communications support to JSOTF commanders in support of geographical CINCs’ deliberate plans and crisis action operations in up to two
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theaters simultaneously. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) can provide signal force packages in support of ARSOF, as directed or as available. CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT
3-3. Each signal operations company can provide — • C2. •
Multichannel SATCOM.
•
Voice and message switching.
•
Communications center (COMCEN) services.
•
Special operations communications assemblage (SOCA) single-channel voice, data, and facsimile (fax) services.
3-4. Primary services provide access to Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System (JDISS), GCCS, JWICS, SIPRNET, NIPRNET, Cable News Network (CNN), tactical video teleconferencing (VTC), and other special circuits for the force commander and staff. 3-5. Each signal operations company furnishes, installs, operates, and maintains two full signal centers (SIGCENs) (normally at the JSOTF and ARSOTF headquarters) and connectivity to the Navy Special Warfare Task Group (NSWTG) and Air Force Special Operations Forces (AFSOF) or Joint Special Operations Air Component Commander (JSOACC), when designated. The primary means of long-haul connectivity in a mature theater, between the various JSOTF headquarters, are multichannel satellite systems. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) provides multichannel satellite connectivity between the JSOTF headquarters, the JSOTF component headquarters, and the DCS. Figures 3-2 and 3-3, page 3-3, illustrate initial and full theater support, respectively. Each signal operations company has SOCA teams equipped with transportable, single-channel, satellite, over-the-horizon, and line-of-sight (LOS) combat net radio (CNR) systems. These systems satisfy quick-reaction C2 and liaison secure-voice and data requirements. While these assets are primarily intended to support the COMJSOTF and his component commanders, they can support other SOF requirements as directed or as available. 3-6. The switchboard section provides a message gateway system (MGS) at the JSOTF and ARSOTF headquarters locations. The MGS provides digital, large-volume, circuit-switched communications. It has analog to digital conversion capability and can interface with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) switching network. The MGS can supply service to a myriad of telephone instruments, including the Secure Telephone Unit-III (STU-III) and multimedia terminal (MMT). The MGS provides telephone and data services for up to 190 local subscribers. The MGS can also extend up to 35 phones, trunks, and special circuits to line termination units (LTUs). Used in conjunction with the multichannel satellite system, an LTU can extend communications to a distant site. The MGS provides packet switching, floodsearch capability, and subscriber affiliation for tri-service tactical communications (TRI-TAC) and is compatible with tactical, strategic, and commercial switchboards.
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Figure 3-2. Initial Theater Support
Figure 3-3. Full Theater Support
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3-7. COMCEN teams provide over-the-counter (OTC) message service, up to collateral Top Secret classification, at the JSOTF and ARSOTF headquarters locations. Message switches, employed at the JSOTF and ARSOTF, provide access to the worldwide record traffic system to the Navy and Air Force Special Operations Base (AFSOB). The teams also extend SIPRNET and NIPRNET access to computer workstations within a deployed headquarters. 3-8. Forward-deployed signal detachments support the theater SOCs with crashout communications for no-notice, in-theater contingency operations. These detachments provide an initial deployable JSOTF communications support package consisting of signal operations C2, DCS entry, satellite multichannel connectivity, telephone service, record traffic service, and SOCA service. For an example of a crashout package, see Figure 3-4. 3-9. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) can transport all of its authorized equipment with organic transportation assets in a single lift over land. To coordinate movement by air, however, the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) requires external assistance from the theater SOCs and USASOC. The equipment can operate from land bases versus from afloat. In addition, the battalion provides organizational maintenance for ground equipment, direct support (DS) maintenance for Army common signal equipment, and limited DS maintenance on organic SO signal systems. The ASCC provides the Army common repair parts on a nonreimbursable basis to ARSOF.
Figure 3-4. Example of a Crashout Package COMMAND AND CONTROL
3-10. Upon entry into a theater, the deployed unit is normally under COCOM of the supported geographical CINC. The supported JFSOCC exercises OPCON of the unit. The ARSOTF commander normally exercises administrative control. The JSOTF JCCC exercises technical control within
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the authority granted it by the JFSOCC and the JTF JCCC over the JSOTF communications system. The battalion, if deployed, exercises command of its subordinate elements within the JSOTF and maintains relationships as outlined under the employment concept.
3-5
Chapter 4
Special Forces SF make up a unique, unconventional combat arms organization. They plan and conduct SO across the full range of military operations. Their operations are normally theater-strategic and politically sensitive and can affect the outcome of national strategies.
ORGANIZATION 4-1. The SFG(A) (Figure 4-1) constitutes the largest operational element of ARSOF. The SFG(A) consists of an HHC, a support company, and three battalions on the table of organization and equipment (TOE). The group headquarters company provides routine administrative and logistics support to the group headquarters. The group support company (GSC) provides intelligence support, signal support, and combat service support (CSS) to the command and its deployed teams.
Figure 4-1. SFG(A) Organization
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FM 3-05.10.1
4-2. An SF battalion consists of a headquarters detachment, a support company (with similar structure and function as a GSC), and two or more SF companies. An SF company consists of a headquarters detachment and six Special Forces operational detachments A (SFODAs). 4-3. The SFODA, composed of 12 men, is the primary SF operational unit. The SFODA organizes, equips, trains, advises or directs, and supports indigenous military or paramilitary forces in UW and FID operations. Because of its unique organization, training, and equipment, the SFODA can also conduct the other five SF missions (DA, SR, CBT, CPWMD, and IO). A captain commands the SFODA, and a chief warrant officer serves as the assistant commander. The detachment also has two noncommissioned officers in each of the SF functional areas: weapons, engineer, medical, communications, and operations. The redundant capabilities within an SFODA allow the commander to employ his teams as either full or split teams. SFODAs can operate independently or with indigenous forces within a denied area. Additional SF or other SOF personnel may augment SFODAs to conduct specific operations. 4-4. Support operations teams Alpha (SOTAs) are four-man, ground-based signals intelligence (SIGINT) teams. Their mission is to conduct electronic warfare support (ES) by monitoring the radio frequency (RF) spectrum for information purposes in an SO environment. The teams may focus their efforts on information collection for force protection purposes or on electronic reconnaissance as directed by the supported SF commander. Six SOTAs are organic to the group military intelligence detachment (MID) of the GSC. 4-5. Traffic analysis (TA) teams are elements of the technical control and analysis element (TCAE) of the group MID that are task-organized and deployed forward according to mission requirements. The TA team may be attached to a forward operational base (FOB), an advanced operational base (AOB), a special operations command and control element (SOCCE), or another SF C2 element. The TA team may serve as a C2 node for deployed SOTAs when the mission or environment prevents the SOTAs from communicating directly with the TCAE. The TA team conducts immediate TA of intercepted threat communications and provides information from that analysis to the supported SF commander and the SOTA. The TA team also forwards the intercept to the TCAE for more thorough analysis. 4-6. Mission requirements may dictate establishment of an SCI net between the TCAE, the TA team, and deployed SOTAs. Every effort, however, should be made to avoid this arrangement, as it requires the TA team to operate from a tactical SCI facility (T-SCIF), which places a burden on the supported SF commander. As long as reliable communications are maintained between the TCAE and the TA team and SCI materials are not deployed forward with the TA team, no requirement exists for an SCI communications net to be established.
SF COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS 4-7. Each SFG(A) has a signal officer (S6) located in the group HHC and a group signal detachment (SIGDET) located in the GSC. Each SF battalion
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FM 3-05.10.1
has an S6 located in the battalion headquarters and battalion SIGDET located in the battalion support company. GROUP S6
4-8. The S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security. The S6 is responsible for four areas: communications-electronics (CE), information management, frequency management, and communications security (COMSEC): •
•
•
•
CE. The CE section plans signal operations, prepares the signal annex to the operation order (OPORD), and recommends employment of SFG(A) communications assets. The CE section makes sure redundant signal means are available to pass time-sensitive command information from collectors to processors. Along with the intelligence officer (S2) and the operations officer (S3), the CE section supports electronic warfare (EW) operations focusing on electronic protection. Electronic protection is a subset of EW and must integrate with the overall command and control warfare (C2W) effort. They also coordinate for SCI communications requirements with the MID. Information management. The information management officer manages the employment automation (hardware and software) supporting the g r o u p a n d the group’s tactical LAN. Frequency management. The frequency manager prepares the group’s signal operating instructions (SOIs) and assigns frequencies to su b or din a te u n it s. COMS EC. The COMSEC custodian—responsible for communications, information, emission, and transmission security—also maintains the group’s COMSEC account.
GROUP SIGDET, GSC
4-9. The group SIGDET (Figure 4-2, page 4-4) has four functions: base communications support, base station operations, electronic maintenance, and multimedia support. The base communications support section installs, operates, and maintains continuous, secure internal Special Forces operational base (SFOB) communications. It is responsible for communications with higher, adjacent, lower, supported, and supporting headquarters. The base station section can terminate communications for deployed SFODs. The electronic maintenance section provides DS and limited general support (GS) electronic maintenance on communications equipment. The multimedia section provides video and still photography support for the entire group, including acquisition, editing, and duplication services.
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FM 3-05.10.1
Figure 4-2. Group SIGDET Organization BATTALION S6
4-10. The battalion S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security at the battalion level. His duties are similar to the group S6. BATTALION SIGDET, BATTALION SUPPORT COMPANY
4-11. The battalion SIGDET mirrors the group SIGDET without the multimedia section. Figure 4-3 shows the organization of the battalion SIGDET.
Figure 4-3. Battalion SIGDET Organization
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FM 3-05.10.1
CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT 4-12. When deployed, the group may establish an SFOB and up to three FOBs. The SFOB is a C2 and a support base established and operated by an SFG(A) from organic or attached resources. It is primarily a planning and coordination center. From the SFOB, the SFG(A) provides C2 to three FOBs and selected independent SFODAs for extremely sensitive or compartmented missions. In addition to reachback and internal communications, the SFG(A) must integrate and synchronize its operations with other SOF and theater conventional operations. The SFOB can function as the headquarters for either the Army component of the J SOTF or the ARSOTF. 4-13. When deployed, an SF battalion establishes an FOB. The FOB is a C2 and support base that may be subordinate to or independent of an SFOB. The commander establishes an FOB to prepare, deploy, command, control, support, and recover operational SF teams. 4-14. Employment of a Special Forces operational detachment B (SFODB) is normally in one of three ways. An SFODB can establish an AOB, which is usually small, light, and tailored to perform a specific mission or to extend the C2 capabilities of the group or battalion. The SFODBs in the AOB role may exercise C2 of up to six SFODAs. The SFODB can also establish a SOCCE to colocate at an Army corps or Marine expeditionary force headquarters to synchronize operations between ARSOF and conventional forces. Finally, an SFODB can operate an isolation facility (ISOFAC) for teams to conduct mission planning. An SFODB may require augmentation from group or battalion assets to perform any of these missions. 4-15. When SOF operate with conventional Army forces, an SO C2 element synchronizes operations and deconflicts actions between the SOF and conventional force elements. Normally, a SOCCE supports an Army corps and colocates with the corps tactical operations center (TOC). On the emerging digitized battlefield, corps TOCs have the Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS) to provide a seamless flow of battlefield information electronically to tactical commanders, corps and below. To provide timely, effective coordination of operations between SOF and conventional forces, the SOCCE requires command, control, and communications systems and digital message formats that are compatible with ATCCS, as well as with SOF-specific systems. The SOCCE is a C2 element that operates in a manner similar to a TOC. The SOCCE does not perform mission planning for SOF operations, nor does it launch or recover operational elements. The FOB or the SFOB performs these functions, depending on the tactical situation. The SOCCE does, however, coordinate these activities as part of its mission to synchronize and deconflict operations between SOF and conventional forces. 4-16. Each SFG(A) and battalion commander normally organizes his operational base into an operations center (OPCEN), a support center (SPTCEN), and a SIGCEN. For information on base organization, refer to FM 31-20.
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FM 3-05.10.1
4-17. The S6 is the SIGCEN director. The SIGCEN director — •
• •
P la n s a n d m a n a g e s c om m a n d , c o n tro l, c o m m u n ic a t io n s , co m p ute r s , intelligence, and information (C4I2). In c o r p o ra t e s ex t e rna l a s s e ts i n to th e C 4 s tr u c tu re . Coordinates with OPCEN director on transmission authen tication procedures for deployed elements in accordance with Signal Audio Visual Service Supplement (SAVSERSUP).
•
Plans mission process in support of operations.
•
Acts as point of contact for external units on communications.
4-18. The SIGDET commander— •
Installs, operates, and maintains organic C4 systems.
•
Executes the communications plan formulated by the CE section.
•
Reports system status to the SIGCEN director.
4-19. In a field environment, SFODA organic communications capabilities are strictly CNR. Their capabilities include— •
•
•
Single-channel Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) and nonDAMA ultra high frequency (UHF) SATCOM. HF single side band (SSB), ALE and LPI/D, and amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) LOS radio. (Appendix B discusses A LE f u r th er.) C o m p u t e r t erm in a l s th a t c a n exc h a n ge d a ta a n d sh a re re s o u rce s a s p ar t o f a c om p u ter n et w or k .
4-20. The SFODA has two communications sergeants, but all team members are cross-trained in communications. SOTAs and TA teams have communications capabilities similar to those of the SFODA. Their communications may, however, require processing at the Top Secret SCI classification level. 4-21. The AOB communications capabilities include single-channel UHF (DAMA and non-DAMA) SATCOM, HF SSB, ALE and LPI/D, and FM radios. The AOB can serve as a terminating base station for C2 of deployed SFODAs. Additionally, the SIGDETs can provide the augmentation communications packages to the AOB. 4-22. The FOB communicates with other C2 nodes (base to base) using highbandwidth SHF multichannel TACSAT provided by the Special Operations Forces Tactical Assured Connectivity System (SOFTACS). The FOB also uses low-bandwidth single-channel UHF (DAMA and non-DAMA) SATCOM and HF SSB ALE provided by the SOCA system. 4-23. The FOB communicates with its SFODAs, SFODBs, and SOTAs (base to team) using the low-bandwidth HF, very high frequency (VHF), and UHF communications assets provided by the joint base station (JBS). The J BS provides— •
4-6
Two UHF DAMA SATCOM circuits.
FM 3-05.10.1
• •
• •
Five HF circuits (four SSB/ALE and one SSB/ALE LPI/D). One VHF Single-Channel (SINCGARS) net.
and
Ground
Airborne
Radio
System
The capability to store and forward electronic mail (E-mail). The capability to interface with a tactical L AN, mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), and TRI-TAC or Army Battle Command System (AB CS) network.
4-24. Figure 4-4 shows the JBS communications employment concept. For more information on J BS, see Appendix C. 4-25. The SFOB also communicates with other C2 nodes using SHF multichannel TACSAT provided by the SOFTACS or the communications assets provided by the SOCA. The ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) or a theaterbased signal battalion coordinated between the SOC and the CINC J6 can provide GMF SATCOM support. The SOFTACS provides the FOB and SFOB with DSCS multichannel links to the J SOTF. An SHF tri-band (C, X, and Ku band) system, the SOFTACS also provides high throughput commercial circuits into the communications architecture. See Appendix D for more information on SOFTACS.
Figure 4-4. JBS Communications Employment Concept
4-7
Chapter 5
Ranger Regiment The Ranger regiment is specially organized, trained, and equipped to provide the capability to deploy a credible military force quickly to any region of the world. It can deploy by land, sea, and air infiltration and is trained and equipped to perform light infantry missions throughout the range of military operations.
ORGANIZATION
5-1. The R anger regiment consists of an HHC and three batta lions. Figure 5-1 shows the organization of the R anger regiment.
Figure 5-1. Organization of Ranger Regiment
RANGER COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS
5-2. The R anger regiment has an S6 and a regimental signal detachment located in the regimental headquarters. Each R anger battalion has an S6 and a battalion signal section located in the battalion HHC. REGIMENTAL S6
5-3. The S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security. He plans signal operations, prepares the signal annex to the OPORDs, and recommends employment of R anger communications assets. He makes sure redundant signal means are available to pass time-sensitive command information from collectors to processors. Along with the S2 and
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FM 3-05.10.1
S3, he supports EW operations focusing on electronic protection (EP). He supervises the regiment’s frequency manager and COMSEC custodian. REGIMENTAL SIGNAL DETACHMENT
5-4. The regimental SIGDET is task-organized into two teams. Each team can provide communications for a separate TOC. The regimental SIGDET has a base station section and an electronic maintenance section. BAT TALION SIGNAL ELEMENTS
5-5. The R anger battalions have an S6 and a small communications section. The battalion S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security at the battalion level. His duties are similar to the regimental S6. The battalion signal sections are also task-organized into two teams, each capable of supporting separate TOCs. RANGER COMMUNICATIONS
5-6. The mission of the Ranger regiment has global rather than regional orientation. It is not designed for long-term employment. Ranger communications must be rapid and able to support airborne, air assault, and infantry-type operations at all echelons. When supporting conventional forces, the Ranger regiment provides a Ranger liaison element to the supported headquarters. Other liaison capabilities, such as the Air Force weather officer, tactical air control party (TACP), and theater airlift liaison officer (TALO), are permanently assigned to the Ranger regiment. Additional communications requirements are task-organized to meet each mission profile. 5-7. R angers rely heavily on external fire support. R anger fire support personnel train extensively on the employment of close air support, attack helicopters, naval gunfire, AC-130 gunships, and artillery. Redundant and reliable communications to these fire support platforms are essential. 5-8. Single-channel UHF SATCOM is the backbone of Ranger communications for links among the headquarters, battalions, companies, and detachments. Other capabilities include International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT), UHF/VHF/FM/AM radios, and HF SSB ALE and LPI/D. The Ranger regiment does not have organic multichannel SATCOM and must be augmented. Figure 5-2, page 5-3, shows the configuration of R anger communications.
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FM 3-05.10.1
Figure 5-2. Ranger Organic Communications
5-3
Chapter 6
Army Special Operations Aviation Regiment ARSOA supports other SOF units by planning and conducting special air operations in all operational environments. Its specially organized, trained, and equipped aviation units provide the JFSOCC with the capability to infiltrate, resupply, and exfiltrate SOF elements engaged in all core missions and collateral activities.
ORGANIZATION 6-1. The ARSOA Regiment (Figure 6-1, page 6-2) is the Army’s only special operations aviation (SOA) unit. It consists of an HHC, an assault battalion, an aviation support battalion (with two forward-deployed companies), and an aviation battalion (with one forward-deployed company). The ARSOA Regiment has SO rotary-wing aircraft, including the AH/MH-6J Cayuse, the MH-60L/K Blackhawk and Defensive Armed Penetrator (DAP), and the MH-47D/E Chinook.
ARSOA COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS 6-2. The ARSOA Regiment has an S6 and a CE section located in the regiment HHC. In addition, each aviation battalion has an S6 and a CE section. REGIMENTAL S6 AND CE SECTION
6-3. The S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, network management, and information security. He heads a small CE section that plans signal operations, prepares the signal annex to the OPORDs, recommends employment of ARSOA communications assets, and supports EW operations focusing on EP. The CE section includes the regiment’s frequency manager and the regiment’s only COMSEC custodian. The CE section mans a fixed-site base station at the regimental headquarters. The base station may be augmented by the battalion CE section as necessary. The regiment has a separate automatic data processing (ADP) section for information management on the regiment staff that falls directly under the executive officer. BATTALION SIGNAL ELEMENTS
6-4. The ARSOA battalions have an S6 and a small CE section. The battalion S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security at the battalion level. His duties are similar to the regiment S6 with the exception of COMSEC. The battalion CE section personnel can deploy with a forward element or augment the fixed-site base station at the regimental headquarters. All the separate forward-deployed companies have a small communications section of several soldiers.
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FM 3-05.10.1
Figure 6-1. ARSOA Organization
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FM 3-05.10.1
TASK FORCE ORGANIZATIONS 6-5. ARSOA units plan, conduct, and support SO missions unilaterally or jointly in all theaters and at all levels of conflict. To accomplish this mission, ARSOA units are task-organized according to the supported unit, the theater of operations, and expected missions. These organizations normally form around a battalion. The ARSOA task force supports a specific mission based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations (METT-TC). Its size can range from as small as two or three helicopters to support a team to a battlion-plus-sized element supporting a battalion.
COMMAND AND CONTROL ORGANIZATIONS 6-6. ARSOA may be task-organized under a JFC commander, a joint force air component commander (JFACC), a JFSOCC, a JSOACC, or an ARSOTF. Doctrinally, ARSOA is never under OPCON or tactical control to conventional forces. It is normally under OPCON to a JSOACC or JSOTF. The following clarifies ARSOA’s C2 relationships. •
•
•
•
•
J FC. ARSOA normally does not come under the direct control of a JFC commander as such control may encumber ARSOA’s ability to support SOF. J FACC. The JFACC is the Service component commander who has the preponderance of air assets to be used and the ability to C2 these assets. The JFC designates the JFACC. When under OPCON to the J FACC, ARSOA loses its identity as a SOF asset and does not support SOF ground forces. J FS OCC. The JFSOCC is the functional SOF component commander with the preponderance of SOF and the requisite C2 capabilities within the joint force. OPCON of ARSOA by the JFSOCC is usually delegated to the JSOACC or placed under OPCON to the SOF g r o u n d c o m m a n d e r. J S OACC. The JSOACC is the JFSOCC Service commander who either has the preponderance of the aviation force or is most capable of controlling special air operations within a given environment. The JSOACC is designated by the JFSOCC. He is the single air manager. The J SOACC allocates ARSOA to SOF missions as required to support J FSOCC missions. A R S O T F. If ARSOA is under the OPCON of an ARSOTF, the command relationship is normally OPCON.
LIAISON REQUIREMENTS 6-7. Liaison support is on an as-required basis. ARSOA liaison officers (LNOs) can perform the following: •
Joint special operations liaison element (JSOLE). The JSOLE is a special staff provided to the JFACC or appropriate Service component air C2 element. The purpose of the JSOLE is to synchronize SOF air and ground efforts with joint air operations. The JSOLE chief works
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FM 3-05.10.1
directly for the JFSOCC. The JSOLE effects any required coordination with the ARSOA unit and conversely provides the conduit for the ARSOA unit to coordinate requirements, airspace, and deconfliction. •
•
•
•
•
Joint search and rescue center (JSRC). ARSOA support to the JSRC occurs when the JSOLE and JSRC are not colocated at the JFACC. Normally, the ARSOA LNO at the J SOLE can cover both requirements when colocated. The LNO will coordinate and deconflict ARSOA assets allocated to the J SRC force. J FS OCC. The configuration of the ARSOA LNO cell is based upon the mission, the number of aircraft, and the intensity of the operation. The ARSOA LNO coordinates mission support with the supported unit and deconflicts airspace requirements. The ARSOA LNO also provides expertise to the JSOTF commander on the tactical employment of aviation assets. A R S O T F. LNO support to the ARSOTF is according to the mission and C2 relationship between the ARSOTF and the ARSOA unit. If ARSOA is in support by command, and control is retained by a JSOTF or higher, then the LNO is primarily responsible for providing tactical and technical advice and facilitating coordination with the supporting ARSOA assets. The higher headquarters that retained C2 of the ARSOA force provides airspace coordination and deconfliction. If the ARSOA force is under OPCON or attached to the ARSOTF, then an LNO cell forms to provide advice and to effect the airspace coordination and deconfliction. Establishing the links between the Airspace Control Authority and the LNO cell is very important in properly integrating the ARSOTF’s airspace requirements within the area of operations. SF FOB. LNO support to an FOB is similar to the support provided to an ARSOTF. If an FOB is part of an ARSOTF or JSOTF, the FOB addresses its aviation concerns to the LNO in the ARSOTF or JSOTF. The C2 relationship of the ARSOA unit determines the level of LNO support. If ARSOA supports the FOB, it may provide an LNO for the duration of the mission. If the ARSOA unit is under OPCON or attached, then a cell forms to provide advice and to effect the airspace coordination and deconfliction. SF SOCCE. The SOCCE should address its aviation concerns to the ARSOA LNO in the JSOTF or FOB. The mission of the SOCCE is to synchronize SF missions with the supported conventional force command post. An ARSOA LNO should be available at limited times at the SOCCE level. Generally, the SOCCE requests an LNO when—
The SOCCE SFODAs.
has
OPCON
of
the
majority
of
the
ARSOA LNO support at the FOB, ARSOTF, JSOTF, is not in a position to enhance coordination in the SOCCE’s area of operations.
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forward-d or
FM 3-05.10.1
ARSOA COMMUNICATIONS 6-8. ARSOA communications must support covert aircraft communications both air-to-air and air-to-ground for C2, mission deconfliction, and mission support to SOF units. Figure 6-2 depicts the C2 networks of a deployed ARSOA task force. The location of the JSOACC depends on the command relationship between the supporting and supported units. 6-9. Capabilities of the regimental headquarters’ fixed-site base station include UHF single-channel SATCOM, HF (ALE and LPI/D), and VHF or FM radio. The regiment can also establish a forward element with the same capabilities if augmented with one SOCA team from the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A).
Figure 6-2. ARSOA Communications
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FM 3-05.10.1
6-10. ARSOA aircraft employ multiband SATCOM, single-channel UHF SATCOM, HF burst and data, and AM and FM LOS radios that are interoperable with supported SOF units. ARSOA does not have organic GMF SATCOM assets and requires augmentation by the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) or a theater-based signal unit. 6-11. Additionally, ARSOA does not have the organic communications personnel or equipment to establish a headquarters at a remote location. This situation also requires augmentation from the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) or a theater-based signal unit. Figure 6-3 depicts the minimum communications support package for establishing a remote site.
Figure 6-3. Communications Requirements for ARSOA at Remote Location
6-6
Chapter 7
Civil Affairs CA units provide the commander an important tool to assist in planning and executing civil-military operations (CMO). CMO encompass the activities military commanders take to establish and maintain relations between their forces and the civil authorities, general population, resources, and institutions in friendly, neutral, or hostile areas where their forces are employed. CA units are designed to provide support to SOF and conventional forces at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. (Refer to FM 41-10,)
ORGANIZATION
7-1. The majority of the Army’s CA units are in the USAR. The Army’s AC CA battalion can rapidly deploy one of its four regionally aligned CA companies to meet initial CA support requirements, with transition to USAR units beginning as soon as Presidential Selected Reserve Call-up (PSRC) or mobilization permits. When deployed, CA forces attach to the supported maneuver command. CA COMMANDS
7-2. The USACAPOC has four regionally aligned USAR commands. These commands plan, manage, and conduct CA activities that support the geographical CINCs. CA BRIGADES
7-3. CA brigades support the corps, theater support command, Theater Army Area Commands, and designated JTFs. They are the lowest level unit with representation of all 16 CA functional specialties. CA BATTALIONS
7-4. CA has two types of battalions: the CA battalion and the CA battalion, SO. There are currently 24 USAR and 1 active duty CA battalions and 4 USAR CA battalions (SO). The CA battalions are responsible for planning and conducting CA activities in support of military operations for a division, separate brigade, or JTF of comparable size. The active duty CA battalion provides immediate operational access to regionally aligned companies while the USAR CA battalions provide regionally aligned follow-on forces able to sustain planning, operations, and coordination. They include functional area specialists in public administration, dislocated civilian matters, civilian supply, public communications, public health, and public works and utilities. SO
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FM 3-05.10.1
battalions support the theater SOC, the JSOTF, and the SFG(A) headquarters. They can also provide support to conventional forces as required. CA COMMUNICATIONS
7-5. CA units have SINCGARS radios and computer terminals capable of exchanging data and sharing resources as part of a computer network, but are otherwise limited in their organic military and nonmilitary communication and data transmittal equipment. CA units require all other communications support from supported units or from commercial sources. CA personnel must be able to communicate by both secure and nonsecure means: communications with nonmilitary organizations require telephonic and broadband multimedia capabilities. CA COMMUNICATIONS NODES
7-6. CA forces normally operate from as many as three primary locations and many secondary sites: •
•
•
•
A CMO cell within or near the main command post (CP). It c oordinates current operations, plans, and technical support. A CMO cell within or near the rear CP. It coordinates foreign nation support, dislocated civilian operations, and transition planning. One or more civil-military operations centers (CMOCs). These coordinate requests for assistance from government organizations, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, and civilians. Various nonmilitary locations where CA liaison duties or planning expertise are required.
CA INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
7-7. CA units may use the Civil Affairs Data Base (CADB) as a repository for CA assessment, area studies, and other mission-related information. The CADB resides on one of the Psychological Operations Automated System (POAS) file servers located at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The system provides CA teams the capability to download pertinent mission information before deployment or through a remote, dial-in capability. Deployed teams can also provide input to the CADB through remote replication to the file server.
7-2
Chapter 8
Psychological Operations PSYOP forces plan and execute the JFC’s PSYOP activities at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels; support SO missions; and conduct PSYOP in support of consolidation missions. This support ranges from area and target analysis, product development, and media production at the strategic and operational levels to information collection and product dissemination at the lowest tactical level.
ORGANIZATION
8-1. The majority of the Army’s PSYOP forces are in the USAR. The AC POG (Figure 8-1) plans and conducts PSYOP activities and implements them worldwide in support of unified commanders, coalition forces, or other government agencies as directed. The AC POG (A) consists of four regional support battalions, a tactical PSYOP battalion (TPB), and a dissemination battalion. The two USAR POGs consist of a mixture of tactical, dissemination, and enemy prisoner of war battalions. See FM 33-1, Psychological Operations , for further organization of PSYOP units.
Figure 8-1. Organization of the AC POG (A)
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FM 3-05.10.1
REGIONAL PSYOP BAT TALION
8-2. The orientation of the regional PSYOP battalions is toward four of the major combatant commands: Southern Command, European Command, Central Command, and Pacific Command. The regional PSYOP battalions provide peacetime PSYOP support in coordination with U.S. ambassadors, country teams, and other U.S. Government agencies. They also provide contingency and wartime PSYOP support to both SOF and conventional forces in their respective areas of operations. A regional PSYOP battalion consists of a headquarters and support company (HSC) and PSYOP development centers (PDCs). A PDC consists of four detachments responsible for plans and programs, product development, testing and evaluation, and target audience analysis. The PDC develops audio, visual, and audiovisual products in support of a geographical CINC’s campaign plan, U.S. country teams, other government agencies, coalition partners, and international organizations. TACTICAL PSYOP BATTALION
8-3. The TPB provides short-notice tactical PSYOP support to deployed corpssized units and below. It can also support select SO or conventional J TFs. The TPB provides the geographical CINCs and CONUS-based rapid deployment forces a responsive, linguistically capable, and culturally attuned tactical PSYOP force. Each of the battalion’s companies focuses on a specific theater and aligns with specific units. The TPB supports corps-level J TFs and units. It assigns its subordinate tactical PSYOP companies (TPCs) to support divisionsized units. Each TPC has one tactical PSYOP development detachment (TPDD) and three tactical PSYOP detachments (TPDs). The TPDs provide tactical PSYOP support to brigade-sized units. Each TPD consists of three tactical PSYOP teams (TPTs), which provide planning and dissemination support to battalion-sized units. PSYOP DISSEMINATION BAT TALION
8-4. The AC and USAR PSYOP dissemination battalions produce, distribute, and disseminate print, audio, and audiovisual products and provide communications and electronic maintenance in support of regional and worldwide PSYOP forces. The AC dissemination battalion has an HSC, a print company, a broadcast company, and a PSYOP support (signal) company. The USAR dissemination battalion has one print company, one broadcast company, and a separate strategic dissemination company. The PSYOP support (signal) company provides all levels of C2 communications, as well as PSYOP product distribution using common military communications assets and SOF-unique, military-compatible SATCOM. PSYOP COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS
8-5. The POG has an S6 who heads the information management section. In addition, the dissemination battalion supports all of the group’s production and communications requirements. 8-6. The PSYOP Group S6 is the principal staff officer for all matters concerning signal operations, automation management, network management, and information security. The S6 plans signal operations, prepares the signal
8-2
FM 3-05.10.1
annex to OPORDs, and recommends employment of PSYOP communications assets. He coordinates with theater J6 elements to integrate PSYOP signal assets into existing theater C4I architectures. The S6 makes sure adequate and redundant signal means are available to pass time-sensitive command information and to distribute PSYOP products from intelligence collectors to PSYOP developers to PSYOP disseminators. Along with the S2 and S3, the S6 supports EW operations, focusing on EP. The S6 supervises the element’s frequency manager and COMSEC custodian. 8-7. The PSYOP Group Information Management Section under the S6 procures all automation equipment and manages classified and unclassified networks. The information management officer (IMO) is responsible for the operation, maintenance, mission readiness, and capability of the POAS, an automated repository of PSYOP studies and regional analyses. The IMO also maintains secure and nonsecure web pages pertaining to PSYOP operations, intelligence, analyses, and products. The section also provides maintenance and software support to assigned and attached PSYOP units. 8-8. The mission of the PSYOP support (signal) company is to— •
•
•
Provide tactical and operational C4 and electronic PSYOP distribution in support of the AC POG (A) and worldwide PSYOP forces. Provide organizational maintenance in support of the PSYOP tactical communications equipment. M a n a g e th e C O M S E C a c c o u n t .
8-9. The print company supports the deployed PSYOP forces. It— •
•
Produces, in high volume at the heavy print facility, printed products (leaflets, newspapers, magazines, books, posters) to be transported to supported commands for dissemination. Deploys globally up to three light and three modular print systems with operators or up to three platoons capable of operating local national or HN printing equipment or any combination thereof, simultaneously, as required.
8-10. The broadcast company provides media production and broadcast support to the deployed PSYOP forces. It provides the personnel needed for routine staff functions for the fixed media production center and the deployed media production and broadcast teams. The broadcast company— •
•
•
•
•
Provides broadcast-quality video and audio P SYOP products for worldwide dissemination to deployed media production and broadcast personnel. Deploys electronic news-gathering teams with mobile editing equipment capable of producing high-quality audio and video products. Deploys media production and broadcast personnel who can opera te local national or HN media production and broadcast facilities. Deploys media production and broadcast personnel to support airborne or seaborne broadcast platforms. Deploys mobile television generation equipment.
broadcast
facilities,
including
8-3
power-
FM 3-05.10.1
•
Deploys frequency-agile, mobile AM, FM, and shortwave r a d i o s t a t i o n s , i n c lu d i n g t h e i r s u p p o r t i n g a n t e n n a a n d generation equipment.
(SW) power-
PSYOP COMMUNICATIONS
8-11. The goal of communications support to PSYOP missions is to make sure C4I and product distribution assets are available to CONUS-based and -deployed PSYOP forces. Achieving this goal allows the AC POG (A) to reduce the footprint of personnel and equipment forward in the theater of operations. The communications architecture necessary to support the forwarddeployed PSYOP forces is known as reachback. Under ideal conditions, reachback allows PSYOP commanders to reduce the number of people deployed overseas. Those personnel deployed plan, coordinate, and disseminate PSYOP products. Under this concept, many of the PDC personnel remain at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where they can — •
Operate in their state-of-the-art facilities.
•
Access intelligence readily from various sources.
•
Develop PSYOP products based on mission requirements.
•
Distribute the products to deployed PSYOP forces for dissemination in the theater of operations.
8-12. The current Area Common User System (ACUS) does not provide sufficient bandwidth to support reachback. Current and emerging technologies—both military and commercial, including the PSYOP product distribution system (PDS) and the Global Broadcast Service (GBS)—will support the reachback concept by providing secure, digital communications paths for transferring PSYOP products between Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and deployed PSYOP units (Figure 8-2, page 8-5). The establishment of these communications pathways must be coordinated in advance with the CINC J6 and integrated into the theater communications plan. This effort is critical to the success of the PSYOP mission. If these paths are not coordinated, established, or large enough to distribute PSYOP products adequately within the theater or back to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, substantially more personnel or equipment must be deployed to the theater to accomplish the PSYOP mission. Lack of adequate communications capabilities also adversely affects the timeliness and responsiveness of PSYOP support to the CINC. Reachback testing is ongoing, focusing on compression techniques, approval processes, and a communications architecture that will provide the most efficient use of bandwidth for the distribution of PSYOP products.
8-4
FM 3-05.10.1
Figure 8-2. PDS Support of Reachback Concept 8-13. The current PSYOP communications architecture consists of INMARSAT, TACSAT, SIPRNET, and secure phone (Figure 8-3, page 8-6). PSYOP forces use the communications of the supported units whenever possible. Elements of the TPBs have organic AM and FM radios or rely on teams from the PSYOP support company for communications support. Current organic communications capabilities include single-channel UHF SATCOM, INMARSAT, and AM and FM radios. Figure 8-4, page 8-7, shows PSYOP communications links for C2. 8-14. In addition to C2 communications, PSYOP forces require communications channels for the distribution of PSYOP products. Figure 8-5, page 8-8, shows the communications links required for PSYOP product distribution. Because of the high-bandwidth requirements for the distribution of broadcast-quality video, audio, and print-quality graphics and data files, these links must be capable of supporting daily transfers of 500 megabytes or more of data. 8-15. Current communications capabilities, in many cases, are insufficient to support the high-bandwidth requirements for the distribution of PSYOP video, audio, and data. Because sufficient communications capabilities are unavailable to implement the communications architecture in Figure 8-5, the theater often uses ground or air couriers to deliver PSYOP products physically to tactical PSYOP units for dissemination. This technique often causes the PSYOP products to be untimely and, consequently, ineffective. PSYOP forces must have regular access to emerging technologies, such as Global Broadcast Satellite; proliferation of fiber-optic cable and high-bandwidth technologies, including Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Synchronous Optical Network; and high-
8-5
FM 3-05.10.1
bandwidth military and commercial satellite systems. These enable PSYOP forces to plan and implement a more robust reachback capability for the efficient distribution of PSYOP products.
Figure 8-3. PSYOP Communications Architecture Concept 8-16. The PDS, currently under development, will provide PSYOP forces an organic, high-bandwidth-capable, secure and nonsecure, fully interoperable, multichannel, tri-band SATCOM system for product distribution to link all PSYOP elements on a real-time basis. The PDS will enable battlefield commanders to receive timely, situation-specific PSYOP products, including video production units to craft required products and disseminators to receive and relay commercial broadcast-quality products quickly to the intended target audience. To meet PSYOP requirements, the PDS must integrate into the existing theater communications architecture. The basis of the PDS is the existing Downsized Deployable Satellite Terminal (DDST), which is already in use by SOF communications units. 8-17. PSYOP communications planners are studying a wide variety of techniques to develop a single, flexible communications architecture for the efficient, timely distribution of PSYOP products using the reachback concept. The main capabilities required by the deployed PSYOP element to implement reachback are— • •
8-6
Access to the POAS. Access to the AC POG (A) web servers on SIPRNET and the USASOC unclassified network.
FM 3-05.10.1
Figure 8-4. PSYOP C2 Architecture
8-7
FM 3-05.10.1
•
Point-to-point file transfer.
•
Access to SIPRNET and NIPRNET for file transfer and E -mail.
•
I n t e r t h e a t e r a n d i n t r a t h e a te r d is t r i b u t i o n o f P S Y O P p r o d u c t s .
•
I n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e P D S in t o t h e t h e a t e r C 4 I a r c h i t ec t u r e .
8-18. In addition to developing the communications links for PSYOP product distribution, PSYOP communications planners are studying other techniques to increase efficiency and to reduce bandwidth requirements. These techniques include— •
Hardware and software data-compression techniques.
•
Alternate and multiple concurrent communications means.
•
Choice of software packages and file formats.
•
Refinement
of
product
distribution
and
and processes.
Figure 8-5. PSYOP Product Distribution Architecture
8-8
approval
requirements
Chapter 9
Special Operations Support Command The Special Operations Support Command (SOSCOM) is the parent unit of the ARSOF Signal Battalion, the ARSOF Support Battalion, and the Special Operations Materiel Management Center (MMC). SOSCOM provides combat signal support and limited direct combat service support to ARSOF.
ASSISTANT THEATER SIGNAL OFFICE
9-1. The Assistant Theater Signal Office (ATSO) falls under HHC, ARSOF Signal Battalion, but functions as a signal brigade-level signal planning and operations section for SOSCOM. The ATSO has a management section and two planning sections and is the principal office for all SOSCOM signal planning; automation, network, and frequency management; information security; and special operations logistics communications doctrine. The ATSO also performs these functions for other ARSOF forces when requested: •
•
•
•
Signal Planning. The ATSO planning sections conduct signal planning and operations for all SOSCOM exercises or for up to two simultaneous theaters of war. Planning includes signal operations, development of Annex H (Signal) to OPORDs, and testing and evaluation of force modernization signal equipment. Automation, network, and frequency management. The ATSO management section is responsible for all SOSCOM automation acquisition, upgrades, maintenance, a n d software/hardware management. In concert with the planning teams, the management section also develops recommended communications networks for exercises and operations, and, as needed, assists the ARSOF Signal Battalion ’s system controller in their operational management and control. The management section has two spectrum managers who focus on planning and managing SOF EHF systems and frequency deconfliction issues prior to and during operations. Information security. The ATSO follows USASOC policy on information security and develops and monitors SOSCOM policy and procedures as required. The ATSO also works with the COMSEC managers of the ARSOF Signal Battalion and ARSOF Support Battalion to ensure all exercise and operational plans meet Army COMSEC requirements. Special operations logistics communications policy. The ATSO, in coordination with the ARSOF Support Battalion and the MMC’s Combat Service Support Automation Management Office, writes and validates communications policy and procedures for SOF logistics. This includes Standard Army Multicommand Management Information
9-1
FM 3-05.10.1
System information flow and operations, and OCONUS -to-CONUS logistics reachback and reporting systems. ARSOF SUPPORT BAT TALION
9-2. The ARSOF Support Battalion provides limited, direct CSS and health service support to ARSOF. ORGANIZATION
9-3. The ARSOF Support Battalion (Figure 9-1) consists of a headquarters and main support company and three forward support companies (two AC and one in the USAR). The theater army may augment the ARSOF Support Battalion.
Figure 9-1. SOSB Organization SOSB COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
9-4. The SOSB has a communications communications section — • Plans signal operations.
section
under
the
•
Requests communications support.
•
Prepares the signal annex to the OPORDs.
•
Recommends employment of SOSB communications assets.
•
Includes
the
battalion’s
frequency
manager
and
the
S3.
The
COMSEC
custodian. 9-5. The ARSOF Support Battalion deploys rapidly in its entirety or is taskorganized as required. Once deployed, a unit can provide support to multiple locations. The ARSOF Support Battalion has organic SINCGARS FM CNRs. The unit receives single-channel UHF SATCOM (SOCA) support from the ARSOF Signal Battalion (A) or uses commercial systems.
9-2
Appendix A
SCAMPI SCAMPI is a telecommunications system created to allow dissemination of command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) information between the USSOCOM, its components and their major subordinate units, the theater SOCs, and selected government agencies and activities directly associated with the SO community. SCAMPI is a closed-community system of communications nodes and is the principal C4I medium for the Commander in Chief, Special Operations Command. SCAMPI provides gateway service for SOF to external DOD classified voice, data, and VTC systems. Voice and data information on the SCAMPI system integrates into data streams using Integrated Digital Network Exchange smart multiplexers. These smart multiplexers allow bandwidth, via programmable software, to be shifted automatically between user services based on priorities determined by the commander. In the SCAMPI system, SCI, collateral, and unclassified information is separately encrypted and transmitted over a single integratedtr ansmission path.
SECURITY GUIDANCE
A-1. The classification level of Top Secret fully secures information transmitted over SCAMPI. Classification categories of collateral information (sometimes used synonymously with general service) and SCI are available on SCAMPI. SCI and collateral information are separately encrypted and transmitted over a single integrated transmission path. A-2. SCAMPI site locations are, for the most part, unclassified. Linkage of SCAMPI capability with certain SOF, however, is classified Secret. Most references to SCAMPI locations are to the site rather than the involved activity. Full details regarding classification are in the USSOCOM SCAMPI Security Classification Guide, December 1998. Figure A -1 , page A -2 , s h ows t h e SCAMPI network and site locations. SCAMPI NETWORK
A-3. SCAMPI can transmit C4I information at multiple security classification levels and provide multimedia services, including voice, data, facsimile, and VTC over a single integrated transmission path. Information transmitted over SCAMPI is in digital form on leased fiber-optic circuits. SCAMPI signals conform to the T-carrier format used by the public switched-data networks. SCAMPI consists of the circuits, the suites of off-the-shelf equipment that terminate the T-carrier data streams, and the equipment that then splits and reformats the information so user terminal equipment can use it.
A-1
FM 3-05.10.1
Figure A-1. SCAMPI System Interconnections
A-2
FM 3-05.10.1
A-4. The SCAMPI system interconnects many sites, also called nodes. Four of the sites are hubs—two at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; one at the Pentagon; and one at MacDill AFB, Florida. The SCAMPI node designated Fort Bragg Main serves as the controlling hub (CHUB) that provides system management and controls the flow of information within the network. Most nodes connect directly to the hubs. Some nodes connect to the hubs through an intermediate node. To minimize circuit costs, signals of two nodes are combined on the same circuit. When these services are combined, the first node separates its data stream from that of the second node and routes the remaining information on to the second node. These indirectly connected nodes are drop-and-insert nodes. Figure A-2 shows the SCAMPI system interconnection with service descriptions, as well as the services provided at each type of node.
Node Type
Services
CHUB
SCI, Collateral, Test, System Control, Switching, Broadcast
HUB
SCI, Collateral, Test, Switching, Broadcast
ABT
SCI, Collateral, Test
AT
SCI, Test
BT
Collateral, Test
CAB
Limited SCI, Collateral, Test
CA
Limited SCI, Test
CB
Limited Collateral, Test
D
Limited SCI or Collateral Figure A-2. SCAMPI Services by Node Type A-5. For a complete guide to SCAMPI services, see USSOCOM S CAM PI Services Summary , December 1998.
DEPLOYABLE SCAMPI
A-6. Deployable SCAMPI can provide deployed SOF with simultaneous multimedia capability and interlocking connectivity among national, DOD common user, and theater communications links over nonrestrictive SCAMPI tactical gateways. Service is provided at data rates up to T1 (1544 kbps) over landline or over government or commercial satellite using X, C, or Ku bands. Deployable SCAMPI provides the SOF commander and his staff the capability to access, from deployed locations anywhere in the world, the same SCI, collateral, a n d unclassified C4I services available in garrison. C4I services possible via deployable SCAMPI include— •
GCCS.
•
VTC.
•
SIPRNET.
•
NIPRNET.
A-3
FM 3-05.10.1
•
J WICS.
•
Classified voice.
•
Unclassified voice.
A-7. For a complete guide to deployable SCAMPI services, see USSOCOM Deployable SCAMPI New Equipment Training and Fielding Plan, 20 February 1996.
A-4
Appendix B
Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) MIL-STD-188-141A ALE is a means of automatically establishing a radio link between two HF stations or a group of stations. R adios using ALE operate in the HF band and all characteristics of HF propagation still apply. Establishing ALE communications is similar to using a telephone. An operator selects the desired station address and initiates the call. The ALE system automatically establishes a two-way communications link. Once a link is established, the HF ALE system operates the same as a conventional HF system.
A L E F E AT U R E S
B-1. Prior to ALE , an operator’s knowledge of RF signal propagation and the ability to apply that knowledge to select usable frequencies were crucial to the success of HF communication. ALE has enhanced HF radio operation and made it easier for the operator. ALE improves HF communications quality and connectivity. It also reduces the operator tasks required to communicate under changing propagation conditions. ALE operators require no special training or knowledge of HF signal propagation. Following are the differences between conventional HF and ALE HF: • •
•
ALE allows selective calling to other similarly equipped HF stations. ALE automatically chooses the best available frequency preprogrammed list of frequencies to make the call.
from
a
All the operator needs to know is the address (ALE call sign) of the d ist an t sta ti on .
ALE OPERATION
B-2. The operator creates a datafill file containing preset frequencies, scan lists, addresses, data messages, and other parameters required for ALE or EP operation. The type and amount vary depending on the communications plan. Datafill information is stored in the receiver-transmitter memory. B-3. During receive, microprocessor circuits provide frequency control to scan several preset frequencies. Receive audio output from the receivertransmitter is muted during scanning. During scanning, the ALE system listens for soundings and calls from other ALE stations. The radio receives ALE signals, analyzes them, and automatically transmits an ALE response as required. Once a link is established, the radio-transmitter sends a linked advisory to the radio set control. It also sends the identity of the calling station. The receive audio output is unmuted to alert the operator that the system is linked. This prevents the operator from having to continuously monitor the radio set control display.
B-1
FM 3-05.10.1
B -4. During receive electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) operation, the receiver hops from one frequency to another in synchronization with other like-configured HF stations. The hopping rate varies depending on the type of ECCM used. Frequency hopping requires extremely accurate time synchronization between all ECCM stations. The global positioning system (GPS) time synchronization input to the receiver-transmitter synchronizes the clocks of all ECCM stations automatically upon power-up. B -5. During transmit, when an operator initiates an ALE call, receivertransmitter microprocessor circuits choose the best frequency from a preprogrammed list of frequencies to place the call. Digital Signal Processor (DSP) circuits control the linking process by transmitting the appropriate call and acknowledgment data handshake signals. Once a link is established, the radio operates conventionally and voice or data transmission can begin. Linked operators must agree to return to ALE scan mode if the frequency starts to degrade or communication is lost. B -6. To initiate an ALE call, an operator selects the desired station address and keys the HF system. The ALE system reviews frequency Link Quality Analysis values for the desired address (which represent real-time propagation conditions). It establishes a data handshake between the two stations on the best available frequency. Once the two-way link is established, receive audio is restored and normal voice or data communications can begin. If a link attempt is not successful on the first frequency selected, or if the frequency is busy, alternate frequencies are automatically selected. The operator repeats the call until either a link is established, all active frequencies are tried at least once, or he aborts the call attempt. B -7. During ECCM transmission, the transmitter hops frequencies. During frequency hopping, microprocessor circuits cause the transmitter to tune to a specific frequency and transmit for a short time. The transmitter then tunes to a new frequency and transmits again. This procedure continues until the complete message (voice or data) is transmitted. Before ECCM operation, the operator must pretune all frequencies in the selected ECCM net (hop set). ALE SILENT OPERATION
B -8. ALE systems respond automatically to ALE calls without operator action as part of the automatic linking process. ALE systems also periodically transmit short bursts (typically 8 seconds) of data known as sounding. During automatic sounding or automatic response to ALE calls, the ALE system transmits RF signals from the antenna, often without the HF operator knowing that it is happening. When the operator does not want the ALE system to automatically transmit RF signals, he uses the receive-only (silent) mode. During silent operation, the ALE system scans receive frequencies but does not respond to ALE calls or transmit soundings accordingly.
B-2
Appendix C
Joint Base Station The J oint Base Station (Variant 1) (J BS[V1]) is the ARSOF variant of the USSOCOM J BS. Also referred to by its original name, the Special Forces Base Station (SFBS), the JBS(V1) is an integrated, air-transportable, ground-mobile system that allows deployed ARSOF headquarters C2 elements to communicate with deployed Special Forces operational detachments (SFODs) operating in remote locations, at distances up to 4,000 kilometers. It is air-transportable by a single C-130 or larger military aircraft, surface ships, or flatbed truck, and can traverse primary, secondary, and unimproved roadways when deployed. The JBS Transit Case System (V1) capability, in a transit case-based package, is available for situations where cargo space on intertheater airlift is extremely limited. In this configuration, the entire system can be deployed on one standard USAF 463L pallet. Through a series of interconnecting cables, the crew assembles the cases into an operational system providing the same communications and automation capabilities as the vehicle-based system, less environmental control and a prime mover. C-1. The JBS(V1) can operate from single-phase commercial (90–240 Volts alternating current [Vac], 47–63 Hertz [Hz], military tactical (90–125 Vac, 47– 63 Hz), or vehicular (28 Volts direct current [Vdc]) power. The system is capable of deployment worldwide in all environments and operating conditions.
C-2. The JBS(V1) vehicle-based system consists of three subsystems: a prime mover, a fifth-wheel packhorse trailer with integral power generation and environmental control equipment, and a base station assemblage. The base station assemblage houses the communications and automation components, and supports secure and nonsecure voice and data communications interoperable with current and planned SF long-range communications systems. COMMUNICATIONS COMPONENT
C-3. The communications component provides HF, VHF, and UHF TACSAT communications to support the C2 of a minimum of 20 deployed operational detachments. The JBS(V1) supports the transmission and reception of secure and nonsecure voice, data, imagery, and continuous wave Morse code traffic. The system is capable of simultaneously providing up to four HF, two UHF TACSAT, one HF LPI/D, and one VHF SINCGARS networks. All nets are securable through the use of National Security Agency (NSA)-approved COMSEC devices with the capability for Over the Air Rekeying (OTAR).
C-1
FM 3-05.10.1
All COMSEC devices comply with the Electronic Key Management System (EKMS). Specific communications capabilities currently include— •
•
•
•
•
•
Five HF SSB networks for secure or nonsecure voice and data communications at distances up to 4,000 kilometers. All HF circuits operate in accordance with the single-channel modes for both ALE and non-ALE. One of these circuits also supports the SOF-unique LPI/D waveform. A variety of broadband, multimode antennas and telescopic masts supports the HF circuits, providing a high degree of antenna construction and employment flexibility. Two UHF TACSAT circuits for secure voice, data, and imagery communications. Both circuits support 5 kilohertz (kHz) and 25 kHz, DAMA, and non-DAMA operation. Two high-gain deployable antennas and one omnidirectional hatch-mount SATCOM antenna support the UHF circuits. Up to four separate advanced data controller (ADC) networks for use over any combination of HF and UHF circuits. The system is preconfigured for one UHF ADC data circuit and two HF ADC data circuits, which also provide ADC to IP conversion. One VHF SINCGARS circuit with both vehicle-mounted and fixed-site antennas, primarily for local base operations, tactical internet working with conventional Army forces, and convoy control. VINSON and Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT) COMSEC, KY-99A or integrated COMSEC (ICOM), capability on all RF circuits. A fiber-optic intercom system that allows incoming and outgoing voice and data traffic to be easily accessible at remote locations throughout the C2 node.
C-4. In addition to the HF/VHF/UHF RF circuits, the JBS(V1) provides voice and data interfaces to interoperate with SOF and Army field headquarters communications systems (MSE and TRI-TAC switches, ABCS/ATCCS, SOFTACS, STAR-T, plus others). Specific capabilities include— • One digital secure voice terminal (DSVT), KY-68. •
One tactical secure terminal equipment (STE).
•
One KIV-7 with wire-line adapter.
•
X.25 ports.
•
802.3 LAN interface via an Ethernet router.
AUTOMATION COMPONENT
C-5. The automation component provides network planning, systems management, and control functions in addition to message generation, routing, logging, and archiving functions. The J BS(V1) is capable of processing incoming and outgoing messages in a stand-alone configuration or passing traffic on to a LAN. In a stand-alone configuration, the JBS(V1) prints or copies to disk all incoming and outgoing data traffic. When connected to a LAN, the JBS(V1) serves as a throughput terminal. If desired by the commander, deployed operational detachments can pass data traffic (via the JBS[V1]) directly to the
C-2
FM 3-05.10.1
workstation of the person requiring the information. To ensure these messages are accurately logged and archived, the J BS(V1)’s message gateway computer is configured to log and archive all message traffic, even though the final destination may be elsewhere. If the JBS(V1) internal LAN is connected to an external gateway, such as SOFTACS, STAR-T, or commercial leased telephone lines, message traffic can be seamlessly routed throughout the theater of operations. In addition to the message gateway computer, the J BS(V1) includes two ancillary laptop computer terminals that can be used to input and extract messages from the system when operating in a stand-alone configuration. Specific automation capabilities include— •
•
Message generation and translation functions, including S AVSERSUP, United States Message Text Format (USMTF), J oint Army Navy Allied Procedures (JANAP) 128 formatted messages, and support of DMS integration. Seamless routing of all types of data message traffic from deployed operational detachments to workstations on a local or wide area network.
•
Internal 802.3 LAN.
•
Unformatted message capability.
•
F r e q u e n c y m a n a g e m e n t a n d p r e d i c t io n .
•
R e a l - t im e m a n a g e m e n t a n d d y n a m ic c o n t r o l o f t h r e e d a t a n e t w o r k s and six RF circuits.
• •
•
•
Automatic logging, routing, and archiving of team data traffic. E-mail and mailbox application that processes all team data-messa ge t r a ffic. File transfer protocol (FTP) service between the J BS(V1) and deployed outstations. Commercial, ruggedized palmtop computing access to the J BS(V1) automation system.
•
Secure fax capability.
•
Networked laser printer.
devices
for
outstation
C-6. Figure C-1, page C-4, depicts the layout of the JBS(V1) automation subsystem.
C-3
FM 3-05.10.1
Figure C-1. Automation Subsystem Diagram
C-4
Appendix D
Special Operations Forces Tactical Assured Connectivity System SOFTACS is a communications program with the following components: •
Multiband, multichannel SHF SATCOM terminals.
•
Digital circuit switches.
•
Troposphere Satellite Support R adio (TSSR) systems.
•
Remote trunking systems (RTS).
•
Deployable LAN equipment.
•
MGS.
•
Towed exter nal tr i-band antenna. D-1. The SOFTACS multiband satellite terminal, with its associated digital circuit switch, operates over military and commercial satellite space segments and provides high-capacity communications links to support voice, data, imagery, and VTC. It interfaces with both military and commercial switching systems such as the DSN, Defense Data Network (DDN), and commercial dial-central offices. D-2. The HHMMWV-based system consists of a communications component and a power component. The communications component will be an assemblage of base band and RF communications equipment. The power component consists of power generation equipment. The system provides the capability to support point-to-point, mesh, and hub-spoke network topologies. It supports up to six spokes when operating in the mesh and hub-spoke modes. The system, when using an external antenna, provides X band performance equal to or greater than that achieved by the AN/TSC-85B/OE361; and provides C band and Ku band performance equal to or greater than that achieved with the integral antenna. D-3. The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) circuit switch provides a tandem-switching capability that is interoperable with commercial dial central offices, DSN, and analog and digital military switched networks deployed at echelons above corps (TRI-TAC) and echelons corps and below (MSE). The ISDN complies with the DOD Joint Technical Architecture and the Army Warfighter Information Network Architecture. In addition, the ISDN is interoperable with tactical Circuit Switch Routing Task Execution Plan switches. D-4. The TSSR provides the extension of SOFTACS services from the tactical C2 node to locally remote sites. A TSSR is provided to extend communications services to geographically dispersed sections of a deployed SOF C2 headquarters that are within radio LOS of the satellite terminal. The TSSR
D-1
FM 3-05.10.1
operates in the SHF band and supports up to four T-1 circuits. It includes the appropriate base band and radio equipment required at both ends of the TSSR communications link. The TSSR is capable of operating off the same types of power sources as those required by the SOFTACS satellite terminal. The TSSR and its associated equipment (base band, COMSEC) are packaged in transit cases. D-5. The RTS allows mobile subscribers to access the circuit switch capability through a wireless interconnect. The RTS provides mobile and remote subscribers with secure wireless access to the circuit switch services. It supports access by remote subscribers using encrypted wireless terminals. The RTS network supports remote subscribers at distances up to six kilometers (nominal) from the RTS base station. The RTS equipment includes portable terminals, a base station, and a network control capability to manage subscriber access, channel assignment, and class marks. All RTS base station equipment is packaged in two-man lift transit cases. D-6. The deployable LAN automates the C2 environment consistent with SOF garrison automation systems and is interoperable with garrison and theater-deployed LANs. The deployable LAN consists of an unclassified segment with a network server and a classified segment with a network server operating at the Secret level. The unclassified segment includes an Internet Protocol Router (IPR) that can access tactical and commercial common-carrier telecommunications networks. An Inline Network Encryptor is provided to interconnect the two LAN segments and allow the Secret segment to access the IPR network capabilities. D -7. The MGS provides an interface to the AUTODIN to support deployed SOF record traffic requirements. It is capable of storing, forwarding, and switching “R” and “Y” record traffic between the SOF community and other tactical and worldwide locations. The server is certified for AUTODIN Category III operation and supports MTF/JINTACCS and JANAP-128 message formats.
D-2
Glossary A ABCS AC ACUS
airborne Army Battle Command System Active Component Area Common User System
ADC
advanced data controller
ADP
automatic data processing
adversary AFB
Anyone who contends with, opposes, or acts against one’s interest. Is not necessarily an enemy. Air Force Base
AFFOR
Air Force Forces
AFSOB
Air Force Special Operations Base
AFSOF
Air Force Special Operations Forces
AGCCS
Army global command and control system
ALE AM AMS ANDVT antiterrorism
AOB area of responsibility
automatic link establishment amplitude modulation audio monitoring system Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include limited response and containment by local military forces. (J P 1-02) advanced operational base 1. The geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a CINC has authority to plan and conduct operations. 2. In naval usage, a predefined area of enemy terrain for which supporting ships are responsible for covering by fire on known targets or targets of opportunity and by observation. (J P 1-02)
ARFOR Army special operations forces (ARSOF)
A r m y Fo r c e s Those active and reserve component Army forces designated by the Secretary of Defense that are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. (J P 1-02)
Glossary-1
FM 3-05.10.1
Army special operations task force (ARSOTF) ARNG
A t e m p o r a r y o r s e m i p e r m a n e n t g r o u p i n g o f A R S O F u n i ts u n d e r one commander, formed to carry out a specific operation or a continuing mission. Army National Guard
ARSOA
Army Special Operations Aviation
ARSOF
Army special operations forces
ARSOTF ASCC assign
Army special operations task force Army Service Component Command 1. To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the function, of the unit or personnel. 2. To detail individuals to specific duties or functions where such duties or functions are primary and/or relatively permanent. (J P 1-02)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATCCS ATSO attach
Standardized by the IT TCC (International Telegraphic and Telephone Consultative Committee) in 1988, ATM is a communications protocol based on small fixed-length data packets called “cells.” Each cell contains 48 bytes of digital data and a five-byte header containing addressing and (optionally) prioritization information. ATM is designed to operate over Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) links at data rates up to 45 mbps. It can also operate over DS3 satellite links. (C4I Handbook) A r m y Ta c t ic a l C o m m a n d a n d C o n t r o l S y s t e m Assistant Theater Signal Office 1. The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively temporary. 2. The detailing of individuals to specific functions where such functions are secondary or relatively temporary; for example, attached for quarters and rations, attached for flying duty. J P 1-02)
authentication
1. A security measure designed to protect a communications system against acceptance of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message, or originator. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their eligibility to receive specific categories of information. (J P 1-02)
authenticator
Glossary-2
A symbol or group of symbols, or a series of bits, selected or derived in a prearranged manner and usually inserted at a predetermined point within a message or transmission for the purpose of attesting to the validity of the message or transmission. (J P 1-02)
FM 3-05.10.1
AUTODIN automatic data processing automation
AVUM bandwidth BLK
automatic digital network Data processing largely performed by automatic means. (J P 1-02) The implementation of processes by automatic means. The conversion of a procedure, a process, or equipment to automatic operation. (J P 1-02) aviation unit maintenance The width of a band of frequencies used for a particular purpose. (FM 24-18) black
bn
battalion
C2
command and control
C2W
command and control warfare
C3
command,control,andcommunications
C4
command, control, communications, and computers
C4I C4I2 CA capability CADB CBT CD CD-RW CE channel
CHUB CINC circuit Civil Affairs
command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and information Civil Affairs The ability to execute a specified course of action. (A capability may or may not be accompanied by an intention.) (J P 1-02) Civil Affairs Data Base combatting terrorism counterdrug compact disc – re ad write communications-electronics An assigned band of frequencies for a radio or television over which transmissions can be made from one station to another. (FM 24-18) controlling hub commander in chief An arrangement of one or more complete paths for current flow. (FM 24-18) The activities of a commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and civil authorities, both governmental and nongovernmental, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile area of operations in order to facilitate military operations and consolidate operational objectives. Civil Affairs may include performance by military
Glossary-3
FM 3-05.10.1
forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of local government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions. They may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. (J P 1-02) civil assistance
CJ CS CM CMO CMOC
Military necessity may require a commander to provide lifesustaining services, maintain order, or control distribution of goods and services within his assigned operational area. Civil assistance differs from other forms of civil administration because it is based on the commander’s decision. All other forms of civil administration require NCA approval. (FM 41-10) Chairman, J oint Chiefs of Staff countermine civil-military operations civil-military operations center
CNN
Cable News Network
CNR
combat net radio
co coalition COCOM collateral activities
company An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (J P 1-02) c o m b a t a n tc o m m a n d The inherent capabilities of all military forces may periodically be applied to accomplish missions other than those for which the forces are principally organized, trained, and equipped. Collateral activities in which Special Operations Forces, by virtue of inherent capabilities, may be tasked to participate include humanitarian assistance, security assistance, search and rescue, counterdrug, antiterrorism and other security activities, and special activities. (J P 3-05)
combatant command
A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands typically have geographic or functional responsibilities. (J P 1-02)
combatant command (command authority)
Nontransferable command authority established by title 10 (“Armed Forces”), United States Code, section 164, exercised only by commanders of unified or specified combatant commands unless otherwise directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense. Combatant command (command authority) cannot be delegated and is the authority of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces involving organizing and employing command and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training,
Glossary-4
FM 3-05.10.1
and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command. Combatant command (command authority) should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders. Combatant command (command authority) provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions. Operational control is inherent in combatant command (command authority). (JP 1-02) combat net radio (CNR)
Single-channel and frequency hopping radios organic to many types of units. Their primary role is voice transmission for battle command. The CNR network can assume a secondary role for data transmission when needed. The family of CNRs includes AN/VRCIZ series, SINCGARS, single-channel TACSAT, and improved high-frequency radio (IHFR). (FM 11-43)
combat search and rescue
A specific task performed by rescue forces to effect the recovery of distressed personnel during wartime or contingency operations.
combined
Between two or more forces or agencies of two or more allies. (J P 1-02)
COMCEN
communications center
COMJ SOTF COMJ TF command
Commander, J oint Special Operations Task Force commander, joint task force 1. The authority that a commander in the Armed Forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual. (J P 1-02)
command and control
The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. (J P 1-02)
Glossary-5
FM 3-05.10.1
command and control system
The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned. (J P 1-02)
command, control, communications, and computer systems
Integrated systems of doctrine, procedures, organizational structures, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications designed to support a commander’s exercise of command and control across the range of military operations. (J P 1-02)
COMMS communications communications center
communications A method or means of conveying information of any kind from one person or place to another. (J P 1-02) An agency charged with the responsibility for handling and controlling communications traffic. The center normally includes message center, transmitting, and receiving facilities. (J P 1-02)
communications net
An organization of stations capable of direct communications on a common channel or frequency. (J P 1-02)
communications network
An organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not necessarily on the same channel. (J P 1-02)
communications satellite
An orbiting vehicle that relays signals between communications stations. There are two types: a . A c t i v e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s S a t e l l i t e . A satellite that receives, regenerates, and retransmits signals between stations; b. Passive Communications S a t e l l i t e . A satellite that reflects communications signals between stations.
communications s e c u r i ty ( C O M S E C )
The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. (J P 1-02)
communications terminal
Terminus of a communications circuit at which data can be either entered or received; located with the originator or ultimate addressee. (J P 1-02)
COMSEC CON CONUS conventional forces COS CP CP WMD CSAR CSS
Glossary-6
com m unicationssecurity controller continental United States Those forces capable of conducting operations using nonnuclear weapons. (J P 1-02) code-operated switch command post counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction combat search and rescue combat service support
FM 3-05.10.1
DA DAMA
direct action Demand Assigned Multiple Access
DAP
Defensive Armed Penetrator
data
Representation of facts, concepts, or instruction in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means. Any representations such as characters or analog quantities to which meaning is or might be assigned. (J P 1-02)
DB
Direct Broadcast
DCS
Defense Communications System
DDN
Defense Data Network
DDST
Downsized Deployable Satellite Terminal
defense switched network (DSN)
Component of the Defense Communications System that handles Department of Defense voice, data, and video communications. (J P 1-02)
demand assigned multiple access (DAMA)
A family of dynamic multiple access techniques where each user reserves channel space based upon individual need. (C4I Handbook)
det
detachment
DII
Defense Information Infrastructure
direct support (DS)
A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly to the supported force’s request for assistance. (J P 1-02)
DISA
Defense Information Systems Agency
DISN
Defense Information Systems Network
div
division
DMS
Defense Message System
DOD
Department of Defense
DRSN DS DSCS
Defense Red Switched Network direct support Defense Satellite Communications System
DSN
Defense Switched Network
DSP
Digital Signal Processor
DSVT ECCM EHF EKMS
Digital Secure Voice Terminal electronic counter-countermeasure extremely high frequency Electronic Key Management System
Glossary-7
FM 3-05.10.1
electronic protection
E-mail emission security
electronic mail The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising e m a n a t i o n s fr om crypto-equipment a n d telecommunications systems.
EP
electronic protection
ES
electronic warfare support
EW
electronic warfare
EXT
external
Fa x
facsimile
FID
foreign internal defense
FIWC
Fleet Information Warfare Center
FM
field manual; frequency modulation
FO
fiber optic
FOB forward operations (operational) base (FOB)
FTP functional component command
fw d GBS GCCS general support (GS)
Glossary-8
That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. (J P 1-02)
forward operational base In special operations, a base usually located in friendly territory or afloat that is established to extend command and control or communications or to provide support for training and tactical operations. Facilities may be established for temporary or longer duration operations and may include an airfield or an unimproved airstrip, an anchorage, or a pier. A forward operations base may be the location of special operations component headquarters or a smaller unit that is controlled and/or supported by a main operations base. (J P 1-02) file transfer protocol A command normally, but not necessarily, composed of forces of two or more Military Departments which may be established across the range of military operations to perform particular operational missions that may be of short duration or may extend over a period of time. (J P 1-02) forward Global Broadcast Service global command and control system 1. Support that is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof. (FM 101-5-1)
FM 3-05.10.1
2. That support which is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof. (J P 1-02) Global Broadcast Service (GBS)
GMF GMFSC GPS GS GSC
A multicast system that allows simultaneous broadcasts of a variety of data and video products. It is designed to provide a system of information sources, uplink sites, broadcast satellites, and receiver terminals, as well as management processes, for requesting and coordinating the distribution of information products. (GBS is under development.) ground mobile forces ground mobile forces satellite communication global positioning system general support group support company
HA
humanitarian assistance
HF
high frequency
HHC HHMMWV HMSC HN host nation
HQ HSC Hz
headquarters and headquarters company Heavy High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle h e a d q u a r t e r s a n d m a in s u p p o r t c o m p a n y host nation A nation which receives the forces and/or supplies of allied nations and/or NATO organizations to be located on, or operate in, or to transit through its territory. (J P 1-02) headquarters headquarters and support company hertz
ICOM
integrated COMSEC
IHFR
improved high-frequency radio
IMO information infosphere
INMARSAT interoperability
information management officer Unprocessed data of every description that may be used in the production of intelligence. A theoretical global network of military and commercial communications systems and networks that link databases and fusion centers. The concept includes the ability of the warrior to “plug-in and plug-out” regardless of location, time and mission. (C4I Handbook) International Maritime Satellite 1. The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use
Glossary-9
FM 3-05.10.1
the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. (DOD) 2. The condition achieved among communications-electronics systems or items of communications-electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases. (J P 1-02) I/O IO
information operations
IP
Internet Protocol
IPR ISDN ISOCA ISOFAC ITSDN J6 J ANAP JBS JBS(V1)
Internet Protocol Router Integrated Services Digital Network Improved Special Operations Communications Assemblage isolation facility Integrated Tactical Strategic Data Network command, control, and communications systems directorate of a joint staff J oint Army Navy Allied Procedures Joint Base Station Joint Base Station (Variant 1)
J CCC
joint communications control center
JCSE
Joint Communications Support Element
JCSS
Joint Communications Support Squadron
JCU JDISS J FA C C JFC JFSOCC joint joint communications control center (JCCC)
Glossary-10
input/output
Joint Communications Unit J oint Deployable Intelligence Support System joint force air component commander J o i n t Fo r c e C o m m a n d J oint Force Special Operations Component Commander Connotes activities, operations, organizations in which elements of two or more Military Departments participate. (J P 1-02) An element of the J6 established to support a joint force commander. The joint communications control center (JCCC) serves as the single control agency for the management and direction of the joint force command, control, communications, and computers systems. The JCCC may include plans and operations administration, system control, and frequency management systems. (J P 1-02)
FM 3-05.10.1
joint doctrine
joint force
joint operations
Fundamental principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more Services in coordinated action toward a common objective. It will be promulgated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the combatant commands, Services, and Joint Staff. (J P 1-02) A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force commander. (J P 1-02) A general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces, or by Service forces in relationships (e.g., support, coordinating authority), which, of themselves, do not create joint forces. (J P 1-02)
joint search and rescue center (JSRC)
A primary search and rescue facility suitably staffed supervisory personnel and equipped for planning, coordinating, and executing joint search and rescue and combat search and rescue operations within the geographical area assigned to the joint force. The facility is operated jointly by personnel from two or more Services or functional components or it may have a multinational staff of personnel from two or more allied or coalition nations (multinational search and rescue center). The joint search and rescue center should be staffed equitably by trained personnel drawn from each joint force component, including U.S. Coast Guard participation where practical.
joint task force (JTF)
A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense, a combatant commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander. (J P 1-02)
J o i n t Wo r l d w i d e Intelligence Communications System (JWICS) JP JPOTF J SOACC
A secure, high-capacity, TS -SCI-level telecommunications network that can handle digitized products, such as voice, imagery, graphics, a n d near-full-motion video. J WICS interconnects CINC J2s with the component intelligence organizations and any deployed intelligence elements. joint publication joint psychological operations task force J oint Special Operations Air Component Commander
JSOLE
joint special operations liaison element
J S O TF
joint special operations task force
JSRC JTF J WICS kbps
by
joint search and rescue center joint task force J oint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System kilobits per second
kHz
kilohertz
LAN
local area network
Glossary-11
FM 3-05.10.1
LNO local area network (LAN) LOS LP I/D LTU MARFOR MB MMR mbps METT-TC
A group of computers, usually connected over short distances (less than 1,000 feet), to exchange information and share resources. (C4I Handbook) line-of-sight low probability of intercept/detection line termination unit Marine Forces Multiband Multi-Mission Radio megabits per second m i s s i o n , e n e m y, t e r r a i n a n d w e a t h e r, t r o o p s available, time available, and civil considerations
MGS
message gateway system
MHz
megahertz
MID
military intelligence detachment
MIL-STD
Materiel Management Center
MMT
multimedia terminal
MSE
mobile subscriber equipment
NAS
Naval Air Station
NATO NAVFOR N /C NC
N o r t h At l a n t i c T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n Navy Forces no channel North Carolina National Command Authorities
NCS
Net Control Station
N-level (unclassified but sensitive) Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) NSA NSWTG OCONUS
support
The President and the Secretary of Defense or their duly deputized alternates or successors. (J P 1-02)
NCA
NIPRNET
and
Military Standard
MMC
National Command A u t h o r i t ie s ( N C A )
Glossary-12
liaison officer
N-level (unclassified but sensitive) Internet Protocol Router Network The unclassified portion of the Defense Information Systems Network. Replaces MILNET portion of the Defense Data Network. SIPRNET users transmit and receive unclassified data from a variety of subsystems and applications. (C4I Handbook) National Security Agency Navy Special Warfare Task Group outside the continental United States
FM 3-05.10.1
OPCEN
operations center
OP CON
o p e r a t i o n a lc o n t r o l
operational control (OP CON)
OPORD OTAR OTC paramilitary forces
PC
Transferable command authority that may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command. Operational control is inherent in combatant command (command authority). Operational control may be delegated and is the authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. Operational control includes authoritative direction over aspects of military operations and joint training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the command. Operational control should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders. Operational control normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and to employ those forces as the commander in operational control considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions. Operational control does not, in and of itself, include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. (J P 1-02) operations order Over the Air Rekeying over-the-counter Forces or groups which are distinct from the regular armed forces of any country, but resembling them in organization, equipment, training, or mission. (J P 1-02) personal computer
PDC
PSYOP development center; personal data controller
PDS
product distribution system
P OAS
Psychological Operations Automated System
POG
Psychological Operations Group
prod
production
product PSRC Psychological Operations (PSYOP)
Any visual, audio, or audiovisual item generated disseminated in support of a PSYOP program. (FM 33-1)
and
Presidential Selected Reserve Call-up Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of Psychological Operations is to induce or reinforce foreign
Glossary-13
FM 3-05.10.1
a t t i t u d e s a n d behavior favorable to the originator’s objectives. (J P 1-02) PSYOP RCC RF RGR RIB RSSC RTS
remote controller radio frequency R anger radio interface box Regional Space Support Center remote trunking systems
S2
intelligence officer
S3
operations officer
S6
signal officer
SA
security assistance
SATCOM S AV S E R S U P SCAMP I SCI SCIF Secret Internet Protocol Router Network ( S I P R N E T)
security assistance
sensitive compartmented information (SCI)
SER Service Component Command
Glossary-14
Psychological Operations
satellite communications Signal Audio Visual Service Supplement (Is not an acronym) sensitive compartmented information sensitive compartmented information facility The Secret-level packet data portion of the Defense Information Systems Network. Replaces DSNET 1 portion of the Defense Data Network. SIPRNET users transmit and receive classified data up to the Secret/NOFORN level from a variety of subsystems and applications. (C4I Handbook) Group of programs authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, as amended, or other related statutes by which the United States provides defense articles, military training, and other defenserelated services, by grant, loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives. (J P 1-02) All information and materials bearing special community controls i n d i c a t i n g r e s t r i c t e d h a n d l i n g w i t h i n p r e s e n t a n d fu t u r e community intelligence collection programs and their end products for which community systems of compartmentation have been or will be formally established. These controls are over and above the provisions of DOD 5200.1-R, Information Security Program Regulation. (J P 1-02) server A command consisting of the Service component commander and all those Service forces, such as individuals, units, detachments, organizations, and installations under the command, including
FM 3-05.10.1
the support forces that have been assigned to a combatant command, or further assigned to a subordinate unified command or joint task force. (J P 1-02) SF SFBS
Special Forces Special Forces Base Station
SFG(A)
Special Forces Group (Airborne)
SFOB
Special Forces operational base
SFOD
Special Forces operational detachment
SFODA
Special Forces operational detachment A
SFODB
Special Forces operational detachment B
SHF sig
super high frequency signal
SIGCEN
signal center
SIGDET
signal detachment
SIGINT
signals intelligence
signals intelligence (SIGINT)
1. A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence, electronics intelligence, and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, however transmitted. 2. Intelligence derived from communications, electronics and foreign instrumentation signals. (J P 1-02)
SIMO SINCGARS single side band
SIPRNET SMRS SO SOA SOATC SOC SOCA SOCCE
Systems Integration and Maintenance Office Single-Channel and Ground Airborne R adio System A system of radio communications in which the carrier and either the upper or lower sideband is removed from AM transmission to reduce the channel width and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. (FM 24-18) Secret Internet Protocol Router Network Special Mission Radio System special operations special operations aviation Special Operations Aviation Training Company Special Operations Command special operations communications assemblage special operations command and control element
SOCCENT
Special Operations Command Central
SOCEUR
Special Operations Command Europe
Glossary-15
FM 3-05.10.1
SOCKOR
Special Operations Command Korea
SOCP AC
Special Operations Command Pacific
SOCSOUTH SOF SOFTACS SOI
special operations forces Special Operations Forces Tactical Assured Connectivity System signal operating instruction
SOSB
Special Operations Support Battalion
SOSCOM
Special Operations Support Command
SOTA S p it f i r e SPT S P TC E N SR
support operations team Alpha Alternate name for the PSC-5, a UHF single-channel SATCOM system. support support center special reconnaissance
SSB
single side band
STE
secure terminal equipment
STEP STU-III subordinate unified command
supported commander
supporting commander
SW
Glossary-16
Special Operations Command South
standard tactical entry point Secure Telephone Unit-III A command established by commanders of unified commands, when so authorized through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for unified commands. A subordinate unified command may be established on an area or functional basis. Commanders of subordinate unified commands have functions and responsibilities similar to those of the commanders of unified commands and exercise operational control of assigned commands and forces within the assigned joint operations area. Also called subunified command. (J P 1-02) The commander having primary responsibility for all aspects of a task assigned by the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan or other joint operation planning authority. In the context of joint operation planning, this term refers to the commander who prepares operation plans or operation orders in response to requirements of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (J P 1-02) A commander who provides augmentation forces or other support to a supported commander or who develops a supporting plan. Includes the designated combatant commands and Defense agencies as appropriate. (J P 1-02) shortwave
FM 3-05.10.1
Synchronous Optical Network
An American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard defining a set of very high-speed fiber-optic communications protocols, ranging from 51.84 mbps (equivalent to 28 T-1 circuits) to 13219.2 mbps (equivalent to 7140 T-1 circuits). (C4I Handbook)
TA
traffic analysis
tac
tactical
TACON TACP TACSAT t a c t i c a l c o n t r o l ( TA C O N )
TALO TBD TCAE TCS technical control
TOC tm
tactical control tactical air control party tactical satellite Command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or military capability or forces made available for tasking, that is limited to the detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned. Tactical control is inherent in operational control. Tactical control may be delegated to and exercised at any level at or below the level of combatant command. (J P 1-02) theater airlift liaison officer to be determined technical control and analysis element theater communications system The executive authority to regulate and supervise technical activities by providing specialized or professional guidance and direction. tactical operations center team
TOE
table of organization and equipment
T PA
tactical packet adapter
TPB
tactical PSYOP battalion
TPC
tactical PSYOP company
TPD
tactical PSYOP detachment
TPDD
tactical PSYOP development detachment
TPN
tactical packet network
TPT
tactical PSYOP team
transmission authentication transmission security
See authentication. The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. (J P 1-02)
Glossary-17
FM 3-05.10.1
TRI-TAC T-SCIF TSS R UHF unified command plan
tri-service tactical communications tactical SCI facility Troposphere Satellite Support R adio ultra high frequency The document, approved by the President, which sets forth basic guidance to all unified combatant commanders; establishes their missions, responsibilities, and force structure; delineates the general geographical area of responsibility for geographical combatant commanders; and specifies functional responsibilities for functional combatant commanders. (JP 1-02)
UPS
uninterrupted power supply
U.S.
United States
USACAP OC
United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command
USAJFKSWCS
U n i t e d S t a t e s A r m y J o h n F. Ke n n e d y S p e c i a l Wa r f a r e C e n t e r and School
USAR USASFC
U n i t e d S t a t e s A r m y S p e c i a l Fo r c e s C o m m a n d
USASOC
United States Army Special Operations Command
USJFCOM USMTF USSOCOM
U n i t e d S t a t e s J o i n t Fo r c e s C o m m a n d United States Message Text Format United States Special Operations Command
UW
unconventional warfare
Vac
Vo l t s a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t
Vdc
Volts direct current
VHF
very high frequency
VINSON VTC WAN wide area network (WAN)
WWMCCS XCVR
Glossary-18
United States Army Reserve
A communications security device for combat net radios. video teleconferencing wide area network A group of computers or local area networks connected over relatively long distances (between buildings, cities, or even continents) to exchange information and share resources. (C4I Handbook) Worldwide Military Command and Control System transceiver
Bibliography C4I. Handbook for Integrated Planning, Appendix C: U.S. Atlantic Command, C4I Systems and Networks. May 1996.
C4ISR. Handbook for Integrated Planning. 17 April 1998. CJCSI 6212.01A.
Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of Command, Control,
Communications, Computers, and Intelligence Systems. 30 June 1995.
FM 1-108. Doctrine for Army Special Operations Aviation Forces. 3 November 1993. FM 7-85. Ranger Unit Operations. 9 June 1987. FM 11-43. The Signal Leader’s Guide. 12 June 1995. FM 24-18. Tactical Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques. 30 September 1987. FM 31-20. Doctrine for Special Forces Operations. 20 April 1990. FM 33-1. Psychological Operations. 18 February 1993. FM 34-36.
Special Operations Forces Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations.
30 September 1991. FM 41-10. Civil Affairs Operations. 14 February 2000. FM 63-24. Special Operations Support Battalion. 3 October 1995. FM 100-6. Information Operations. 27 August 1996. FM 100-25. Doctrine for Army Special Operations Forces. 1 August 1999. FM 101-5-1. Operational Terms and Graphics. 30 September 1997. JP 0-2. Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF). 24 February 1995. JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. June 1999. JP 3-05. Doctrine for Joint Special Operations. 17 April 1998. JP 3-05.3. Joint Special Operations Operational Procedures. 25 August 1993. JP 3-13. Joint Doctrine for Information Operations. 9 October 1998. JP 3-53. Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations. 10 July 1996. JP 3-57. Doctrine for Joint Civil Affairs. 21 June 1995. JP 6-0.
Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer (C4) Systems
Support to Joint Operations. 30 May 1995.
JP 6-02.
(S) Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control,
Communications, and Computer Systems (U). 1 October 1996.
Bibliography-1
FM 3-05.10.1
The Army Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Architecture. April 1997.
TM 11-5821-357-12. Operator’s and Aviation Unit Maintenance Manual, Radio Set AN/ARC 220(V)1 and AN/ARC-220(V)2. 12 April 1996.
USAJFKSWCS Pub 525-5-15.
Psychological Operations: Capabilities and Employment.
January 1999. USSOCOM Pub. C4I Architecture. May 1994. USSOCOM Pub. C4I Strategy Into the 21st Century. March 1996. USSOCOM Pub.
Deployable SCAMPI New Equipment Training and Fielding Plan. 20
February 1996. USSOCOM Pub.
The Enchiridion, Network Engineering and Operation Guidelines
Handbook. July 1997.
USSOCOM Pub. SCAMPI Security Classification Guide. December 1998. USSOCOM Pub. SCAMPI Services Summary. December 1998. USSOCOM Pub. Special Operations Command and Control Element (SOCCE) Handbook. USAJFKSWCS. 1 February 1994. USSOCOM Pub. Special Operations Forces Reference Manual. January 1998.
Bibliography-2
Index A Air Force Special Operations Forces (AFSOF), 3-2, 3-3 architectural tenets, 1-2, 1-4–1-5 Army global command and control system (AGCCS), 2-2 Army Service Component Command (ASCC), 2-6 Army Special Operations Aviation (ARSOA), 5-3, 6-1–6-6 task force, 6-3, 6-5 Army special operations forces (ARSOF) Signal Battalion, 2-4, 2-5, 3-1–3-4, 4-7, 6-5, 6-6, 9-2 Army special operations task force (ARSOTF), 2-4, 2-6, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 5-3, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5 automatic digital network (AUTODIN), 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, D-2 automatic link establishment (ALE), 1-5, 4-6, 4-7, 6-5, B-1–B-2, C-2
C Civil Affairs (CA), 1-3, 7-1–7-2 communications center (COMCEN) services, 3-2 communications security (COMSEC), 4-3, 6-1, 8-3, 9-2, C-1, C-2, D-2 concept of employment, 3-2–3-4, 4-5–4-7 crashout package, 3-4
D Defense Information Infrastructure (DII), 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6
Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), 2-1–2-2
File transfer protocol (FTP), C-3
Defense Message System (DMS), 2-1, 2-3
Internal 802.3 LAN, C-3
Defense Red Switched Network (DRSN), 2-2, 2-3
Joint Army Navy Allied Procedures (JANAP) 128, C-3
Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), 2-2, 4-7
Joint Base Station (Variant 1) (JBS[V1]), C-1–C-5
Defense Switched Network (DSN), 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, D-1
Over the Air Rekeying (OTAR), C-1
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA), 4-6, C-2
SAVSERSUP, C-3
doctrinal principles, 1-2, 1-3–1-4
STAR-T, C-3
E electronic countercountermeasure (ECCM), B-2
G global command and control system (GCCS), 2-2, 2-3, 3-2, A-3 ground mobile forces (GMF), 2-2, 4-7, 6-6
I International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT), 5-2, 8-5, 8-6
J Joint Base Station (JBS), 4-6– 4-7, C-1–C-5 Communications Gateway System (CGS)-100, C-2 COMSEC, C-1 Electronic Key Management System (EKMS), C-2
SOFTACS, C-3 United States Message Text Format (USMTF), C-3 Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE), 2-4, 2-5 Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System (JDISS), 3-2, 6-6 joint force air component commander (JFACC), 6-3, 6-4 Joint Force Command (JFC), 2-5, 6-3, 8-1 Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC), 2-3, 3-4, 3-5, 6-1, 6-3, 6-4 joint search and rescue center (JSRC), 6-4 Joint Special Operations Air Component Commander (JSOACC), 3-2, 3-3, 6-3, 6-5 joint special operations liaison element (JSOLE), 6-3–6-4
M message gateway system (MGS), 3-2 mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), 4-7, 8-6, C-2, D-2
Index-1
FM 3-05.10.1
multichannel satellite communications (SATCOM), 2-2, 3-2, 5-2
N
Synchronous Optical Network, 8-5 TACSAT, 8-5 PSYOP Communications elements, 8-2–8-4
Navy Special Warfare Task Group (NSWTG), 3-2, 3-3
broadcast company, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3
N-level (unclassified but sensitive) Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET), 2-1–2-2, 2-3, 3-2, 3-4, 8-6, 8-8, A-4
Information Management, 8-2, 8-3
O operations center (OPCEN), 4-5, 4-6
P Psychological Operations Automated System (POAS), 7-2, 8-3, 8-6 Psychological Operations (PSYOP), 8-1–8-8 PSYOP Dissemination Battalion, 8-1, 8-2 Regional PSYOP Battalion, 8-1, 8-2 Tactical PSYOP Battalion, 8-1, 8-2 PSYOP Communications, 8-4–8-8
print company, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3 PSYOP support (signal) company, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3
R Ranger regiment, 5-1–5-2, 6-5 HF SSB ALE, 5-2 INMARSAT, 5-2 Regimental S6, 5-1–5-2 SATCOM, 5-2 SIGDET, 5-2 UHF/VHF/FM/AM, 5-2
S SCAMPI, A-1–A-4 ABT, A-3 controlling hub (CHUB), A-3 GCCS, A-3
Area Common User System (ACUS), 8-4
HUB, A-3
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, 8-5
NIPRNET, A-4
Downsized Deployable Satellite Terminal (DDST), 8-6
VTC, A-1, A-3
Global Broadcast Service (GBS), 8-4 INMARSAT, 8-5, 8-6 product distribution architecture, 8-8 product distribution system (PDS), 8-4, 8-6 Reachback, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6 SIPRNET, 8-5, 8-6, 8-8
Index-2
JWICS, A-4 SIPRNET, A-3 Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET), 2-2, 2-3, 3-2, 3-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-8, A-3 SHF tri-band, 4-4, 4-7 signal center (SIGCEN), 3-2, 4-5, 4-6 signal detachment (SIGDET), 4-2–4-4, 4-6, 5-2 Single-Channel and Ground Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS), 4-7, 7-2, 9-2, C-1
Special Forces (SF), 4-1–4-7 SF FOB, 6-4 SF SOCCE, 6-4 Special Operations Aviation, 6-1 special operations command and control element (SOCCE), 3-3, 4-2, 4-5, 6-4 special operations communications assemblage (SOCA), 3-2, 3-4, 4-6, 4-7, 6-5, 9-2 Special Operations Forces Tactical Assured Connectivity System (SOFTACS), 4-4, 4-6, 4-7, C-2, D-1–D-2 AUTODIN, D-2 deployable LAN, D-2 Integrated Servides Digital Network (ISDN), D-2 JINTACCS, D-2 message gateway server, D-2 remote trunking systems (RTS), D-1, D-2 Troposphere Satellite Support Radio (TSSR), D-1, D-2 Special Operations Support Command (SOSCOM), 9-1–9-2 ARSOF Support Battalion, 9-2 Assistant Theater Signal Office (ATSO), 9-1 standard tactical entry point (STEP), 2-2, 2-3 support center (SPTCEN), 4-5
T tactical LAN, 4-4, 4-7 Theater Special Operations Command, 2-3–2-4
FM 3-05.10.1
tri-service tactical communications (TRI-TAC), 3-2, 4-7, C-2, D-2
U USSOCOM, A-1
V video teleconferencing (VTC), 3-2, 6-6, A-1, A-3, D-1 voice and message switching, 3-2
Index-3
PIN: 078359-000
