Flow Assurance Presentation - Rune Time 3

Scandpower Petroleum Technology

Flow Assurance and Multiphase flow part III Prof. Rune W. Time Depart Dep artmen mentt of Pet Petrol roleum eum Engin Engineer eering ing Univ Un iver ersi sity ty of of St Stav avan ange gerr

Seminar Seminar at Aker Solutions, Solutions, Stavanger Stavanger – May 31st, 2011

ut ine an time sc e u e

I : 8.3 8.30 0 – 9.15 9.15

Flow regimes and impact on phase slippage, fluid concentrations and pressure drop in

II : 9.25 9.25 – 10.1 10.15 5 Hydrates, wax and asphaltenes

III: 10.25 -11.00 Multi Multipha phase se flow flow – in influ fluenc encee from from n er aces, compress on e ec s an waves

2 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Solutions, Stavanger Stavanger - May31st, 201 2011 1

PART III Multiphase flow , compression effects and waves

3 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Slug types • Hydrodynamic slugging (Horizontal pipes)

-

•

• Severe slugging (stronger version of terrain slugging)

Severe slu in , or terrain induced slu in , ma occur at low flowrates when a downwards inclined or horizontal pipeline is connected to a vertical riser. for the receiving process, followed by periods of very high oil and production rates. 4 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Terrain induced slugging

http://pipeliner.com.au/ news/super_cooper_sa n os_cooper_ as n_p peline_network/012082

Gas

Cond


Slug catcher facility - Melkøya


Severe slugging . REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium

http://www.ljll.math.upm c.fr/gallery/files/coquel_ slugging-en.htm


Structural damages due to high flows

to slug loading

IAF Das: “The Characteristics and Forces due to ugs n an ape ser , es s Cranfield 2003

Flexible riser configurations with severe slugging

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

8

Mechanical loads on bends due to severe slugging en

Flow Resultant force on bend: FR



2 Av

2


Minimizing Severe slugging

REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium Figure 8.3: Pressure drop in riser, choke and combined riser + choke, for fixed liquid f low rate. From Schmidt et al.,1985

Other solutions: - Riser gas lift ? .. .. 10 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Wave propagation in two-phase flow • Surface waves: • Stratified flow Interface friction • Slu flow see movie - later

Liquid transport

• Concentration waves in bubbly systems

(wave speed may influence cross correlation flowmeters) • Pressure waves – sound speed – choked flow


Stratified interface drag - I http://www.thermopedia.co m/video/2/stratified_wave

• For stratified flow in pipelines the interface is found to be smooth for

water for gas velocities less than approximately 3 m/s. At this velocity small amplitude regular Jeffrey waves appear at the interface. • Above about 5 m/s Kelvin-Helmholtz waves are generated. For

velocities of about 10 m/s droplets are spewed from the crest of the . • For liquids with a viscosity greater than 15 centipoise the interface is

smooth for gas velocities less than 5 m/s and Kelvin-Hetmholtz waves are generated above this velocity. • The appearance of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves is accompanied by a large

. R. V. A. Oliemans (ed.), Computational fluid Dynamics for the Petrochemical Process Industry. ”Separated flow modelling and interfacial transport phenomena”, THOMAS J. HANRATTY

12

Strati ie inter ace rag - II e wave e g s or s ra e ows n p pe nes are roug y o e order of 0.5 to 5 mm so they protrude into the gas space an appreciable distance. •

• The magnitude of the form drag should increase linearly with the wave

height, h, and with the number of waves per unit length. corre a on y n r sos ase on measuremen s or . cm an cm pipelines and for liquids with viscosities of 1-70 centipoise is: h i fi  1  18   , where fi  2 •

s

2

.

G

Here fs is the friction factor for a smooth interface.

Example: h = 5mm, = 2cm

fi / fs = 5.5

More than five times higher interfacial drag! 13 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Hydrodynamic slugging Kadri Mudde, Oliemans, Bonizzi, Andreussi : ”Prediction of the transition from stratified to slug flow or roll-waves in gas–liquid horizontal pipes”, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 35 (2009) 1001–

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability Slug flow

Video: K-H Ugs4p4 Uls 0p3 later2

14


Interfaces - liquid accumulation, wall wetting, and corrosion CO2 and H2S may attack ”washed” pipeline parts lacking inhibitor .

Transportability ang ng rop e

Flattened dro let

y org an ugs a : Gas Pipelines”, 2007:

op o

ne

orros on an

a er

on ensa on

a es n

e

Water condensing in the top of a wet gas pipeline will form small droplets or a thin film on the s ee sur ace. e con ense wa er can ecome rap y supersa ura e w corros on products, resulting in increased pH and iron carbonate film formation. 15


Pressure waves, choked flow - and process control challenge

Case: The pipeline carries a dispersed bubble flow. Valve A is opened 1:100 (relative i e). The flow does not change when valve B is regulated. What is going on? Flow upstream A; Qmix = 15 L/s , Gas fraction 10%, pipeline D = 10cm , =19 Valve opening (ratio area to pipe area): 1:100

Mix velocity in pipe restriction Flow velocity in valve A 190 m/s. suc g gas rac on s ea s o c o e son c ow Choked flow can give loss of “conventional control”. However, w en va ve s su c en y c o e , va ve ex s e c o ng condition, and B gets back control. Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

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): Flow speed cannot exceed sound speed in the relevant fluid

Chung, Park, and Lee: “ for two-phase critical flow”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 276 (2004) 13–26


The challenge of calculating pressure drop in long traverses T e pressure gra ient varies a ong t e pipe due to variation in pipe diameter, inclination and mixture density (pressure dependent)

Pout

in

Pressure at exit:

P

 P  P

Sum of pressure drop in all pipe segment

Challenge in multiphase flow: • The pressure profile depends on the pressure !

. 18 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Numerical simulators available Steady-state: • PIPESIM (Schlumberger) • PIPEFLOW (SPT Group)

Dynamic , transient: •

, • TACITE, 1D • OLGA, 1D • LEDA 2D-3D

ttp: www.aspentec .com core aspen- ysys.aspx (http://www.ann.jussieu.fr/ERTint/pdf/Tacite.pdf) (IFE 1908, Scandpower 89-92, WOLGA,SPT Group) (TotalFinaElf,Conoco and SINTEF)

Well flow and drilling : Drillbench (IRIS) Quality assurance in using commercial packages: - Make sure to have simple inhouse models (semianalytical + numerical) for

checking and comparisons (”common sense”), e.g. mec anistic mo e s a a aite an u er - nee e

or transparency 19


Taitel and u er mo e Ph sics based

Liquid holdup

Flow regime models e.g. slug (K-H):

Pressure gradient 20

Model output

– Taitel and Dukler ”in-house” program 1 0.9

Liquid height for stratified flow case

X = 23.5829 hL /D = 0.87219

0.8 0.7 0.6

D / . L h

=

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

-2

10

2

10

4

10

UGS = 0.01 m/s

80 n j s k n u f r e l k u D g o l e t i a T l a u d i s e R

0

10

X

100 ULS = 0.01 m/s

60

Y=0 X = 556.152 X = 23.5829

uG = 0.13419 m/s uL = 0.010805 m/s

40

Flow regime determination and pressure gradient

ReG = 65.8739

20

ReL = 137.2857

0

hlt = 0.87219

Flow re ime determination: - Stratified Smooth - Stratified Wavy

-20 -40

FINAL REGIME: Stratified Wavy

-60

Pressure gradient: 0.47121 (Pa/m]

-

-100

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

h /D L


21

QUIZ: A simple(st) case of two-phase flow Equal inflow QL = QG

Horizontal pipeline

Gas

3 1

Stabilized interface ?

qu

• • Any guideline principles after all ….. ? Previous slide showed a calculation with Stratified flow, and equal flowrates of gas and liquid : Liquid height = 0.87. Pipe diameter - Liquid level rises! 22 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Flow assurance and multi hase flow at UIS Staff members • Malcolm Kelland (Hydrate LCI, production chemicals)

,

,

gas) •

,

,

,

,

injection . , sequestration, multiphase metering and advanced flow instrumentation •

In addition several PhD’s and postdocs 23 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Multiphase flow laboratory


Multiphase Projects at UIS - I S an researc and IRIS -

ac t es at

S

ttp: www.u s.no

-

- medium scale (20 m pipelines oil+air, 10 m water + air) - flow regime analysis of gas-liquid flows in horisontal pipes (oil-air) - terrain and severe slugging (with Iris) Minneapolis) - drag reducers for oil-water production systems

.

- underbalanced drilling and managed pressure drilling (with Iris and Petrobras) - down-hole metering systems (Aker Maritime, IPCsystem) - hole cleaning and cuttings transport (particle transport) in near horisontal pipes (10 m slightly flow loop - with Statoil) - erosion by particles in wells and production lines 25 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Mu tip ase Projects at UIS - II Multiphase flow metering techniques in our laboratory - , - Capacitance and impedance techniques (tomography - with Texaco, and norwegian research institutes) - Ultrasonics for measurement of thin liquid layers in pipes (for Conoco Phillips) - PIV and LDA (Dantecdynamics systems) - High speed video and PIV (Financed by NRC) - Microwave multiphase flowmeters (with MPM – MultiPhase Meters) ( http://www.mpm.biz/Portals/39/Performance%20Oct%2005.pdf )

:

,

In addition projects within combustion and gas-dynamics - CO2 capture in oxy-fuel processes (with IRIS, NRC, StatoilHydro and Shell) 26 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

End

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Flow Assurance Presentation - Rune Time 3

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