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Image Denoising is an important pre processing task which is used before further processing of image. The purpose of denoising is to remove the noise while retaining the edges and other detailed features. This noise gets introduced during the process
Loa Lo ad and Haul Haul Fleet leet Se Select lectio ionn Based Based on Fixed Fixed Plant Plant Product Produ ctio ionn
Loa Lo ad and Haul Fleet leet Se Select lectio ionn Based Based on o n Fixed Plant Plant Product rod uction ion
Ways to Estimate Productivity !!
The typical view is machine centred …
What are we going to do ? • Review an approach which uses Crusher Output to drive fleet selection. • Use a simple spreadsheet to manage this process e.g. no bunching or cycle mismatch included. • Tie in the relevant concepts of earth and rock moving into this process. • Seek to reinforces the outlook that You can’t Manage what you don’t Measure !
Key Questions Addressed What are the Production Targets and Rates for Fixed Plant? How much Time is Available? What Primary Load & Haul Production is required? What is the Load Area Production Rate ? What is the Match of Loading Tool and Haulers ? What does our Reality look like?
How much of an Hour does the Loading Tool spend Loading?
What are the Cycle Times for Haulers and Loading Tool? What is the Key Characteristic of the Material?
Bunching and Cycle Mismatch
Quarry Contacts • Queensland and Northern Territory • Paul Soden
Hastings Deering,
Brisbane
WesTrac,
Sydney
William Adams,
Melbourne
William Adams,
Launceston
Cavpow er
Adelaide
WesTrac
Perth
• New South Wales • Andrew Black
• Victoria • Ian Collins
• Tasmania • Stuart Mc Donald
• South Australia • Mark Taylor
• Western Australia • Steve Sakich
Any Questions ?
Concepts • Time Available • Work Days per year • Work Hours per Day • Job Efficiency – Work Minutes per Work Hour • Load Area Activities
• Material Density • Load Factor and Fragmentation
• Fleet Match • Cycle Times • Bucket to Body Sizing – Effective Pass Ratios
• Bucket Fill Factor
Concepts • Time Available • Work Days per year • Work Hours per Day • Job Efficiency – Work Minutes per Work Hour • Load Area Activities
• Material Density • Load Factor and Fragmentation
• Fleet Match • Cycle Times • Bucket to Body Sizing – Effective Pass Ratios
• Bucket Fill Factor
Work Hours Available per Year Availability & Utilization An Example Job Efficiency Factors Mismatch Bunching Operator Efficiency (85% Job Efficiency)
Machine Availability Loss Off Time Loss Utilization Loss Unscheduled Downtime Holidays Ready, but unmanned (90% On-Shift Availability) Weather Shift Change (4.1% Off Time) Lunch & Meetings Scheduled Downtime &PM's (87.5% Utilization)
Load & Haul Work Hours per Day Load and Haul Scheduled Hours / Day 10 hours less Non Operational Time Mobilisation Toolbo x Talk - Insp ect - Transit Transi t - Refuel - Shut Dow n Breaks i nclud ing Transit time AM / PM Breaks Lunch Subtotal of Non Operatio nal Time
less Non Primary Lo ad and Haul Stock movement Overburden Subtot al Non-Primary Lo ad and Haul
Work Hours per Day
0.75 hours 0 hours 0.75 hours
7.5 hours
Job Efficiency / Work Minutes per Work Hour Job Efficiency is one of the most complex elements of estimating production since it is influenced by factors such as operator skill, minor repairs and adjustments, personal delays and delays caused by job layout. An approximation of efficiency, if no job data is available, is given below.
Operation Day Night
Working Hour 50 minute hour 45 minute hour
Efficiency Factor 0.83 0.75
These factors do not account for delays due to weather or machine downtime for maintenance and repairs.You must account for such factors based on experience and local conditions.
What about time lost for watering the load area ?
Analysis of Face Loader Activity Load Are a Acti v ity of Whe el Loader Prepari ng to Load 17 %
Non-Loading Act iv ities 30 %
Predig Pile 8% Loading Truc k 54 %
Remove Oversize 17 %
Maintain Floor 2% Clean Floor 3%
Concepts • Time Available • Work Days per year • Work Hours per Day • Job Efficiency – Work Minutes per Work Hour • Load Area Activities
• Material Density • Load Factor and Fragmentation
• Fleet Match • Cycle Times • Bucket to Body Sizing – Effective Pass Ratios
• Bucket Fill Factor
Density of Materials Material Gravel - pit run Earth-dry Earth- wet Clay – natural bed Topsoil Shale Granite -broken Limestone
Concepts • Time Available • Work Days per year • Work Hours per Day • Job Efficiency – Work Minutes per Work Hour • Load Area Activities
• Material Density • Load Factor and Fragmentation
• Fleet Match • Cycle Times • Bucket to Body Sizing – Effective Pass Ratios
• Bucket Fill Factor
Machine Production CYCLE TIME
Operator Skill
LOAD Fixed Time
RETURN Variable Time
Delays
HAUL
DUMP
Variable Time
Fixed Time
Loading Tool / Hauler Pass Match
Concepts • Time Available • Work Days per year • Work Hours per Day • Job Efficiency – Work Minutes per Work Hour • Load Area Activities
• Material Density • Load Factor and Fragmentation
• Fleet Match • Cycle Times • Bucket to Body Sizing – Effective Pass Ratios
• Bucket Fill Factor
Bucket Fill Factor (BFF) Material
BFF as % of Heaped Capacity
Moist Loam Sand and Gravel Mix Rock - Well Blasted Rock - Poorly Blasted 12 –20mm Aggregate
A BC-
100-120 % 95-110 % 80 - 95 % 50 - 75 % 85 - 90
A C
B
BFF for Wheel Loader buckets tend to be 5 – 10 % higher than Excavator buckets due to different angles of repose for SAE rating. PHB 42 Pages 4-156, 9-161
Quarry Contacts • Queensland and Northern Territory • Paul Soden
