Straightness Straightness is a condition in which an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line Straight edge: – It – It is the most commonly used tool for establishing and checking straightness of a surface. – It – It consists of a rectangular steel bar with a narrow cross section and the edge is precisely machined.
Straightness Straightness is a condition in which an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line Straight edge: – It – It is the most commonly used tool for establishing and checking straightness of a surface. – It – It consists of a rectangular steel bar with a narrow cross section and the edge is precisely machined.
Straightness Control
Separation of Roughness, Waviness and Form
Straight edges
Use of straight edge in conjunction with feeler gages
Wavelength Domain and Functional Performance Crankshaft Pin Profile
(l o n g w a v e l en g t h c o m p o n e n t s) 4 2 0
m µ -2 -4 -6
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Crankshaft Pin Profile
(m i d d l e w a v e l en g t h c o m p o n e n t s) 1 0 -1
m µ -2 -3 -4 0
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Crankshaft Pi n Profile
( sh o r t w a v el e n g t h c o m p o n e n t s) 1 0 -1 m µ -2 -3 -4 0
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Auto-collimator
Auto-collimator or level test of surface straightness
Auto-collimator used for checking the straightness of lathe-bed guide-ways
Optical Instruments
Point source of light in focal plane of a collimating lens
x Projection of a point source being reflected from an inclined reflector
f 2
Electronic Levels
Electronic Level
Electronic Level
Auto-collimator
Auto-collimator or level test of surface straightness
Auto-collimator used for checking the straightness of lathe-bed guide-ways
Auto-collimator test results
Auto-collimator test results
Graphs of cumulative error and actual error in a machine bed, determined using an auto-collimator
Flatness A surface is said to be flat if the following conditions are satisfied: a) All generators must be straight. b) All generators must lie in the same plane.
A surface, all of whose generators(lines) parallel to the sides are straight, but which is not flat.
Flatness Control
Interference fringes on a flat surface
Formation of interference fringes on a flat surface viewed under an optical flat in a parallel beam of monochromatic light
Convex surface
Measurement Grids
A generalized ‘Union Jack’, or rectangular measurement grid with seven horizontal and seven vertical generators
Measurement Grids
A ‘Union Jack’ measurement grid with the same node spacing along all generators
Measurement Grids
A triangular, or hexagonal, measurement grid with five rows, seven vertices on each odd-numbered row and eight vertices on each even-numbered row.
Flatness test
Procedure for performing flatness test on a surface: • Carry out a normal straightness test on each generator. • Tabulate each set of results only as far as the cumulative error column. • Correct the ends of AC, AG and CG to zero. This gives the heights of points A, C and G as zero and these points then constitute an arbitrary plane relative to which the heights of all other points may be determined.
Flatness test •
From the above step, the height of O is known relative to the arbitrary plane ACG = OOO. As O is the common mid-point of AC, CG, BF and HD all points on AE are now fixed. This is done by leaving A = O and correcting O on AE to coincide with the mid-point O on CG.
•
Correct all other points on AE by an amount proportionate to the movement of its mid-point. Note that E is twice as far from A as the mid-point, its correction is double that of O, the mid-point.
•
As E is now fixed and C and G are set at zero, it is possible to put in CE and GE, proportionally correcting all intermediate points on these generators.
•
The positions of H and D, and B and F, are known so it is now possible to fit in lines HD and BF. This provides a check on previous evaluation since the mid-point of these lines should coincide with the known position of O, the mid-point of the surface.
Cumulative Errors of Lines of test
Flatness test on a sample surface
Three corners of a surface adjusted to zero to enable the height of the mid-point to be fixed relative to a plane through the corners. This enables the height of the other corner to be determined
Test - Continued
Test - Continued
Height of all measured points related to an arbitrary plane ACG
