1
Content Ṣalāh Times
3
Adhān & Iqāmah
6
Shurūt of Ṣalāh
13
Arkān of Ṣalāh
16
Arkān, Wājibāt & Sunan of Ṣalāh
18
Makrūh Acts of Ṣalāh
24
Mubāh Acts of Ṣalāh
25
Difference between Men and Women in Ṣalāh
26
Ṣalāt’l-Musāfir
27
Nullifiers of Ṣalāh
30
Acts that Allow Departure from Ṣalāh
31
Sujūd’l-Sahw
32
Praying in Congregation
33
The Masjid
38
Ṣalāt’l-Nāfilah
39
Ṣalāt’l-Jumu‘ah
45
Other Congregational Ṣalāh
47
2
Ṣalāh Times Key Ḥadīth: Ḥadīth of Jibril, Ḥadīth of Jābir ibn ‘Abdullah
Start Fajr
True dawn (al-Fajr’l-Ṣādiq) Once twilight becomes visible lengthways across the sky, connected to the horizon
End Sunrise (Ṭulū‘ al-Shams)
H. Bukhāri Prophet S.A.W. gesturing the way true dawn appears, as explained by Al-Zuhri: Spread left and right horizontally Appears in the high sky Lower down is not the real dawn Not the false/first dawn (al-Fajr’l-Kādhib) A short time where a small amount of light appears directly overhead—before the true dawn Ẓuhr
‘Aṣr
Sun starts to decline to the West post its zenith (zawāl/midday) Al-Isra’, 78 …from the time the sun is past its zenith…
Mālik, Aḥmad, Shāfi‘ī Once the shadow of each object is the same as its length + length at zenith
Just after Ẓuhr
Before the sun has set (the disk of the sun disappear from the horizon) H. Bukhāri …a rak‘ah of the ‘Aṣr prayer befor the sun sets…
Abu Ḥanīfah Once the shadow of each object is twice the length of the original object + length at zenith H. Bukhāri Delaying of Ẓuhr when the heat becomes intense
When the sun becomes bright and yellow H. Muslim …time for ‘Aṣr continues as long as the sun has not become bright… * Valid but makrūh to pray this late
3
Start Maghrib
Once the sun has set and the disk disappears on the horizon Concencus Best time is to pray straight after sunset
---------------------Length of Maghrib Mālik, new position of Shāfi‘ī Time it takes to make wuḍu’, put some clothes on, do the adhān and iqāmah, and pray 5 rak‘ah (Based on their understanding of hadīth of Jibril)
‘Isha’
Majority Once redness and twilight has disappeared from the sky Preferred time Until a third or half of the night (night starting from Maghrib to Fajr) H. Tirmidhi … I would have ordered them to delay their ‘Isha’ until a third of the night or half…
Witr
After ‘Isha’
End Majority (Aḥnāf, Ḥanābilah, most apparent from the Shawāfi‘, old opinion of Shāfi‘ī) Until twilight remains in the sky H. Muslim …The time for Maghrib continues as long as the twilight has not disappeared… Twilight is… Ḥanābilah, Shāfi‘īyyah (and now Ḥanafi madhhab as well) Redness in the sky (from statement of Ibn ‘Umar R.A.) Abu Ḥanīfah Whiteness that remains on the horizon after the redness until darkness fall Majority Just before the break of true dawn Based on statement of Ibn ‘Umar + general rule that one prayer must start at the end of the next prayer (except for Fajr) H. Muslim … Negligence is when one doesn’t pray a prayer until the time of the next prayer comes…
Just before the break of dawn
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Preferred Ṣalāh Times for the Madhāhib
Fajr
Ḥanafi
Māliki
Shāfi‘ī
Ḥanbali
Delayed Prayed once the sky has started to become brighter and lighter
Earliest time
Earliest time
Earliest time
Gain pleasure of Allāh
Except Ẓuhr during intense heat
Except ‘Isha’ Ẓuhr during intense heat Maghrib if it is cloudy
Why? H. Tirmidhi …Pray Fajr when it becomes brighter*, for it is greater in reward… *Shāfi‘ī, Aḥmad, Isḥāq said “isfār” in the hadith doesn’t mean “brighten, shine, and delayed”, but “a bit lighter and clearer that Fajr has actually started” From the ‘aql: more people attend a later jamā‘ah more reward From the ‘aql: less time to wait until sunrise more people can pray 2 rak‘ah after sunrise (Ishrāq) huge reward Ẓuhr
Delayed Until it gets cooler in the hot countries Hasten In autumn and winter
‘Aṣr
Delayed More nawāfil can be done before it (makrūh to pray after ‘Aṣr)
Maghrib
Early A brief time to sit or 3 verses length between the adhān and iqāmah
‘Isha’
Delayed Until the a third of the night has passed
Witr
Delayed Until the end of the night
H. Bukhāri Ṣalāh at its appointed time = Deed most beloved to Allah H. Tirmidhi, Dāraqutni Beginning = pleasure of Allāh Middle = mercy of Allāh End = pardon of Allāh * Both narrations are weak in the Nasb May delay prayer if it means one will catch the congregation
5
Linguistic: Root word: adhdhana Proclaim something publicly (with force), to make people know something
Sunnah to do it loudly even when there is no one else H. Bukhāri Human, jinn, other creatures will bear witness on the Day of Resurrection
Ādhān
Technical: Act of worship for Allah with specific dhikr After the entering of the time for a prayer Informing of it Additional adhān (not for prayer time itself) Before Fajr adhān After Ẓuhr adhān for Jumu‘ah prayer (from the time of Uthman R.A., since the number of people in Madinah was growing)
Makkah Small number, could make jamā‘ah without any call Madinah, 1st year Masjid’l-Nabi was built to offer Ṣalāh regularly
History of the Ādhān
Madinah, 2nd year Increased number of Muslims Called out Al-Ṣalāt’l-Jāmi‘ah, but only those who heard the call came need another way to inform people Blow horn ≈ Jews Ring bells ≈ Christians Kindle a fire ≈ Fire-worshippers Prophet S.A.W. disagreed The words of adhān from ‘Abdullah ibn Zayd R.A.’s dream recognized by Prophet’s S.A.W. as true called out by Bilāl R.A. confirmed by ‘Umar R.A.’s dream
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Great rewards H. Bukhāri People would draw lots to give adhān or be in the first row Witnessed by all creatures H. Bukhāri Human, jinn, other creatures will bear witness on the Day of Resurrection
Virtue of the Ādhān
Prophet S.A.W. du‘a’ H. Abu Dāwūd, Al-Naā’ī …Guide the Imām and forgive the Mu’adhdhins… Mu’adhdhinūn = Tallest Necks H. Muslim Salaf and Khalaf differed over the meaning of this: Higher, thus safe from drowing (people will be sweating so much) Craning their necks to look at their huge rewards (spread so far) Metaphor for being leaders and best of mankind (long neck is a sign of honour and respect) Satan will run away H. Muslim Satan runs and passes wind with noise in order not to hear the adhān
Imām vs Mu’adhdhin:
Who is better?
Hanafis Imāmah and Iqāmah
Shāfi‘īs, Hanābilah Mu’adhdhin
Prophet S.A.W. and his Khulafā’ R.A. succeed each other in the prayer, not the adhān
Al-Fuṣṣilat, 33 Who speaks better than someone who calls people to Allah * Some consider this to refer to the mu’adhdhin
Nevertheless, the rewards for Mu’adhdhin is HUGE Ibn Mas’ud Wouldn’t care to do Hajj, ‘Umrah, or Jihad if he had been a Mu’adhdhin ‘Umar Al-Khaṭṭab Would be a Mu’adhdhin if it wasn’t for the Khilāfah
7
Majority Sunnah Mu’akkadah (established sunnah) to be performed in Masājid for 5 daily prayers and Jumu‘ah only
Ruling of the Ādhān
Ḥanabilah, Ibn Taymiyyah Farḍ Kifāyah (communal obligation) Ibn Ḥazm Condition for a prayer Evidences of the obligation of adhān H. Bukhāri …When it is the time for the prayer one of you should pronounce the adhān... H. Aḥmad …adhān is not given… shaytan has overpowered them… H. Al-Tirmidhi Soldiers must not attack where Masjid can be found and adhān is heard
Opinion Mālikiyyah, Shāfi‘īyyah Women’s Congregation
Individual Prayer
Iqāmah
No. May cause fitnah.
Sunnah to be said silently.
Ḥanafiyyah
No.
Ḥanābilah
Not legislated.
Shafi’ī’s position, emphasized by Ḥanafiyyah
Recommended.
Mālikiyyah Ḥanbali’s position Shafi’ī’s opinion, emphasized by Ḥanafiyyah
Missed Prayer
Adhān
Mālikiyyah
Ḥanbali’s position
No.
Recommended. Farḍ kifāyah. Recommended.
No. Adhān is to notify the time, which has already passed.
Recommended.
Farḍ kifāyah.
8
Shurūt of the Adhān 1
Given at the start of the actual ṣalāh time
2
In Arabic
3
Performed by a male Muslim
4
Loud enough for people to hear (or oneself in iqāmah)
5
Maintain order of statements
6
Performed by one individual in its entirety
9
Words of Ādhān Adhān of the Kūfīyūn (i.e. Al-Thawri, Abu Ḥanīfah) 15word version Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar (2x) Ash-hadu allā ilāha illAllāh (2x) Ash-hadu anna Muḥammadar-rasūlullāh (2x)
Māliki 19 - word version Saying the Shahādatain quietly to oneself before saying out loud.
Hayya ‘ala’l-ṣalāh (2x) Adhān of the Fajr Ṣalāh Hayya ‘ala’l-falāḥ (2x) Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar Lā ilāha illAllāh
Additional Words Ṣallū fī riḥālikum During adverse weather that could harm the muṣallin Pray at home Said after Hayya ‘ala’l-falāḥ except for Fajr adhān, where it should be said at the end (clearer) Al-ṣalatu khayrun minan nawm (2x)
Mālik, Shafi ‘ī, Aḥmad 2 adhān before the start of Fajr upon the start of Fajr During the time of Prophet S.A.W. 1st adhān: Bilāl 2nd adhān: Abdullāh Ibn Umm Maktum Abu Ḥanīfah 1 adhān upon the start of Fajr Ahl’l-Hadith If there are 2 mu’adhdhin: 2 adhān (one adhān by each mu’adhdhin) Only if the people are used to it and it does not disturb them
Said after Hayya ‘ala’l-falāḥ If there is 2 adhān: During the 1st adhān (Telling people to wake up) If there is 1 adhān: Majority + 4 imāms: Still included Minority: Not included as the adhān is not meant to wake people up
10
Etiquettes of the Adhān The Act of Calling 1
In the state of purity
2
Stand
3
Call from elevated area
4
Face Qiblah
5
Raise voice loudly
6
Insert the index fingers into the ears
7
Turn the face right and left upon saying the Ḥay’alatayn
8
Right at the beginning of Ṣalah time
9
Slow down
10
Follow rules of Tajwīd
11
No foreign speech
* Not conditions of the Adhān The Mu’adhdhin 1
Call the Iqāmah
2
Should not demand payment But can accept payment
Iqamah quick
Saying Alhamdulillah after sneezing? Some say OK as long as done quietly (part of dhikr) Safer position: Say after the adhān Responding to Taslīm? Raise hand/finger (similar to in Ṣalāh) and respond later
The People 1
Respond to the adhān
Sunnah to respond to mu’adhin i.e. real person, not a recording etc. (but OK to respond = dhikr) Good adab not to speak during the adhān (listen and respond) No prohibition to start praying during the adhān How to respond to the adhān? Repeat the exact same words At the Hay’alatayn, one sometimes respond with the Hawqalah: Lā hawla wa lā quwwata illā billāh During the Shahādatayn, sins can be forgiven (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim) by saying Ash-hadu allā ilāha illAllāh, waḥdahu lā sharīka lah, wa anna Muḥammadan ‘abduhu wa rasūluh, raḍītu billahi rabbā, wa bi Muḥammadir-rasūlā, wa bil-Islāmi dīnā
2
Recite du‘a after adhān
3
Those in the Masjid should not leave after the adhān Avoid being disrespectful or causing fitnah (confusing people)
11
Iqāmah
A call to stand up to establish the actual Ṣalāh Unanimous agreement Repeat statements of adhān Include Qad qāmatiṣ-Ṣalāh after saying Hayya ‘ala’l-falāḥ
Words of the Iqāmah
How many repetitions? Shāfi‘ī, Aḥmad (top) Once each, except for Qad qāmatiṣ-Ṣalāh (repeated twice) 11-word iqāmah Mālik Once each Abu Ḥanīfah Twice for all (like the adhān), including for Qad qāmatiṣṢalāh (repeated twice) 17-word iqāmah
When to stand up? Upon seeing the Imām entering the prayer area to performthe ṣalāh. Responding to the iqāmah? No evidence except the one that ask to respond to the Mu’adhdhin. Du‘a’ after the iqāmah? No evidence for this (only for adhān).
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Linguistic: Plural of Sharṭ (the sign, the indicator)
Shurūṭ of Ṣalāh
Technical: Evident and constant attribute Absence necessitates the absence of the action Presence does not automatically bring about its object Separate from the essence of the act itself
Pre-requisites for obligating Ṣalāh
Conditions for validating Ṣalāh
Islam Puberty Sound mind Purity (for remale)
Required and acquired to validate Ṣalāh Prior to establishment of Ṣalāh Not part of Ṣalāh
1
Performed after the time has started
2
Purification from minor/major ritual impurities
3
Removal of physical impurities from the body and the place of worship
4
Covering the ‘Awrah*
5
Facing the direction of the Qiblah *
6
Al-Niyyah *
7
Continuation of the acts of Ṣalāh without any long intermission
8
Avoiding any foreign speech (unrelated to Ṣalāh)
* See further explanation
13
Conditions for validating Ṣalāh 4
Explanation
Covering the ‘Awrah Unanimous agreement: Most preferable to fully dress up in best manner Minimum for men: Navel knees (majority)
• Navel thigh
Minimum for women: Entire body except the face and the hands Covering of the women’s feet: Abu Ḥanīfah, Ibn Taymiyyah: Not obligated in Ṣālah (treted as the hands), but ought to outside Ṣālah (according to most preferable opinion in the madhhab) Mālik, Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad: Obligated in and out of Ṣālah Accidental exposure of ‘Awrah: Judging principle: shai’un fāhish (something shocking) based on ‘uruf (cultural standard) Depends on time (length of exposure) and size (area uncovered) 5
Facing the direction of the Qiblah Ka‘bah is visible: Unanimous agreement: Obligated to face the Ka‘bah itself Ka‘bah not visible: Abu Ḥanīfah, Mālik, Ahmad: Sufficient to face the estimated direction Shāfi‘ī: Obligated to face Qiblah exactly (by following someone’s knowledge or by the best ijtihād possible not supported in Ḥadith Wrong direction? Need to repeat if one is in a Muslim area but did not ask around (unless if they had it wrong) OK as long as one follows his/her best ijtihād OK in nafl prayers while travelling 14
Conditions for validating Ṣalāh 6
Explanation
Al-Niyyah Definition: Acts of the heart Concerning the actions of the Mukallaf (the accountable party) Niyyah must match the action. Change of niyyah: Should be avoided Permissible in certain situation, e.g., praying alone imām Shafi‘ī allows imām and makmūm to have different niyyah. There is no evidence about the statement of niyyah that is uttered by the tongue may become bid‘ah if taken as part of Ṣalāh The last moment for niyyah is during the first Takbīr; one should make it before starting the prayer.
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Arkān of Ṣalāh
HADITH of the One who Erred in His Prayer
Linguistic: Plural of Rukn (strong corner where a structure is built) Pillars / integrals / essentials Technical: Evident and constant attribute Absence necessitates the absence of the Ḥukm Presence does not automatically bring about its object Part of the essence of the acts itself Most important phrase: Ḥattā taṭma’inna Until you reach a state of al-ṭuma’nīnah What is al-ṭuma’nīnah? State of peace, relaxation Not in a state of motion
Remember to inhale and exhale!
First Opinion
6 Arkān (Abu Ḥanīfah) 1
The opening Takbīr
2
Standing
3
Recitation of Qur’ān
4
Rukū‘
5
Sujūd
6
Tashahhud (Final sitting)
Abu Ḥanīfah considered the above hadith as the only one authentic enough to classify an action as a rukn. Others are classified as obligations (make it easier for people to pray)
Second Opinion
14 Arkān (Mālik, Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad)
16
14 Arkān (Mālik, Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad)
Second Opinion
1
Qiyām
2
Takbīratul Ihrām
3
Recitation of Qur’ān (Al-Fātihah)
4
Rukū‘
5
Rising up from Rukū‘
6
Sujūd
7
Coming up from Sujūd
8
Sitting calmly between two Sajdah
9
Sitting during the last Tashahhud
10
Recitation of the last Tashahhud
11
Recitation of Ṣalawāt Al-Ibrahimiyyah
12
Taslīm
13
At-Tuma’nīnah
14
Maintaining the order of the Arkān
Also in the first opinion
17
Arkān, Wājibāt and Sunan Acts of Ṣalāh Rukn
Wājib
Hadith 3 that break the prayer: donkey, black dog, women Breaking of prayer may be interpreted as decreasing the reward. To be safe, repeat the prayer if one of the above passes through a person’s praying area 1. Qiyām Standing for those who are able to
Sunnah Placing a sutra in front Marking the praying area ~1 foot after the place of prostration another person can walk in front of the sutra For individual prayer only. Sutra for congregational prayer is the imām. Spreading between the feet in standing position
If unable sit on the floor use chair lie down Sitting in nafl prayer is permissible 2. TakbīratulIhrām Saying Allāhu Akbar Takbīr in other language/form? Majority: No Abu Hanīfah: Allowed Takbīr in other language (e.g. Persian) as the intention is to praise Allāh. Can also use implied meaning, e.g., AllāhKabīr
Saying Takbīr between positions
Raising hands Shafi‘i, Ahmad Opening Takbīr Before bowing After rising from ruku‘ After finishing first Tashahhud No. 2 and no. 3 are more relaxed than the one for the opening Takbīr; No. 4 is closer to the opening Takbīr. Abu Hanīfah, Mālik Opening Takbīr only Position of hands Hadith varied In line with the ears In line with the shoulders Top position: Upper part of the hand in line with the ears, lower part of the hands in line with the shoulders
18
Rukn
Wājib
Sunnah Position of fingers/palm Fingers relaxed, not too close together, but not spread out Palm straight forward Folding the right hand on the left hand* Abu Hanīfah, Ahmad Under the navel Shafi‘i Below the chest Ibn Khuzaymah On the chest Folding of the hands Placing the right hand on top of the left hand/arm; or Clasping the wrist of the left hand with the right hand; and Not dropping the left hand Mālik hands by the sides (not folded) action of tabi‘in before him (e.g. Abdullah ibnZubayr) Imam Mālik considered folding of the hands not an important point although the hadith is reported in Muwatta‘ Imam Mālik Looking towards prostration spot In rukū‘: Looking straight down In tashahhud: Looking at the finger Commencing with the prescribed du‘a‘ Du‘a‘ Al-Iftitah: Various options (in Hisnul-Muslim)
19
Rukn 3. Recitation of the Qur’ān Majority (exc. Abu Hanīfah) Reciting Al-Fātihah
Wājib Abu Hanīfah Reciting Al-Fātihah
Sunnah Ta’mīn Saying Āmīn after finishing Al-Fātihah Abu Hanīfah, Mālik Pronounced silently Shafi‘i, Ahmad Pronounced out loud when recitation is done loudly
Saying Basmalah (part of Al-Fātihah) in Jahri ṣalāh Abu Hanīfah, Mālik, Ahmad Not out loud Shafi‘i Out loud
A short silence before and after recitation of the Qurān
Recitation of Al-Fātihah by the ma’mūm Majority No need in Jahri ṣalāh (imām has recited). Otherwise, yes. Shafi‘i, Ahmad Reciting Al-Fātihah is a must in every raka‘ah
Reciting a Sūrah after Al-Fātihah Prophet S.A.W. recited sūrah in the first two raka‘ah but left it most of the time in the third and the fourth raka ‘ah (allowed to recite) Length of sūrah Fajr: Longest Zuhr/Asr: Medium (1 or 2 pages) Maghrib: Verses (~At-Tīn) ‘Isha’: Verses (~Al-Zalzalah) Mininum: A verse (but the context must be suitable) In silent prayers (Ẓuhr/Asr), ma’mūm can recite on their own Shafi‘i: strongly encouraged
4. Rukū ‘ Bowing down straight back straight legs hands on knees, relaxed
Reciting Subḥānarabbiyal-aẓīm 1x
Completing it 3x
20
Rukn
Wājib
5. Rising up from rukū ‘ Until standing straight as before rukū‘
Reciting Sami‘ Allahulimanḥamidah, followed by (Allahumma) Rabbanā (wa) lakal-ḥamd
6. Sujūd Prostrating on 7 bones forehead + nose (1) Shafi‘i: excluding nose hands (2) knees (2) toes (2)
Reciting Subḥānarabbiyal-a‘lā 1x
Sunnah
Completing it 3x
Keeping feet together
Optimum Feet together Feet and toes pointing towards Qiblah Straight back Hands approximately at Takbīr position Fingers relaxed
It is permissible for the forehead not to touch the ground if the ground too cold/hot or no space for sajdah. But intentionally avoiding the forehead from touching the ground is impermissible. 7. Coming up from Sujūd
8. Sitting calmly between two Sajdah
Sitting position Iftirāsh (sitting on left foot, right foot propped up) Irki‘a‘ (sitting on heels) Reciting du‘a’ (Hanbali) Rabbighfirlī(3x)
Reciting dua (Majority) Combination of narrations in Abu Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhi, Hākim, Ibn Mājah and others Rabbighfirlī,warḥamnī, wa‘āfinī, wahdinī, warzuqnī, wajburnī
Sitting down and reciting the first Tashahhud
21
Rukn
Wājib
Sunnah
Placing hands on thighs during Tashahhud Pointing out the index finger during Tashahhud Hadith: Prophet S.A.W.’s fingers showing “53” Different opinions Flat/closed hands Index finger moving/remain up Top position: Index finger pointing without movement, from the beginning to the end 9. Sitting during the last Tashahhud
Sitting in Tawarruk Sitting on the floor, tucking left foot under the right shin Different opinions Mālik: Yes Shafi‘i: Yes, in all prayers Ahmad: Yes, but only in last Tashahhud of a prayer with multiple Tashahhuds (not in 2 raka‘ah prayers) correct Abu Hanīfah: No tawarruk
10. Recitation in the last Tashahhud
11. Recitation of Ṣalawāt al-Ibrahimiyyah
Recitation of prescribed du‘a’ after the final Tashahhud
22
Rukn 12. Taslīm Saying Assalāmu‘alaikum at the end
Wājib
Sunnah Turning the face* upon pronouncing the final Salām Turning only the head, showing cheek to the right only to the right and then to the left
May include warahmatullāh + wabarakātuh
Optimum: Saying Assalāmu‘alaikum warahmatullāh while turning to the right, and then to the left
13. Tuma’nīnah Being tranquil in every rukn Minimum Legal: Enough time for dhikr Practical: Enough time to inhale and exhale
14. Maintaining the order of Arkān
23
Makrūh acts in Ṣalāh
does not nullify Ṣalāh does not require sujūd as-sahw as compensation but take away from the reward of Ṣalāh
1
Omitting the wājibāt intentionally
2
Moving without excusable reason When is it too much movement? Shāfi‘ī: 3 movements If there is a need to move (e.g. ringing handphone) Minimize movement Keep to praying position as much as possible
3
Closing the eyes Why is it makrūh? Not looking at prostration spot Permissible if one cannot concentrate
4
Looking away from prostration spot
5
Praying while in need to go to the bathroom
6
Yawning
7
Spreading the forearms on the ground (in sujūd)
8
Dressing untidily
9
Wearing clothes with distracing designs/images
10
Wearing tight clothes
Sign of disrespect
Parts of ādāb
24
Mubah acts in Ṣalāh
permissible not rewarded not punished
1
Praying behind someone who is praying or sitting
2
Moving/taking action in order to remove imminent harm
3
Assisting the imām if he makes a mistake Not mustahhab unless the mistake is so bad Not to take over imām’s place
4
Responding to the salām by raising the hand After Ṣalāh respond to the salām in person
5
Responding to a caller by sign
25
Differences between Men and Women in Ṣalāh
Men
Women
Navel knees
Entire body except face and hands
Correcting imām’s mistake
Saying ṢubḥānAllāh
Clapping hands (on the thighs)
3
Position of imām
In front of the line
Middle of the first row
4
Recitation
Can be out loud
Not out loud (in case men were present)
5
Manners of the Ṣalāh
1
Covering of ‘awrah
2
?
For example: Men: Raise hands to the ears Men: Spread hands out in sujūd Men: None Men: Sit on left foot, prop up right foot
Women: Raised hands to the shoulders Women: Bring hands to the side Women: Bring stomach close to thigh Women: Sit on heels
Hadith Bukhāri: “Pray as you have seen me pray.” No evidence supporting differences in the manners of the Ṣalāh But majority of the scholars (including the 4 imāms) hold the opinion that women should pray in a manner that befits a woman (in order to protect her physique).
26
Qasr means to shorten the Ṣalāh that are 4 raka‘ah (Ẓuhr, Asr, ‘Isha’) to 2 raka‘ah An-Nisā’, 101 …no blame on you if you shorten the prayer if you fear that those who disbelieve will cause you distresss… H. Bukhari & Muslim …Those days are gone… This is a charity that Allāh, the Exalted, has bestowed upon you, so accept His charity. Ruling of Qaṣr
Ṣalāt’lMusāfir Qaṣr (Shortening)
Abu Ḥanifah Mālik (top position) Shāfi ‘ī, Aḥmad
Wājib Highly recommended Permissible concession
Minimum distance to allow Qaṣr 4 Imams Distance of travelling 3 days (on foot) or 3 nights and 2 days (by camel) approx. 81 km / 50 miles Group of Salaf and Ahl’l-Hadith As long as it is called “safar” or travelling (according to ‘uruf)
Some ṣaḥābahs left Arab for 10 years and shortened their prayers all the time Less practical
Very little evidences e.g. ‘Umar R.A. travelled from Jeddah to Makkah (about 80 km) and shortened his prayer * Prophet S.A.W never mentioned the distance Both opinions are not free of criticism
Reasons to allow Qaṣr Hardship Dependency Distance
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Where does Qaṣr start?
After leaving the city limit Not at home, not only after 81 km
For how long?
Unanimous agreement As long as one does not intend residency Abu Ḥanīfah 15 days +
Ṣalāt’lMusāfir Qaṣr
Time period that constitutes residency?
(Shortening)
Aḥmad 21 prayers +
Sh. Uthaymīn, Salafi scholars, Ahl’l-Hadīth No limit, as long as life is unstable
Undecided?
Pray full raka‘ah
Following congregation at a local Masjid?
Follow the imām (pray full raka‘ah)
Still pray the Nafl? (Rawātib and others regular nawāfil)
Mālik, Shāfi‘ī 4 days + (excluding day of arrival/leaving)
Shāfi‘ī Yes Saḥabah No, except for Sunnat’l-Fajr and Witr
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Jam‘ means to combine Ẓuhr and Aṣr, Maghrīb and ‘Isha’ Type of Combining Jam‘u Taqdīm Jam‘u Ta’khīr
Earlier: at the time of Ẓuhr/Maghrīb Later: at the time of Aṣr/‘Isha’
Ruling on Combining
Ṣalāt’lMusāfir Jam’ (Combining)
Mālik, Shāfi‘ī, Aḥmad Permissible (at best) Not sunnah as some Muslims thought Abu Ḥanīfah Not legislated He gave explanation for each situation where Prophet S.A.W. combined the prayers (except for the Jam‘u Taqdīm for Ẓuhr and Aṣr, and the Jam‘u Ta’khīr for Maghrīb and ‘Isha’ during the Day of ‘Arafah) At-Tirmizi People of knowledge do not combine the prayers unless they are ACTUALLY travelling (does not take advantage of the concession) Quran Perform the prayers at specified times Combining at other times Excessive rain For those who pray at the Masjid Excessive fear Sh. Uthaymīn defined this as so much stress and anxiety that one cannot focus, e.g., during war Unique pressing need e.g. Long surgery, exam, unexpected traffic Hadith Prophet S.A.W. combined prayers in Madinah without danger or rain didn’t want hardship for his Ummah
Possible to offer image of combining salāh?
Jam‘ as-suri (Ḥanafis) Delay the former ṣalāh prior to end of its time Praying the latter ṣalāh at the beginning of its time
Legal excuse ceased to exist before the time for the later ṣalāh?
No need to repeat the ṣalāh
Travelling by plane?
Best to adjust your travel time Pray at the airport
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Nullifiers of the Ṣalāh 1
Foreign speech
2
Eating / drinking
3
Continuous foreign acts
4
Deliberate exposure of ‘Awrah
5
Losing state of purification
6
Getting in contact with najāsah
Permissible to correct the imām with a few words
OK if dry (moisture is the transferring factor) OK to carry a clean child put down if child has dirtied his/her pants Not OK to carry najasah from the start of the prayer
7
Laughing
8
Hesitation in regard to intention
9
Omitting a rukn without returning back
10
Omitting a wājibah without excusable reason
11
Preceeding the imām
With sounds
Follow the imām’s position, not his words Can’t see? Don’t move to quickly Can’t see or hear? Make new jama‘ah or pray individually
12
Arrival of water for someone who prays with Tayammum OK according to some scholars; not OK according to the majority.
13
Giving salam deliberately prior to reaching the end
14
Returning back to middle Tashahhud after standing up to the 3rd raka ‘ah Or going back to any of the wājibāt after one has missed it Shāfi‘ī: Makmūm needs to correct imām
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Acts that Allows Departure from Ṣalāh 1
Rescuing someone in harm
2
Protecting property from possible theft
3
A woman tending the food on the stove
4
Urgent need for the bathroom
5
Answering the call of parents (in Nafl ṣalāh)
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Sujūd’l-Sahw
Prostration due to forgetfulness
Cause No. 1: Forgetfulness 1
Adding what is not from ṣalāh Example: Reciting Fātihah in Tashahhud Giving Salām before its time Prolonging the sitting position between two Sajdah (like sitting for Tashahhud) Adding extra raka‘ah
2
Omitting what is in the ṣalāh* From the Wājibāt Example: The first Tashahhud
Cause No. 2: Doubt 1
Unsure how many Raka‘ah one has prayed What to do? Take the lower number Do sujūd’l-sahw
Before or After Salām? Bukhāri Complete the ṣalāh Taslīm Sujūd’l-sahw Strongest opinion After the taslīm: When you add something When you have doubt, then remember that you’re OK Before the taslīm: When you omit an obligation When you have doubt and have to build upon that doubt Need to say Tashahhud again? Māliki, Ḥanbali, Shāfi‘ī No Ḥanafi Yes H. Abu Dāwūd Prophet S.A.W. forgot, made two sajdah, said Tashahhud, and uttered Taslīm
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Unanimous agreement
Men Women
Pray at the Masjid Pray at home
Ruling of congregational ṣalāh for men
Shāfi ‘ī Abu Ḥanīfah, Mālik Aḥmad Al-Ẓahiri
Farḍ kifāyah Sunnah mu’akkadah Farḍ ‘ayn Rukn (farḍ ṣalāh valid in Masjid only)
Congregation Minimum 2 people (1 imām, 1 ma’mūm)
Praying in Congregation
One congregation in one Masjid Shāfi‘ī Should not repeat congregation in Masjid Jābir Ibn ‘Abdullah OK to repeat in muṣalla Majority OK to repeat in Masjid Hadith Prophet S.A.W. asking the companions who will give charity to his brother (join another companion in his prayer) Latecomers Counted as praying in congregation if Manage to join before salām (touch imām + takbīr) Rewarded as praying in congregation if Intended to join but could not make it (no need to rush be quick but calm) If someone who did his ṣalāh enters a Masjid, should he join the congregational ṣalāh? Yes. This will be counted as a nafl for him. Except for ‘Aṣr (no nafl after it).
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Lines in the congregation
Praying in Congregation
Straight by the heels (not the toes) Shoulder to shoulder Sunnah for the feet to be touching (not obligatory) Hadith that mentions ankle to ankle, shin to shin… What does it mean? The emphasis is on lining straight, Imām should not literally on the physiques ensure that the lines are straight before he starts Rules of the Imām the prayer
Muslim Sound mind Male Female imām In all-female congregation? Shāfi‘ī, Aḥmad A woman can lead Abu Ḥanīfah It is strictly abominable Mālik It is invalid
Imām and Ma’mūm
At the age of puberty Abu Ḥanīfah, Mālik, Aḥmad (majority) Baligh Shāfi‘ī Age of recognition (7 to 9 onwards) H. Bukhāri ‘Amr ibn Salamah R.A. lead a congregation when he was 7
Knowledge of the basic rulings of ṣalāh Knowledge of how to read the Qur’an properly Not necessarily a ḥāfiẓ Preferably one who is the most versed * As long as the imām does not change the meaning of his recitation, the prayer is valid
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Imām is openly fāsiq (disobedient) or mubtadi‘ (innovator)
Abominable acts in leading the ṣalāh
Imām is disliked by the people Imām prolongs the ṣalāh (in general) Imām prolongs any act of ṣalāh to let latecomers join in (this matter is differed over)
Imām and Ma’mūm
Imām leads while seated? Permissible. Ma’mūm will pray standing if they are able to. Imām and ma’mūm of different madhhabs? Permissible. Imām has already performed his ṣalāh earlier? Permissible. Host or guest as Imām? The host should be the imām (unless if he let the guest lead). Imām breaks his wuḍū’? Imām should leave to renew his wuḍū’. Another person will take his place and lead the prayer. Importance of having knowledgeable person behind the imām * If none of the ma’mūm could lead, the imām may signal for them to wait, renew his his wuḍū’, and continue to lead them.
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Position of the Ma’mūm 1 male ma’mūm stand on the right side of imām 2 or more male ma’mūm stand behind imām 1 female ma’mūm stand directly behind imām The congregational lines start with Male adults; followed by Male children; and Female children; and Female adults If the women are praying in a separate area, they may occupy the front rows
Imām and Ma’mūm
Following the Imām By the actions, not the sounds The back rows should follow the row in front of them if unable to see the imām Minimum = ma’mūm can hear the imām’s voice should delay a bit before moving to another act to avoid preceding the imām in his action
Ma’mūm’s Recitation Shāfi‘ī
Fātihah + sūrah in silent prayer Fātihah only in prayer done loud
Abu Ḥanīfah
Should not recite anything in both kinds of prayer
Mālik, Aḥmad, Ahl’l-Hadith
Should recite in silent prayer Should not recite in prayer done loud
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Etiquettes of the latecomer
Walk with tranquility (no running) Place and steady himself in line Should not stand alone behind the lines Starts with the opening Takbīr Do his moving Takbīr Follow the imām Example: Imām is in his rukū‘ Ma’mūm do the opening takbīr stand takbīr rukū‘
Ma’mūm as a latecomer (Masbūq)
Stand up after the imām gives his Taslīm to make up the missed rak‘ah Making up the missed rak‘ah A rak‘ah is counted if ma’mūm manages to join the imām in his rukū’ Imām is still in rukū’ (not on the way up) Ma’mūm makes his rukū’ with ṭuma’nīnah (not just by bowing) That rak‘ah is considered his first. He should make up the missed rak‘ah as usual. Example: Joins the congregation during sajdah of the 2nd rak‘ah of Maghrib. Stands up after imām’s Taslīm to do his 2nd and then his 3rd rak ‘ah
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Rules of the Masjid Built in residential area Be cleaned and perfumed H. Aḥmad, Abu Dāwud
Multipurpose masjid?
Grave in a masjid?
Allowed.
In principle, not permissible. One should avoid going to it. However, it is permissible to pray in it as long as the grave is not in front of us in the direction of qiblah.
The
4 imāms Not permissible Contemporary scholars Permissible with conditions: - She does not soil the Masjid with menstrual blood - If there is no place for pure women to pray leave to make space for them
Masjid
Etiquette Make du ‘a’ for Going to the Masjid Entering the Masjid Leaving the Masjid
Menstruating women in Masjid?
Allowed.
Non-Muslim in Masjid?
Sale and trade in Masjid?
Serving food/drink in Masjid? Sleeping in Masjid?
Decorating the Masjid?
Not allowed. Allowed, but should avoid.
Avoid excessiveness in decoration one of the signs that Judgement Day is near
Bringing young children to Masjid? Disliked may disturbed the others
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Significance H. Ibn Mājah, Ibn Hibbān …The obligatory will be completed from the voluntary… Day or night? Night prayers are better greater difficulty/sacrifice At the masjid or at home? The sunnah is to pray regular nafl at home
Ṣalāt’lNāfilah (Supererogatory)
Praying while seated without any excuse? Allowed, but the reward will be less Individually or in congregation? Individually, except for some congregational nafl prayer e.g. Tarāwīh, Khusūf & Kusūf, Istisqā’, Khawf Units? In units of two Shāfi ‘ī No units of 4 Ḥanafi Units of 4 is allowed Performed during prohibited times? No for the regular nafl prayers Yes for certain situations e.g. eclipse occurring just before Ẓuhr Kusūf
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Ṣalāt’l-Nāfilah What? Al-Rawātib
Most regular optional prayers Performed in association with obligatory ṣalāh
When? Before/after obligatory ṣalāh
Qaḍa’ of Al-Rawātib? No, unless one does it habitually.
-------------------------Pray Al-Rawātib in congregation? No, should be done individually. * Sunnah to do nafl ṣalāh at home
Al-Witr
May mean Not a Muslim Not following the way of Muslims (majority)
Single prayer (odd number of rak‘ah) done after ‘Isha’ ṣalāh Considered wājib by some Hadith One who does not do witr not from us Shouldn’t leave it even when travelling
How? 10 Rak‘ah H. Bukhāri, Muslim 2 before Ẓuhr 2 after Ẓuhr 2 after Maghrib 2 after ‘Isha’ 2 before Fajr 12 Rak‘ah H. Muslim, Tirmidhi Same as above except 4 before Ẓuhr (2 extra) 14 Rak‘ah H. Muslim, Tirmidhi Same as above except 4 after Ẓuhr (another 2 extra)
After ‘Isha’ ṣalāh until before Fajr time Sunnah to make it the last prayer of the night
Qaḍa’ of Witr? Yes. Do Witr Sunnat’l-Fajr Fajr ṣalāh If no time to qaḍa’ during Fajr, do it after Shurūq
-------------------------Pray other nafl ṣalāh after Witr? Yes. Witr can be repeated afterwards.
Rak’ah 1 ‒ infinity Optimal: 3 Unit of prayer 2 + 2 + .... + 1 Ḥanafis Continuous, only 1 tashahhud Qunūt Sunnah during the last unit Sunnah to make short du‘a’ Before or after rukū’ In Arabic only Position of hands in Qunūt Ḥanafis Recite Qur’an Takbīr Qunūt while folding the hands (like when reciting Qur’an) Shāfi‘is Raise hands Prophet S.A.W. sometimes did, and sometimes didn’t raise hands.
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What? Al-Ḍuḥā
Ṣalāh done during forenoon time H. Muslim 2 rak‘ah of Ḍuḥā substitutes the daily charities: SubḥānAllāh Lā ilāha illAllāh Allāhu akbar Enjoining good Detaining evil
Al-Shurūq / Ishrāq
Ṣalāh done after sunrise
When? ~20 min after Fajr time ends ~20 min before Ẓuhr starts
How? Rak’ah 2, 8, 12 Optimal: 8
Best at forenoon (9 am onwards) When young camel moves to shade After sunrise
Same as Al-Ḍuḥā
H. Tirmidhi Fajr ṣalāh with Jamā‘ah remain seated while doing dhikr perform 2 rak‘ah after sunrise: Obtain reward of one Ḥajj and one ‘Umrah Qiyām’l-Layl Help each other to do qiyām H. Abu Dawūd Man wakes up wife and pray together
------Be sincere H. Aḥmad Some get nothing out of their night worship
Ṣalāh done anytime at night, after ‘Ishā’ ṣalāh Difference between Qiyām’l-Layl and Tahajjud The latter is done after awaking from sleep Its virtues Brings closer to Allāh Atones sin Keeps body from illness Prevents sinful acts H. Tirmidhi A sign of goodness H. Tirmidhi, H. Bukhāri
After ‘Isha’ ṣalāh until before Fajr time Best done at second half of the night H. Abu Dawūd Best done after awaking from sleep H. Muslim Most virtuous after the obligatory ṣalāh
Lengthy standing > lengthy sajdah H. Bukhari Prophet S.A.W. prayed until his feet were swollen Hard to wake up? H. Bukhari Satan tied 3 knots. Can be untied by Citing Allāh name Making ablution Offer a prayer
-----------------Pray while holding Qur’an? Allowed by some scholars. Best to recite from memory.
-----------------Non-arabic du‘a’ in sujūd? Permissible if don’t know Arabic du‘a’ (only in nafl ṣalāh)
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What? Taḥiyyat’lMasjid
When?
Ṣalāh done upon entering to stay in a Masjid
How? Pray 2 rak‘ah after entering the Masjid, before sitting down H. Bukhari * Can be combined with other nafl
Adhān has been called? Pray al-rawātib = taḥiyyat’l-masjid
--------------------------Iqāmah has been called or Jamā‘ah has already been established? Join the Jamā‘ah = taḥiyyat’l-masjid
--------------------------Enter Masjid during prohibited time? Shāfi‘ī Can pray taḥiyyat’l-masjid Otherwise, stand until adhān and pray alrawātib
Al-Istikhārah
Ṣalāh done to pray for guidance + blessing of a decision
Anytime
Misconception: Ṣalāt’l-istikhārah is the key to deciding matters. One then waits for signs (e.g. dream) to do or not to do. WRONG!
Al-Wuḍū’
Ṣalāh done after one has made the ablution
Anytime
H. Bukhāri, Muslim Bilal R.A.’s footsteps in Jannah he prayed 2 rak‘ah nafl each time after doing wuḍū’ Al-Tawbah
Ṣalāh done to seek forgiveness from Allāh
Khaṭīb is already giving the Jumu‘ah khuṭbah? Pray 2 rak‘ah (only)
-------------------Taḥiyyah for the Masjid’lHarām? Both 2 rak‘ah ṣalāh and ṭawāf Do 2 rak‘ah ṣalāh before sitting, then ṭawāf Do ṭawāf first, then Nafl prayer for the ṭawāf
For any and every matter (except for the obvious) Consider the pros and cons Make decision Pray 2 rak‘ah nafl Supplicate with du‘a’ alistikhārah May be repeated as many times as one likes Pray 2 rak‘ah nafl immediately after doing wuḍū’ (without doing/saying anything in between) * Can be combined with other nafl
Anytime
Some issues Hadith that support this is probably weak Not seen in tawbah of Prophet S.A.W. or Ṣaḥābah
H. Abu Dawūd, Al-Nasā’ī If one has sinned Perform ablution Pray 2 rak‘ah nafl Seek forgiveness from Allāh
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What? Al-Ḥājah
Ṣalāh done when one has a need for something
When? Anytime
Some issues Hadīth that support this is weak No evidence for doing it in congregation
Al-Tasābih
Ibn Qayyim How to spot a potentially weak hadīth? Crazy reward Bias Large / exact number
Al-Awwabīn
Ṣalāh done with the recitation of a specified dhikr that will bring great rewards
Every Jumu‘ah or Once/month or Once/year or Once/ lifetime
Some issues Hadīth that support this is controversial 50-50 support/oppose Different opinions at the same period of time (rare)
-----------------------In doubt? Don’t do. But can’t say it’s bid‘ah either (50-50).
Abu Hurayrah (Ṣāḥiḥ) Ṣalāt’l-Ḍuḥā ‘Ammar ibn Yāsir (H. Aṭ-Ṭabarāni) 6 rak‘ah after Maghrib (Ḥanafis follow this)
How? H. Tirmidhi, Ibn Mājah If one has a need Perform ablution Pray 2 rak‘ah nafl Praise Allāh Send blessings on Prophet S.A.W. Recite du‘a’ H. Abu Dawūd, Ibn Mājah, Ibn Khuzaymah (Ṣaḥīḥ Albānī) 4 rak‘ah In each rak‘ah, say SubḥānAllāh, wa’l-hamdulillāh, wa lā ilāha illAllāh, wAllāhu akbar 15x after reciting sūrah 10x in the rukū’ 10x after standing up from rukū’ 10x in the first sajdah 10x in between the two sajdah 10x in the second sajdah 10x after the second sajdah, before coming up for the next rak‘ah Total = 75 x 4 = 300 dhikr
Forenoon or between Maghrib and ‘Isha’ (according to one’s position)
‘Abdullah Ibn’lMubārak A prayer between evening and late night (Maghrib and ‘Isha’)
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What? Al-Muṭlaq
Ṣalāh that is absolute and unrestricted Ghayr mu’akkad (less emphasized)
When? Anytime
How?
4 rak‘ah before ‘Aṣr 2 rak‘ah before Maghrib Between adhān and iqāmah In the 3 masājid (Makkah, Madīnah, Jerusalem) During time of distress Any time, day or night
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Virtue
Congregational
Prayer:
H. Muslim Friday is the best of days Adam was created Adam was granted entry to and was removed from Paradise Day of Resurrection
Ruling
Adhān for Ẓuhr ↓ 2 rak‘ah nafl ↓ Imām arrives, gives Salām ↓ nd 2 adhān ↓ 2 Khuṭbah ↓ Iqāmah ↓ 2 rak‘ah ṣalāt’ljumu‘ah
Done in Ẓuhr time Done Jumu‘ah no need to do Ẓuhr Missed Jumu‘ah need to do Ẓuhr HOWEVER No combining with ‘Aṣr
Ṣalāt’lJumu‘ah
HOW
Jumu ‘ah ≠ Ẓuhr
Obligatory for men Not obligatory for travelers (but avoid travelling on Jumu‘ah) children women H. Muslim Should not leave out Friday prayer Seal over their heart, fall into severe negligence Should adjust working/schooling time Some scholars If the Masjid is very far away and the Muslim community is small, it is no longer an obligation
Pre-requisite Minimum number Aḥmad, Shāfi‘ī 40 individuals (Athar from Jābir ibn Abdillah—weak) Ahl’l-Hadith 2 individuals Abu Ḥanīfah 3 individuals (Command in Qur’an is plural) STRONGEST Masjid In principle, yes (bring community to the main masjid)
If ‘Eed falls on a Friday Imam Aḥmad No Jumu‘ah prayer Ẓuhr
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Performed by the imām
----------------------------------------
Ṣalāt’lJumu‘ah: Khuṭbah
A khuṭbah should be short, containing Praise to Allah Ṣalawāt upon Prophet S.A.W. Qur’anic verses/Hadīth Reminder to the people Du‘a’ (but no evidence in making the 2nd khuṭbah du‘a’ only) Sh. Uthaymīn, Abu Ḥanīfah Allowed in languages other than Arabic
---------------------------------------Ruling of the khuṭbah Obligatory to listen forbidden to speak during it
---------------------------------------One who misses the Khuṭbah Ṣalāh is valid. But it is a sin if done intentionally.
---------------------------------------Halaqah before Jumu ‘ah ṣalāh? No takes away focus from Khuṭbah
2 rak‘ah
----------------------------------------
Ṣalāt’lJumu‘ah: The Prayer
Recitation Out loud Choice of sūrah: Al-A‘lā and Al-Ghāshiyah
---------------------------------------Imām other than the Khaṭīb Should be the same person, but permissible if there is a need.
---------------------------------------Late ma’mūm Missed the 1st rak‘ah add another 1 rak‘ah Missed the 2nd rak‘ah add another 4 rak‘ah (become Ẓuhr)
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Other Congregational Ṣalāh What Ṣalāt’l‘Eedayn
Ṣalāh done to celebrate Al-Fiṭr and Al-Aḍḥā
When Ḍuḥa time of ‘Eed’l-Al-Fiṭr: 1 Shawwāl ‘Eed’l-AlAḍḥā: 10 Dhu’lḤijjah
Sunnah prayers for Ṣalāt’l-‘Eed? No except Tahiyyat’l-Masjid (if done in a Masjid)
---------------------------------Ruling of Takbīrāt before ṣalāh? Sunnah, loud and continuous until imām has come to the front to lead the prayer
---------------------------------Adhān/Iqāmah for the ṣalāh? No
---------------------------------Extra takbīr in the ṣalāh = Sunnah OK if imām forgot/missed some of them Late Ma’mūm may recite on their own
---------------------------------Performed at different places at the same time, or more than once at the same place? In principle, no. If there is a need, yes.
---------------------------------Women with legal excuse? Should also come to the ṣalāh
---------------------------------If one misses the ṣalāh? Ibn Taymiyyah, Ḥanafī Individually wājib make up tomorrow at the same time Majority Farḍ kifāyah
---------------------------------Are travellers obligated to do it? No, but they should
How Sunnah to do at an open area (but permissible to in a Masjid in some situations) 1. The Ṣalāh Majority 1st rak‘ah 7 extra takbīr (after the opening takbīr) With/without raising the hands Dhikr in between SubḥānAllāh, walḥamdulillāh, wa lā ilāha illAllāh, wAllāhu akbar nd 2 rak‘ah as above, but only 6 extra takbīr Abu Ḥanīfah 1st rak‘ah 3 extra takbīr (after the opening takbīr) nd 2 rak‘ah 3 extra takbīr (after the second sūrah, before rukū’) Choice of surah (optional) 1st rak‘ah: Al-A‘lā 2nd rak‘ah: Al-Ghāshiyah 2. The Khutbah Sunnah 2 khutbah (majority) Not necessary to commence with Takbīr no evidence
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What Ṣalāt’lTarāwīḥ
The Ramaḍhan night prayers
When After ‘Isha’ ṣalāh in Ramaḍhan
H. Bukhāri, Muslim Offer with sincere believe and hope for reward past sins will be forgiven
How Performed in units of 2 Opinions on the number of rak‘ah 8 rak‘ah (Prophet S.A.W’s time) 20 rak‘ah (‘Umar R.A.’s time) 30 rak‘ah (Imām Malik’s time: 36) No specific number Pre-requisite Performed in congregation? Yes. Otherwise, it is qiyām’l-layl Performed in Masjid? Not a pre-requisite. But men should be praying at the Masjid.
Ṣalāt’l-Khusūf & Kusūf
The eclipse prayer Khusūf Lunar eclipse Kusūf Sun eclipse
During the eclipse of the sun or the moon
No adhān/iqāmah
-------------------------Performed in congregation at the Masjid Permissible to do individually
-------------------------Recitation is to be done out loud
-------------------------Khuṭbah after the prayer is sunnah Not an obligation
2 units with 2 rukū’ in each rak‘ah (In total: 4 Fātiḥah, 4 rukū’, 4 i‘tidāl, 4 sajdah) Opening takbīr Recitation o Long, especially in Ṣalāt’lKhusūf (longer eclipse) o Length of approximately AlBaqarah First rukū’ o Long, with tasbīh and taḥmid Come up from rukū’ Recitation o Shorter than the first, o Length of approximately ‘Āli ‘Imrān Second rukū’ o Shorter than the first Come up from rukū’ Sajdah as in the normal prayer o the 2 sajdah are elongated 1st rak‘ah is completed Continue with the 2nd rak‘ah o each interval shorter than in the 1st rak‘ah
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What Ṣalāt’l-Istisqā’
When
Prayer to request for rain
Ḍuḥa
H. Aḥmad, Ibn Mājah (Similar to ‘Eed) 2 rak ‘ah Without adhān/iqāmah Khutbah + du‘a’ (facing Qiblah, hands raised) Reversing cloak (implies change of state from sinning past to repentance)
Why? Drought can be a form of punishment for our sins ask Allah for forgiveness Ruling Mālik, Shāfi‘ī, Aḥmad Emphasized sunnah Abu Ḥanifah No congregational ṣalāh for istisqā’ (just du‘a’) Ṣalāt’l-Khawf
Prayer during time of fear or danger
How
People should be in ‘iddah-like state (unlike ‘Eed) humble/lower oneself
Anytime in great fear or danger
Example: Enemy not in the direction of qiblah Al-Nisa’, 102
Example: Enemy in the direction of Qiblah Aḥmad
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Imām starts praying with 1st group At the end of 1st rak‘ah, Imām stops 1st group continue to stand up and complete their prayers Imām stands up for 2nd rak‘ah 2nd group join the Imām Imām stops at tashahhud 2nd group continue until tashahhud Imām and 2nd group end together
Start together Sajdah of 1st rak‘ah: 1st group (in front) prostrate, 2nd group (at the back) remain standing When 1st group raise from prostration, 2nd group prostrate 2nd group stand up and change place with 1st group (behind imām) 2 rak ‘ah is continues as the above End together
Can combine and shorten Imam Aḥmad There are 10 versions Anything with sound narration is permissible. If there is a REAL need, any form of prayer is OK. Delay prayer during time of fear? It is allowed to delay until a more convenient time. Prophet S.A.W. missed all 5 prayers during the Battle of Ahzāb.
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