F O U N D A T IO N S
IN D IC
C IV IL IZ .,\T IO N
A r y a n o f S in c c
it is
t h e
b l a c k - a n d - r e d .
fo u n d
W e r e
s c c u r
A r y a n s to
a d o p r c c l
tc c ln iq u e
th e m in g lin g
rc c lu c tio n firin g
th e
th c
e n o L r s s tra n c ls re m a in
In d o -A ry a n ic le n tifia b lc
th ro L rq h o u t
b c s u n t o
O
r r r l l
I N
r r c E
T h is
x o u s
S
c e n r c r c c l
n o t
p rim a rily
o u r u E
t N
m
e s h
I u l r a
e s t e b l i s h c c l .
b o rro lv iu g , l p re v a le n c c o f lle c e u s c
th c p lr-L - ln d ic c o r-r c e p ts .
t h c y
t b c
c x c a \ r a t i o n s
d x t c , a r c l i L e l y r c ilc c t
s o L r t h c r n n c g a l i r h s: u e
s u b t c r r x n c a n
o ld c r
t y p c s f o u l d
t h e s e tr lc litio u s
th o s c
o f
s o u t h c r n
D c c c a n
c u l t r, r r e s ,
th e
a r o u g h l y
H a r a p p a
A r v a n
a n d - r c c l
c . r l t r, r c s G l.rg e tic
tv a re
k n o r v n . T h e y n r e y b c t o t a l l v p le x e s t h c i r
tlu t
r n c l
p e o p le s , is
fo r
c o n t r i b u t i o n
th c
n r o r c
i n d e p e n d c cn ot u l -
I n d i c
c n l t u r e .
t y p c o f h a s
th e t
o r
s t o n c b c n c l , e s ,
th c
r v ill
r n i q u e
o n c
I)c c c :u
D r e n t s w c r c
s u b t e r r a n c ac n x c a v a t i o r l
e n
t h c
a n tl s o u tire rn d e v c lo p e le r n c n t in th c
s p c c -
r o c k - c u r
y ilta ra s
tl.nc
it
c liilic u lt
g . r l i .
. b e
t h e
le g a r d in c
a lo u m t h c
l
s i x t h c e n t u r y a . l .
in c ln d e
ru rn u li,
m o u n c llik c
b r, r r i a l s t r u c t r. r r c s
n L c g a l i t h i c c : r v e s i n c l u , : l c a
t h c
o r
d i f i i c L r l t n r i n e
th c ir
s o n l c e l o r t h c
t h c
t h i s
r c l : L t i o n s L is p i .n c e t h e a r e
a r c
e l s o
p l : r n s o I
r s s o c i a t c c l
o n e
l a t c r
c r l D r p l e ,
s o m e
c e n t r a l r v o o d e n
a c t u a l l y p r c s c n t
l':Iie n s
= in g
d ig -
rc e s h
I
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P la n
s u b te [a n e a l
: o a a o r e
rro n d f,rra 1 a rr
rhe
r o m
, a s s t.
a re
rh e ir
ia v e s
la te r !o m e
r'.o d e n
I< s e n t
c u lt l h
= ic tly
e
?
,
,
,
,
5
ro u n o a tro n s p e o p le s , th e
4 "i"1 .
i." A
th i
s o d d h itt
l"t"r
is
tit"
."it* ."
th e
fo r
w itiro u t
n o t
"-b ig "ity ,
.* ."u .,io o ', r " a l "
tlc tu r"l
p re s id e s
in to
io o ..o , o " a ii'o o .
m e d ita tio n ),
th e
fo rm s o " " id lv
fro m
"rc h ite c tu ra l
i* - itia A ro "r"A
'tio n
in tro d u c e d
U .a tl" a fte r
in itia l
o n e 's
e ro o rrd , *h e i",
"U a "",a tis o n ly
e x P o s u re '
b u r ia l,
a re
tn e
w ith in
is
i
th a i
, r o i " * * r t t " ,' " r " h o * " , , " l ,
w ith
;;it,il
s o u th
th e a
In d ia n
b la c k -a n d -re d
k n o w n
"rp ."t, t h e m e q a l i t h s e, s p e c i a l l y
"rro "i"t"d
o o ,? .ry
"p p "r"tt,ly t:"g i;t"
th e
in d ig e n o u s
th e
* tt*
u .".,
n o rth e m
iiT ""a
p " io s "
litd e
w ill
in -
In d ia
p .""ti.i
it (th e a n c ie n t ln d ia
"
,n l,
i"4 .",.
th e s u b c o n tin e n t
'o t
a rt
to t"t
tlp n
i* il b o th
i,
th e
i" o p l.t,
tu m u li
n J t*
u n iF li
r e p r e s e n t .iiy c o m p le x .
C o r c r . u s l o l l
A
ra is e
p ro to h is to ric
th e
s tu d y
p re ta tio n s io g ic a l
m o r e
q u e s tio ff
th a n
it
a n s w e rs '
In te r-
o lilo ro p h i." i,
re g io ira l th e
d e v e lo p m e n ts , c h r o n o e v o lu tio n s o c ia l
im p o rta n t b e lie fs
a r e
T H E
is s u e s ,b u t t
a re
g
th " ln
-id e n c e
in
tle
to
re a lm
a m in a tio n
P ro v e n
th e d e v e lo p m e n ts w h ic h g r e w
r iv iliz a tio u
b e g in n in g s ig n ific a n c e o f
th e
e x c lu s iv e k e y
in
th e H in d u is m n o t
o n ly
d re w
u n d e rs ta n d in g .
a rc h i-
$ g g e s te d
ic a l
m a te ria ls fro m
r e v e a lin g b o th
a
ric h ,
th e s e
e a rly
in d ig e n o u s
'= --$ rn e n t
o fB u d d h is t
h e te ro d o x ,
a re re m a rk a b ly
s p e c ific
:
rs e ll-k n o w o r
F rl[e l
o n e 's
d ia d n g a c h ie v e
ld
h is to ric p e rio d .
$ e m a -
v ic to ry
m o rta liry ,
In d ia
a re
th a t
x p e c te d
in th e y
lic le
k n o w n
riird
c e n tu ry
rn -
a a d itio n
:
:
a
p r e v io u s ly
t-o r
th e o u ld
c o n c lu s io n
A r. a n :
g re a te r
ro le
in
r e lig io n - ir io u s ly . b la c k -a n d = e * a lith ic
ii
ie s e
c u ltu re s m ig h t
b ra n c h
c u ltu ra l
c h ro n o im P o rta n t r. x i a l
b e lie fs
a re
c m o t
J i7
e a rly
tc d
in s ig h t $
th e
P E R IO D S
a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e , a n idn f e r -
th e s e
:.5 s t
U P A N IIA D IC
s p e c u la tio n . L ite ra ry
th e
r
V E D IC
u n d e rs to o d w ith o u t
In d ic
s o il
T ' W
P E R I O D
O
D Y N A S T I E S
B
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l R
t
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a d o k a i o e i o E r h s o r
o
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d r b 6
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- 1
c c o n o r n i c
:.-u rrin g .c h c d - . r r e d .
d e v e lo p m e n ts
th a t th c
in
M a g a d h a .
fiu itio n llis in g
p o w e r
w h e n
its
f o u n c l e r, th e
: r d r a g u p t a :
k in g d o m
S o u r h
A s ia n
la s t L in g k in g s
::-'
c s ta b lis h e d
tim c ,
la rg e
s ta te
o f
u n ity
a
th e
p o rtio n s
s u b c o n tin c n t b e tte r d e le a te d
: w h ic h
th c
G re a t,
k n o w n la s t
o f
th c
th e th e
: - . t n t 1 y b c s t d e f i n e d . 1
n o rth -
, - r c c n - r e r g e n c e :
o f c u l t u r a l t h e
b o ld
p c r s o n a l i t y E x tc rn a l
ln d ic r v h o
k in g s , r v a s
c o n t r o l o f
c s p c c ia lly
a r o u n d M
th a t
a g a c l h a . 2
a n d r a g u p t a h im s e lf, tim e
e s ta b lis h in g
h is
M e g a s th e n e s
w h o
w rite rs
A lth o u s h
a n
h is e fo rtito
o r ig in a l
im m a n u s c r i pM t , e g a s t h e n ea sc ' c o u n t , p r o v i d e s r e c o n -
fa x ila ,
i t r u c t i n e t h e o i i g i n a l a -p" pn ed a r a n c e
e s ta b lis h e d
th e
a rc h a e o lo g ic a l
a r o u n d
h "ib ".tt
th e
, " h i - " r,
S o u th
th e
A s ia n
s u b c o n tin e n t,
la rg e -
a c tiv e s in c e
y e a rs
la te !
lr"f,io "n re s u lte d fro m
A l-
c ity
fro m
h a d
s ix ty -fo u r
th e
e x c a v a tio n s ' "h ".r".,..it.
h a v in g
trrra l "n ? w a s
A le x a n d e r 's
s h o rt-liv e d . A ll
" o o ," iin io l p e "lo "k ,
ih "
N ic a -
" n " i p i " d w h ith e .
m a trim o n ia l
,h "
w a s
C a n -
e . " ; d ' r. . I .
G re e k s
'e rtilt b i" e n
M "o ty"r,
" id
it
n a m e d
e g a s th e n e s
te n
e te rs , is s u g g e s iv e - o f
p u tr" '
(iro d e m
M a g a d h a '
F o rtta te ly , th e y re s u lte d fro m
IL -:a s th e n e s =
o r ig in a l im -
c r:iiJ € s
fe c o n -
=
--u ild in g s
M a u ry a
:n r
::e fe s s o rs , -
in
,rs
o i a
th e ir
:u ld in g la rg e in
th e
:= e c t
h
th e ,ir
firs t
ie
l
#
m
d
E
E
r
H H= sf fri l
f r t i 4 f i" id
tw o
r:E g ,
= ::a rts fiv e
i;n e
o !
h d ia .
th itd
c e n tu ry
F ro m
a p ia l,
4 .2 :
4 r.
B u la o d ib a g h , P a la lip u tr a M a u ry a
B .c th itd
@
c lty
r:€ e fo
p e rio d . C a .
s a rd s to [e . H : 8 6
(P a tn a ),
fo u rth c m .
P a m a
M u s e u m . P a m a .
rs .= ip tio n s
d ire c t
m a d e
r = :
a fte r
tim e
:'i1 =
in flu e n c e w ith
rh e
w e s te m
A s ia tic
w o rld .
A l-
rl:
s
n 'h e r e
th a t
s u g g e s ts
a s s o c ia tio n s b e tw e e n
m a in
in le
c S a ra c te ris tic
o f A c h a e m e n id
th e
- ,t4 o u g h re g io n s fro m =
C a n -
m e th o d s .s In d e e d , th e
b o th
:
in
u s e o sf t o n e o n
a rc h ite c tu rea n d
b a n d s a b o v e . F r o mt h e
to p ,
th e s e
In b e a d -a n d -re e l
o th e r la p i-
th e
y
h o riz o n ta l
rn a y
a rt,
fa c e s ,
s o
M a u ry a
in
th o u g h t
= Ie te rs
E D r c r s
A
N
D
P
r L r A
R
s
!:= e p o lis , m :illa r s . T irrh e r a -s e e n
a m o n g
w h ic h
in s c r ib e d
a re
in
th e
n u m e ro u s
s to n e
th ro u g h o u t
h is
a d o c u m e n ts fro m
th e
c u ttin g
o fth e o r i g p a l p t p a l t r e e u n d e r w h ic h
In d ic
h b tq ric .a !.in {o ,1 q }a 1 io q a ,!g g th .g p e 4 o {,g lim p s e s
A (o k a n ra n g in g I A l g " d h r,
a
in s c rip tio n s
a re
a re a , e x te n d in g
f o u n di n
a
id e -
fro m
th e
form
th e
a fte r
N e p a l
h a v in g
th e
c o u rts
o f th e
a n d n o rth e rn A fric a .lo
a n d
e n e rg y c a rry in g
in trig u in g
o fth e
"A S o k q rl
p illa q
o b je c tsg e n e ra llya s s o cw i a i tt eh d
o u t
c r e e s in
b a b ly
e re c te d p rig r
t9
p illa r s r e lig io n .
ln d e e d , it
w a s
p ro b a b ly
( a n d d a b s ).lrF u rih e r.
th e n u m e ro u s
d e t a i l s d, o w e l in g in to
th e
e a rth .
F r o m th is ,
it
d h a tu a . th e m m o d fie d o r c o m m u rin gp ris o n s e n te n c e s ,
'g o r iz e d th a t
A io k a
B u d d h is t
s e n t h is
h o ly
d a u g h te r to
th e ir fo rm
m a y
T H E
m o s t
m o n o lith ic e re c t,
q u a r r y
d iffic u lt p o rtio n
Irw in
p illa r s . H o w e v e r, s tra te d
P E R IO D
M A U R Y A
th a t th e
h a s
a n d
d e m o n th e s e
s y m b o lis m
p r i m a r y
a
c re a tio n s w a s in th e
s e c o n d a r y
b e in g
d e c o ra tio n
c a p ita l
im p o rta n c e .l2
A x is ,
s e e n
in
m a n y
a n c ie n t In d ia o c c u r s in
it
th e In d ra
c o s m ic
s le w
o c e a n
a
d e m o n ,
th u s
c a u s in g
a n d
re le a s in g th e
th e
" p u s h in g th e m " p r o p p i n g "
p illa r
th e
c o n c e p tu a lly ris e s
a s u n d e r "
fro m
th e
th u s
c o s m ic
e m e rg e s fro m 4 .3 .
u l l c a p i t a lF. r o m R a m p u t v a ,
P a la c e , p illa r s
ris e
a p p e a r to
d ire c tly
fro m
th e
e a rth 's
th e t
th e In h e re n t to th e
a c tio n s e a m e d
W
o rld
A x is
fo r
s y m b o lis m
o f
h im
u rrc a rv e d
s tru c tu ra l
m a trix b e n e a th
th e
th e
d r u m
lo w e rm o s t
th e y
m a y
h a v e
ia r m o n iz in g it _
-,a g
A
s e c u re d w ith
th e
s y m b o lic a lly r e th is
th e ir o w n
w a y ,
k in g s h ip
s r y liz e d
th e
lik e
fro m s to n e , w e re
" h o n e y -
p a lm e tte s ,
ro s e tte s o n
w o o d
b o d y le ft
p u r p o s e s d o e s n o t d e tra c t fro m
a ll
p lo to ty p e s ,
th e
"lo tu s
th e
re n d e rin g
a
lo tu s
th a t
b e ll,"
a
a s s u m e s a
b e ll- lik e s h a p e . T h is m o tif w e s te m
A s ia tic
s o u rc e s .It
m u s t
b e
re a s s e rt e d ,
b e tw e e n
h o w e v e r,
th a t
I
th e
a n c ie n t
a p p e a r a n c e o f
w is te m
p illa r = T le
is
v is ib le
in
th e
s till
in ta c t
e x a m p le
a t
L a u riy a
D Y N A S T IE S
th e
o ld e r p ra c tic e s r o n e
e re c tin s
i n t o
t h .
la c k
o f
s in l
t h e
c " u r e d
s u p p o rt.
lu s tro u s
A s ia ii.
s u rfa c e t h e
t h e A c h a e m
e n i d '
s h a ft,
s t r i c r l y I n d i c
e n g " g e d a . c h i r e c t u r a l i ,
- J , i i
, h .
r o w
th e
d r u m t h e
ih .
" [ n d i c a n c ie n t
lin k
th u s
h e a v e n ly
e a rth ly
r h e
b e t w e e n
th e
p illa r
th e " p p " " r " o " " e s p e c ia llv a p t. 'A o o th ",
t h i s
p " t i s in g le o i t h " " l . m e n t fo u n d
c r o w n i n g
lio n c " p i t r 1 .
w h ile
o t h e r
in to
s y m
th e
b o lic
In d ic
" . l p . r i t r, . a
c o n n e c tin q th e
e a s te m
G a n g e tic
b a s in
t h a n
w ith th e
a rt.1 6
A n o th e r
tw e lv e tin u e s th e
e a r lie r
n a tu ra lis tic a n im a l
In d ic
s ix
b e lo w " y m
h o le
m e a s u r i -n ogf m o r e
a
a ls
b u ll
e a rly r h e
i* v
a n im
la te
th a n
tw o
th e
n e te ls
e v o lu tio n
a
b o J
s id e '
w i t h i n
th e B u d d h is t
m o n a s tic
c o m m u n ity
t h e
( s a k g h a ) ,
T H E
M A U R Y A
P E R IO D
a n e a rly ,--;e
S a ic i
in
: : a e : 1
5
m e s s a g e ,
: : = d
a re
fo u r a d d o r s e d
lio n s (F ig . a
c ro w n in g (c a k ra ) th a t
is
a p p ro p ria te
U p a n is a d ic
t h o u g h t ,w h i c h
w a s
th e
s ite
r h e
s ig n
th e
in c o rp o ra te d
o f
th is
th is
,
h e e l
B u d d h is m
fo r
fh e
w
s o la r
n o w
w o u ld
in to
4 .t.
la rg e
p ro b a b ly in c o rp o ra te d
in to th e
c a p ita l
is a ls o
s y m b o lis m
th e
lio n ," th a t
o r
s ith h a g h o ;a .
th e fo u r
r e f e r r i n g b o th in s c r ib e d
w e r e
o n th e
th ro u g h o u t th e
a t
J a m
p illa r la n d ,
b e
4 .5 . L io n
a n d
c a p ita l. F ro n
a t n _
m a y f r o r n
s p r e a d
th e
a r o u n d
in fe rre d
fo u r
t h e
d r u m a lth o u g h
a c c id e n ta lly
p l a c e dd i r e c t l y
(o f
-:.:b le
-
a n im a ls
o n
th e
A io k a
a n d
th e y
m a y
d ire c tio n a l s ig -
n i{ic a n c e .1 8
S a k y a r n u n i ) .
d r u m ,
th e ts a n g , w h o
d e s c rib e d
it
as
" b r i g h t lig h t." 1 e
: : = a r h
th e
' - . : k a n
c ris p
In d e e d ,
c a rv in g , s m o o th
p e rp e tu a te th e
.
s y m b o lis m - : t h e
g r e a t e s t a r t i s t i ca c h ie v e m e n ts .
D Y N A S T IE S
c re a tu re s a s
e a rly
fo u n d
p a r t i c u l a r,
th e
c iv iliz a tio n .
ln d u s
fo rm s
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th e
A R c H I T B c T U R E
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b o th in d ig e n o u i a n d
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re s u lt
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h ills
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re ig n A io k a 's
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m e n d ifa n ts " n d
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th e v a tio n s
m a y
B a ra b a r
A io k a .
th re e
w e re
d e d ic a te d
w h o (B e lo v e d
m a n -m a d e
p o p u la c e .
H ills ,
th e
G o d $ ,
w h ile
th e
L o m e i
R li
a
s im p ly m e g a lith ic
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a rtis tic p o in t
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m u s t
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p e rio d ,
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h d ia . c e n tu ry
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m id -th ird
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th e
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w a s
c o m p le te d .
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n e a rly c ir c u la r
th e ir
ro o m
im ita tio n o f
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r n r n
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its
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in s c rip tio n s ),
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th e p la tfo rn
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o M P A T A L I p u T R
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th e y
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O F
T H T
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s c u lp tu re ,
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fo rm
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F ro n t.'T h e
r e c o v e r e d th e
B i h t r,
c e n tu ry
th e
o .c .
P o lis h e d s a n d s to n e .
r h e r e s u l t
re la te th e
tu re
w a s
e x e c u te d
e v id e n c e d W
w ith
a
g e n e r a lly
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th a t
w e ll-p re s e rv e d
h o le .
m o n u m e n ts .
h ile
p e rs is t in to r e f i n e m
e n r.
t r i " r - e n t d is tin c tiv e a rt
th ro u g h
th e
c e n tu rle s ,
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f o r e h e a d . to ,s e c o n d
p e rio d s . _
c lu m
r a i l
c e n tu ry
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A I-o h a n tp u r
M a u r y a th e
fe a tu re s , h o w e v e r ,
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m o ld s
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p illa r .
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A lth o u g h tra tiv e
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th e B h a g a b h a d r a .
r m p o r t a n t ta c ts
th e
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g le a n c d
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th e s e
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r a n g e
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d e d ic a tio n o fth is im p o rta n r
lin k
r h e ,
::a d e s h , o . J m .
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p illa r .
r y p i c a l 'J to n e F u r t h e r, th e
u n p o lis h e d
a
in d ic a te p e r i o d
s ig n ific a n t
d e p a rtu r-e
s h a ft
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M a u ry a -
fro m
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g a rla n d
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h """
q "rl"n d i i l U r r. io io ,
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n e c k in g
s q u a r e
fo rm
c a r v e d
th e
w ith
in d e e d '
th e
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i o d i . " t . i i t . . o r r t i r, u a t i o n th e
a lth o u g h
e le m e n t,
B ro w n is h C a lc u ru '
. r. i d s c o n e .
th "
p illa r
d id
re v e a l
tb e
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n a tu re .z
tifirln e s s
th e
s c u lp tu re
c o n tra s ts w ith
in fo rm a tio n
c o n c e iv e d
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c h lra c te ris tic
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a
liv e ly
S to n "
f u i d . r r. "
. " p r " r " o t " i i o n a re
fro m
k n o w n
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ih .
a ls o
fo u n d th e y
ir o lle d
, h " p .
th e re fo re th e y
in ic r ip tio n s ,
A l t h o u g h
th e s e
t n e th e
w o r k s -B e lo w ' I
fo rm
p e rio d ,
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" . o o r r d s o o ts k n o w n
u r e s )
s tro n g
s ty lis tic
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th e ir
M a u r y a
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r " " a " i
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th is
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A N I ]
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M a d h y a P r a d c s h , M
s a n d s t o n c .
u s c u m
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rie itl s ta n c e , a n c l {io n ta lity
p u le n c y , rc te d s tic s
, : . : : g r
A s
p c r i o d . C r .
bcilts
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c h a r e p o c h .
lord
V i d i i . .
.
o n
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t
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p l a c e cd l i a g o n a l l l . e c r o t si rs c c l . r c s t .
i
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l c . A
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b ro w n is h
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s a n d s to n e th e
a s m a n y
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fig u re
rp "."
e * . r o o r .rtio n .
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c o n fin e s d is -
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k ilo m e te rs
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s trik in s
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p .;o a . s a n d s to n e .
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fo r
le a d e r
p ro p e rty , th e
a c c e p t
o rd e r
u s e b y
it
la ity
in c o n g ru o u s
o f
a
s e n ti-
a c q u ire
b e h in d th is
m e n t
th e
p r in c ip a l
a r c h i t e c t u r a lf o r m s
S e v e ra l
o th e r
m e n d ic a n t
a re
s u b je c t
s a th g h a n o t
a s id e
a
s p e c ia l
( 6 l r l l ; r. r s ) c o u ld
m o n ls
re m a in s
e a rly
S u irg a
fro m
th e ir c o n c e rn s
th e o f
fo r
w h e n
w h ic h
a
c re d ite d w ith
n u m b e r
h a s
re s iS a ic i,
ra in y a
th e m
h illto p a n
to
h is to ry
th e
ie g io n s ,
rle c te d
fo r
b e c a m e
a lm o s t
s e c r:la r c a p ita ls a n d
tra d e
ro u te s .
th e
O n e
d u rin g
th e m s e lv e s
o f th e
w a y,
a
th e
g e n e ro s iry s y m b io tic
la y
n a lly ,
ith o u t
jo in in g
v ita l
& e ir
a b o u t
th irte e n c e n tu rie s
th e
a n d
is a fo rm
te tm
th e
r a ilin g , w h ic h
d e s ig n a te d th e
m o n a s tic
r e la tio n s h ip
isth e f i n a l e x t i n c d o n .
e rc h ite c tu re , s in c e
rc e s s itie s
1 6 e r*= ,
M a -
fo o d ,
th e id e a
s h e l t e r,
s u s ta in in g
c lo th
th e
r o b e , a n d w e r e
b o ilt
u n til
r e la tio n s h ip a
In d ia
th e
th e
re liq u a ry m o u n d ,
P in k is h
In d ic
T h is
o rp ris in g ,
h .rs -
e x a c tly
liG c o n tin u o u s ly fo r
(1 tu t1 y a )
im p o rta n t
g re a t
p h y s ic a l re -
B u d d h is m
th is
e v e n t in
ju s tify in g
e v e n t in the
a rt
o f t}e
th e
ta n t
s u rv iv e d . o f
A lth o u e h is
v e r y
d a ily
p r o v id in g a th e
th e
m o n u m e n ts 4 u n til
B u d d h is t
p e rio d ,
a fte r
th e
w h e re
re s e rv e
a tte n d
a c tiv itie s , u n d is tu rb e d
ra s o n .
th e
a p p a re n d y
lo n g
S a k y a m u n i. H o w e v e r,
tim e
th e
th e
w e re
e x tre m e lv s e ttin g
o f
s o m e
m o n lh o o d
d o n a tio n s
c o n te n ts
th e ir
c c o r d i n g
ltn lo l
r H E
rA R IY
D Y N A S T IE S
e
r o o B . c ,
th c rc fc rc n c c
Ilu d d h is m ,
n a ru c o f
to S a k y a r n u n i
"
h i r. n s c l f , ,
c x tc rio r of
tl.re r a ilin g
t i r r r c . . l c e p i n g ( p r a d a k s i n a t )h, u s tio n ,
In s c r ip tio n s lb u ld i n d i c a t c w i t h i n
d r e m
s a in ts a n d M
b e l o n g c d
f i i n o u s
r o
r v h o tra v c lc c l to th c
e n tc r
o n c
r i g
r a i l i r. r g . I n th is
th c
h
r
fo u r
c a s c , a lth o u g lr
B u d d h is t th c
c o u ld
b e
c o n p lc tc d
a p p a rc n tly
w h o [r
o t h c r s
in th c
l r i s
r e l i c s
t h c
t e a c h c r s w h oh a c l liv c d c l u r i n g
a r. r r y r
a n d
a n c l th e n rv o u ld
o p c n iu g s t h a t
l ) r o n L r n r c n r m o v in g
H in r ila y e s
rv ith in
th c
s io 1 1o [
l
s ta irs
lo w
d o m c . A lth o u s h t . th e b u ilt
lo r
: -
b y th e
:
| : - r r i c . t l
t h l r
s ta irc a s eo n
p a lc o e r a p h ic a s
s c e n to d a y ,
th c
r n d B u d c l h i s t o b j c c t o [d c v o t i o n r c l r t c d ,
b u lg c c rc a tc d
-
th e e r c
c n c lo s u re . T h e fo u r
p a tte rn
c n t r. n c c s t h u s
p r o d u c e d
th e
i u c x t r i c a b l y
f o r t h e
e n r r a n c e s r n
t
fo rm
s p a s t i k a , Ilo th
l n c r c l y
a n r b u l a t e c i
r a ilin q
a r e
m e d a llio n s tlrro u g h o u t th c i r r p o r t a n t
c e n tu ric s
o n e
th c
c a r v e d to
rv ith v ic rv e d
ln o s t th c
s h a llo r v re lie fs th e
w o rs l.ip e r
ia tc r B u c ld h is t r r r o n . l r n ( r ,r l rc . o r n p J c t c
m o r e th e
tru n t
o illa r s
a n
e le p h a n t. T h e m a jo rity
th e
v e d ik a
e la b o ra te ly d e c o ra te d .
a n d
b o tto m ,
a re
n o t
M o s t s im p ly
a fu ll m e d a llio n
in th e
a
c e n te r
(F ig .
w ith
th e
lo tu s ,
p o p u la r
re la te d
B u d d h is t
o th e r
s u b je c ts .
S u n g a - p e r i o d
a r t
th e ir
fla tn e s s a n d
th e
w a y
w ith
fio m
th e
o n e .
ra is e d
T h e
in g
s u g g e s tio n
le v e l
fig u re s
th e
g e n e r a lly
c h a ra c te ris tic s
o f n a tu ra lis tic
m o r e
re c e s s e d
la c k in d iv id u a liz -
b a s e d
p ly s io g n o m y ;
in s te a d ,th e y
fe m a le , fo rm s , A
s ty liz e d h u m a n
:r::e v e d th e
th e
g a te ,
rrg h t
s c h o o l
S t[p a
th a t a re
x E - r J u g h g re p h ic p ro g ra m
is
v is ib le ,
o fte n
d e p ic tio n s
iiiv id u a l
'Ih e
c o h e re n t p a tte rn .
-ith in
a r t
f r o m
a n o t h e r.
b u t h e re ,
s e e m
d o u e d ik a
to
a p p e a rs
o ftc n
:ro c e s _ --:ltra l
= o u ld i-.
th a t
it la d
a
is
p ro b a b le
lo n g
th a t
tra d itio n
tra n s la tio n
its
fo rm
fo rm
a
to
a
e a r r i n g s , n e c k l a c e s , e l a b o r a t e h e a d g e a r ( t u r b a n s , ti h n e
a n d
d e c o ra tio n s
th a t th e
w o o d c a rv in g p rio r
p a rts
a r e
liv e ly
p o s e s p ro v id e
E s p e c ia lly e la b o ra te c a rv in g s
a p p e a r
o n
tle
th e e n tra n c e s . A 6 o k a n -ty p e
w ith
a d d o r s e d
lio n s th a t
s u rm o u n tin g a
o r*u o n s
lo tu s
p illa r is
s u D D o r. - a
c a p ita l th e
riu c e d
p a rt o f-th e B h e rh u t,
w ith in
a
s im ila r
tra n s c e n d e n t
s u c c e s s ,r
d e c o r a r e
c ie n t
a lo n g
e la b o ra te
v in e ,
(k a lp a la ta ),
a
m a jo r
tra d e
b e n e fit
In d ia
p a re n t w e a lth
v in e
a ls o in n o rth -c e n tra l
In d ia ,
w e re
-':r-.h ip e r r. j l i n g ,
a rtis ts .
r a ilin g lo c a tio n
: l,:id h is t
th e
th e
in to s to n e .
a {-w e s t ln
S tE p a II,
g a rm e n ts
fla n k in g
!:i:L _ :s
fre q u e n tly ,
p o s e d in
tta [s
tg E
th ro u g h o u t
a rt;
A t
u s e
a n g u la r c o n to u rs to
fo u r
le a s t
o f
o c c u r s
A s ia n
S o u th
s im ila r
f i g u r e s a r e r a t h e r a w k w a r d lcy o n c e i v e d , h a v i n g
:.lre c -
;
s p e c tru m
fo rm s
fa c ia l
o fth ere g io n ,
ro u te o f fro m
th e
fo u n d a n -
th e
a s in d ic a te d b y
th e
p e rh a p s a th a t
v a rio u s
p o rtio n s
w e r e
th e
g ifts
la y
i:
T H E
r 8 7 3 , e s ti-
d is c o v e re d th e th a t
D E V E IO P M E N T S
R E IA T ID
E R IO D A N D
o b ta in
p e r s o n s w h o
m a te d
S U N G A
th e
d ia m e te r
o r ig in a l
w a s
s o u r c e . T h e i br o d i e s s e e m t o
o rirn a l life
u n fu rl
th is
m o r e
th a n
tw e n ry
a p p e a r to
th e fo rm s
d is g o rg e
a rc h itra v e s . C ro w n in g
th e
to ra tla ,
th e
p la n t
M a u r y a a r t e m e r g e f r o m rc d ik a
th e
th re e
a p p r o x im ite ly
c o m p o u n d , th e
s a c re d
m e te rs
in
v e d ib a
a t
s to n e (to ra 4 a ).
O n Iy
(F ig .
fo u n d
th e
5 .8 ),
fra g m e n ta ry
in s c r ip tio n s
o th e r
a
b y
c a k ta , s y m b o liz in g
th e fa c e sa re n o t
a n d t h e vl a c k
o o lis h e d
th e
th e
w o rd
p illa r s ,
c r o s s b a r s ,a n d
c o p in g la v is h
th e th a n
th e
f o u r,
o r ig in a lly
b e a rs
a
c a rv e d
d e s ig n
o n
th e
d o m in io n
d u rin g
p r e c is e ly w h e n tw e lv e
ru le
g ra p h y
o f
th e
is
th e
th e ir
n o t
S u frg a s ,c a lth o u g h
a
o n e
fo rm s
h u n d re d
in d ic a te d .
in s c r ip tio n
is
p a le o -
th a n
la te r
c a r v e d
lo tu s e s
fu m d e d @
th e
a t
m m o n
s tu p a
a
fo r
its e lf
it
B .c ,
ro u n d e l
th e
c e n te rs
p o p u la r ly
s h o w in g
re -
w a s
J .rJ ,
in
m a jo rity
F ig .
p illa r s
m a y
m u c h a
j.r6 ),
w h ile
re c ta n g u la r
p e rio d
in c lu d in g
h u m a n
lu s tra te d b y
d e s ig n s (F ig s . J .ro to
fro m
b e a rs
th a t
ro o -8 o
H o w e v e r,
b a r
c o n ta in in g
s o m e
o th e rs
u e d ik tr
e v e ry
h a lf-le n g th
e m e rg in g
b e in g x lih a
ro u n d e l,
r a ilin s
B h a rh u t
h o riz o n ta l th e
s u r-
re fin e -
s c u lp te d
w ith
B h a rh ttt re re
t h eB u d d h i s t
b e e rt
p illa r
c o n ta in in g
to p p e d
B h a rh u t g a te w a y s
to rc t1 a
e a s te m
b u t r w o
h e ig h t.
w a s
a
u e d ik a s a n d
c o r n e r
o r te rm in a l
( F i g .5 . r 7 )
s in g le -fig u re
c o n tin u o u s m o tif,
r 4 ) .
to ra 1 a s ) d u rn g
u p rig h ts
th e
v in e ,
w is h - fu lfillin g
tim e s . L lL e a
fru its ,
s to n e
$ e
th e
a rc h ite c tu ra lfo rm ,
d e p ic tio n s o f fa c t
rth o d s u p rig h t th a t
p illa r s
fra m e a n
s u p p o rtin g
e n try
th re e
th a t
th e
n a rra tiv e
c a r r y i n g
s u b je c ts .In s p ite
fo rm a t
th e
v e d ik a
is
o f
th e
s tric tly
a rc h i-
s p a c e t h r o u g h w h ic h
d e v o t e e g a i n e d a c c e ts os t h e J t t p 4
c o r n p o u n d .
A ftL o u g h ln re n r
ic o n o g ra p h i c p ro g ra m
c a n
b e
d is c e rn e d .
In g e n io u s ly
a r r a n g e d
o n
tw o
s id e s th e
C ln .e d
e
ic
o f
th e
s t
to ra n a
th e
s tu p d
r e l o ro file
s e e m s to
o illa r
fa ll
s te p w ith
R c c o n s tru c tio n
d ra rv in e
e $ t e t r.
to ra fia ,
F ro ]..,
s te a d y in g iira l
r o r a 4 an o w
c a s k e t w ith
h is
le ft.
A lo n s s id e
th e
h im
re liq u a ry h is
p E n r o l
re d iA ;.
e c io n
5 .9 .
F r o r n
B .c .
Io o -8 o
M u s e u m , C a lc u tta .
c o rn p a n io n s ,
th e
th e rid e r
h o r s e
h o ld s
r e c o r d
a
a
rv h ic h
c e r e n o n y
a
k in g
p o rt;b le th e
ih .
s titio n a ry
,"."n .rb l"tJ "
'
n o te
in te re s tin g
io v " l b e tw e e n
th is
s ta n d a rd
" n d ,
th e
w ith
its
b i r d - m a n
s q u a r e
p ill" ,
n o t
v id ii" w ls
, . r l p t u r. in d iv id u a l
d e d i c a t e d
k n o w n .
d e e p ly
c a r v e d
th a n
th e ir
i-p a itin g
fro rn V id iia ,
fo rm s , P i l l a r,
fo rm
t l t e p r o c e s s i o n ' t u p p o . t . d
b y
p l i n t h
th e
a n d
fo rm s th e
B h a r h u t
d w a r v e s t h e
o r h e r . l n . r
, o o . r r, r u . , u r.
r c lig io u s
d e fin e
h trh u t
e d iflc e itt "t.h i"
p o tp o t".
o th e r
c ris p e r
th e
fe a tu re s
th a n
th a t
] l T E
R I L A
] ] F , V ] : I - O I ] \ , 1 L N T S
r o f i c s ; p r 1 1 : rr Lu t h
: i l 1 . l l
l n ] l r
c i c p h r n t
\ . 1 r.
I i l i l l .
r v i t h G r c c k
w i h , , r ! , i r t l d . I r r o m
'
: : u P x
p i l l r r
l l h 1 r h u ' . \ 4 : 1 -
l t c c L { i s h L , r o r v r
rL ,lv
p c r i o d . C . r . d i s l t b r L r * r
. l u c
P r r d c s h ,
|
M
r o o r . c .
r o o
l i c d -
l . c .
s r r r d r t o l c . I n d i r n
l t r d d l s l !
b r o n n
s r r d s r o n L : .
I n d i r
u r c l u r ,
l o r c _ . t r t s ,
:
r o .
t r v o
s id e
c lis tin c tiv c
r n c li-
p o s tu ie
w a r t h e : . ' l c 1 c s
: 1 1 : l t
h i l et h i s
L o ' ' . , o
G r c c k t h c
d r e s s
m a y
a
r v c s t c r n o u t p o s r s o f t h e
, J , 1 ' h ' r r r ' .
t h c - i r c s
c c n t r a l f i r ' u r e . W
r h , r r L - 1 ' 1 ,' '" lo
:
: , c l : : . r n
s m
a ll iD
i u l i t c m
t o
n r r l
-
r v e a r r n a n i p u l : r t i n u
_
L l o s i -
th e ir
h a i r s t y l e
iie r:
in g
: - i : r s l r o n i
t h c
a
o f
s h o r t c u r l s c n c i r c l c d fly
o u tw a rd ,
? E R ro D
T H E
E A R IY
s tro n g ly c o n tra s ts w ith
D Y N A S T IE S
th e
h e a v ily
h ig h - r a n lin g
tu rb a n e d d o u b le -
e a rly
th e
b e e n c o n v e rte d to
le ft
c o n s id e re d
im o o rta n t
s u rm o u n te d b y
T h is
a
B u d d h i s ma n d
e le m e n ts
fig u re ,
in m a n v
lik e
th e
to
n a g a s
B u d d h is t
p re c e d in g
c irc le a n d trid e n t-th e lin e a r'fo rm th e
la w
a n d s m o o t h s u r f a c ea sr e o l a v e d
e n tire fig u re
f:;ith
p ro te c to r'o f th e " s " (d h a rw a p a la ).
u d d h is t
e la b o ra te
tu rb a n ,
s q u a re -s h a p e d e a rrin g s , o m a m e n t s , i n c l u d i n ga s h a re d w ith
h is
triple
n e ig h b o r
G a th e r
o nth e
a d ja c e n t
fla g e tu jo In d ic h e ld
ic o n o g ra p h y , a ttrib u te s
a to p
s c u lp te d ro c k
in fro m
tle ir "re a d ."
o p m e n ts
th a t
e v e n tu a lly c u lm in a te in
th e re
e a rly
d e fa c e m e n t
in
re c e n t
h a s
tim e s ,
th e
th e
h g u re
B h a r h u r. A n o th e r g ra p e p la n t,
th is
fe m a le
p illa r
fig u re ,
s h o w s
s ta n d in g
a
g ra c e fu lly
a to p
a
h o rs e -h e
w h ile
g r a s p s
c o n c e iv e d , In d ic e x p la n a tio n s fo r
re p re s e n ta tio n s
o f
th e
th e
m a m e r
a
v ic to r
tra m p lin g
c a s e
h is
w h ic h
is F ro m
in
id e n tifie d
lik e
a n o th e r re a lm
th e ir
c o u n te rp a rts .
(n a g a r-a j a ;
p a r t
o f e a rly
ln d ic
fe rtility th e ir in s c r ip tio n s p e c ific a lly
re fe rs
to
p ro c re a tiv ity
h im
th a t
n a tu re th e
d e u a ta(tre e
g o d d e s s ),a n d
in
fo rm
s p e c ific a lly , a n g ra s p s th e
o f
th e
a t
g ra s p in g
th e ja l
th e E a rly
th a t
m e a n s
"tw o -h e a rte d
th e
lo n g in g s
o f
S U N 'G A
] ) I ] R I O D A N I )
R L i - A ' t I ] D ] ) F V t L O
] " \ ] ] ] N T S
' . c s
i g c
' ' . 1 1 4 1
:.1 4 c - . o d L l r g 'n 'n
: a c l l
P C l r : l . u s 1 lt
' . ) s c d :.ic rl, th c _ T , t ) . r . r 4 .
r l1 x in
p r i J . r r r v i t h
I i l i l t
I . r 3 .
l t r l s i T i
1 ) c t . r i l o i
l ' a l l i r i
F l , m
l L l r c s
I n d i r. l ' ] r . r r l c s lh , ., d i r . S L , L i g p : ct t i o c l . { ) .
r . c .
5 0 r. ( : . ] t r, L l ' s hb L o n r t s a n d -
r o o
- - i s f
C . u d r a .
C r .
l l c t I L i s h
L x l i l n
M
s m
b r o u
r o o d s t o l c .
l r \ ! ' u r n , C : r l c u t t a .
C , i , r) l, c u r r a . s t u , , : . 1 , r c 1 i a n , U , , s t L 1
- l I 1 c l c : l r
.:
l o t l g .
-
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f o r
b , v
b l o o l n .
r h c
'n tu a lly
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: r
l r ^
r '
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: a n c r : 1 1 . ' tL -.n -
r r . c
t i c c
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,
s c u s u a l i r y
t h c
c x r. l s c s t h c n l
: , : r . : r s t h i s
o i
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, t 1 ' t . ' d t r
f
1 ' d L ' - ir 1i i
t e r r n
c h ild .
u n b o r n
: h r, t
t h c
: . . : L r.
fru it
l i o n r
h c r
i r r '
lllx t
l l c t
b c r n g
b l o s s o t t r i n g t r c c
d o l r a , l a ' s l c f t
-
|
c c t \
t t a n o ,
r c s r : n r b i i r r q
l r o l l r r , t h l - - a . ' o f o
t r e c
s , v n r b o l i s r u .
e s t l
c x c l t t i s i t c
l v o r n b
. r : r a n n t r : L s t , :
c ,f
th e
O lV n
t h c
t h i s
:
r c P r e s e i t f i : r s
i r g u r c
lic e
P F R I O D
O F
T H E
D Y N A S T I E S
E A R I Y
. B h a rh u t, h c r c y e s l - r a v c a n e lm o n d
s l.ra p e
t h e
A
, 1 i l a .
: ^ n r r t r o t
a u d r r o p o m o r p h i c
th c
fo rm
rc lic fs .
T l r e - p p . , r c r. r' tb . c r ' , , n r t r r r i . e rta n t
th c
B u d d h is t m o n u m e n ts
e a rly
rc s tric tio n s a p p ly in g
lig io u s
s u c h
to
d c p ic tio n s , th c
h a v c b e c n p . r r T h is
F o r t l r a n d u i d c l v
h a s b e e n b a s e d to a
b e lie f
a rt
r c c c p t c d . l 0
g r c a t
e x te n t o n
th c
I n d i a n M r. r s c u l n .
B u d d h is n
p r c c c d c d
th c
d e v e lo p -
M a h a y a n a d id
Ilc c c n t
C rlc u fta .
e m P lo y
re s e a rc h in to d e m o n s tra te d
d h is rn
th c
th a t tl.ris
H in a y a n a
s c q u e n tia l M a h a y a n a trv o
d e v c lo p n e n ts a n r . r n nr . l r o n )
p a r a lle l i .
r r
t t o r o th e r
m e n t
fro m
o th e r
p e r s o n s o f
ln d ia
th a n
th .
B u d d h a s .r:
r c v e a l c v c n a p r n l r i b i t i or or r. r i t t i. rt r t . . r g ,
" i r r g l c
th e t o tlrr:
tio n s
e x p h in a r t : u c
l a u l t y ,
a n c l t h a t o t h c r s
e r p l . , r r l
. r t r d h r r r t r i. nr nc r r n n t i o t c o u n r b o t h h i ' " n i m a l ja ta k a s (b irrhs to rie s ), a n c l t'c r: s a r e k r r o w
r r r . r i r r ' . 1 3
th e d h i s n . l a
O r ,
c a rly
w o r k s
ts u c l-
B u d d h a i n r a q c s r v c r c d e e n e c l
s to ty
c o n c c r n s
to lv x rd
I)F jIIO D
A N ]]
k e y s r l o n q t h c
R IL A T E D
r i n r
S
7
o f t h c
l l o r r n : u r tc hl c { i g u r c s
r
' ,
t h c
n x r -
i s a c l j u s t c sc ol r l r t - r J
r h e
l
1 -." b y
a
strip
n a r r o w
w itir r ' 1 ' . t . ' g i r r g
th c
r-n a inc h a ra c te rs . c o ln n lr lr ic e tio n
i .
o r r c o f
t l . ,
r r r . i n p o r t u r r
c h a r a c t c r i s t i c s
I :
l r / i ^ r a r o u n d c l
)::!.rs ti.
C la .
F r o r n
In .litL rl
s iro rv in q l S h i r h u r,
u s c l r r ,
p u r c h a s c
o fJ c ta la n ir-rle
M r d h y a
C x lc lrrriL .
w ls
n o t
a e n t, . .
th c
O fte n , lo e ic
rv h a t
,-L b .je c t
,
a
lr
c
tlec
_ l l : l s . - "
a il-rc c l
s y s t e u r a t i cc, o h c r -
fa s h io n .
c o n s i s t c n t v i c r v p o i n ta n d
a rc fre c ly
: n o l k e y - b o c l h i s a t t v as t l e t c h e d h i s :
t,ls lz c s
a n c lc o n p le h e n s iv c
e p p a re n tly
p ic to ria l
a c ljL rs tc c l
c o m
p o s i t i o n , e s
s c c n in a
r c l i e f
to
tio n , h o
fc lie fs
f i n d
: l f a n o u s
r n a [ g o e r e v i t y .
, i n l P l y
I n s t c : L c tl ,h c
th c :
. r g 1 o n
th c
.
.1 c p tc -
th c
c ilc u la r fo ln ra t
th a n
th c
l i r r r ' . . . ' c r i f i c c . c a r c c l
o th e r r, v i o t l s ! c n r i x l
:
-
. _ - r i i o c i c l e ' n t ss k, i l l f u l l y
: : a h r e '.-,1 tio l1 s ,
:
th c
r r r a n g e . l , s L r n . L -
l J l - r a r h u t r o u n d c l ,
\ { l 1 1 t c d t o
S a k y a n r u l i
t h c
T liis
e v e n t i s d c p i c t e d i l , : : : r : h o i c l i n g e
o n c 's
:re l in -
inr v h i c h
r o
c a t c h
p o s itio n
b y
:
I r i ! I a t e S
:
c lo th
.
rc c lu c s tc c l b v : . . - _ - - . ' rT . h e e r r e n g c m
c t r t
o s ,tre r o fth c
P rin c c
J c ta ,
in
h a lf
le ft
th e
th e
id e n ti{ ie d
c o m p o s itio n ,
w o rk e rs
a t
c o s tu m e s b u ilt
d if,e re n t
, " o . " r. o t
w ith
v ir tu a lly
o th e r
th e
fig u re s .
in d is tin g u is h a b le fio m th e
th o u g h
"B h a rh u t
b o th
th e
la w s
th e
th e
o f
w e a r
rig h t
m u s t
tim e fra m e ,
" in c o n s is te n c ie s
b th e r
th e re fo re
la n d ,
th e
th e
a fte r
th e
o h v s ic a l w o rld io '.m p h a s iz . to '
th e
th e
fig u re
c o m p o s itio n
A n a t h a p i 4 { a d a ,w h o
h o ld in g
n e c e s s a r y
re c o rd e d . o h a s iz e
s m a lle r
a t
th e
fro n t a t
th e
la rg e
(T h e
o th e r
fig u re
a t
d e p i
th e
e v e n ts
s iz e s
la te d
th e
th e
ta le s th a t
A s in
th e
b e h a v io r, th e
u n s e lfis h
v irtu e
g e n e ro s ity
d e s c e n t fro m th e
r e a r.
o fa
p ic to ria l d e p th '
th e illu s io n
c re a te
n a rra tiv e ,
th e
c e lta in
T ra y a s trirh ia
rig h t rig h t
re p re s e n ta tio n lik e lv
rig h t
b e lo w e m p h a s is
th ro u g h
ra th e r
th a n a
n a rra tio n
o f
th e
e v e n t
s rte s
re la te d
r p r i a d
to
r e lig io u s
p ilg r i
d e v o tio n
h ie ra rc h ic
T rty a s trifiia
d e s c e n tfro m
d J rin g
a
a rt
p a rtic u la r
a re
is
b e lie v e d
c h a r-
T re y a s trirh 6 a c h a ra ite ris tic s a re
o fte n
th e
c e n tra l
th e
w h o ie
w ith fig u re s
a re th e
fo .c .r
p o rtra itlik e in d iv id u a lity .In s te a d , th a t
d e p ic te d s u g g e s tio n
th a t
a n d
u p o n la d d e rs th a t
re in -
th e p r in c ip a l a im
In d ic th is L jy
- " 1 .
w ith
a
p ro m in e n t
k n o tlik e
e le m e n t,
re lie f.
th o u g h
th e
a lo n g
w ith
a
s e r v e d
-:rirlc e ly a re
-c e s
E
.{l:fre r-
t e w
r]:
l.
is
n o t
!€ l.tio n
b e in g
re -
th a t
::d d h a 's
:t:n t
th e re
:";!=
j::.lu is m ,
ttftn 4 s )
B h a rh u t, M a d h y a
!r-::1 m a g e ,
i-e
C a .
C a lc u tta .
e a rly
r a v m g
o r
o r h e r c e le s m a le fig u re s
::d d h a 's
b e p la n a tio n
th e
fo r
n o ln d ra
e r e c le a rlyd e v o te e s , s ite fo r
th e
e lre a d y ite s
fig u re s
a r e a lik e
in
c o s tu m e , fa c ia l
k e e p in g
in -
w ith
th e
a t S u d d h a 's
:C fro m
:iz e ,
tre e .
: : J o n a . ' '
fro n t-fa c in g ,
c l'o 's
It
o d r e r s
g iv e n
a ll.
w e r e
*ra t
th e
th a t th is
th e n ,
a n ic o n ic i n r e r p r e t a r i o n
a r e s u g g e s te d
th e
m o th e r w h ile
p o s s ib le , o fte n
c o *-"-o rit"
T r a y a s t r i r h ( a , w h e r e
h is
je
: J r a n m a ,
v is it
p la c e m e n t, o r
i
S a ila s y a
R a t h e r,
B u d d h o lo g ic a l
it
m ig h t
m e s a g e
:;ik a s y a , s a id i
@
ru y p ro c e s s io n a ro u n d
a s th e
th e s ta irs a n d
s a c re d
b u t
ra th ir d e p ic tio n
- ia d d e rs , th e th e m
:w o
fly -
w $ ip
s p e c ific a lly , th e p ro b a b ly m e rtt s u c l1
a s s o c ia te d
(p x ry a ) th e g n m a g e s ,
o f
m a d e w ith
d e v o te e
th e
m o r e
n a t
n rth a s ,
w a s th e
m a k in g
th is
re lie f,
as
in
o th e rs
B h a rh u t, th e
th e
o h v s ic a l
w o rld T h e re fo re ,
w h ile
th e
o v e r la p p in g
G e t
th e s e fig u re s
s c e m
o f
fo rm s
th e
to
le ft. A th e
c o m m o n lo tu s
m o tif
th e
B h e rh u t
u e d ik a
is
m e d a llio n . s o r h a t
" b o v .
a
j.r8 ). a re th e lo tu s
m e a n t
5 ,r8 .
e d ik a ro .u n d e l. F ro m
o r h a v e
;
fro m
c e n te rs . _
th e s e
B u d d h is m
fo w e rs
a re
in d iv id u a ls
w h o
g e n e ra l,
!
th e m a y
fig u re s
a re
p r in c e ly
b e in fe rre d fro m
n o b le
s h a rp ly
d e fin e d
ra n k ,
th e irje w e lry a n d h e a d g e a r th e ir
little
a tte n -
u n r a v e l
li
T h e
fig u re s
d im e n s io n m a l o d u l a t i o n sL .i k e
t h e
t h o s e i n
R
o c K
- c u r
r n r
tra d itio n th a t
o th e r fis u re s a t
s e e n in
th e
c o n c e p t
P
r n r o o : T n r ' W
a th o u s a n d A jiv ik a
a n d
m
c a v e s in
th e
B a ra b a r
th e
w e s te rn
rn e te rs
r s r r n N
h ig h a n d
D
r c c a n
v a ry in g fro m
fo rty -{iv e
th e A ra b ia n
e x e c u tio n .
o u n t a i n c h a in
w e s t e m
c e lls q u a rte rs
fo r th e
th a t
c o m p ris e d
th e
liv in g
m o n k s , th e
a e s th e tic a n d
th e
p e rio d c e rta in
w a s
u n iq u e ,
a d a p tin g
p a r d y
fo rm s
th e
g iv e n
fo rm
a rc h ite c tu ra l
fo rm th e
h ill5
im i-
lo m a d
!.9 i
3 n d d 1 q m o r e
w e s te m
d te
re g io n
- r o o
a
lo n g
e trtry
a
s m a ll th a t S
o f
th e
p la n
g ro u n d
to
of
ih"i
k e l c n
P
l a
f
N
o t
T o
S
c a t €
il"
a s in
th e e re
s ty le
a w a v .
d e fin e d
i=
b u t
th e
a lm o s t s tru c tu rJ
fla tte n e d
w ith
is
ra th e r
ro o -m
a tte n -
w ith in
:.= e r
fo 1
a
th e
p e rs o n c e ll,
O n e
th re e -
fo rm
"
th e
w a lk
c re a tin g
a ro u n d
th e
s rtrp c
a
b e s t - p r e s e r v e d e a rly B u d d h is t
iq u re s = e -
S u irg a -
= :ii.
In d ia .
th e
s c rip tio n s
fo u n d
m o lu m e n ts , B h a ja t@
is
-7 o
b a s is
o f
th e
p a le o jr a p h a ,ty t.
th e
m a jo r
*r" J ,2 o .
e x c a v a tio n
b e lie v e d
B .c .
of
V ie w
o f
rltp a
a ro u n d
la rg e
c a ity a
h a ll
d o m in a te s th e
th e
c e n te r
o f
th e
:rm
e n tra n c e w a y c o m p le m e n te d fu a b ia n ln -
z
-ity a h a ll
th e v e te o f
m a ln
F r. r n p l e
:c s
o th e r
re n d in g
liv in g G e n e ra l ic
v ie w
'n la ja
S u n g a -p e rio d ro c k -c :t
-
lo r
ro c k -c u t
c d ity a h a lls ,
fa c a d e
a
p r e s u m e d
in
ih e
im ita te p ro to ry p e a n d
o r ig in a l
th e
e le m e n t fre e -
p o rtio n s
in to th e
L o m a 6
f;.9 i c a v e ,
fa c a d e
S e e n in
is
a n
th e d o m in a n t th e
e a r[e r
la rs e fo im
th is
in te rio ra p p e a ra n c e
o ff
m o s t
ro c k -c u t
h o r s e s h o e - s h a p a e rd c h .
d e ta ilin g
c lo s e d
th e
a n c ie n t ln d ia , th e
d a m a q e d
f o r _ i t B u d d h is t
e a r l y m o n u rn e n ts , fra m in q
th c
m a r n
|
'
,rS @
,& !
j
C a .
T H E
S U N G A P E R IO D A N D
c a ity a h e ll- B h e jd , M a h d -
tra n c e w a y s
re p e a rin g in
in to a r c a d e s lik e th o s e
c e n tra l re n d e r
th e
fa n lin g
a rc h ra fte rs
th e
b e a m s
a s
w o u ld
th e y
b u ild in g s . H u m a n o v e r p e e r
m o c k
th e
b a lc o n ie s
(F ig -
th ro u g h
s tru c tu ra l p u rp o s e in
fig u re s
5 .z z ),
g iv in g th e s e
re la te
s tro n g ly
fig u re s
te rra -c o tta th e ir
w ith
e la b o ra th e r
th e ir
ra te a w k w a rd ly c o n c e iv e d
a n d
b o d ie s
a rc h ite c tu re , s c u lp tu ta l
d e c o ra tio n
i sm i n i m a l
w ith in
p o s e s .
c o n tra s t to
tw o
c h a m b e rs
c ir c u la r r o o m th e
e x a m p le s A
w a ll
e n c lo s in g
th e
e a r lie r
is
a b s e n t.
c o n ta in s a
ro w
p le s ,
e x te n d s
th u s
d iv id in g
tra l a
in
(F ig .
a re a
a ro u n d th e
a n d a
fe a tu re
th a t
th e
p e d m e te r
th e a
in te rio r
a
s t r u c t u r a l e le -
p ro to ty p e
a
im ita te s
n u m b e r
o f s c u lp tu ra l a rc h ite c tu ra l
it,
U -s h a p e d b o th
h a ll,
fo rm s . A p p ro x im a te ly c o n te m -
p o ra n e o u sw ith
c irc u m a m b u la to ry tA e
s tn p a .
T h e
v a u lte d -w p e
c e n tra l
ro o f
w h ile
b a rre l-
h a ll th e
s id e
a is le s
h a v e
c o rre s p o n d sto
B ra h m a n ic a l fiv e
a p p e a r a t
r i g h t( F i g .
th e
s . 2 s ) . B e ly in g
p la in
th e
e x te rio r
e la b o ra te d
in te rio r
th e
w ith
s c u lp tu ra l
a rc h ite c tu re , th e
S im u la tin g
a w ith
c u r v e d
a rc h ite c tu re d e g re e
s p e rs e d w ith
fo rm s .
th e c e n tra lth e m e .
th e s e tw o
ro o f
s e e m
to
r e lie G
in
c o n tra d ic t
th e th is
s to n e v e rs io n
ja tu h a s o to th e r
re fe a ts
b e lo w a tla n tid -ty p e
{ig u re s , re p re s e n t
w h o
a re
rig h t
th e
v e r a n d a
ftrlly p e c u lia r itie s o f th e
e a rth ly
p ro p o rtio n s , in g
e n tra n c e to
th e
a r e r w o
id e n tifie d
a s
p e rh a p s a
th e
S a k y a m u n i. th e
B u d d h is t s to rie s ,o r
in
c a r p e n t r y . 'tll.te rs tu p a s ,
s e 'v e fl n a fiu ti
F la n k in g
r o l e s a r e c l e a r l y s u b s e r v i e n tt o
h a lG b a rre l v a u lt,
te c h n ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t
s o fiit
T rd y a s trirh 6 a ,th e ir
th e
rib s th e
th e
u ih a ra ,
th e
in tr ig u in g S u ry a ,
th e th e
H in d u
th e h is
e le p h a n t
H o w e v e r, tio n s
th a n
th is
m o u n t
th e
id e n tific a tio n
rig h t
(F ig .
ra is e s
m o re
5 .2 7 ).
d a n c in g is
P E R IO D
_ \ r r n a r l s t rl a n .c l l e .
D y N A s r. t E S
I
i
i
J .2 2 .
t 2 3 .
V ie w
to w a rd
o r s e - c h a r i o r J . 2 9 .
C r o u p
V r h a r a
r 9 .
u i L h h j j a .
r i d c r . B . c .
T H E
tw o
b e tw e e n th e
O n e lie fs , th e
t h e i r
th e
"tra m p lin g "
r e -
m
e r n i n g s . th e
th e
fig u re
th e
a to P
c h a rio t
P IR IO D
tra rn p lin g s o m e ty p e
d e p ic tio n o f
s m a ll
S U N G A
e le p h a n t
r n a y
th e
c u lts
tio n
fo u n d
te x t
th e
5 .3 o .
la te
firs t
o r
s e c o n d
c e n tu ry
,t.o .,
h a d
b e e n
w h ic h
th e
c o n c e r n
h a r a S g a ,
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b c c n
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5 .3 5 . D w a r l
F r o m
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c m . N a tio n a l
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T h e ir
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lo w e r g a r m e n t s ,
th a t is n o w fla n k in g
d e s tro y e d
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g r a n d e u r. A c a v e s . T w o fa n l<
g u a rd ia n s
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th e d o o r w a y
s m ilin g e te m a lly
e x p r e s s i o n st ,h e w id e -e y e d
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