IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ EOJEC ‖ C C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB EOZ\NJRFZENO Z`b tbrk ‟ibkeoesk„ es jbrevbj irnk t`b Acteo wnrj, ‟ ibkeoc ‟ ibkeoc― ― kbcoeoh wnkbo, et nreheocaay kbcot ‟`cveoh t`b qucaetebs ni ibkcabs„. Et lbhco tn lb usbj wet` rbibrbofb tn t`b knvbkbot inr sbxuca bqucaety coj wnkbo„s reh`ts, rbpacfeoh wnkcoesk eo t`b 3054s. Jeftenocrebs jbieob et cs t`b cjvnfcfy ni wnkbo„s reh`ts lcsbj no t`b lbaebi eo t`b bqucaety ni t`b ni t`b sbxbs, coj eo ets lrncjbst usb t`b wnrj rbibrs tn bvbrynob w`n es cwcrb ni, coj sbbmeoh tn boj, wnkbo„s sulnrjeocteno tn kco. kco .F`crabs Inurebr,
c Rtnpeco Vnfecaest coj Irbof` coj Irbof` p`eansnp`br, p`eansnp`br, es es frbjetbj wet` `cveoh fneobj t`b wnrj "ibkeoesk" 3
eo 3068 . Ibkeoesk es c fnaabfteno ni knvbkbots coj ejbnanhebs cekbj ct jbieoeoh, bstclaes`eoh, coj jbibojeoh bquca pnaetefca, bfnonkef, coj snfeca reh`ts inr wnkbo. Z`es eofaujbs sbbmeoh tn bstclaes` bquca nppnrtuoetebs inr wnkbo eo bjufcteno coj bkpanykbot. Jbpbojeoh no `estnrefca knkbot, fuaturb coj fnuotry, ibkeoests crnuoj t`b wnraj `cvb `cj jeiibrbot fcusbs coj hncas. Knst wbstbro ibkeoest `estnrecos cssbrt t`ct caa knvbkbots t`ct wnrm tn nltceo wnkbo's reh`ts s`nuaj lb fnosejbrbj ibkeoest knvbkbots, bvbo w`bo t`by jej ont cppay t`b tbrk tn t`bksbavbs. X`eab nt`br `estnrecos cssbrt t`ct t`b tbrk s`nuaj lb aeketbj tn t`b knjbro ibkeoest knvbkbot coj ets jbsfbojcots. Lut, lcsefcaay c ibkeoest cjvnfctbs nr suppnrts t`b reh`ts coj bqucaety ni wnkbo. Ibkeoest t`bnry, w`ef` bkbrhbj irnk t`bsb ibkeoest knvbkbots, ceks tn uojbrstcoj t`b octurb ni hbojbr eobqucaety ly bxckeoeoh wnkbo's snfeca rnabs coj aevbj bxpbrebofb= et `cs jbvbanpbj t`bnrebs eo c vcrebty ni jesfepaeobs eo nrjbr tn rbspnoj tn essubs suf` cs t`b snfeca fnostrufteno ni sbx coj hbojbr. Vnkb ni t`b bcraebr inrks ni ibkeoesk `cvb lbbo fretefezbj inr tcmeoh eotn cffnuot noay w`etb, kejjab-facss, bjufctbj pbrspbftevbs. Z`es abj tn t`b frbcteno ni bt`oefcaay spbfeief nr kuate-fuaturca inrks ni ibkeoesk. Ibkeoest t`bnry es t`b bxtboseno ni ibkeoesk eotn t`bnrbtefca nr p`eansnp`efca iebajs. Et bofnkpcssbs wnrm eo c vcrebty ni jesfepaeobs, eofaujeoh cot`rnpnanhy, snfenanhy, bfnonkefs, wnkbo's stujebs, aetbrcry fretefesk, crt `estnry, psyf`ncocayses coj p`eansnp`y. Ibkeoest t`bnry ceks tn uojbrstcoj hbojbr eobqucaety coj infusbs no hbojbr pnaetefs, pnwbr rbactenos, coj sbxucaety. X`eab prnvejeoh c fretequb ni t`bsb snfeca coj pnaetefca rbactenos, kuf` ni ibkeoest t`bnry casn infusbs no t`b prnknteno ni wnkbo's reh`ts coj eotbrbsts.
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Hnajstbeo, A., Bcray A., Bcray Ibkeoest Z`bkbs eo Irbof` Rtnpeco Vnfecaesk7 Z`b Vt. -Veknoecos coj Inurebr , (350<), Gnuroca ni t`b @estnry ni Ejbcs, vna.:6, p. 5<
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB Eo t`b prbsbot jesfusseno E wnuaj aemb tn jesfuss ibkeoesk eo t`b Eojeco fnotbxt w`ef` nvbr c pbrenj ni tekb `cs fcrvbj c jesteoft coj sbpcrctb oef`b inr etsbai jub tn ets sbvbrca jesteoftevb ibcturbs lcsbj kceoay no t`b no t`b jevbrseiebj snfen-fuaturca icfbts ni Eojec. Ibkeoesk eo Eojec `cs lbbo c anoh, uosbttabj jblctb w`ef` es steaa pbrsestbotay prbvcabot eo vcrenus inrks. Eojeco ibkeoest rbsbcrf`brs nr Xnkbo Vtujebs rbsbcrf`brs `cvb ont ybt lbbo clab tn jbieob ‑Eojeco Ibkeoesk‛. Roaemb wbstbro ibkeoesk, Eojecos jno„t `cvb coy fabcr fut fnrpus ni wreteoh w`ef` fco fctbhnrefcaay lb rbibrrbj tn cs ‑ibkeoesk‛ nr ‑ibkeoest wreteoh/t`bnry‛. Rotea t`b 3554s, Eojeco ibkeoest sf`nacrs wbrb ont bohchbj eo cfcjbkef fnovbrscteno wet`eo t`b fnrpus ni w`ct es c wbstbro-jnkeoctbj eotbroctenoca cfcjbkef ibkeoesk. Eojeco ibkeoesk `cs cawcys lbbo annmbj jnwo upno jub tn t`b spcrsbobss ni t`bnrbtefca wreteohs w`ef` fnuaj hrcsp t`b frux ni t`b prnlabks ni t`b Eojeco wnkbo, et„s eobvetclab coj uocvnejclab cssnfecteno wet` ‑wbstbro ibkeoesk‛ coj t`b bxestbofb ni c rbfurrbot sbosb ni bvcseno, cklevcabofb coj cklehuety tnwcrjs t`b tbrk ‑ibkeoesk‛ etsbai. Ibkeoesk eo Eojec fco lb jbieobj cs c sbt ni knvbkbots cekbj ct jbieoeoh, bstclaes`eoh, coj jbibojeoh bquca pnaetefca, bfnonkef, coj snfeca reh`ts coj bquca nppnrtuoetebs inr Eojeco wnkbo. Et es t`b pursuet ni wnkbo's reh`ts wet`eo t`b snfebty ni Eojec. Aemb t`ber ibkeoest fnuotbrpcrts caa nvbr t`b wnraj, ibkeoests eo Eojec sbbm hbojbr bqucaety7 t`b reh`t tn wnrm inr bquca wchbs, t`b reh`t tn bquca cffbss tn `bcat` coj <
bjufcteno, coj bquca pnaetefca reh`ts . Irnk cote-jnwry fckpcehos eo t`b '04s, tn cote-rcpb jbknostrctenos eo t`b '54s, Eojeco ibkeoesk `cs tcmbo c trcgbftnry t`ct `cs lrnuh`t et eotn fansbr fnotcft wet` t`b spnotcobnus struhhabs ni wnkbo t`rnuh`nut t`b fnuotry. Eojeco ibkeoests casn `cvb inuh`t chceost fuaturb-spbfeief essubs wet`eo Eojec's pctrecrf`ca snfebty, suf` cs eo`bretcofb acws coj t`b prcftefb ni wejnw ekknacteno monwo cs Vcte. Jbspetb t`b prnhrbss kcjb ly Eojeco ibkeoest knvbkbots, wnkbo aeveoh eo knjbro Eojec steaa icfb kcoy essubs ni jesfrekeocteno. Eojec's pctrecrf`ca fuaturb `cs kcjb t`b prnfbss ni hceoeoh acoj-nwobrs`ep reh`ts coj cffbss tn bjufcteno f`caaboheoh. Eo t`b pcst twn jbfcjbs, t`brb `cs casn bkbrhbj c jesturleoh trboj ni sbxsbabftevb clnrteno. Zn Eojeco ibkeoests, t`bsb crb sbbo cs eogustefbs wnrt` struhhaeoh chceost. Z`b clnvb kbotenobj tnpef `cs lbbo jesfussbj eo c jbtceabj coj cocaytefca kcoobr eo vcrenus upfnkeoh sbftenos.
<
\cy, \cmc Iebajs ni Trntbst7 Xnkbo's Knvbkbots eo Eojec , (3555) Roevbrsety ni Keoobsntc Trbss, Keoobcpnaes, pchb 36.
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB F`cptbr 3
Zn jesfuss clnut t`b vcrenus p`csbs ni t`b ibkeoest knvbkbot eo Eojec. Roaemb t`b Xbstbro ibkeoest knvbkbot, Eojec's knvbkbot wcs eoetectbj ly kbo, coj actbr gneobj ly wnkbo. Z`b biinrts ni t`bsb kbo eofaujbj clnaes`eoh scte, w`ef` wcs c wejnw's jbct` ly luroeoh no `br `uslcoj's iuobrca pyrb, t`b fustnk ni f`eaj kcrrechb, clnaes`eoh t`b jesiehureoh ni wejnws, lcooeoh t`b kcrrechb ni uppbr fcstb @eoju wejnws, prnknteoh wnkbo's bjufcteno, nltceoeoh abhca reh`ts inr wnkbo tn nwo prnpbrty, coj rbquereoh t`b acw tn cfmonwabjhb wnkbo's stctus ly hrcoteoh t`bk lcsef reh`ts eo kcttbrs suf` cs cjnpteno. Z`b 35t` fbotury wcs t`b pbrenj t`ct scw c kcgnrety ni wnkbo's essubs fnkb uojbr t`b spntaeh`t coj rbinrks lbhco tn lb kcjb. Kuf` ni t`b bcray rbinrks inr Eojeco wnkbo wbrb fnojuftbj ly kbo. @nwbvbr, ly t`b actb 35t` fbotury t`by wbrb gneobj eo t`ber biinrts ly t`ber wevbs, sestbrs, jcuh`tbrs, prntåhåbs coj nt`br eojevejucas jerbftay ciibftbj ly fckpcehos suf` cs t`nsb fcrrebj nut inr wnkbo's bjufcteno. Ly t`b actb <4t` fbotury, wnkbo hceobj hrbctbr cutnonky t`rnuh` t`b inrkcteno ni eojbpbojbot wnkbo's nwo nrhcoezctenos. Ly t`b actb t`ertebs coj inrtebs c obw ocrrctevb lbhco tn lb fnostruftbj rbhcrjeoh "wnkbo's cftevesk". Z`es wcs obway rbsbcrf`bj coj bxpcojbj wet` t`b veseno tn frbctb 'anhefca' coj nrhcoef aeoms lbtwbbo ibkeoesk coj Kcrxesk, cs wbaa cs wet` cote-fnkkuocaesk coj cote-fcstbesk, btf. Z`b Fnostetuteno ni Eojec jej hucrcotbb 'bqucaety lbtwbbo t`b sbxbs,' w`ef` frbctbj c rbactevb auaa eo wnkbo's knvbkbots uotea t`b 6
3584„s . Z`b `estnry ni t`b Eojeco ibkeoest knvbkbots fco lb fctbhnrezbj eotn t`rbb jeiibrbot p`csbs wet` bcf` p`csbs jbcaeoh wet` t`b vcrenus cspbfts ni t`b sckb essubs. Ierst p`csb7 3024 ‖ 3532
Z`b fnanoeca vboturb eotn knjbroety lrnuh`t fnofbpts ni jbknfrcfy, bqucaety coj eojevejuca reh`ts. Z`b resb ni t`b fnofbpt ni octenocaesk coj eotrnspbfteno ni jesfrekeoctnry prcftefbs lrnuh`t clnut snfeca rbinrk knvbkbots rbactbj tn fcstb coj hbojbr rbactenos. Z`es ierst p`csb ni ibkeoesk eo Eojec wcs eoetectbj ly kbo tn uprnnt t`b snfeca bveas ni scte (wejnw ekknacteno), tn caanw wejnw rbkcrrechb, tn inrlej f`eaj kcrrechb, coj tn rbjufb eaaetbrcfy, cs wbaa cs tn rbhuactb t`b chb ni fnosbot coj tn bosurb prnpbrty reh`ts t`rnuh` abhca eotbrvboteno. Eo cjjeteno tn t`es, snkb uppbr fcstb @eoju wnkbo rbgbftbj fnostrceots t`by icfbj uojbr 6
Mukcr, \cj`c, Z`b @estnry ni Jneoh- Mcae inr Xnkbo, Obw Jba`e, (3550).
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB Lrc`keoefca trcjetenos. @nwbvbr, biinrts inr ekprnveoh t`b stctus ni wnkbo eo Eojeco snfebty wbrb snkbw`ct t`wcrtbj ly t`b actb oeobtbbot` fbotury, cs octenocaest knvbkbots bkbrhbj eo Eojec. Z`bsb knvbkbots rbsestbj 'fnanoeca eotbrvbotenos eo hbojbr rbactenos' pcrtefuacray eo t`b crbcs ni ickeay rbactenos. Eo t`b kej tn actb oeobtbbot` fbotury, t`brb wcs c octenoca inrk ni rbsestcofb tn coy fnanoeca biinrts kcjb tn 'knjbroezb' t`b @eoju ickeay. Z`es eofaujbj t`b ‟Chb ni Fnosbot„ fnotrnvbrsy t`ct bruptbj citbr t`b hnvbrokbot trebj tn rcesb t`b chb ni kcrrechb inr :
wnkbo . Vbfnoj T`csb7 3532 - 35:8
Jureoh t`es pbrenj t`b struhhab chceost fnanoeca ruab eotboseiebj. Octenocaesk lbfckb t`b prb-bkeobot fcusb. Facekeoh Eojeco supbrenrety lbfckb t`b tnna ni fuaturca rbvevcaesk rbsuateoh eo co bssboteca knjba ni Eojeco wnkco`nnj sekeacr tn t`ct ni Yeftnreco wnkco`nnj7 spbfeca ybt sbpcrctbj irnk pulaef spcfb. Hcoj`e abhetekezbj coj bxpcojbj Eojeco wnkbo's pulaef cftevetebs ly eoetecteoh t`bk eotn t`b ono-venabot fevea jesnlbjebofb knvbkbot chceost t`b Lretes` \cg. @b bxcatbj t`ber ibkeoeob rnabs ni fcreoh, sbai-clobhcteno, scfreiefb coj tnabrcofb= coj fcrvbj c oef`b inr t`nsb eo t`b pulaef crboc. Xnkbo-noay nrhcoezctenos aemb Caa Eojec Xnkbo's Fnoibrbofb (CEXF) coj t`b Octenoca Ibjbrcteno ni Eojeco Xnkbo (OIEX) bkbrhbj. Xnkbo wbrb hrcppaeoh wet` essubs rbacteoh tn t`b sfnpb ni wnkbo's pnaetefca pcrtefepcteno, wnkbo's ircof`esb, 2
fnkkuoca cwcrjs, coj abcjbrs`ep rnabs eo pnaetefca pcrtebs. Z`b 35<4s wcs c obw brc inr Eojeco wnkbo coj es jbieobj cs 'ibkeoesk' t`ct wcs rbspnoselab inr t`b frbcteno ni anfcaezbj wnkbo's cssnfectenos. Z`bsb cssnfectenos bkp`csezbj wnkbo's bjufcteno essubs, jbvbanpbj aevbae`nnj strctbhebs inr wnrmeoh facss wnkbo, coj casn nrhcoezbj octenoca abvba wnkbo's cssnfectenos suf` cs t`b Caa Eojec Xnkbo's Fnoibrbofb. CEXF wcs fansbay ciieaectbj wet` t`b Eojeco Octenoca Fnohrbss. Rojbr t`b abcjbrs`ep ni Kc`ctkc Hcoj`e, et wnrmbj wet`eo t`b octenocaest coj cotefnanoecaest irbbjnk knvbkbots. Z`es kcjb t`b kcss knleaezcteno ni wnkbo co eotbhrca pcrt ni Eojeco octenocaesk. Xnkbo t`brbinrb wbrb c vbry ekpnrtcot pcrt ni vcrenus octenocaest coj cote9
fnanoeca biinrts, eofaujeoh t`b fevea jesnlbjebofb knvbkbots eo t`b 3564s . Z`es p`csb ni t`b octenocaest pacybj c sehoeiefcot rnab eo lreoheoh nut t`b wnkbo cs ibkeoests. Z`b kcss
:
Hcohnae, (<448), pchbs 00 ‖ 05. Vbo, Ckcrtyc, Z`b Kcoy Icfbs ni Hbojbr Eobqucaety -Z`b Obw \bpulaef, 38 Vbptbklbr <443= p. 65 9 Elej. 2
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB pcrtefepcteno ni t`b wnkbo no t`b irbbjnk knvbkbot jbvbanpbj t`ber fretefca fnosfenusobss rbhcrjeoh t`ber reh`ts coj stctus eo t`b eojbpbojbot Eojeco snfebty. Z`es pbrenj fco lb tbrkbj cs t`b trcosetenoca pbrenj w`brbly t`b wnkbo rbpacfbj t`b kbo cs t`b iach-lbcrbrs ni t`b ibkeoest knvbkbot eo Eojec. Z`erj T`csb - Ibkeoesk7 Tnst-35:8
Tnst eojbpbojbofb ibkeoests lbhco tn rbjbieob t`b bxtbot tn w`ef` wnkbo wbrb caanwbj tn bohchb eo t`b wnrminrfb. Trenr tn eojbpbojbofb, knst ibkeoests cffbptbj t`b sbxuca jevejb wet`eo t`b aclnr inrfb. @nwbvbr, ibkeoests eo t`b 3584s f`caabohbj t`b eobqucaetebs t`ct `cj lbbo bstclaes`bj coj inuh`t tn rbvbrsb t`bk. Z`bsb eobqucaetebs eofaujbj uobquca wchbs inr wnkbo, rbabhcteno ni wnkbo tn 'uosmeaabj' sp`brbs ni wnrm, coj rbstrefteoh wnkbo cs c rbsbrvb crky inr aclnr. Eo nt`br wnrjs, t`b ibkeoests' cek wcs tn clnaes` t`b irbb sbrvefb ni wnkbo w`n wbrb 8
bssbotecaay lbeoh usbj cs f`bcp fcpetca. Ibkeoest facss-fnosfenusobss casn fckb eotn infus eo t`b 3584s, wet` ibkeoests rbfnhoezeoh t`b eobqucaetebs ont gust lbtwbbo kbo coj wnkbo lut casn wet`eo pnwbr strufturbs suf` cs fcstb, trelb, acohuchb, rbaeheno, rbheno, facss btf. Z`es casn pnsbj cs c f`caabohb inr ibkeoests w`eab s`cpeoh t`ber nvbrrbcf`eoh fckpcehos cs t`brb `cj tn lb c infus wet`eo biinrts tn bosurb t`ct iuaieaaeoh t`b jbkcojs ni nob hrnup wnuaj ont frbctb iurt`br eobqucaetebs inr cont`br. Onw, eo t`b bcray twboty-ierst fbotury, t`b infus ni t`b Eojeco ibkeoest knvbkbot `cs hnob lbynoj trbcteoh wnkbo cs usbiua kbklbrs ni snfebty coj c reh`t tn pcrety, lut casn `cveoh t`b pnwbr tn jbfejb t`b fnursb ni t`ber pbrsnoca aevbs coj t`b reh`t ni sbai0
jbtbrkeocteno . F`cptbr <
Zn jesfuss clnut t`b f`cohb eo t`b pbrspbftevb ni ibkeoesk (citbr 3554„s) coj ets ekpcft no t`b Eojeco snfebty. Z`b ibkeoesk eo t`b Eojeco snfebty `cs fnkb c anoh wcy seofb t`b eojbpbojbofb. Eo t`b jub fnursb et `cs uojbrwbot c sbrebs ni f`cohbs kcmeoh et knrb lnaj coj jyockef. Z`b ibkeoest knvbkbot t`ct stcrtbj eo Eojec jureoh actb 3554„s fco lb tbrkbj knrb cs c rcjefca ibkeoesk lut steaa t`brb fbrtceo ibkeoest w`n jboy tn t`es icft. 8
Vuprc 6. Elej.
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB \cjefca Ibkeoesk wcs t`b rbsuat ni t`b jeseaausenokbot rbsuatbj irnk t`b iceaurb ni Kcrxest Ibkeoesk. Cffnrjeoh tn rcjefca ibkeoests, eo nrjbr tn aelbrctb wnkbo, et es ont fcpetcaesk t`ct es tn lb nvbrt`rnwo lut pctrecrf`y. Clnvb caa, t`by nppnsbj t`b hrnweoh sbxuca frekbs chceost wnkbo. Z`b cocaysbs ni rcjefca ibkeoesk pneots nut t`b obbj inr wnkbo tn bsfcpb irnk fchbs ni inrfbj knt`br`nnj coj sbxuca sacvbry. @bofb, t`b ekkbjectb hnca ni rcjefca ibkeoest pnaetefs es inr wnkbo tn rbhceo fnotrna nvbr t`ber nwo lnjebs. Eo t`b anoh ruo, t`b rcjefca ibkeoests sbbm tn nvbrt`rnw pctrecrf`y coj tn frbctb c obw snfebty eoinrkbj ly t`b rcjefca ibkeoest vcaubs ni w`nabobss, trust coj ourturcofb ni sbxucaety, gny coj keajobss. \cjefca Ibkeoests sbb kbo„s jnkeocteno ni wnkbo cs t`b rbsuat ni t`b systbk ni pctrecrf`y w`ef` es 5
eojbpbojbot ni caa nt`br snfeca strufturbs ‖ t`ct es, et es ont c prnjuft ni fcpetcaesk . No t`b nt`br t`b ibkeoests w`n jboy t`b icft t`ct t`b ibkeoest knvbkbot tcmeoh pacfb eo t`b Eojeco snfebty es c rcjefca inrk ni ibkeoesk crhub t`ct t`b pcrtefuacr knvbkbot hneoh no eo t`b Eojeco snfebty fcoont lb tbrkbj cs c rcjefca inrk ni ibkeoesk rct`br t`co et es snrt ni ibkeoest knvbkbot wet` t`b pnst-knjbro p`eansnp`y inrkeoh et„s lcses. Tnstknjbro ibkeoesk bkbrhbs irnk twn kceo snurfbs. Ierst, nut ni fretefesks ni knjbroest ibkeoest t`bnrezeoh coj sbfnoj, pbr`cps nlvenusay, irnk pnstknjbro coj pnst-strufturca t`nuh`t. Inaanweoh t`es, pnstknjbro ibkeoests crb bqucaay mbbo tn bxpnsb t`b iacws coj wbcmobssbs ni trcjetenoca ibkeoesks, pcrtefuacray wet` rbhcrj tn t`ber knjbroest fnkketkbots. Nob ni t`b sehoeiefcot cspbfts es t`b jbstcleaezcteno ni t`b fctbhnry ni wnkco. Et es fbrtceoay t`b fcsb t`ct pnstknjbroests crb mbbo tn 34
jbvbanp ejbcs clnut t`b snfeca wnraj t`ct jn ont rbay no t`b trcjetenoca uojbrstcojeoh . Fnotbkpnrcry pnstknjbro ibkeoesk t`us bkbrhbs nut ni t`b fnoiaefts wet`eo ibkeoest t`bnrezeoh coj t`b eoiaubofb ni pnstknjbroest t`nuh`t. Tnstknjbro ibkeoesk t`us es caehobj wet` t`b jbfnostruftevb strctbhebs ni pnstknjbroesk eo hbobrca lut `cs c spbfeief eotbrbst eo hbojbr coj 33
t`b ibkeoeob/ibkcab . Z`b fnotbkpnrcry Eojeco wnkbo„s knvbkbot es c fnkpabx, vcrenusay pacfbj, coj ibrteab uojbrtcmeoh. Et es pbr`cps t`b noay knvbkbot tnjcy t`ct bofnkpcssbs coj aeoms suf` essubs cs wnrm, wchbs, bovernokbot, bfnanhy, fevea reh`ts, sbx, venabofb, rbprbsbotcteno, fcstb, facss, caanfcteno ni lcsef rbsnurfbs, fnosukbr reh`ts, `bcat`, rbaeheno, fnkkuoety, coj eojevejuca coj
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Irbbjkco, Ibkeoesk, p. 2. Wcabwsme, Ibkeoesk citbr Tnstknjbroesk, p. 38. 33 Wcabwsme, Ibkeoesk citbr Tnstknjbroesk, p. <9. 34
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IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB snfeca rbactenos`eps. Tbr`cps t`b knst sehoeiefcot jbvbanpkbot inr wnkbo eo t`b acst ibw jbfcjbs `cs lbbo t`b eotrnjufteno ni 66% rbsbrvcteno inr wnkbo eo anfca, veaachb-abvba babftenos. Eo t`b bcray jcys, w`bo t`es knvb wcs eotrnjufbj, t`brb wcs fnosejbrclab smbptefesk. Cont`br jbvbanpkbot tn wctf` wet` eotbrbst es t`b jecspnref aeoms cknoh Eojeco wnkbo„s hrnups. Z`es jecspnref obtwnrm es uousuca coj fnuaj lbfnkb co ekpnrtcot snurfb ni knleaezcteno chceost fnkkuoca ejbotety pnaetefs. Ekpcft ni ibkeoest knvbkbot eo Eojeco Vnfebty Z`b ibkeoest t`nuh`t coj ibkeoest knvbkbot eo t`b wbst `cvb snkb eoiaubofb no t`b wnkco„s knvbkbot eo t`b jbvbanpeoh fnuotry aemb Eojec. Ubt, ibkeoesk cs et bxests tnjcy eo Eojec `cs hnob lbynoj ets wbstbro fnuotbr pcrts. Rkc Ocrcyco reh`tay puts et t`erj wnraj ibkeoesk es ont keojabss kekefmeoh ni wbstbro chbojc eo nob fabcr coj sekpab sbosb. Rotea t`b 3554s, Eojeco ibkeoest sf`nacrs wbrb ont bohchbj eo cfcjbkef fnovbrscteno wet`eo t`b fnrpus ni w`ct es c wbstbrojnkeoctbj eotbroctenoca cfcjbkef ibkeoesk. Eojeco ibkeoesk `cs cawcys lbbo annmbj jnwo upno jub tn t`b spcrsbobss ni t`bnrbtefca wreteohs w`ef` fnuaj hrcsp t`b frux ni t`b prnlabks ni t`b Eojeco wnkbo, ets eobvetclab coj uocvnejclab cssnfecteno wet` ‑wbstbro ibkeoesk‛ coj t`b bxestbofb ni c rbfurrbot sbosb ni bvcseno, cklevcabofb coj cklehuety tnwcrjs t`b tbrk ‑ibkeoesk‛ etsbai. Z`b ekpcft ni t`b ibkeoesk eo t`b Eojeco snfebty fco lb lbst eo t`b crbcs ni t`b aetbrcturb, cfcjbkefs coj eo t`b pnaetefs. @brb, E wnuaj aemb tn fetb fbrtceo ibkeoest w`n crb eo t`b sckb aeob rbhcrjbj cs t`b lbst monwo ibkeoests ni Eojec. Eojeco wreteoh eo Bohaes` es onw hceoeoh hrnuoj rcpejay. Eo t`b rbcak ni iefteno, et `cs `brcajbj c obw brc `cs bcrobj kcoy acurbas lnt` ct `nkb coj clrncj. Eojeco wnkco wretbrs `cvb stcrtbj qubstenoeoh t`b prnkeobot naj pctrecrf`ca jnkeocteno. Znjcy, t`b wnrms ni Mckac Kcrmcojcyc, Ocrcyco Vc`hca, Coetc Jbsce, Hbbt`c @cre`crco, V`cs`e Jbs`pcojb, Merco Jbsce coj Kcogu Mcpur coj kcoy knrb `cvb abit co eojbaelab ekpreot no t`b rbcjbrs ni Eojeco iefteno eo Bohaes`. C kcgnr jbvbanpkbot eo knjbro Eojeco iefteno es t`b hrnwt` ni c ibkeoest nr wnkbo fbotbrbj cpprncf`, t`ct sbbms tn prngbft coj eotbrprbt bxpbrebofb, irnk t`b pneot ni c ibkeoeob fnosfenusobss coj sboseleaety. Cs Tctrefec Kbybr Vpbfms rbkcrms7 ‑Z`brb sbbks tn lb snkbt`eoh t`ct wb fcaa c wnkbo―s pneot ni vebw no nutannm suiiefebotay jesteoft tn lb rbfnhoezclab t`rnuh` t`b fnuotrebs.‛3< V`nl`c Jb, c supbrknjba, fbablrety gnurocaest coj t`b wbaa-monwo cut`nr stcojs cs c penobbr eo t`b iebaj ni pnpuacr iefteno coj rcoms cknoh t`b ierst tn bxpanrb t`b wnraj ni t`b urlco wnkco eo 3<
Tctrefec Kbybr Vpbfms, Ibkeoest Vbosucaety, Cotwbrp, <44<, p. .68.
Tchb | 8
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB Eojec. V`b `cs hevbo ekpnrtcofb tn wnkbo„s essubs coj t`by crb jbcat wet` psyf`nanhy eo `br styab ni eotekctb uojbrstcojeoh. @br onvbas eojefctb t`b crrevca ni c obw Eojeco wnkco, bchbr tn jbiy rblbaaenusay chceost t`b wbaa-botrbof`bj knrca nrt`njnxy ni t`b pctrecrf`ca snfeca systbk, bchbr tn ieoj t`ber ejbotety eo t`ber nwo wcy. @br ibkcab f`crcftbrs lrbcm caa s`cfmabs ni fustnks coj trcjetenos t`ct teb t`bk eo t`b prbjefckbots coj rbeo eo t`ber irbbjnks coj reh`ts. Z`by crb ont chceost t`b boterb snfeca systbk coj vcaubs lut crb ont rbcjy tn cffbpt t`bk cs t`by crb. @br ibkcab f`crcftbrs crb knjbro, strnoh coj tcmb lnaj jbfesenos tn survevb eo snfebty. Z`es sbfurbs `br pnseteno eo aetbrcturb cs c ibkeoest onvbaest.
Vekeacr, es t`b setucteno eo t`b crbc ni pnaetefs. Jesfusseoh t`b ekpnrtcofb ni t`b wnkbo eo t`b sfbob ni Eojeco pnaetefs wnuaj lb c iuteab gnl lbfcusb inr t`b icft t`ct t`b cftevb pcrtefepcteno ni wnkbo eo t`b pnaetefs eo Eojec es sbfnoj tn onob. Lut, t`brb es c `eh` abvba ni jesfrbpcofy eo t`b rcten ni kbo coj wnkbo w`bo t`b qubsteno es clnut t`b tnp pnsetenos. Cat`nuh` t`b prnvesenos inr c wnkbo rbsbrvcteno leaa `cs lbbo kcjb w`brbly 66% rbsbrvcteno es hevbo tn t`b wnkbo eo t`b anfca coj t`b stctb hnvt. `cvb lbbo caa lut iuteab. Cat`nuh` t`b setucteno jn sbbk tn lb hrek eo t`b crboc ni t`b pnaetefs lut t`b setucteno es jbvbanpeoh hrcjucaay wet` t`b wnkbo lbeoh hevbo fbrtceo pnsetenos ni cut`nrety. Lut, steaa et es icr irnk sctesicftnry.
Tchb | 0
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB F`cptbr 6
Zn fretefcaay cocayzb t`b Eojeco ibkeoesk eo rbacteno tn t`b wbstbro ibkeoesk. Ibkeoesk `cs cttrcftbj cttboteno jub tn ets ekpcft eo snfeca f`cohb eo t`b Eojeco snfebty. X`eab ibkeoesk eo snkb inrks es hbobrcaay cffbptbj, jessboteoh vnefbs jn bxest. Kcoy pbnpab nlgbft tn t`b ibkeoest knvbkbot cs tryeoh tn jbstrny trcjetenoca hbojbr rnabs. Z`by scy t`ct kbo coj wnkbo `cvb kcoy octurca jeiibrbofbs coj t`ct bvbrynob lbobiets irnk rbfnhoezeoh t`nsb jeiibrbofbs. Cat`nuh` t`b Eojeco wnkbo knvbkbot fco abhetekctbay facek c ref`, uoequb `estnry, lut t`b rbfbot up`bcvcas crb inrfeoh us tn rbfnofbptucaesb (nr, et fnuaj lb crhubj, tn fnofbptucaesb inr t`b ierst tekb) t`b lcsef fnofbpts ni pctrecrf`y, hbojbr coj bkpnwbrkbot. Et es ont inr ont`eoh t`ct snkb ni t`b furrbot jblctbs ciibfteoh wnkbo, suf` cs t`nsb crnuoj c uoeinrk fevea fnjb, nr rbsbrvctenos inr wnkbo eo Tcraeckbot onob ni t`bk obw essubs --- crb onobt`babss rceseoh icr rbcf`eoh qubstenos inr w`ef` bxesteoh coswbrs crb eocjbquctb. Knrb tn t`b pneot, t`b furrbot knnj eo ibkeoest ferfabs es coyt`eoh lut fnkpacfbot. Z`b Eojeco ibkeoesk `cs lbbo fretefesbj no fbrtceo pneots f`cambj nut eo rbacteno t n t`b wbstbro ibkeoest knvbkbot.
Knst fretefesks ni Ibkeoest pbrspbftevbs `cvb stbkkbj irnk Ibkeoests t`bksbavbs (t`es es snkbtekbs rbibrrbj tn cs co "eotbroca fretequb" (t`ct es, no b t`ct fnkbs irnk vcrenus wretbrs wnrmeoh wet`eo t`b sckb lrncj pbrspbftevb). Z`b inaanweoh pneots rbibr tn t`es meoj ni eotbroca fretequb...
3. Aelbrca Ibkeoesk
c. Aelbrca Ibkeoests `cvb infusbj t`ber cttboteno upno "bqucaety ni nppnrtuoety" lbtwbbo kcabs coj ibkcabs. Z`by `cvb acrhbay ehonrbj t`b stujy ni snfeca strufturca icftnrs t`ct nt`br Ibkeoests sbb cs c lcsef fcusb ni eobqucaety eo Fcpetcaest snfebtebs (inr bxckpab, pctrecrf`y coj t`b eobqucaetebs frbctbj ly Fcpetcaest inrks ni bfnonkef prnjufteno).
l. Aelbrca Ibkeoests `cvb lbbo fretefesbj inr t`ber iceaurb tn uojbrstcoj t`ct eo coy snfebty t`ct es iuojckbotcaay uobquca eo ets bfnonkef coj snfeca strufturb "bqucaety ni nppnrtuoety" es c iceray
Tchb | 5
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB kbcoeohabss fnofbpt. Eo c snfebty jevejbj canoh facss aeobs coj jrevbo ly bfnonkef bxpanetcteno, wnkbo - aemb wnrmeoh facss kbo - crb ct c iuojckbotca bfnonkef jescjvcotchb.
<. \cjefca Ibkeoesk.
c. Z`brb es on rbca bvejbofb t`ct wnkbo fnostetutb c "sbx facss", seofb et es fabcr t`ct cpcrt irnk c fnkkno lenanhefca strufturb, wnkbo kcy `cvb on rbca s`crbj eotbrbsts "cs c facss cpcrt irnk kbo". Et es jeiiefuat tn sbb, inr bxckpab, w`ct "fnkkno eotbrbsts" crb s`crbj ly uppbr facss coj wnrmeoh facss wnkbo - csejb irnk t`b icft t`ct t`by crb wnkbo. Z`b bxpbrebofbs coj aeib f`cofbs ni uppbr facss ibkcabs crb sehoeiefcotay jeiibrbot tn t`nsb ni wnrmeoh facss ibkcabs w`brb t`b pnseteno ni t`b inrkbr kcy lb fansbr tn t`ct ni kbo t`co tn t`ber wnrmeoh facss fnuotbrpcrts.
l. Z`b prekcry ekpnrtcofb cttcf`bj tn pctrecrf`y jnwohrcjbs t`b ekpnrtcofb ni fnofbpts aemb snfeca facss coj bt`oefety. Inr Kcrxest Ibkeoests, pctrecrf`y etsbai stbks irnk t`b wcy eo w`ef` wnkbo crb hbobrcaay bxpanetbj bfnonkefcaay.
f. Zn vebw wnkbo cs c "sbx facss" w`nsb lcsef eotbrbst eovnavbs bkcofepcteno irnk kbo wnuaj abcvb uorbsnavbj t`b prnlabk ni bfnonkef bxpanetcteno.
j. \cjefca Ibkeoesk tbojs tn nvbrannm t`b icft t`ct t`b hbobrca pnseteno ni wnkbo eo snfebty `cs f`cohbj nvbr tekb coj t`es fco noay lb bxpaceobj eo tbrks ni wejbr bfnonkef coj pnaetefca f`cohbs eo snfebty.
b. Vnfecaest Ibkeoests jn ont sbb wnkbo cs c "sbx facss", onr jn t`by sbb caa kbo cs "t`b facss bobky". Ont caa kcab / ibkcab rbactenos`eps crb f`crcftbresbj ly npprbsseno coj bxpanetcteno, inr bxckpab. Zbf`onanhefca "snautenos" tn ibkcab bxpanetcteno crb casn vebwbj wet` suspefeno (seofb fnotrna nvbr jbvbanpkbot coj bxpanetcteno ni tbf`onanhy `cs trcjetenoca lbbo c kcab prbsbrvb), cs es t`b ejbc t`ct c kctrecrf`ca snfebty es snkb`nw supbrenr coj prbibrclab tn c pctrecrf`ca snfebty.
Tchb | 34
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB i. \cjefca Ibkeoests nvbr-bkp`csesb icftnrs t`ct sbpcrctb wnkbo irnk kbo t`ber lenanhefca coctnky eo pcrtefuacr - nvbr-stcteoh t`b sehoeiefcofb ni lenanhefca jeiibrbofbs - coj casn uosulstcotectbj / uofretefca cssukptenos clnut kcab coj ibkcab psyf`nanhy.
:. Vnfecaest Ibkeoesk. c. Z`es inrk ni Ibkeoesk uojbrpacys t`b sehoeiefcofb ni F cpetcaest inrks ni bxpanetcteno. l. Vnfecaest Ibkeoesk es fretefesbj inr lbeoh obet`br rbvnautenocry onr rcjefca bonuh` tn frbctb acsteoh snautenos tn t`b prnlabk ni ibkcab bfnonkef coj snfeca bxpanetcteno.
Tchb | 33
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB FNOFARVENO Et es ekpnrtcot tn rbfnhoezb t`ct inr c fnuotry ni Eojec„s kchoetujb, f`cohb eo kcab ibkcab rbactenos coj t`b meojs ni essubs t`b wnkbo„s knvbkbot es infuseoh no, weaa ont fnkb bcsy. Inr bvbry stbp t`b knvbkbot tcmbs inrwcrj, t`brb weaa lb c pnsselab lcfmacs`, c pnsselab rbhrbsseno. Lut t`es lcfmacs` fnuaj abcj tn pnsetevb rbsuats. Z`b wnkbo, w`n crb jboebj nppnrtuoetebs tn fnkb inrwcrj coj `bofb npprbssbj, crb knrb kntevctbj tn tcmb up t`b fcusb knrb sbrenusay. Z`es kcmbs pnsselab inr wnkbo w`n fco csperb tn, coj cttceo, t`b `eh`bst pnaetefca niiefb eo t`b fnuotry, coj inr wnkbo tn fnoteoub tn `cvb tn fnoirnot pctrecrf`y wet`eo t`b `nkb, eo t`b wnrmpacfb, t`rnuh`nut t`ber aevbs. Z`b wnkbo„s knvbkbot eo Eojec tnjcy es c ref` coj velrcot knvbkbot, w`ef` `cs sprbcj tn vcrenus pcrts ni t`b fnuotry. Et es nitbo scej t`ct t`brb es on nob seohab fn`bsevb knvbkbot eo t`b fnuotry, lut c ouklbr ni irchkbotbj fckpcehos. Cftevests sbb t`es cs nob ni t`b strboht`s ni t`b k nvbkbot w`ef` tcmbs jeiibrbot inrks eo jeiibrbot pcrts. X`eab t`b knvbkbot kcy lb sfcttbrbj caa nvbr Eojec, t`by ibba et es onobt`babss c strnoh coj paurca inrfb. Eo Eojec, wnkbo„s knvbkbot es lbheooeoh tn s`nw rbsuats. Z`b snfebty cffbpts t`b bqucaety ni lnt` sbxbs. Z`b Eojeco snfebty es steaa pctrecrf`ca coj `bofb t`b spcfb inr wnkbo tn cftucaezb coj tn cssbrt t`bksbavbs es aeketbj. Ubt wb `npb t`ct wnkbo„s knvbkbot weaa abcj tn c knrb rcjefca ibkeoest knvbkbot. Z`es jnbs ont kbco t`ct wb crb hneoh tn cpb t`b Xbstbro ibkeoesk. Co cut`botef Eojeco wcy ni lbeoh ibkeoeob `cs tn lb snuh`t coj put eotn prcftefb ly t`b Eojeco ibkeoests. Z`erj wcvb ibkeoesk suhhbsts t`ct wnkbo crb jeiibrbot coj jesteoft. Z`b wbaa-lbeoh ni t`b snfebty jbpbojs no bcf` kco coj wnkco= obet`br fco jbvbanp wet`nut t`b nt`br. Z`b ibkeoest knvbkbot eo Eojec eovetbs Eojecos tn ciierk t`b uoequbobss ni t`b ibkeoeob, tn f`bres` t`ber uoequbobss coj t`us heveoh t`bk c reh`t pacfb eo `ukco snfebty, lbfcusb et es c wnkco w`n uatekctbay es rbspnoselab inr t`b upaeit ni t`b snfebty. Z`brbinrb, t`b iuturb es prbjeftbj tn lb lreh`t coj fabcr wet` jrbcks uoaeketbj. Ibkeoesk ni tnjcy kcrf`bs eotn t`es `bcvbo ni irbbjnk w`brb t`b wnraj `cs ont lbbo lrnmbo up eotn irchkbots ly ocrrnw jnkbstef wcaas ni jeveseno, bxpanetcteno, jnkeocteno, nvbr t`b nt`br. Z`ct es t`b jrbck ni ibkeoesk, t`b jbserb ni c trub `ukco snfebty, ni c trub `ukco wnraj. Cs Kcrhcrbt Kbcj `cs reh`tay pneotbj nut, ‟ ibkeoesk es iuojckbotca tn t`b f`cohb„. Et es iuaay eotbhrctbj eotn bvnauteno coj et ekpaebs c rbca trcosinrkcteno ni `ukcoety, ni t`b tntcaety, Tchb | 3<
IBKEOEVK EO EOJEC ‖ C F@COHEOH TB\VTBFZEYB ont noay inr wnkbo, lut casn inr kbo. No t`es jbpbojs eo c leh wcy t`b rbvevca ni t`b wnraj= et es c fnosfenusobss w`ef` `cs carbcjy lbhuo tn bkbrhb sanway coj eosestbotay, lut t`b rbpbrfussenos crb ybt tn lb inrbsbbo coj ejboteiebj.
Tchb | 36