I mpl i cati on ofI nt ernati onalRef ugeeLaw i npr esentscenari o vi sàvi sEur opeanUni onmi gr antcr i si s 1 Part hPat el& YashSamp mpat
I nt r oducti on Theyear2015 haswi t nessed si gni ficantamountofhuman di spl acement st o Eur opean Uni on ( “ EU” )i n pr et extoft hevi ol encecomm mmi t t ed by t het heocr at i c j i hadigr oupofI sl ami cSt at eofI r aqandSyr i a( “ I SI S” ) .I twases t i mat edbyt he I nt er nat i onalOr gani sat i on ofMi gr at i on ( “ I OM” )t hati n 2015mor et han 10, 11, 700 per sons had r eac hed Eur ope vi a sea r out e and 34, 900 per sons had r eached t he count r i esby l and.2 The Uni t ed Nat i ons Hi Hi gh Comm mmi ss i on f or Ref uge es ( “ UNHCR” )has es t i mat ed t hat mo mor et han 2, 11, 385 per sons hav e arri vedi n EU byMe Medi t err anean searout ei n pr et extofI SI S cri si si n Asi aand 3 Af r i ca.
Thought heEU hasbeenenact i ngvar i ousmeasur esandpol i ci est ocombatt he eme mer gencysi t uat i on;t her ei saneedt oappl yI nt ernat i onalLaw t or egul at eand
1 Parth Patel and Yash Yash Sampat are Advocates practicing in Ahmedabad and New Delhi respectively
2 Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts, BBC News
3 UNH! "ee#ly "ee#ly !eport$ !egional !egional %&rea& '&rope$ (&ne 1)$ 2*1+
#
pr ot ectt heri ght soft hemi grant s,r ef ugeesandt heasyl um seekersi ndi ffer ent count ri esofEur ope. I nt er nat i onalLaw comes t ot he pi ct ur e when t he st at e gove r nment sf ai lt o pr ot ectt he ri ght soft hei rci t i zens.I nt hepr esentscenari o,t her e have been vi ol at i onsofbasi cr i ght soft hemi gr ant swhohav ebeen f or ced t ol eavet hei r count ri esduet ot heper secut i on causedbyt heI sl ami cSt at e.I nf urt her anceof t he mi gr at i ons, an emer gency si t uat i on has bee n emer gi ng i n EU. The appl i cat i on ofI nt ernat i onalLaw mi ghtprovi depossi bl esol ut i onst otheexi st i ng humani t ari ancr i si si nEU. The mootquest i on on t he appl i cat i on ofI nt er nat i onalLaw i nt he pr esent si t uat i on shal li nvol ve deci di ng t he f ol l owi ng i ssues bei ng t he st at us oft he r ef ugees,whi chper sonst obet r eat edasmi gr ant sorr ef ugees,saf eguar di ngt he r i ght soft her ef ugee s,who coul d see k asyl um et c.The r ese ar ch papershal l dealwi t ht he i mpl i cat i on oft he r ef ugee conve nt i ons i n pr et extoft he EU mi gr at i onc r i s i s . The r esear ch papershal lf ur t hercompr i se oft he f ol l owi ng subt opi cs i . e.a) Ref uge e,Mi gr ant s & Asy l um See ker s b)The Eur opean Uni on Cr i si s& I t ’ s Cont ri but i onc)I mpl i cat i ons,d)Concl usi on.
Chapt er2Ref ugee,Mi gr ant & Asyl um Seeker s Ref ugee Ar t i cl e 1 A( 2)oft he Uni t ed Nat i ons Convent i on r el at ed t ot he s t at us oft he r ef ugees ,1951 st at es t hatt he t er m r ef ugeedenot esany per son owi ng t o wel l f oundi ng f ear of bei ng per sec ut ed f or r easons of r ace, r el i gi on,
(
nat i onal i t y, member shi p of a par t i cul ar soci al gr oup or pol i t i cal opi ni on,i sout si det hecount ryofhi snat i onal i t yand i sunabl eor ,owi ng t o such f ear ,i s unwi l l i ng t o avai l hi msel f of t he pr ot ect i on of t hat count ry;orwho,nothavi nga nat i onal i t yand bei ngout si det hecount r y ofhi sf ormerhabi t ualr esi denceasa r esul tofs uch event s,i sunabl eor , 4 owi ngt osuchf ear ,i sunwi l l i ngt oret urnt oi t .
A r ef ugeei sanyper son whodoesnotorunabl et or esi dei nt hecount r yofhi s nat i onal i t yand i sunwi l l i ngt oseek pr ot ect i on f r om orre t urn t ot hatcount ry duet of earofbei ngpersecut edf ort hereasonsof: e; , Rac l i g i on; , Re , Nat i onal i t y ; , Par t i cul arsoci algroupor ;
t i c ul arpol i t i c alopi ni on , Par
Mor eov er any per son who has vol unt ari l yr eavai l ed t he pr ot ect i on of t he count ryofhi snat i onal i t yorhasvol unt ari l yr eacqui r edi torhasacqui r edand enj oyspr ot ect i on oft hecount ryofhi snew nat i onal i t yorhas vol unt ari l yr eest abl i shedhi msel fi nt hecount rywhi chhehadl ef tduet of earofper secut i on ors uchci r cumst ancei sr ecogni sedwher ebyheceasest obear ef ugeet hough cont i nui ngt or ef usehi msel ft oavai lpr ot ect i onoft hecount ryofhi snat i onal i t y
- Article 1 .A/ 2$ United Nations onvention related to the Stat&s o0 the !e0&gees$ 1)1
!
shal lnotbe i ncl uded i nt he defini t i on ofRef ugeeunderAr t i cl e1 ( A)oft he 5 Conve nt i on.
Fur t hert he pr ovi si ons of1951 Conve nt i on shal lnotappl yt ot hoseper sons 6 whoar er ecei vi ngpr ot ect i onf r om or gansoragenci esofUN ot hert hanUNHCR.
Howev er i f such pr ot ec t i on ceases t o exi st ,t hen t hose per sons shal l be 7 pr ot ect edundert heConve nt i on. Mor eovert heConvent i on shal lal sonotappl y
t ot heper sonwhohascommi t t edacr i meagai nstpeace ,awarcr i me,ora cr i me agai ns t humani t y,as defined i nt he i nt er nat i onali nst r ument s dr awn up t omakepr ovi si on i nr es pectofsuch cr i mesorhascommi t t ed a ser i ousnonpol i t i calcr i me out si de t he count ry ofr ef uge pri ort o hi s admi ssi on t ot hat count ry as a r ef ugee or has bee n gui l t y of act s 8
T r ef or e, cont r ar yt ot hepur posesand pr i nci pl esoft heUni t ed Nat i ons . he anyper soncomi ngundert hepurv i ew ofAr t i cl e1( A)2oft heConve nt i on shal l beconsi der edasaRef ugee.
) Article 1 ./$ United Nations onvention related to the Stat&s o0 the !e0&gees$ 1)1
+ Article 1 .D/$ United Nations onvention related to the Stat&s o0 the !e0&gees$ 1)1
Supra
Article 1 .4/$ United Nations onvention related to the Stat&s o0 the !e0&gees$ 1)1
"
Ref ugee& Mi gr ants
The t er ms Ref ugee and Mi gr ant s ar e used i nt er changeabl y butt her el i es a r el at i ve di ffer ence bet ween t he meani ngs and i nt er pr et at i ons oft hese t wo t ermi nol ogi es.Ref ugees l eave t he count ry oft hei rnat i onal i t y due t of ear of per secut i on duet ot heabov ement i onedr easonswher easa Mi gr antdoesnot l eav e hi s count r y due t ot he f ear of per se cut i on but f or a t emporary or 9 per manentr eason f orwor k,educat i on oranyot herspeci ficr eason. Mi gr ant s
donotf aceanydangert oret urnbackt ot hecount ryoft hei rnat i onal i t yunl i ke 10 Ref ugee s si nce Mi gr ant s ar e gr ant ed pro t ect i on f r om t hei r gov er nment .
Thei nt er nat i onall aw r egi mepr ovi depr ot ect i on t omi gr ant saswel lasr ef ugees underhuman ri ghtt r eat i esaswel last hr ough speci fict r eat i es.Ref ugeesar e pr ot ect ed undert het r eat yof1951 and t headdi t i onalpr ot ocolof1967.Thi s r esear chpaperf ocusesont hel egi sl at i ons/rul esf orr ef ugeesi nEU.
Mi gr ant s ar e pr ovi ded pr ot ect i on undert he I nt er nat i onalConve nt i on on t he Pr ot ect i onoft heRi ght sofAl lMi gr antWor kersandMember sofThei rFami l i es,
UNH! viewpoint5 6!e0&gee7 or 6migrant7 8 "hich is right9 :http5;;www<&nhcr
1* Ibid.
*
1990 ( I CMW) .Thr ough t heconv ent i on of1990,t hemi gr antwor ker shav et he r i ghtt o equalr emuner at i on as t he nat i onal s and havea r i ghtt oj oi nt r ade 11 uni ons. Al lt hemi grantworker sar eal sogr ant edpr ot ect i on f r om sl averyand 12 f orcedl abourt hr ought heaf oresai dconvent i on.
Ref ugeeandAsyl um seeker s TheUNHCR st at est hatan asyl um seekeri sa r ef ugeewhoser equestf oran 13 asyl um i syett obepr ocessed. Asyl um i san i nst i t ut i on grant i ngpr ot ect i on t o
t her e f ug ee sout s i det hec ount r i e soft he i rnat i onal i t y .I ti sapr o t e c t i ong r ant e d byt hes t at ei ni t ssover ei gnt yt oan i ndi vi duali ni t st er r i t or yori n someot her 14 pl aceundert hest at econt r ol . Theri ghtt ogr antasyl um i svest edwi t hast at e
wher easi ndi vi dual sar egr ant ed r ef ugeest at usbyt hevi r t ueofConvent i on of 1951.
11 >igrants? and !e0&gees? !ights5 A %rie0 @nternational aw Perspective$ pp< 8-*8- Grech Omar, >alta University
12 Id.
13 Asyl&m See#ers :http5;;www<&nhcr
1-Asyl&m as a Beneral Principle o0 @nternational aw$ Bazo Gill Teresa Maria, @nt ( !e0&gee aw .2*1)/ 2 .1/5 382<
'
The EU has enact ed a Common Eur opean Asyl um Syst em si nce 1999 t o i mpr ovet hef r amewor kpr ot ect i ngt heri ght sofr ef ugeesandasyl um seeker si n 15 EU. TheEU hasenact edt heAsy l um Pr oce dur esDi r ec t i veon26June2013t o
se tup a common pr ocedur er eg ar di ng gr ant i ng and wi t hdrawi ng ofasy l um, The Di r ect i ve pr ovi des t he pr ocedur e t o cl ai m asyl um, how t o appl y , exami nat i on ofasyl um,r i ght sofasyl um seekeri n EU,adj udi cat i on pr ocedur e 16 e t c . TheCEASshal lbedi scussedi ndet ai li nt hef urt herchapt er s.
Chapter3:TheEur opeanUni on Cr i si s& I t ’ sCont r i but i on Thel eader sofEur opean Uni on ar ef aci ngat r emendouscr i si sconcer ni ngt he arr i valofmi l l i onsofr ef ugees.Theseasyl um seeker sareconst ant l yi ncr easi ng i n number si nt heEur opean Uni on si nce2010 up t ot hecur r enty ear .Today , nat ur al di sas t er s and vi ol ent confli ct sl ed by I S mi l i t ant s has cause d di spl acementofmoret han 50mi l l i onpeopl e.I nsearchofbasi cnecessi t i esand bet t erf ut ur e,t heseasyl um seeker shav emadet hei rwayi nt oMemberSt at esof EU. Maj ori t yoft heref ugeesar et heoneswhohavefled t hehorr orsofci vi lwari n Syri aand I r aq t hathasl ed t ot hecompl et edest ruct i on ofst ruct ur es,anci ent
1)ommon '&ropean Asyl&m System$ '&ropean Union :http5;;ec
1+ :http5;;ec
&
archaeol ogi calsi t es/ci t i es,e t c.Many asyl um seeker s have al r eady l ostt hei r l i v es whi l ei nt r ansi tt hr ough se ar out es and ot her s have been vi ct i ms of smuggl i ngandt r afficki ng.TheEur opeanUni onhast oppedt hel i stofcount r i es i npr ovi di nghumani t ari an ai dt ot her ef ugeeswhoar ecurr ent l yarr i vi ngi nt he EU MemberSt at esf r om Syr i a,I r aq,Af ghani st anandsomepart sofAf r i ca. Thei ncr easei nt heflow ofmi gr at i on hasal soi mpact ed t het r ansi tcount r i es 17 l i ke Tur keyand Gr eec e. Manyre f ugee shavese t t l ed i n Gr eek i sl andswher e
t hey arenoteven abl et o sat i sf yt he basi c necessi t i es.Cert ai nl y ,t he Gr eek Governmenthast heresponsi bi l i t yi nt hi smat t er ,buti t ’ snotpossi bl eduet oi t s ownec onomi cprobl ems. That ’ s when t he EU st epped i n and announced €83 mi l l i on wor t h of humani t ari an f undsi nApr i l ,2016wi t ht hehel pofOr gani z at i onsl i keUNHCR, RedCr oss ,Savet heChi l dren,OXFAM andmanyot her swi t hanai mt opr ovi de r ef ugees i n Gr eece wi t hf ood, educat i on, shel t er ,f ami l yr euni ficat i on and 18 hygi ene. Thepr obl em wasn’ tl i mi t edt oGr eeceal one;eve n Tur keyhad t of ace
sudden i nfluxofr ef ugees .Bei ngat r ansi tcount ry ,t heEur opean Commi ssi on 19 hasext endedhel pof€455mi l l i onwor t hofhumani t ari anai dsi nce2011.
1 E!e0&gee risis in '&ropeF$ H&manitarian Aid and ivil Protection$ '&ropean ommission< ast visited on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+< :http5;;ec
1 Id.
1 Id.
+
Rece nt l y ,t he Eur opean Commi ssi on has se tup a speci alf aci l i t yf orTur key knownas‘ Ref ugeeFaci l i t yf orTur key20’i nordert osupportt her ef ugeeswho are r esi di ng i n Tur key .Geogr aphi cal l y ,Tur key i st he fir stst at i on f or t he mi gr ant sorasyl um see ker st oent eri nt oEur opean count r i es.Duet oconst ant flow ofmi gr at i on t hr ough Tur key ,t heEur opean Commi ssi on i n cont r actwi t h t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Wor l d Food Pr ogr amme pr ovi ded €40 mi l l i on wor t h of 21 humani t ari anai dand€55mi l l i ont owar dschi l deducat i oni nTur key .
TheEU Regi onalTr us tFundwi l ldi st r i but et hi sf undt oUNI CEFi nr esponset o t heSyri an cat ast r ophe.Despi t eofi ncr easi ngarri val sofmi grant sandi norder t ot ackl et hi smaj orcri si s,Tur keyhasspentmoret han €6bi l l i on f r om i t sown r esour ces.
Asyl um Appl i cat i ons I n or dert obr i ngbal anceandt ofightt hepr obl em ofsuddeni nfluxofr ef ugee s i nt he part s ofEU,t he Eur opean Uni on has dev el oped a sys t em namel y ‘ Common Eur ope an Asyl um Sys t em’( CEAS)wher ei tai msatensur i ng t he ri ght sofr ef ugeesar ewel lpr ot ect ed i ni t sMemberSt at es.Thi ssyst em deal s wi t ht hepr ocedur ef orassessi ngt heappl i cat i onsofasyl um seeker s.Thi spol i cy al so pr ovi des t r eat mentf orbot hr ef ugees and asyl um se eker s.The asyl um
2* !e0&gee 4acility 0or G&r#ey is a oint e00ort 0inanced by the '&ropean Union %&dget and individ&al contrib&tions by the 'U >ember States having b&dget o0 aro&nd I3 billion<
21 E'U activates 6!e0&gee 4acility7 to help more than $**$*** Syrians in G&r#eyF$ H&manitarian Aid and ivil Protection$ '&ropean ommission< P&blished on *-;*3;2*1+< ast visited on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+<
$
se eker s who ar et r av el l i ng t o di ffer entEU MemberSt at es ,f ort hem,CEAS per mi t saMemberSt at et osend t hatmi gr antt ot hatMemberSt at ewher et he mi gr anti ni t i al l yr eached,sol ongast hatMemberSt at euphol dst heri ght sof 22 asyl um seeker s. Thi ssyst em,al soknown as“ Dubl i n Sys t em” ,haspr i vi l ege d
Nor t her n Eur opean Count r i eswhi ch i st hemostdesi r ed des t i nat i on ofmany 23 r ef ugees,att heexpenseoft hesout h,wheremostr ef ugeesarri vei ni t i al l y.
201415 Accor di ngt oEur ost at ,i n 2014,t heEU MemberSt at eshad r ecei v ed 626, 065 24 asyl um appl i cat i ons. Out oft hi s,30% asyl um seeker s wer e Syr i ans and
Af ghans,havi ng fled f r om t he hor r or s ofci vi lwarand per secut i on.Al most 1, 60, 000 appl i cat i onswer eaccept ed and t hepr ot ect i on st at uswasgr ant ed t o
22 EUnderstanding >igration and Asyl&m in the '&ropean UnionF$ Jctober 2*1)$ Jpen Society @nitiative 0or '&rope< ast visited on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+< @n0ormation retrieved 0rom5 :https5;;www
23 Id.
2- E'&ropean >igrant risisF$ Asyl&m Applications< ast visited on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+< So&rce5 https5;;en
#)
t heasyl um see ker s,whi l eot her23, 000 appl i cat i onswer eaccept edon appeal . Syri ans( 37%)wer et hemai n benefici ari esoft hepr ot ect i on st at usf ol l owed by 25 Er i t r eans( 8%)andAf ghans( 8%) .
I n 2015,EU MemberSt at esr ec ei ve d 1, 255, 640 appl i cat i onsf r om t heasyl um se eker s mar ki ng a si gni ficanti ncr ease i nt he flow ofmi gr at i on,wher et he hi ghes t number of appl i cant s wer er egi s t er ed i n Ger many wi t h 4, 41, 800 26 appl i cant s. Out oft hi s,3, 33, 350 appl i cat i ons wer e accept ed and gr ant ed
pr ot ect i on st at us,i n whi chSyri ans( 50%)wer et hemai n benefici ari esf ol l owed by Er i t r ea ( 8%) ,I r aq ( 7%) ,Af ghani s t an ( 5%) ,I r an ( 2%) ,Somal i a( 2%)and 27 Paki st an ( 2%) . The 2 ye ar s compar abl e st at i s t i cs shows an i ncr ease of
gr ant i ng prot ec t i on s t at us i n 2015 as compar ed t o 2014. Al so,i n 2015, Ger many r ecei v ed 476, 649 asyl um appl i cat i ons,wher ei nt heSyr i ansar et he maj ori t y wi t h 162, 510 appl i cat i ons f ol l owed by Al bani ans ( 54, 762) ,Kosovars ( 37, 095) ,Af ghans ( 31, 902) ,I r aqi s( 31, 379) ,Ser bi ans ( 26, 945) ,Macedoni ans 28 ( 14, 131) ,Eri t r eans( 10, 990)andPaki st ani s( 8, 472) . Ger manyhadr ec ogni se d
2) E'U >ember States granted protection to more than 1$)$*** asyl&m see#ers in 2*1-F$ 12th >ay$ 2*1)$ '&rostat News !elease<
2+ E!ecord n&mber o0 over 1<2 million 0irst time asyl&m see#ers registered in 2*1)F$ -th >arch$ 2*1+$ '&rostat News !elease<
2 E'U >ember States granted protection to more than 3$3*$*** asyl&m see#ers in 2*1)F$ 2*th April$ 2*1+$ '&rostat News !elease<
2 S&pra note
##
282, 762 appl i cat i ons,whi ch i ncl ude 101, 419 Syr i ans,9300 Er i t r eans and 29 14, 880I r aqi s.
Sweden r ecei ved1, 62, 877appl i cat i ons,outofwhi ch51, 338 appl i cat i onswer e f r om Syri ansf ol l owed by Af ghans( 41, 564) ,I r aqi s( 20, 857) ,Eri t r eans( 7, 231) 30 and Somal i s( 5, 465) . Oft hesemany appl i cat i ons,32, 631 appl i cat i onswer e
gr ant ed pr ot ect i on st at us and outoft hese r ecogni ze d appl i cat i ons,Syri ans 31 ( 18, 523)aret hemai nbenefici ari es.
EUTur keyAgr eement Ti l lt hi sday ,t heappl i cat i onsar ei ncr easi ngdaybydayandmaki ngi tdi fficul t f ort het r ansi tc ount r i est o br i ngbal ancebet ween t heseasyl um see ker sand t hei rown nat i onalemer ge ncy .Thousands ofmi gr ant s hav e ent er ed Gr ee ce i l l egal l y .AsGr eecei sf aci ngi t sowneconomi cpr obl ems,t heEU hadpr oposeda dealwi t h Tur keysomewher ei nNov ember ,2015 wher ei nt heEU woul dprovi de €3bi l l i on t oTur keysot hati tcan manage2mi l l i on Syri an r ef ugeesandal sot o curt ai lmi gr at i onflow i nt oEU.
2 S&pra note
3* EApplications 0or Asyl&m received$ 2*1)F$ Swedish >igration Agency< Doc&ment viewed on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+<
31 EAsyl&m Decisions$ 2*1)F$ Swedish >igration Agency< Doc&ment viewed on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+<
#(
The Eur opean Uni on ent er ed i nt o an agr eementwi t h Tur key on 20th Mar ch, 2016,wher ei nt hekeyaspecti st hati ft hemi grant ’ scl ai mi srej ect edori ft he mi gr antdoesn’ tappl yf orasyl um,t hen t hatmi gr antshal lbe sentback t o Tur keyf r om Gr eece.I tal sost at est hatanyi r r egul armi gr ant swhoshal lent er 32 i nt oGr eecef r om Tur keyaf t er20th Mar ch,2016shal lbesentbackt oTur key .
Anot herkey poi nti nt hi sagr eementi st hatwhen oneSyr i an i sr et ur ned t o Tur key ,oneSyr i an mi gr antf r om t heTur keywi l lber eset t l ed i nt heEU.Thi s hel pst heTur ki shGover nmentt ot ackl et hei ncr easi ngflow ofmi gr ant s,andf or 33 t hatEU hasal soagre edt ospeedupt heal l ocat i onof€3bi l l i on.
Si nce t he begi nni ng oft he Syr i an cat ast r ophe,EU has been gi vi ng posi t i ve r es ponse t o Tur key by provi di ng mi l l i ons of Eur os. Apart f r om t he hel p ext ended byEU,Tur keyhasmaderemar kabl eeffor t st o managet heflow of mi grant sf r om war t orncount ri esbyut i l i zi ngi t sownr esour ces. Consi der i ng t here f ugee cr i si s as a Gl obalCr i si s,no mat t erhow much EU cont ri but esi nt hewel f ar eoft hesemi grant s,t her ewi l lal waysbechal l engesor r at heri mpl i cat i onsthatwoul dneed at t ent i on,f orexampl e,f ood securi t y,l ack ofr eset t l ementofr ef ugees,adequat er ecept i on f aci l i t i es,e t c.Bel ow ar esome chal l engest hatst i l lneedt obef oughtbyEU.
32 E>igrant risis5 'U8G&r#ey deal comes into e00ectF$ 2*th >arch$ 2*1+< BBC News< !etrieved on 1th (&ne$ 2*1+ :http5;;www
33 Id.
#!
Chapt er4:Chal l engesf acedbyEU
I n or dert ot ackl et hi s cr i si s,EU has been succe ssf uli n convi nci ng ot her count r i est ocol l abor at e.ThemomentRussi aj oi nedt heSyri an Ci vi lWarsi nce l astSept ember ;t her ehasbeenaswi f ti ncr easei nt henumberofr ef ugee swho wantt ol eav e Syr i a by anyhow.Al so,Lebanon and Jor dan havest i ffened up t hei rborders;t heref ugeesar ewanderi ngai ml essl yi nt hemi ddl eoft hedeser t . I n January ,t her ewer ear ound 16, 000 r ef ugee sst r anded i nt hedese r tatt he bor der ofJor dan,wher et hey wer e deni ed t o ent er i nt o Jor dan because of 34 securi t yr easons. 20th June i s ce l ebr at ed as Wor l d Ref ugee Day ,wher ei n
Uni t ed Nat i onshad warned t heLebanes eGov er nmentaboutt hei ncr easei n Syr i an r ef ugees ,as t he Syr i an popul at i on r eached t o 1 mi l l i on i n Lebanon, 35 maki ngi text r emel ydi fficul tf ort heLebanesegov er nmentt orunt hecount ry .
Thesi t uat i on i n Lebanon i sde t er i or at i ng dayaf t erday ast her ef ugees have f al l en vi ct i msofpoorsani t at i on f aci l i t y,l ackofmedi calat t ent i on,nomoneyt o
3- See$ E(ordan %loc#s Syria border leaving tho&sands o0 re0&gees in the desert8incl&ding h&ndreds o0 pregnant womenF$ Independent, 23rd (an&ary$ 2*1+$ last accessed on 2 st !une, 2"# < http5;;www
3) See$ E"orld !e0&gee Day5 UN warns conditions 0or Syrian re0&gees in ebanon are 6getting worse7F$ International Business Times, 2*th (&ne$ 2*1+$ last accessed on 2 st !une, 2"#. http$%%www.ibtimes.co.u&%world're(u)ee'da*'un'warns'conditions's*rian're(u)ees'lebanon'are' )ettin)'worse'+##-
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pay t he r entf ort hei rt ent s36.Nat ur al l y ,mor et he popul at i on,mor e ar et he r esour cest obeut i l i zedandt husi tr esul t si nt omoremonet aryexpenses. Anot herchal l enge deal s wi t ht he pr i vat e compani es especi al l yt heTr anspor t compani est hatst andasanobst acl eandpr eventt her ef ugeest oent eri nt oEU count r i es.Ont heot herhand,duet ohugei nfluxofr ef ugee si nt oEU,t heEU i s notal l owi ng t he r ef ugee st o st ay atone fixed pl ace as i tcan shat t ert he economi ccondi t i onsoft hatMemberSt at e.So,compari ngt hese2 si t uat i ons, t heref ugeesarel ef tst randedwi t hnopr opermedi calf aci l i t i esandl ackofbasi c needs. Fur t her ,t hechal l enger egar di ngt hef undi nghasal sobeenamaj ori ssuesi nce 2015,wher eUni t ed Nat i onsHi gh Commi ss i onerofRef ugee si ni t sreporton 22nd Mar ch,2016st at edt hatonl y7% oft hef undi ngr equi r ement sf or2016had 37 sof arbeenme t . I n2015,had f acedsev er ef undshort agewher ei twasf or ced 38 t ocutdownt heassi st ancepr ovi dedt ot heSyri an r ef ugees.
Si ncet hebegi nni ngoft heconfli ct ,f r om t heyear2011,onl y1, 79, 147 Syri an r ef ugeeshaveset t l edi nt heout si deworl d39;i tmeansamong4. 8mi l l i on Syr i an r ef ugeesonl y3. 7% areout si deSyri a.Thi sopensupanot hergr eat erc hal l enge f acedbyEU i . e.smuggl ghwayst hatgot owar dsnor t her nEur opehas i ng.Thehi
3+ Id.
He mmeBa t t j es ,Ev e l i e nBr o uwe r ,L i e ne k eSl i n ge nbe r gan dTh omasSp i j k e r b oe r ,“ Th eCr i s i sof 3 Eu r o p ea nRe f u g e eL a w:L e s s o n sf r o mL a k eSu c c e s s ” .
3 ESyria 'mergencyF$ /orld 0ood 1ro)ramme, last visited on 22nd (&ne$ 2*1+< http5;;www
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been cl osedduet oi ncr easei nt heflow ofr ef ugees,andt hust her ef ugeeswho ar el ef twi t h some t housands ofdol l ar st ur nt owar ds t he or gani ser s oft he smuggl i ng ne t wor k,j ustt o ent eri nt o EU t aki ng se ar out es f r om Tur key t o nort hvi aGr eec e.Thesmuggl i ngbusi nessi sboomi ngi nGr eec eandTur key ,as 40 t he smuggl er s arr ange t r ansi tr out es ar ound t he cl ose d border s. Thi s 41 smuggl i ngbusi nesshasat ur noverofaround$6bi l l i on.
Theper si s t entamountofchal l engef acedbyt heEU i nmi t i gat i ngt hemi gr at i on cr i si si st heover l appi ng ofsyst emsoft heEU Commi ssi on and i t smember s st at es.Ther ememberst at esatt hesamet i mear epur sui ngt hei rown nat i onal pol i ci esal ongwi t ht hepol i ci esenact edbyt heEU whi ch i sa poi ntofconcer n 42 when t heobj ect i vesoft hepar al l elpol i ci esconfli ctwi t h each ot her . I ti sal so
suggest edt hatt her ei sal ackofenf orcementi nt hepol i ci esenact edbyt heEU
3 E!esettlement and other Admission Pathways 0or Syrian !e0&geesF$ Updated on 2th April$ 2*1+$ Kisited on 22nd (&ne$ 2*1+$ nited Nations 3i)h Commissioner (or 4e(u)ees< http5;;www<&nhcr
-* E@nside the >igrant8Sm&ggling Grade5 'scapes start at I1$***F$ The /all Street !ournal. 2th >arch$ 2*1+$ last visited on 22nd (&ne$ 2*1+< http5;;www
-1 ESm&gglers made L+ %illion 0rom !e0&gee risis in 2*1)5@nterpolF$ Newswee&, 1th >ay$ 2*1+$ visited on 22nd (&ne$ 2*1+< http5;;www
-2 hallenges to asyl&m and migration policy o0 'UM !eport5 0aure 4apha5lle, Ga6as Mi&aela and 7noll 8nna, '&ropean entre 0or Development and Policy >anagement$ December 2*1)
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Commi ssi on si nce t he Commi ss i on does nothav e power st o enf or ce t hose 43 pol i ci eswi t houtt heconsentofEU MemberSt at esandEur opean Par l i ament .
Furt hert i l ldat ether ei snopermanentsyst em pr oposedt of aci l i t at erel ocat i on 44 andr ese t t l ementoft her ef ugee sbyt heEU Commi ssi on.
I ti sest i mat edt hati n 2015around1. 25mi i l i on peopl ehad submi t t edasyl um appl i cat i ons i n EU membercount r i es i ncl udi ng t he Gr eatBr i t ai n.I n 2015 45 Br i t ai n had r ecei ve d 60 appl i cat i ons per 1, 00, 000 peopl e. Though t he
r esearcher shavenotbeenabl et opr edi ctanychal l engesf acedont hemi grat i on cri si sduet oBr exi tbuti ti si mpl i ci tt hatBri t ai n woul d bebarr ed t ouset he Dubl i nr egul at i on t ot r ansf er t he r ef ugees t ot he f el l ow Eur opean Uni on 46 members t at es.
Chapter5Concl usi on
-3 Ibid.
-- Id.
-) How will %reCit a00ect the re0&gee crisis5New Stateman$ 1+th (&ne$ 2*1+$ visited on 2)th (&ne$ 2*1+ http5;;www
-+ Id.
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I ti sconcl udedt hatpr operenf or cementmec hani sm i sye tt obewor keduponi n consonancewi t ht heEU Commi ss i onandt hemembers t at es .Theenf or ce ment mec hani sm shoul d be pr eci se and enf or ced st r i ct eri n or dert or egul at et he i l l egali nflux oft he peopl ei n EU memberst at es.Furt hert he count r i es l i ke Gr eec eandTur keywhi ch can bar el yhandl et hei ri nt er nalexpendi t ur eshoul d bewel lsuppor t edbyt heot hermembercount r i es.
Ther eshoul d beachecksand bal ancest oensur eeffect i vei mpl ement at i on of t hepol i ci esenact edbyt heEU members t at es;t houghpr act i cal l yi ti sat edi ous proc essbutpre l i mi narymeasur escan bemi t i gat ed upon.Mor eov erasyst em shoul d be devel op t o mai nt ai n bal ancedue t ot he confli ctbet wee nt he EU pol i ci esandt hepol i ci esf r amedbyt hememberst at es.
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