Introduction In this experiment, another set of staining methods are used to observer dierent given microorganisms microorganisms and to understand the importance of these methods. These methods are Acid-fast stain, Endospore stain, Capsule stain and Flagella stain. esult !iscussion In acid-fast stain, sputum is observed under caution because it ma" be pathogenic. The diagnostic value for acid fast are pathogens retain color even in presence presence of acid and it can distinguiseh #"cobacterium, $hich cause of tuberculosis and lepros", $ith rod shapes and %ocardia, $hich can cause of a pulmonar" disease called nocardiosis, $ith branching, &lamentous shapes. 'hen decolori(ing, acid-fast uses acidic alcohol instead of )*+ ethanol because it is mor more po$e po$erf rful ul than than etha ethano nol. l. Acid Acid alco alcoho holl dest destai ains ns nonnon-ac acid id fast fast bact bacter eria ia but but not not #"cobacteria, $hich are resistant to the procedure due to the presence of m"colic acid. In the iehl %eelsen procedure, #"cobacteria remain red from the carbolfuchsin primar" stain after destaining and non-acid fast bacteria or tissue $hich lose the primar" stain during the destaining procedure are counterstained blue b" meth"lene blue /an#eter and 0ubert, 1232 4oth 4oth acidacid-fa fast st and endosp endospor ore e staini staining ng under undergon gone e heatin heating g of the slides slides $ith $ith the bacteria. 0eating is used in acid fast to brea5do$n the m"colic acid $hich enhances the penetration and retention of the d"e. For endospore, heat helps the stain to penetrate the into the relativel" impermeable spore coats 6umbali and #ehrotra, 122). In 6chaeer-Fulton method, the primar" stain, #alachite 7reen, is added over the heat &xed bacterial smear and heated over a steam bath for fe$ minutes $hich cause softening of the hard la"er of the spore and the primar" stain gets stic5 to the spore. 'hen ta5en from the steam bath follo$ed b" further cooling hardens the outer la"er of the spore. !uring this stage both the spore and vegetative cells appear as green in color. 4ut later the thic5 outer la"er ma5es the spore resistant to the action of decolori(ing agent $ater, but ho$ever, ho$ever, $ater can easil" easil" decolori(e decolori(e the vegetative vegetative cells. 'hen 'hen counterst counterstaine ained d $ith 6afranin, vegetative cells are easil" stained $ith 6afranin, and the cells appear in red or pin5 color color.. The spore spore is still still green green after after the counte counterst rstain ain so it has has dier dierent ent color color $ith $ith the vegeta vegetativ tive e cells. cells. Endosp Endospor ores es gives gives advant advantage ages s to membe memberr genera genera Baci Bacill llus us li5 li5e bein being g resis resistan tantt to harsh harsh chemic chemical al and ph"sic ph"sical al condit condition ions. s. This This ma5es ma5es the bacter bacteria ia able able to $ithstand disinfectants, disinfectants, radiation, desiccation and heat. Clostridium has given advantage of producing endospores. In capsule stain, $ater is not used as decolori(er because the capsules surround the cell is made up of highl" ordered pol"mers of sugars and proteins, $here heat or $ater $ould dislodge the capsules from the bacterial cell $all. 6o copper sulphate is used not onl" as decolori(er but also as counterstain. The bacterial capsules provide a mechanism for these pathogens to evade the host8s immune s"stem to go undetected. The capsule also provides protection from dr"ing out 9a5omia-7rover and Fong, 3))). The :uellung reaction, reaction, comes from a 7erman $ord meaning ;s$elling<, ;s$elling<, is a bioch biochemic emical al reactio reaction n in in $hich $hich antibo antibodies dies bind to the bacteria bacteriall capsule capsule of 6treptoc 6treptococcu occus s pneu pneumo moni nia ae, =lebsi ebsiel ellla pneu pneum moni oniae, %eiss isseria eria meni mening ngiitid tidis, is, 0aemop emophi hilu lus s in>uen(ae, Escherichia coli, and 6almonella. The antibod" reaction allo$s these species to
be visuali(ed under a microscope. If becomes opa?ue and appears to enlarge.
the
reaction
is
positive,
the
capsule
Flagella, is a lashli5e appendage that protrudes from the cell bod" of certain pro5ar"otic and eu5ar"otic cells. It comes from the 9atin $ord meaning ;$hip<. Flagella is important to bacterium because is provides motilit" to the bacteria in order to move and provide adhesive organelle in order for the bacterium to stic5 to its host. @nstained >agella alone is cannot be seen easil" due to its ver" small si(e. 'ith the use of mordant, it stains and coat the >agellum until it is thic5 enough to be seen in the microscope.
eferences 7rover-9a5omia, 9. I, Fong, E. 3))), ; Microbiology for Health Careers” , !elmar ublishers, Alban", %e$ Bor5. 6umbali, 7., #ehrotra, . 6. 122),< Principles of Microbiology” , Tata #c7ra$-0ill, %e$ !elhi, India. /an#eter, =. C., 0ubert, . 0. 1232,< Microbiology for Healthcare Professional <, Elsevier Inc., 6t. 9ouis, #issouri. Fisher, 4ruce 0arve", ichard . Champe, amela C. Lippincott's Illustrated Revies! Microbiology "Lippincott's Illustrated Revies #eries$. 0agerst$on, #!D 9ippincott 'illiams 'il5ins.
