Expert PTE B2 Answer

An A nswer key Module 1 Reading 1 pp. 8–9 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 2

C This is mentioned in the topic sentence of the first paragraph (and the final part of the last paragraph). The other two options are not mentioned in any topic sentence. A Para 2: the topic sentence gives details, details, such as where the participants were from and what they were asked to do.) B Para. 4: this point is described in the topic sentence. C Para. Para. 3: the topic sentence begins ‘Previous ‘Previous research ...

3a 1 mizuiro, ao 2 Panos Athanasopoulos 3 Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4 Japanese, English 3b Students could mention things like capital letters for languages and italics for the non-English words. 4a (key points are underlined ) Bilinguals and monolinguals understand the world differently from each other. 4b (Suggested answers; key points are underlined ) Perfect fluency is needed in order to experience the effect described. B C The professor’s research disagrees with the results of earlier studies. D The professor’s research involved asking people about a number of colours. E Different languages tend to describe each colour in a similar way. F The researcher feels that the results of the experiment go beyond colours. 5–6 A correct: main point of text B incorrect: ‘it is language use, not proficiency, which makes the difference’ C incorrect: para. 3, the one about earlier research, contradicts this D incorrect: para. 2, the one about how the research was carried out, specifies that participants were asked about one colour E incorrect: ‘huge variation’, para. 2 F correct: confirmed by first and last paragraphs 7 Students’ own answers

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Academic vocabulary 1 p. 10 1 1 adjective; it says ‘adj’ 2 adverb (fluently (fluently ) and noun (fluency (fluency ) 3 uncountable 4 look at the symbols in square brackets after the headword 5 in; in; it’s in square brackets 6 they’re usually in order, most common/frequent first 2a 1 proficiency 2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 perception

3 concept

4 rate

5 linguistic

6 cognition

7 norm

8 focus

proficiency (n); — (v); proficient (adj) perception (n); perceive (v); perceptive (adj) concept (n); conceive (v); conceptual (adj) rating (n); rate (v); — (adj) ling lingui uist stiics/ cs/lingu inguiist (n) (n); — (v) (v); lin lingu guiistic stic (adj (adj)) cognition (n); — (v); cognitive (adj) norm (n); normalise (v); normal (adj) focus (n); focus (v); focused (adj)

2c Students’ own answers 3a bi- = bi- = two 3b A uni-, mono-

B bi-

C tri-

3c (Possible answers) answers) 5: quin- 8: octo- 100: cent-

D quad-

E penta-

F hex-

G deca-

H semi-

I multi-

1,000: mill-/kilo-

4 1 bicycle with one wheel 2 square area, like a courtyard, with buildings around it – usually in universities 3 six-sided shape 4 representing or consisting of many cultures 5 once every two years; ten-year period 6 one person speaking; flat voice with no variation in tone 5a/b Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 11 1 Students’ own answers 2b The speaker is likely to jump from main (stressed) word to main word. This is because of the stresstimed nature of English – the stressed syllables have roughly the same time between them and if there are a lot of words in between, they tend to get spoken very quickly.

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Academic vocabulary 1 p. 10 1 1 adjective; it says ‘adj’ 2 adverb (fluently (fluently ) and noun (fluency (fluency ) 3 uncountable 4 look at the symbols in square brackets after the headword 5 in; in; it’s in square brackets 6 they’re usually in order, most common/frequent first 2a 1 proficiency 2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 perception

3 concept

4 rate

5 linguistic

6 cognition

7 norm

8 focus

proficiency (n); — (v); proficient (adj) perception (n); perceive (v); perceptive (adj) concept (n); conceive (v); conceptual (adj) rating (n); rate (v); — (adj) ling lingui uist stiics/ cs/lingu inguiist (n) (n); — (v) (v); lin lingu guiistic stic (adj (adj)) cognition (n); — (v); cognitive (adj) norm (n); normalise (v); normal (adj) focus (n); focus (v); focused (adj)

2c Students’ own answers 3a bi- = bi- = two 3b A uni-, mono-

B bi-

C tri-

3c (Possible answers) answers) 5: quin- 8: octo- 100: cent-

D quad-

E penta-

F hex-

G deca-

H semi-

I multi-

1,000: mill-/kilo-

4 1 bicycle with one wheel 2 square area, like a courtyard, with buildings around it – usually in universities 3 six-sided shape 4 representing or consisting of many cultures 5 once every two years; ten-year period 6 one person speaking; flat voice with no variation in tone 5a/b Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 11 1 Students’ own answers 2b The speaker is likely to jump from main (stressed) word to main word. This is because of the stresstimed nature of English – the stressed syllables have roughly the same time between them and if there are a lot of words in between, they tend to get spoken very quickly.

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3a Emil Krebs was a German translator and interpreter who worked in the early twentieth century. It has been said that he knew sixty to sixty-five languages, many of which he taught himself. Many scientists have wondered whether his brain was wired differently from other people’s. 3b Most of the words underlined in 3a are nouns, verbs and adjectives. They are all content words. 3c shorter, quieter, faster, less clear 5 Students' own answers 7 (Suggested answer ) When they examined the brain of someone who understood many languages, scientists found that the area that governed speech did not have the same form as in most monolingual speakers’ brains. What scientists don’t know is whether language learning changes the brain or whether some people are born with this quality. 8 Students’ own answers 9 1 English 2 (the) ears 3 (the) brain 4 (only) one 5 concept 6 written

Listening 1 p. 12 1 Students’ own answers 2 2 is correct. Reasons: results are mentioned throughout. There’s little discussion of the importance of the project. Who took part and where the research was done is important but these are details that aren’t emphasised. 3 1 study

2 nine

3 vocabulary

4 arithmetic

5 patterns

6 significantly

4 –5 –5 Students’ own answers

Language development 1 p. 13 1a present simple: changes, see, think, use, don’t need, makes, is, is, place, are, (are not found), covers, are, belong, speak, (is published), tend, learn present continuous: you’re (also unconsciously) learning present perfect: has found, has shown past simple: showed, looked, matched, perceived, found, distinguished, resembled, depended, used The past continuous is not used.

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1b Simple tenses are most common; continuous tenses are least common (only one example). The frequency with which perfect tenses are used is somewhere between simple and continuous tenses. 2 1 A was carried out; B were given 2 A researcher did the action in A. The preposition by begins the phrase. 3 We don’t know who did the action in B. 4 The action is more important than the person who did the action in these sentences. 3 1 was often 2 caused 3 was thought 4 had 5 were given 6 was realised 7 tested 8 were tested 9 was generally found 10 are

4a The idea in the second sentence is different from the idea in the first sentence. The word ‘however’ signals this relationship. 4b 1 and, further 2 however 3 first 4 for instance summary 9 so that 10 an important point

5 during

6 consequently

7 because 8 in

4c (Suggested answers) 1 furthermore 2 on the other hand, on the contrary 3 next, then, finally 4 for example 5 when, while, first, in the end, eventually, to begin with 6 as a consequence, as a result 7 for this reason, as a result 8 in conclusion, to summarise, to conclude 9 to, in order to 10 most importantly 5 2 During 3 Consequently summary 10 but

4 However

5 but

6 An important point

7 because

8 and

9 In

Writing 1 p. 14 1a–b Students’ own answers 2 The opinion expressed is: ‘Learning a second language from an early age is beneficial and all children should be encouraged to do it.’ 3a 1 para. 1

2 paras. 2 and 3

3b 1B

3C

2 A

3 para. 4

4 Students’ own answers

4

5 1 topic sentence 2 the main idea of the paragraph 3 discourse marker 4 between one paragraph and the next consist of reasons

5 first and second body paragraphs


Listening 2 p. 15 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 pictures

2 words

3 differently

4 imaginations

5 restrict

3 Students’ own answers 4 The speaker prefers stories to be told from memory, as it’s more engaging for the audience and allows for more imagination. For the other points, students give their own answers. 5 1 2

folk tails often tell

6 1 2 3 4

Story telling is a common teaching technique in Folk tales are passed orally from generation to Books for children often contain many beautiful Generally, young children around the world

folk tales are often told

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many countries. generation. illustrations. enjoy listening to stories.


Language development 2 p. 16 1a 1 A past simple B present perfect

2 present perfect (B)

3 past simple (A)

1b In sentence A, ‘this morning’ has not finished yet; it’s still the morning. In sentence B, ‘this morning’ has finished; it is now the afternoon or evening (of the same day). 2a 1 2 3

A I spent, haven’t done; B I’ve spent A has run; B ran A have provided; B provided

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2b Students’ own answers 3 1 No. The past simple is more likely to be used for procedures in previous research and those procedures would usually be completed/ finished. 2 Yes. The present perfect is often used to show that past actions have a present relevance 3 No. Generalisations, rules, etc. are usually expressed using the present simple. 4a wonderful, award-winning, which is based on a folk tale 4b Adjectives and relative clauses. Three ideas were combined in one sentence (She wrote a wonderful book. The book won an award. The book is based on a folk tale.). 4c They help pack a lot of ideas into a single sentence. 5 1 2 3 4

6 2 3 4

5 6 7

take takes (subject – verb agreement) person which person who/that (Which isn’t usually used for people.) no comma (Commas are used in non-defining relative clauses. This is defining.) person speaks person who speaks (You can’t miss out the relative pronoun if it’s a subject – defining relative clauses only.) →

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There’s a good library where you can study peacefully. Hungarian is a difficult language that/which has some very complex verb forms. Young children often learn better through activities such as games and songs that/which involve doing things, not just reading or listening./Young children often learn better through activities that/which involve doing things, not just reading or listening, such as games and songs. The university careers office has some very experienced staff, who can help you to find a job. The class read a book that/which contained a lot of information about the history of their city. J K Rowling is an author that/who has written some very influential children’s books, which have sold in many countries around the world.


Academic vocabulary 2 p. 17 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 verb 2 we 3 stories 4 each other 5 told (It’s unlikely that people would shout or sing stories and you wouldn't write stories to each other.) 2b 1 discipline

2 incredibly

3 traverses

4 conveyed

6

5 vanishes

2c 1 convey

2 traverse

3 disappear

4 incredibly

5 discipline

3a (Suggested answers) motivating, aiding, Pre-adolescent, immediacy, mesmerised, squirming 3b In general, for words in lists, adjectives and adverbs are least likely to be needed. In lists, the other items often help you to know what the list is about, and the word described by the adjective/adverb is usually more important than the adjective/adverb. 4a 1 No, it requires practice to do well. do.

2 They will squirm, talk to each other and look for other things to

4b No, not at all. 5a 1 take in 5b 1 rich

2 rich

2 take in

3 (be) based on

3 version

4 version

4 aware of

5 (be) aware of

5 based on

Reading 2 p. 18 1 Students’ own answers 2 A correct: ‘a high failure rate’ B incorrect: perhaps surprisingly, this isn’t mentioned here C incorrect: first line says ‘to help them to succeed in a subject which they have previously failed’, i.e. they’ve studied it before D correct: last sentence says ‘It describes ... insights gained by the staff who were involved in this ... programme’ E incorrect: second sentence says the programme ‘has been successful in similar contexts’, meaning this is not the first time F incorrect: ‘pre-recorded lectures ... main VSI learning tool’ 3 –4 Students’ own answers

Speaking 2 p. 19 1 1 2 3 2 1

bar chart, graph, pie chart a rise, growth, a fall, a drop go up, rise, grow, go down, fall, drop

(Suggested answer ) It shows the changes in languages in high school.

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percentages of pupils choosing to study some

2 3 4

Spanish Polish, French Polish and Portuguese: small difference; and Polish: big difference

French and German: small difference; French

3 (Suggested answers) French and German: decline; Polish and Portuguese: increase; Spanish: stays about the same; Chinese: moderate increase 4 French and German: decline; Spanish: stays about the same; Polish and Portuguese: increase 5a 1 shows, in

2 of

5b 1 2 3

The bar chart illustrates the percentage change in students’ exam grades. The percentage of students who scored over 80 percent has dropped. The percentage of students who scored below 60 percent has risen.

6–7 Students’ own answers

Writing 2 pp. 20–21 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 2

no, only the essential words imp = improves; e.g. = for example; prblm = problem; thnkg = thinking, u/stand = understand; = consequence; btwn = between Students’ own answers ‘imp several skills’ and ‘u/stand ... directly’ are the main ideas. The others are the supporting ideas. We can see this from the indentations. The introduction and conclusion can be inferred from main ideas; if main ideas are written down, there’s no need to write them again for the introduction and conclusion. →

3 4 5

3 (Suggested answers) 1–2 minutes planning; 15 minutes writing; 3–4 minutes checking/revising

4 –5 Students’ own answers 6a

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A 6b single-underlining = related to information in the first sentence double underlining = new information 6c Putting new information at the end of the sentence creates a smoother flow. 7 2 3 4

When you practise a skill, you develop the habit of using the skill. Real life activities are made easier because of these habits./These habits make real life activities easier. It’s important to use a range of techniques when studying anything, including languages. Motivation is increased by variety./Variety increases motivation. Several of my classmates in school only studied grammar and vocabulary for their English lessons. Soon, other subjects excited them more./Soon, they were more excited by other subjects.


Review p. 22 1 1 have studied 2 were made 3 have shown gained 8 is seen 9 told 10 learn 2 1 proficient

2 aware

3 memorisation

4 requires

4 cognitive

5 increased

5 take in

6 has improved

6 perception

7 norm

7 be

8 rate

3 2 A pie chart is a type of chart that/which shows amounts as slices of a pie. 3 A person that/who illustrates is (called) an illustrator. 4 A primary school is a place where children under the age of 12 study. 5 Learning three languages was the achievement (that/which) he was most proud of. 6 A bimonthly magazine is a magazine that/which is published every two months. 7 Problem-solving is a skill that/which is useful in many jobs. 8 Did you find the evidence (that/which) you wanted for your research? 9 Maths is a school subject (that/ which) many people enjoy. 10 Folk tales are traditional stories that/which are passed from parents to children over many generations. 4 1 imitation

2 orally

3 memorised

4 richly

5 increases

9

6 problem

7 creative

9 collaboratively

Module 2 Reading 1 pp. 24–25 1 Students’ own answers 2a The first sentence is the most general. The others are more specific. 2b Others some cultures For example the future can be seen in dreams This a pleasant dream ... next day another theory the meaning of dreams (para. 1); contrasting Freud’s theory with the theories described in the first paragraph Freud Sigmund Freud (i.e. family names are usually used to refer back to a person, not the whole name or the first name) He Freud This idea dreams reflect ... world →

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→

→

→

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3a Sentence C is about a general theory. Sentences A and B are about a specific person’s research and her findings – more specific than a theory. This is then sentence 1. 3b Sentence B. The words this hypothesis refer to sentence C. This is then sentence 2. 3c The word she in sentence A refers to Rosalind Cartwright in sentence B. 4 (Suggested answers) The most general sentence is B. This is then sentence 1. The words The difference in sentence A refer to the kind of work the brain is doing during dreams or when we’re awake, mentioned in sentence B. The words lack of information coming in in sentence C refer to when we are asleep, we are cut off from feedback from the world in sentence A. 5 A 3 B 1 C 5 D 4 E 2 6a (Suggested answer ) Sentence B is the most general and therefore comes first. 6b In sentence A, For example refers to an example of E (the symbols in a dream). In sentence D, the woman refers to a woman in sentence A. In sentence C, Delaney refers to Gayle Delaney in sentence A; the woman refers to a woman in sentence A (even though these refer to sentence A, sentence D is clearly a continuation of the story in sentence A, so sentence D comes before C).

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7a 1 text in 3 (and 5)

2 text in 2

3 text in 4

4 text in 2

5 text in 2

7b–c Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 26 1 1 interesting 2 disagreement 8 could 9 the main 2 1 insight 2 perspective 9 hypothesis 3a 1 central, major, key 3b 2 from

3 into

3 has not yet

3 theme

2 theoretical

4 a new

4 scenario

3 deep

5 sudden or clear

5 initiative

4 faced

6 Challenges

5 gained

6 poses

6 a formal

7 notion

7 test

7 especially

8 controversy

8 overcame

6 to


Speaking 1 p. 27 1 Students’ own answers 2a (Suggested answers) 1 Most adults // need around eight hours // of sleep // every night. 2 There is disagreement // among researchers // about why // we dream. 3 It’s important // that people // with responsible jobs // get plenty of sleep. 4 Before electric lighting // adults generally slept // about nine or ten hours // per night. 5 Even now // scientists still don’t know // whether animals dream // while they sleep. 2b (bold = stressed word; underlining = stressed syllable within the stressed word ) 1 Most adults // need around eight hours // of sleep // every night. 2 There is disagreement // amongst researchers // about why we dream. 3 It’s important // that people // with responsible jobs // get plenty of sleep. 4 Before electric lighting // adults generally slept // about nine or ten hours // per night. 5 Even now // scientists still don’t know // whether animals dream // while they sleep. 3 –4 (bold = stressed word; underlining = stressed syllable within the stressed word )

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1 2 3 4 5 6

One theory says that dreams help dreams help the long-term memory. memory. It isn’t certain whether certain whether or not other animals animals dream. dream. During some stages of sleep, sleep, your eyes move rapidly behind rapidly behind your closed eyelids. eyelids. Fatigue is a factor in in a significant proportion of proportion of road accidents. accidents. Some of the worst accidents worst accidents in history have history have been linked to linked to sleep deprivation. deprivation. Elephants spend some of their sleeping time sleeping time standing up and up and some of some of it lying down. down.

5 –6 –6 Students’ own answers 7 1 sleeping 2 (a) bed 3 (a/the) psychologist 4 too little pilot

5 snore/snoring

6 (an/the) (international)

Listening 1 p. 28 1 Students’ own answers 2a 2 2b 1, 2 and 3 3a A 3b B C D

(c) not mentioned in the lecture (a) focuses on details, not main idea (b) contradicted by the lecture. (The lecture says that on average, the increase in fat consumption was 2.2 percent – not a ‘dramatic increase’ as stated in option D.)

4 –5 –5 Students’ own answers

Language development 1 p. 29 1a 1 2 1b 1 2 3 4

outc outcom ome e gen gener eral ally ly true true = A; A; poss possib ible le outc outcom ome e in in the the futu future re = B if claus clause: e: pre prese sent nt sim simpl ple e in bot both h sent senten ence ces; s; main main cla claus use: e: pre prese sent nt sim simpl ple e in A in A,, will in B

If people go to bed early, they find it easier to get up in the morning. If I don’t eat within three hours of sleeping, I sleep better. If you don’t get enough sleep over long periods of time, you’ll suffer from depression. If people get plenty of sleep, they’ll be less likely to suffer from depression.

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2a unless 2b 1 unless 2 Provided that/As long as/On condition that whenever

3 Even if

4 Assuming

5 only if

3a–b Students’ own answers 4a 2 3 4 5 6

If people sleep better, their concentration improves. If aircraft pilots don’t sleep well before flying, it will be dangerous. Provided that I get a good night’s sleep, I can do well in the exam. If you go to bed early the night before an exam, you’ll feel refreshed on the exam day. Even if you have plenty of sleep, boredom can make you feel sleepy.

4b 2 3 4 5 6 7

If you allow yourself to daydream, you’ll become more creative. If people have bad experiences, they often have nightmares. If you are sleep deprived, your short-term memory will have problems. If you ask different sleep researchers why we dream, you’ll get different answers. If people fly between different time zones, they’ll suffer from jet lag. If the timing of night shifts isn’t looked at carefully, accidents may occur.

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Summary writing 1 p. 30 1 Students’ own answers 2a Students’ own answers 2b main idea = almost all people dream in colour 2c The main idea was mentioned early and supported by other points. (It could be said to be mentioned throughout as it’s mentioned at beginning and end and supported in the middle in this very short talk). 3a A 3b The second summary begins with a point that the speaker doesn’t make strongly: that some people claim to dream in black and white, not colour. Also, it contains information that isn’t on the recording, such as the fact that converting to black and white is very difficult. 4 Almost everyone dreams dreams in colour. 5a Students’ own answers 5b (Suggested answer ) The best way to remember your dreams is to start thinking about them as soon as you wake up. If you wait until later in the day to think about them, you will have forgotten them. 6 (Suggested answer ) Dreams can only come from our experiences. Therefore, blind people who could previously see will be able to have visual dreams. However, people who have been blind from birth don’t have visual dreams because they have no visual experiences. Deaf people have similar issues. 7a–b Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 31 1 Students’ own answers 2–3

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A B C D

emphasises supporting detail; introduces information (‘more successful than other species’ not in the recording) misses out an important point: exercise is good for the brain. Minor points only. correct incorrect information

4 Students’ own answers 5 1 2 3 4

Exercise isn’t so important for survival in modern times. We do a lot less exercise than our ancestors did. The biggest health problem in many places is lack of exercise. In some countries sporting activities are compulsory even for university students.

Language development 2 p. 32 1 1 2 3 4

actions that never happened it refers to the present (even though would , sometimes thought to be a past form, is used) A = general (past, present and future); B = past; C = past would, had

2a 1 built, would have 2 had had, would be 3 would be, did 4 had had, would have eaten 5 ate, would be, would suffer 6 would be, had participated 7 would have smoked, had known 8 would not go, paid 9 were, would you join 10 had been, would not have done 2b 2 I’d had, I’d be 4 I’d had, I would’ve eaten 5 we’d suffer 6 we’d, we’d participated 7 would’ve smoked, they’d known 8 wouldn’t go 10 there’d been, wouldn’t have done (In 1, ‘students would’ could become ‘students’d’ but only in speaking; it would be very unusual to see this in writing. The same applies to ‘humans would’ in 3.) 3 Students’ own answers 4a 1 2 3 4b

A noun (phrase) + infinitive; B infinitive yes (e.g. I wanted to help to rescue him.) yes (e.g. I designed the house to withstand earthquakes.)

Verb + gerund: continue, consider, practise Verb + infinitive: aim, continue Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive: allow, assist, use, require Verb + noun + preposition + gerund: prohibit 5 1 analysing/to analyse 2 you to be 3 students from using 4 injured players to compete equipment to strengthen 6 to assist, to reach 7 to practise using

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5 special


Academic vocabulary 2 p. 33 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 achieve involve

2 compete

3 expert

4 enhance

5 participate

6 nutrient

7 perform

8 recover

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2b -ance: performance -ation: participation -ise: expertise -ition: nutrition, competition -ment: involvement, achievement, enhancement -y: recovery 2c 1 participation 2 expertise 3 perform 4 recovery 5 nutrition Involvement/Participation 8 competition 9 achieve 3 1 performance 2 advantage 3 highly 4 outcome encourage

6 enhancement/ enhancing

5 technical 6 greatly 7 active 8 sport 9


Reading 2 p. 34 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 limb 2 artificial 3 joint 4 prosthesis 5 sensor 3 Students’ own answers 4 C, D, B, A 5 (Example answers) D However shows a contrast, and this technology refers to that described in A. B This refers to the fact that the Paralympics prohibit prostheses that move artificially.

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7

A 6 1

2 3

This refers to the whole idea contained in both B and D.

Those in the text ‘move in response to sensors’ and are ‘prostheses that move artificially’. ‘Prostheses that move artificially’ are currently prohibited – this implies that those currently allowed do not move artificially. may enhance performance Students’ own answer

Speaking 2 p. 35 1 Students’ own answers 2a Students’ own answers. The lecture will probably be about something to do with exercise and motivation. 2b–c (Suggested answers) hard to mk (make) ppl (people) active short term – OK long term – no answers hard because time, money, families, work challenge = how mtvt (motivate) self key people push us 3a–b ‘The challenge is how to motivate themselves’ was omitted but the meaning is covered by the other points anyway. Students may have mentioned other omitted points, depending on what they wrote in 2b. 4 however, because, though 5 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 20 for a suggested answer. 6 –7 Students’ own answers

Summary writing 2 p. 36 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 2 3

Yes, there’s no restriction on the number of sentences. Most would expect this to be quite difficult. As the word limit is narrow, some adjustment to length would probably be necessary. quality of writing, how well your summary presents the points in the lecture

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3 (Suggested answers) sports science = all science for sports involves e.g. psychology, sports coaching, sports injuries, nutrition help athletes perform at their best performance analysis = analyse team/individual performance, e.g. golf swing, speed, muscles used efficiently, how football goal scored →

4a (Suggested answers) 1 sports science, performance analysis 2 the examples 4b Students’ own answers 5 (Suggested answers) 2 Protein helps athletes to recover because it helps to repair their muscles. 3 Professional sports require a scientific approach to training. 4 Provided that the team’s performance is analysed carefully, improvement will be quick. 5 Unless the team continues to practise a range of techniques, they won’t do well. 6 Sports science can do a lot to improve the performance of sports people. 6a (Suggested answers) 2 of great importance important; people who participate in sports athletes/sportspeople; the reason why why; professional sports teams teams 3 taking part in sport at a professional level participation in professional sport people will get injured injuries will occur →

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→

→

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6b (Suggested answers) 1 many a number of; their best the best they can 2 participants in sports people who participate/take part in sports 3 their performance how (well) they performed →

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7 (Suggested answer ) Sports science covers a range of sub-categories but it has the overall aim of using scientific knowledge about the human body to help athletes. One area is performance analysis, which involves looking at how players performed using tools such as video and then helping them to make adjustments to their performance.

Review p. 38 1 (Suggested answers) 1 If I was more interested in sport, I would watch more TV. 2 If you thought about your dreams when you woke up, you would remember them better.

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

If I practise harder, I might win next month’s competition. If I’d practised harder all year, I might have won last month’s competition. If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I might feel better this morning. If I had eaten more healthily as a child, I would have been better at sports as a teenager. If I had eaten more nutritious food as a teenager, I might be better at sports now. If I had tried harder at sports at school, I would have achieved more. If people try hard, they usually succeed. If people stopped doing sport, they would get unfit.

2 1 Provided that 2 whenever 3 Assuming/ Provided that that 8 assuming/provided that 9 Even if 10 unless 3a 1 hypothesis 2 participation 3 controversial gain 9 challenges 10 involved 11 allowed

4 theme

4 Unless

5 initiative

5 even if

6 enhance

6 only if

7 provided

7 expertise

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3b (Suggested answers) research project, test the hypothesis, free access sports facilities, participation rates, key theme, greatly enhance, gain an insight into, the issues involved, challenges it would face, free access 4 1 depravation deprivation 2 lead in lead to 3 it’d be it is 4 consept concept 5 an other another 6 prohibited to prohibited from 7 even if as long as/provided that 8 high insights deep insights 9 suffering with suffering from 10 perspictive perspective →

→ →

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

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Module 3 Reading 1 pp. 40–41 1 Students’ own answers 2a Students’ own answers 2b 1 2 3

a verb (there is no other verb in the sentence) began, ground (possibly), second (possibly), stopped stopped (It can’t be ‘began’ because the previous sentence says building commenced in 1173. The other possible verbs don’t relate to construction.)

2c 1 stopped

2 second

3 1 foundations

2 delay

3 construction

3 storeys

4 war

5 population

4 counteract

4 1 weak 2 increasing 3 disturbance 4 processes

5 risk

5 Students’ own answers, hopefully including the strategies mentioned earlier in this section 6 Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 42 1a 2 inclination 3 Assembling 4 created 5 resume, finalised 6 completed 7 ingenious, collapse, Conventional 8 demolished, construction, commence 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The finalisation date for the plans is tomorrow. Unfortunately, following convention won’t be successful in this situation. Resumption of the project will occur once the weather has improved. Creation of a model of the proposed building will take two weeks. The inclination of the ramp will need to be increased slightly. Assembly of the furniture will take place next week. Timely completion of the building will require the team to work with greater efficiency.

3 1 foundation

2 advice, evidence, information

3 knowledge, research

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4 premises

4a–b Students’ own answers 4c B 5

C 8

D 9

E 2

F 6

G 4

H 3

I 10

J 7

4d Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 43 1 1 2 3 4

It isn’t a palace, it’s a castle. It is original, not re-built. It isn’t made of stone. It’s made of wood and plaster. It isn’t over 1,000 years old. It’s from the 17th century, i.e. about 400 years old.

2a–b (Suggested answer ) This castle // is the finest surviving example // of early-17 th-century Japanese castle architecture. // It comprises 83 buildings. // It is a masterpiece // of construction in wood, // combining function with aesthetic appeal, // both in its elegant appearance // including white plastered walls // and in the relationships between the building masses // and the multiple roof layers. 2c Intonation generally goes up slightly to the first stressed syllable, and continues at more or less the same pitch until the tonic syllable (‘sentence stress’) – usually the last syllable in the sense group – is reached, at which point it generally goes down. Other intonation patterns are possible, such as going up on the tonic syllable, but these would indicate a meaning, which isn’t usually appropriate in these Read aloud questions, such as tentativeness. 2d–e Students’ own answers 3a–b Many castles // were built in Japan // in the early 17th century. // Most of these // have subsequently been demolished // or destroyed. // Of the handful that survive, // this one // is the most complete and unaltered. // Conservation work // in the middle of the 20th century // was carried out using advanced techniques // developed in Japan // for large wooden structures. 5 –6 Students’ own answers 7 1 width

2 (a/the) tower

3 (a) square

4 wood

5 (a/the) door

Listening 1 p. 44 1a–b Students’ own answers

21

6 (an) architect

2 A 2

B 3

C 1

D 5

E 1

F 5

G 2

H 4

3a The question asks for the speaker’s purpose. 3b 1C

3c Question 2 asks for detailed information. Question 3 asks for the speaker’s style, tone or attitude. 3d 2D 3e 3B 4–5 Students’ own answers

Language development 1 p. 45 1 1 2 3

Yes. The use of a past verb form shows this. The local population must wonder/must be wondering whether it will ever be finished! past speculation: modal + have + past participle; present/future speculation: modal + bare infinitive

2a 1 might have built 2 could have 3 can’t be/cannot be 4 must have been be/cannot be 7 may have helped 8 might be 9 must have been

5 may have used

6 can’t

2b As modals of speculation and deduction, might /could /may are generally interchangeable, as are can’t be and couldn’t be. 3 Students’ own answers 4a A B C D 1 2 3

Not only ... but ... also As well as In spite of Despite the fact addition: not only ... but ... also; contrast: in spite of, despite the fact that changes to auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (inversion) noun/noun phrase: in spite of; noun/gerund: as well as; clause: despite

22

4b A: Furthermore ..., As well as ..., Not only ... but also ...

... also ...,

C: ..., whereas... Although ..., Despite ..., Despite the fact that ..., Nevertheless ..., Though ..., ..., yet ..., Even though ..., However, ... In spite of ..., While ...,

5 (Suggested answers) 1 There were many wars. However, the ancient Egyptians remained the dominant civilisation in their part of the world for over 2,000 years. 2 Despite the fact that people used to say that the pyramids were built by slaves, nowadays, this idea seems unlikely. 3 Not only did people have to get the stones to the pyramid construction site, they also had to lift them to the top of the pyramid. 4 As well as agreeing that metal tools were used to cut stones, theories of pyramid construction also agree that the stones were then moved to the construction site. 5 While the ancient Egyptians had no modern technology, they built pyramids to a very high degree of precision.

Writing 1 p. 46 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 introduction: to introduce the topic and give the writer’s opinion 2 body: to explain the ideas that support the writer’s opinion 3 conclusion: to wrap up the essay and repeat the writer’s opinion The body is much longer than the introduction or conclusion. 3 1 2

4a A1

Students’ own answers introduction: paraphrasing of part of the question and the statement saying this is a bad thing (‘This trend has some disturbing consequences’) body: the topic sentences and main points of the body paragraphs disagree with the opinion in the essay prompt conclusion: both sentences reject the idea of replacing older buildings with modern ones, as suggested in the essay prompt

B 3

C 2

4b There is no general statement in the essay on page 194 (referred to in Writing 1, Module 1, page 14). The preview comes after the opinion.

23


Listening 2 p. 47 1 Students’ own answers 2a implication/inference 2b C (As the plans are talked about in past tense, it implies they are not current. Also, ‘The original plan’ at the beginning implies that there have been more than one plan.) 2c A construction method not mentioned B various heights mentioned but are not compared to others around the world C awards not mentioned 3 A 4 B C D 5 1

history: past and tradition mentioned but as an influence; history of buildings not mentioned shapes used in the design mentioned but as reflection of the symbolism, not as main point materials used in construction not mentioned

2

Jin Mao: represents tradition/past; design influenced by traditional Chinese pagoda Shanghai World Financial Centre: dynamism of the modern era Shanghai Tower: the future China’s past, present and future

6 –7 1 2 3 4

The tallest skyscrapers are known as super-tall skyscrapers. Style is very important in the design of buildings. There must have been some ingenious architects in the past. Despite the engineering difficulties, buildings continue to get taller and taller.


Language development 2 p. 48 1 1

Reported can be replaced by described , informed (someone about ), pointed out , stated , mentioned , commented on, noted , observed .

24

Claimed can be replaced by informed (us), pointed out , stated , mentioned , commented , observed . 2 1 emphasised, highlighted, stressed 5 proved 6 claimed

2 argued, explained

3 cast doubt on, questioned

noted ,

4 mentioned

3 (Suggested answers) 2 She described the influences on the building’s design. 3 He suggested using glass and steel for the building’s façade. 4 She described the corridor’s appearance. 5 She cast doubt on/ questioned the new engineer’s suggestion. 6 He pointed out a missing fire alarm./He pointed out that the room should have a fire alarm. 7 She summarised her talk about safety in tower design/ techniques for the safe design of towers. (Students may use ‘She summarised her talk by saying that we’ve seen ...’. This is perfectly acceptable but a little awkward.) 4 (Suggested answers) 1 The speaker explained that the original plan was to build three very tall buildings together to create a distinctive skyline. 2 He observed that this had not been done anywhere else in the world. 3 He pointed out that the Jin Mayo Tower was built in a style that represents traditional architecture. 4 The speaker described the heights of the buildings. 5 2 3 4 5

He argued that the tower was strong enough, even in powerful storms. She reported that the concrete supplier had been delayed. He proved that the tower wouldn’t be damaged in a storm. She informed them/us that the client had asked them/us to build the apartment block a littler higher.

6 The second sentence refers to a time is before the first sentence. We know this because of the use of the past perfect tense in the second sentence and the past simple in the first sentence. 7 1 earthquakes 8 2 3 4

2 design problems

3 plans nearly finished

4 fire started

5 design finalised

The government had had a number of problems, so they decided to cancel the project. By the time construction had finished, the tower had (already) survived three earthquakes. Three major companies had signed up to rent space in the building before construction was finished.

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 49 1a 1 individual 2 style 9 dynamism

3 sustainable

1b 1 dynamic 2 individuality 7 investment, sustain

4 investment

3 sustainable, distinct

5 distinctive

4 individual

25

6 economic

7 financial

5 aspiration, distinction

8 aspire

6 economy

2a 1 sustainable 2 individuals investment, economy

3 style, distinctive

4 financially

5 dynamic, aspired

6 financial

7

2b Students’ own answers 3 emphasise: give emphasis to describe: give a description (of) argue: make an argument (for/against) explain: give an explanation (of) observe: make an observation (on) question: raise a question (about) suggest: make a suggestion (about) summarise: give a summary (of) 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The architect made a suggestion about the (design of the) front entrance. The speaker made a comment/an observation on the (design of the) exterior of the building. The designer gave a description of the balconies. The engineer gave an explanation of how to design a bridge. The lecturer gave a summary of her talk. The project manager made an argument against changing/for keeping the deadline. The accountant raised a question about the need for expensive equipment.

Reading 2 p. 50 1 1 2 3

The photos show a sword and a tower. (connection: Students’ own answers) (Suggested answers) national pride, tourist attraction, TV or mobile phone transmission Students’ own answers

2 1 broadcasting 3 1 selected

2 engineering

2 fewest

3 phase

3 landmark

4 traditional

4 nearby

5 object

4 –5 Students’ own answers

Speaking 2 p. 51 1a Students’ own answers 1b

26

The chart shows the height of some famous tall buildings. The buildings to prioritise are: the oldest, newest, smallest, tallest – often the extremes are the most important points. 2 It’s not easy (or possible, really) to tell the exact height of the buildings. The language used would have to express approximate, not exact, heights. 3a 1 2

Students’ own answer He gives approximate figures, not exact ones.

3b about, around, roughly, just over, slightly over 3c Students’ own answers 4 See the audio script for Track 31 for a suggested answer. 5 –6 Students’ own answers

Writing 2 pp. 52–53 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 no 2 develop a position 3 Students’ own answer 3–4a Students’ own answers 4b Summarise the main points, including the opinion of the essay and perhaps give a recommendation. 5 1 the first sentence

2 Some people 3 while

6a However could be replaced by many discourse markers, including nevertheless, though, yet , or although before the first expression: Although it could be argued that ... 6b–c Students’ own answers 7 –9 Students’ own answers

Review p. 54 1

27

1 were 2 a little economy

3 may

4 Not only

5 While

6 gave

7 curved

8 distinctive

9 investment

10

2 1 as well as was it as well as being/in addition to being, etc. 2 However Further/Also/Furthermore Further/Also/Furthermore 3 rough roughly 4 higher over 5 the original plans are the original plans were 6 approximate approximately 7 In spite this In spite of this/ Despite this 8 has been completed was completed 9 furthermore while 10 have 10 have been be →

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

3 (Suggested answers) answers) 2 They need to demolish the old building before they can construct a new one. 3 The building was designed in a conventional way. 4 The tower has existed for approximately ten years. 5 Please assemble all the parts as quickly as you can. 6 The project resumes tomorrow. We need to finalise/complete it as soon as possible. 7 Creating the plans/The creation of the plans took a very long time. 8 The team is going to have to be ingenious in order to finish the design without increasing the budget. 9 This tower has been constructed to the highest possible safety standards. There is absolutely no chance that it will collapse. 10 If the inclination of the ramp is too steep, people in wheelchairs won’t be able to access the building. 4 (Suggested answers) answers) 2 The speaker gave a summary of ... 3 The architect made a suggestion about ... 4 She made an observation on ... 5 The construction engineer gave an explanation of ... 6 The politician raised a question ... He made a comment on ... 7 8 The architect made an argument for ... 9 The estate agent gave a description of ... 10 The director of the construction company cast doubt on ...

28

Module 4 Reading 1 pp. 56–57 1 Students’ own answers 2a (Suggested answer ) The theme of the text is: a definition of marketing. 2b 1 2 3

2c 4 ...) ...) 5 6

C (collocation: deal with) with) A (meaning as it relates to overall context) C (grammar and word forms: noun form is organisation) organisation)

missing in the phrase for the success of any

D (grammar and word forms: verb is missing in the phrase Large for-profit firms use marketing B (collocation/meaning) A (collocation/meaning) (collocation/meaning)

2d Students’ own answers 3 1 wonder

2 be understood

3 services

4 managerial

5 create

4 1 –3 –3

Students’ own answers

4

The task here focuses more on knowledge of skills as well as reading).

grammar, collocation, etc. (it involves writing


Academic vocabulary 1 p. 58 1a 1 obtain

2 competitive

3 abundance

4 consumer

2a 1 abundant 2 consumption 3 competitive obtain, promotion 7 productive

5 product

4 products

2b Students’ own answers

29

6 distribute

7 promote

5 distribution, production

6 competition,

3a all around you = everywhere around you do a good job = do well in a task you are assigned no wonder = not surprising not-for-profit = an organisation that, on the surface at least, has a purpose other than money making products = physical objects/things that a company produces; services = things a company does in exchange for money tip of the marketing iceberg = icebergs are said to have most of their volume under water, so what you can see above water is only a small part; this expression suggests that what you can see of marketing is only a small part of the whole thing 3b All the expressions expressions are fixed except for tip of the ( the (marketing marketing ) iceberg , which is semi-fixed. 3c All the expressions expressions are fixed except for must take (several ) factors into account and and more to (marketing ) than meets the eye, eye, which are semi-fixed. 3d (Suggested answers) answers) 2 Companies must bear a number of issues in mind when planning their marketing. 3 We must keep our word. 4 Marketing success is usually accompanied by good strategic planning. Our employees make a great deal of effort to ensure customer satisfaction. 5 6 When dealing with regular customers you need to make a special effort and provide them with a higher level of service. 7 Always remember that that repeating an advertisement advertisement too many times times can annoy customers. 8 Marketing is more complicated than most people realise. 4 Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 59 1a (Suggested answers) answers) 1 Generally, // consumers // don’t trust advertisements. 2 People see ads // on the Internet, // on TV // and in magazines. 1c Intonation tends to go down at the end of initial adverbs. With lists, it tends to go down at the end of each part of the list. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

In most cases, quality products don’t need much advertising. Usually, but not always, reviews provide an unbiased source of information. Surprisingly, some people actually enjoy watching advertisements on television! Advertisements are are all around us, wherever wherever we go, whatever we do. Advertisements can occur in unusual places – even in the sea or in the sky! Generally, consumers trust friends more than commercial information such as advertisements. Rather unfortunately, ads sometimes give misleading information rather than informing. People get product information from advertisements, friends, family and product reviews.

30

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Market research surveys may be given by telephone, the Internet or in person. Advertisements have to appeal to people of different ages, socioeconomic groups and sexes. Adverts might use humour, drama or catchy slogans to grab people’s attention. Marketing involves many activities, including doing research, developing products and promoting them. Basically, marketing is about making people want to buy. Sometimes, ads promote a brand rather than a particular product. Often, the point of advertisements is to raise awareness rather than give information. Most people dislike advertisements but appear to be influenced by them anyway.

4 –5 Students’ own answers 6 1 (a/the) restaurant 2 (the) (US/American) dollar managing director 6 importing

3 Chief

4 coins/(small) change

5 (the)

Listening 1 p. 60 1 Students’ own answers 2a B, C, D, E 2b B, D 3 A B

C D E

not mentioned speaker said ‘these topics are researched in great detail by most large companies’; ‘these topics’ meaning the questions raised about consumers’ purchasing decisions at the beginning of the recording experts were not mentioned ‘95 percent of the thought, emotion and learning that drives purchasing decisions occurs in the unconscious mind – that is, without our awareness’ ‘95 percent’ refers to something else, as mentioned in D



Questions about how consumers make purchase decisions and what is going on in their heads are researched in great detail. The answers to the whys of consumer buying are often locked deep within the consumer’s head. Perhaps more importantly, any opinions formed in the evaluation will influence future purchases. You see the results of marketing in the abundance of products in your nearby shopping mall.

31

2a 1 in

2 in

3 on

4 By, in

5 of, by

6 of, to

7 By, on, for

8 in

2b Students’ own answers 3 Students’ own answers 4a Sentence A uses a prepositional phrase. Sentence B uses a that clause. The information they contain is similar. 4b 1 A about; B that he 2 A she; B of 3 A that; B of 4 A by; B by 5 A that the; B by 5 1 2 3 4 5

It’s my view that we need a new managing director. The graph shows that the company profit is declining/has declined. He felt certain that his profit would increase. It’s likely that he will become CEO. It’s expected that the CEO will resign.

6a–b Students’ own answers

Summary writing 1 p. 62 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 2

3 1 2 3

the quality of your writing; how well your response presents the key points in the text read rather than listen; one sentence response rather than no limit to the number of sentences; no apparent word limit (though there is actually a 5–75 word limit). (similarities are: summarising in both tasks; similar marking focus given in rubric; same time limit)

(Suggested answer ) marketing activities increase prices Students’ own answers Students’ own answers

4a 1, 2, 4 4b

32

1 all the ticked items supporting ideas.

2– 3 The summary includes all the ideas on the topic sentences, and the main

5a B is a better summary and would obtain higher marks. It meets all the criteria in 4a. 5b 1 D 2 C 3 A (no mention in the text of ‘many’ people making these claims, marketers’ salaries or most customers wanting greater choice) 4 E 5 A (‘pushing up prices to finance advertising’, ‘sales promotion’, ‘... add value by informing potential buyers of the availability’ are all words from the text) 6 Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 63 1 Students’ own answers 2 A, F

3 1–2 3

4

Students’ own answers B theory and experience are both mentioned but not compared with each other C experience is mentioned but as an alternative to ‘executive programs’ speaker does not say it is necessary and the suggestion is even that it is not if you take the ‘executive program’ route D he has no opinion about the relative importance of innate talent versus training E he says developing as a leader is not that different to development as a person Students’ own answers

4 Students’ own answers 5 1 2 3 4

To develop leadership skills, experience is very important. Becoming a great leader is impossible without enthusiasm. Introverts as well as extroverts can be inspiring managers. Communication skills can be taught to anyone willing to learn.

Language development 2 p. 64 1a 1

consequently : indicates consequence

33

2

before have (it goes immediately before the Consequently, they ...’ (note the comma)

main verb whether or not there’s an auxiliary)

1b–c accordingly ; as a consequence, as a result , for this reason; hence, thus (work best at beginning of sentence); so (only at beginning of sentence; note also it’s much more informal and more spoken in style); therefore (same as consequently ); thereby , this leads to, this means that , with the result that 1d so, therefore, thus 2a (Suggested answers) 1 Companies spend a lot of money on advertising and packaging. The cost of goods, especially brand-name goods, is, as a consequence, often higher than it would otherwise be. 2 Some managers spend a lot of time networking so that they do well later on in their careers when contacts become useful. 3 Many companies invest heavily in market research, with the result that they gain a good understanding of consumers who might purchase their products. 4 Some companies have in the past paid people to write positive reviews of their products on websites, hence some of them are no longer trusted. 5 Emotion plays a large part in the purchasing decisions of many consumers, thus research in this area is essential. 6 Consumers tend to take into account their friends’ comments about particular brands. It’s important, therefore, that companies maintain a good reputation. 2b (Suggested answers) 1 Companies spend a lot of money on advertising and packaging. The cost of goods, especially brand-name goods, is, therefore, often higher than it would otherwise be. 2 Some managers spend a lot of time networking with the result that they do well later on in their careers when contacts become useful. 3 Many companies invest heavily in market research, so that they gain a good understanding of consumers who might purchase their products. 4 Some companies have in the past paid people to write positive reviews of their products on websites, thus some of them are no longer trusted. 5 Emotion plays a large part in the purchasing decisions of many consumers, hence research in this area is essential. 6 Consumers tend to take into account their friends’ comments about particular brands. Hence it’s important that companies maintain a good reputation. 3 Students’ own answers 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

to be: verb (learn) to arouse: adjective (able) to follow: noun (people) to communicate: noun (ability) to go: noun (money) to replace: adjective (preferable) to argue: adjective (fair)

34

5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He has the ability to inspire people. It is preferable to split the department in two. It is reasonable to believe that profits will fall. He is likely to be promoted. By the end of next year, the company expects to be 50 percent larger. (Also possible: By the end of next year, we expect the company to be 50 percent larger.) The company failed to survive because it didn’t have a good business plan. We hope to have a large profit by the end of the year. The company desires to expand into Asia.


Academic vocabulary 2 p. 65 1a 1 institution, institutional 2 administration, administrative facility 6 site 7 subsidiary 8 regime

3 corporation, corporate

4 authority

5

1b 1 facility 2 regime 3 authority 4 administrative 5 subsidiary, corporation, facility 6 institution, authority (Note: For 3 and 7: In US English, there’s a tendency not to talk about local government as the local authority and authorities’ would also be correct. For 1 and 5: site could substitute for facility . This isn’t incorrect but if your students are interested in minor distinctions, you could point out that this substitution is not quite as satisfactory: production facility is a more common collocation than production site; in 5, a site suggests it might be an empty space.) 1c Students’ own answers 2a 1 vision

2 compelling

3 majority

4 colleagues

2b 1 compelling 2 vision vision 7 ethical

3 majority

4 majority

5 interaction

5 interaction

Reading 2 p. 66 1 Students’ own answers

2 qualities

3 calls out

4 to follow

5 have developed

35

7 ethical

6 integrity, colleagues, interaction,

2c Students’ own answers

2a 1 arouse

6 integrity


Speaking 2 p. 67 1–2 Students’ own answers 3 (Suggested answers) 1 Trust is important in business. 2 Trust helps businesses to function well together. Absence of trust creates frightening consequences. Trust is important for organisations’ reputations as it helps in recruitment/helps people be happy working for a company and it helps people feel OK buying products from a company. Trust is important for people inside a company to be able to work together. For leaders to be effective, people have to be able to trust them. 4a Student A

Student B

  avoid repeating information speak smoothly, without   many hesitations   mention key points, not minor details   use discourse markers (Some are open to interpretation, e.g. it could be said that neither spoke very smoothly. But Student B was more fluent than Student A.)

4b yes 4c Both were good, though Student B was less hesitant than Student A. 5 –8 Students’ own answers

Summary writing 2 pp. 68–69 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 2

3 1

(Suggested answer ): how Jeff Bezos started Amazon para. 1: circumstances around his decision to start Amazon, including where the idea came from; para. 2: the actual decision and the reaction of his boss to the idea


36

2

3

4 2 3 4

Company/People’s/Place names are most likely to be minor points; Difficulties, feelings, ideas and problems are more likely to be major points. (Suggested answers) He had a good idea for an online bookstore. His wife agreed and supported him. His boss was reluctant. He decided to do it anyway, despite the risk, and he didn’t regret it.

Setting up a business from nothing requires not only good ideas but also determination and skill in influencing people. Despite the risk in his decision to set up a new business, he had encouragement from his wife/the encouragement of his wife. People who set up companies take big risks with their own money, but they often gain significant rewards as a result of their efforts./People who set up companies with their own money take big risks, but they often gain significant rewards from their efforts.

5 1 Research into entrepreneur’s habits shows that entrepreneurs ... 2 It is commonly thought that people ... 3 It’s unfortunate that even though a ... 6a–c (Suggested answers) Despite the risks, the writer went ahead with his idea and is now proud of his decision. Despite having to leave a good job and also despite the risks in his decision, the writer went ahead with his idea for an online bookstore, with the result that he is now proud of his decision. Despite having to leave a good job and also despite the risks in his decision but with his wife’s support, the writer went ahead with his idea for an online bookstore, with the result that he is now proud of his decision. Despite his boss’ reluctance, Jeff Bezos left a good job to set up an online bookstore with the support of his wife, and he is now glad that he took this risk. When the writer had an idea for an online bookstore that would later become Amazon, with the support of his wife but despite the reluctance of his boss, he decided to take the risky but rewarding decision to go ahead with it, and this is a choice he is still proud of.

Review p. 70 1 1 compelling 2 leads 3 result 4 demonstrated ethical 9 Therefore 10 authorities 2 1 mile

2 in

3 1 that

2 that

3 around

3 in

4 tip

4 to

5 into

5 on

6 on

6 hand

7 to

5 consequence

7 mind

8 by

8 eye

9 that

6 persuade

9 wonder

7 majority

10 by

10 to

4 1 dialoge dialogue 2 adminastration administration 3 overwelming overwhelming facilitys facilities 5 colleages colleagues 6 abundence abundance 7 premotion promotion 8 reep reap 9 intraction interaction 10 dilemas dilemmas →

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

37

8

4

Module 5 Reading 1 pp. 72–73 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1B

2C

3D

4 A

2b 1D

2 A

3B

4 B, C

2c 1 2 3 4

D: gives info about life history, qualifications, etc. A: the only one with negative words B: the task type is the most likely to have the purpose of helping someone choose something B, C: both have a very upbeat, positive tone, which appears to be designed to make people interested; they also both give information

3a Extract A: expresses an overall negative opinion While there is plenty of potential in this website, currently users should approach it with some care. Much of the information is outdated and at times even factually inaccurate, and as such can’t be relied upon. Users should bring with them a healthy dose of scepticism or, better still, use one of the many alternative sites that are available. 3b Extract B: conveys excitement BIO 407: Life in extreme places introduces students to the incredible processes through which organisms live in extreme conditions. Course participants will study life inside rocks, in areas of extreme high and low temperatures, in perpetual darkness and in the highly pressurised depths of the oceans. Participants will learn how our understanding of the conditions in which life is sustainable has changed dramatically in recent years. They will also explore the thrilling possibilities for how life forms may have developed on other planets. Extract C: conveys excitement Ever wondered what’s living in the depths of the Antarctic Ocean? Scientists are now a step closer to finding out. A submarine expedition to the ocean floor just off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula has recently ended and the results of the initial analysis are in. Scientists have already identified a number of new species. Extract D: regards a person or topic with respect ‘Professor Noda received her doctorate in 1981. Since then, in the three decades that she has been involved in the field, she has become an eminent authority on Antarctic life, having gained a wealth of knowledge in this field. She has written or contributed to 12 books and nearly 100 journal articles. Her current research interests include the diet and life cycle of penguins. 4 B 5a The challenge of scaling the highest mountain, exploring the deepest ocean, crossing the hottest desert or swimming in near-freezing water is irresistible to many people. Life at the Extremes is an engrossing

38

exploration of what happens to our bodies in these seemingly uninhabitable environments. Frances Ashcroft weaves stories of extraordinary feats of endurance with historical material and the latest scientific findings as she investigates the limits of human survival and the remarkable adaptations that enable us to withstand extreme conditions. 5b Students’ own answers 5c a book review; to inform people about what the book is like and possibly to encourage them to buy it 6 Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 74 1a uninhabitable = can’t live there inhabitable = can live there (opposite meaning) inhabited = some people live there (a state) uninhabited = no one lives there (opposite to inhabited , a state) un- = not; -able = can (ability); -ed = often indicates a state 1b–c de- = reduce hydro- = water -able/-ible = can re- = again in-/im- = not sub- = under -ation = a state (forming a noun) un- = without under- = below something/less than needed/desired/etc. 2 1 unreliable 2 inappropriate renewable 8 deforestation

3 unconventional

3 2 incompatible 3 fluctuations 4 exploitation 8 sustainable, unsustainable 4 3 –

4 +

5 +

6 –

7 +

8 +

9 –

4 hydropower

5 unsustainable

6 globalise

7

5 innovation(s) 6 unconvinced 7 denuclearisation

10 + 11 +

12 –

13 +

14 +

5 1 failed to 2 refine their plans 3 was sceptical about 4 rather implausible 5 radical 6 gain an insight into 7 is an authority on 8 becomes more mature/wiser 9 inspired people 10 is outdated 6 Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 75 1 Students’ own answers

39

2 (Suggested answer ) 1–2 Australia’s Antarctic stations // are run likesmall towns, // with facilities for power generation, // sewage works, // water-making, // vehicle maintenance, // as well as general living, // medical // and working locations. // The layouts // of the permanent stations // vary, // and each station // has scientific laboratories, // power generators, // workshops, // a small medical facility, // stores, // communications facilities // and living quarters // including kitchen, // mess, // recreation rooms, // library // and expeditioner accommodation rooms. 3 The lists are: • power generation, sewage works, water- making, vehicle maintenance, as well as general living, medical and working locations • scientific laboratories, power generators, workshops, a small medical facility, stores, communications facilities and living quarters • kitchen, mess, recreation rooms, library and expeditioner accommodation rooms 4 A No, they play another role. B pause long enough to swallow and take a new breath C similar in that you have to pause, though the pause should be slightly shorter than the pause between sentences 4 (Suggested answers) People undertake // a range of recreational activities // during their time // in Antarctica. Each station // has a library // as well as DVD players // and a range of movies // which are updated // each year. // Stations have a small spa // and sauna, // a gymnasium // as well as billiards, // table tennis, // volleyball, // board games, // darts // and some communal band // and stage equipment. 7 1 (the) Sun 2 (a) continent 3 (a) submarine forecast

4 (near) the Equator 5 penguin 6 (the) weather

Listening 1 p. 76 1 The pressure is very high (can be deduced as there’s a large weight of water above), it’s cold (can be deduced as it’s far from sunlight) and there is no light (easy to imagine if you think about how far below water you can see just by looking at it). 2 1 undersea oil reserves

2 the surface

3 extreme darkness

3 1 extensive research (The other options would mean that Little is known is expected, which would make despite the wrong word.) 2 satellites (The other options are basically the same as the submarines already mentioned and therefore don’t sit well with as well as.) 3 a great diversity of life (The other options wouldn’t fit with in contrast .) 4 D

40

5 A This answer seems highly unlikely 2.5 km down. (use topic to eliminate options) B It’s ‘pitch black’ and the only light is from the submersible. C The discourse marker and in the same sentence indicates that the beep should be a similar idea to what went before, which is all about what can be seen. E This doesn’t fit with descriptive words such as remarkable and the discourse marker and . 6a Deep under the sea, there’s still plenty of life. The ocean floor is ‘remarkable’ because you wouldn’t expect things like the black smokers at the bottom of the sea: they’re hot and they seem to support life. 6b Students’ own answers

Language development 1 p. 77 1a A B C D

Mississippi River, Lake Michigan Mount Aconcagua, Andes, Matterhorn, Alps Yale University, University of Durham Thursday Island, Torres Strait Islands

1b 1 They take the. article. 2 1 the/– the, –

2 They take no article.

2 the, the, the the

3 the, the, the

3 They take no article.

4 –, the, –

5 the

4 They take the.

6 the

7 the

8 –, –

5 They take no

9 –, the

10

3 Students’ own answers 4 1 inspiring

2 inspired

5 1 terrifying 2 disappointed 3 depressed surprising 8 exciting 9 frustrated 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4 convincing

5 overwhelmed

6 stimulating

7

Upon reaching the summit of the mountain, it was rather disappointing that the view was obscured by clouds. It was rather depressing for him that he didn’t manage to pass the tests required to join the expedition. I didn’t think he’d take it so badly! I wasn’t convinced by the evidence presented so I haven’t changed my opinion. All the information was rather overwhelming for him- it was just too much for him to deal with. I felt really stimulated by the lecture – I can’t wait for the next one! I wasn’t surprised by the result – just as I expected, in fact. Most students are excited by the idea of going on a field trip. We all felt frustrated by our failure to gain funding for the exhibition.

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7a 1 surprised

2 disappointing

3 inspired

4 fascinating


Writing 1 p. 78 1a–b Students’ own answers 2 (There may be some variation in answers. Accept anything students can justify.) Opinions about how to deal with environmental problems such as climate change vary dramatically. Some say that we should make radical changes to our lifestyle in order to significantly reduce our consumption of resources, while others argue that we should only do what is immediately necessary, avoiding too much disruption to current lifestyles. There are merits to both of these positions, and the best path lies somewhere between the two extremes. There are some who claim that the only way to prevent problems such as global warming is to make extreme changes, such as shutting all coal-fired power stations. These would have very significant effects on people’s lifestyle. However, while it is essential that steps are taken in the right direction, they need not be as radical as this. For example, taxes on fossil fuels could be increased by a moderate amount, with the proceeds invested in improved public transport and renewable energy in order to ensure that there are viable alternatives. At the other extreme are those who believe that change isn’t needed. These people point out that technology could help us to deal with the effects of climate change. What these people fail to realise however is that allowing climate change to continue would have further consequences that would be increasingly difficult to deal with. However, if people’s lifestyles are changed too radically, this may cause a loss of support for reform. It’s important that measures to deal with environmental problems have broad support. In conclusion, it remains very important that effective and decisive measures to deal with environmental problems are taken at the earliest opportunity. However, if these are so strong that they cause severe disruption to people’s lives, they will fail due to lack of support. Thus it’s important that a balance is achieved. The author’s opinions are simply stated (e.g. para. 2: ‘while it is essential that steps are taken in the right direction, they need not be as radical as this). Other people’s opinions are described or are mentioned as being other people’s (e.g. : para 2: ‘There are some who claim ...; para 3: At the other extreme are those who believe ...). 3 A 4 (Suggested answers) introduction: dramatically, radical, merits, best body para. 1: extreme, essential, radical body para. 2: fail to, radically conclusion: very important, effective, decisive, important, balance

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1 2

The writer is most positive about not changing our lifestyle radically to try to solve environmental problems. This is consistent with the introduction and conclusion.

43

5a There are merits to both of ... ... and the best path lies .... 5b To some extent, I believe that strong measures are necessary to deal with environmental problems but they should not be too strong. In my opinion, strong measures are necessary to deal with environmental problems. However, they should not be too strong. I agree that strong measures are needed to deal with environmental problems, except where those measures lead to problems that are greater than those they are attempting to solve. I generally agree that strong measures are needed to deal with environmental problems, unless those measures lead to problems that are greater than those they are attempting to solve. 6 Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 79 1 Students’ own answers 2 2 less more 3 inhabitable 4 unsure sceptical →

uninhabitable

→

→

3 2 discovered

described

→

3 unconvinced

4 convenient conventional hydroelectricity produce generate consume use →

→

unconcerned

→

→

hydropower

4 integrity

pretty

→

ability

→

fairly

tonight

today

→

→

5 conventional: similar pronunciation hydropower: synonym (and same first syllable) fairly: synonym today: related but different meaning; same first syllable generate: synonym use: synonym 6 Students’ own answers

Language development 2 p. 80 1a 1 the future

2 present; because the actions (expecting, hoping, being) are in the present

44

3 expected: sth you think is quite likely to happen’ hoping: sth you want to happen; (be) likely: sth you think has a good chance of happening (but not as likely as expected ) 2 (Suggested answers) 2 The government must reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This winter is forecast/expected to be rainy. 3 4 The government is likely to pass new laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 5 This country is unlikely to increase its reliance on fossil fuels. 6 We hope to commence a study into tiger habitats later this year. 7 The government is certain not to build any more nuclear power stations. 8 Several species are expected/forecast/ predicted to become extinct within a decade. 3 (Suggested answers) 2 It is essential/vital/urgent that the government 3 It is forecast/expected/predicted that the winter 4 It is likely that the government will pass new 5 It is unlikely that this country will increase its 6 It is hoped that a study into tiger habitats will 7 It is certain that more nuclear power stations 8 It is expected that several species will become

reduces carbon dioxide emissions. will be rainy. laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. reliance on fossil fuels. commence later this year. will not be built. extinct within a decade.

4 Students’ own answers 5 1 2 3

B: more spoken; A: more academic A has more nouns (four nouns in A and two nouns in B). B has more verb forms (contributes/’re generating ) than A (is). No, there is almost no difference in meaning.

6 2 Attempts, removal, failure 3 avoidance, cost increase 6 killing, extinction

4 consumption, reduction

5 Absorption, slowing,

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 81 1a 1 violate 2 convert 3 conventional contribute 9 implies 10 undertake

4 enormous

5 potential

6 effect

7 participated

8

1b noun: effect; verbs: contribute, convert, imply, participate, undertake, violate; adjectives: conventional, enormous, potential 2 2 participants 3 contribution 9 violations 10 affect

4 effective

5 implications

3 1 potential 2 active 3 normal 4 significant 5 legal 10 consider 11 make 12 adversely 13 highly

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6 conventions

6 wider

7 violate

7 potential

8 undertaken

8 undertake

9 have

4 1 active

2 undertaken

3 has

4 make

5 significant

6 adverse

7 wider

8 considered

Reading 2 p. 82 1 Students’ own answers 2a–b 1 clues: extraordinary, extremely impressive; awe 2 clues; warned repeatedly, threats; irritation, negativity 3 clues: How fascinating; interest 4 clues: Dirty, bad habits, irresponsible; negativity 3 D 4 A

B C

They are difficult to count, and notorious has a negative meaning but this is part of an although clause: his main point is not this one but the next one. He doesn’t believe that the difficulty in counting polar bears damages his argument. not mentioned Although the text says threatens their ability to hunt for food , it doesn’t say anything about the writer’s attitude or feeling about hunting.


Speaking 2 p. 83 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 2 3 4

The USA is shown. The red areas are likely to be affected by climate change by 2100. regions that might/could/will possibly be affected by; areas that might/are predicted to experience the effects of less than or equals, up to, limited to New Orleans, Miami

2b Students’ own answers 3 1 2

New Orleans, Miami, Tampa Yes, she says she wouldn’t buy a house near

4 1

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New Orleans or Miami.


Writing 2 pp. 84–85 1 –2 Students’ own answers 3 (Suggested answers) 2 minutes for planning, 15 minutes for writing, 3 minutes for checking/editing 4 Students’ own answers 5b In conclusion, it remains very important that effective and decisive measures to deal with environmental problems are taken at the earliest opportunity. However, if these are so strong that they cause severe disruption to people’s lives, they will fail due to lack of support. Thus it’s important that a balance is achieved. 1 2 3

No, the writer’s opinion is expressed in the final sentence. A (summary), then B (opinion/recommendation) a discourse marker of consequence

6 All in all and To finish are quite informal (more spoken in style). To sum up is also informal, although it can be used in reasonably formal essays. (Note: This is more about good practice than test requirements. Informal language would generally not lose marks in the test.) 7 (Suggested answers) 2 To conclude, the need in some parts of the world to cut down trees for cooking and heating must be balanced against the need to avoid habitat loss from deforestation. Thus, governments in those parts of the world must implement policies which take a middle path between these two extremes. 3 In conclusion, because little is known about life at the bottom of the ocean, more research is needed in this area. Therefore, funding for this area of research needs to be increased. 4 Due to the potential dangers of nuclear power, there is little possibility of it becoming popular. Consequently, alternative forms of power generation need to be considered. 5 In many countries it is the lack of regulations, not the violation of regulations, that leads to endangered species being hunted. Thus, governments of those countries should introduce regulations to give greater protection to their wildlife. 8 –10 Students’ own answers

47

Review p. 86 1a 1 implausible 2 unrealistic unpredictable 8 immature

3 unsurprising 4 unreliable 5 untrustworthy 9 unsustainable 10 improbable 11 incorrect

1b 1 unreliable 2 denuclearisation 3 deforestation

6 unconventional 12 unexpected

7

4 globalisation 5 minimisation 6 depressurisation

2 1 potentially 2 absorption 3 habitats 4 eminent sustainable 9 conventional 10 contributing

5 undertaken

6 predicted

7 significant

8

3 (Suggested answers) 2 An expansion of marine reserves would lead to better protection of many species of fish. 3 An increase in the number of research teams working in Antarctica means that we have a greater understanding of the content. 4 The success of our recent expedition into the Sahara has resulted in funding for a further expedition next year. 5 While the removal of permission to build on forested land has been welcomed by some groups, others feel that it will have a negative effect on the local economy. 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 2 3 4 5 6

Atacama Desert the Atacama Desert schedule scheduled experiencing experienced taken the part taken part significance significant will very useful will be very useful amazed amazing conditions on Moon conditions on the Moon →

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

The expedition is likely to reach the South Pole next month. The research team anticipates finding/expects to find several new species during the project. The government anticipates/expects a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions over the next decade. Funding for the project is due to run out at the end of next month. Unless the team overcome the recent problems, they probably won’t achieve their goals by the end of the project.

48

Module 6 Reading 1 pp. 88–89 1 Students’ own answers 2a The writer’s purpose is to provide an overview of the key concepts related to the area of social psychology. In doing so, he offers basic working definitions and examples of key terms related to the field. 2b social psychology, group attribution, dispositional attribution, situational attribution, self-serving bias, fundamental attribution error 2c Social psychology is a technical term. Group is an everyday word with a technical meaning. Attribution is more difficult to categorise. It’s an academic word but has a general sense as well as a more specific sense in social psychology, as defined here. Dispositional attribution, situational attribution, self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error are all technical terms. 2d social psychology : the branch of psychology that examines how individuals are influenced by others, including groups, and how individuals influence groups group: socially connected individuals attribution: refers to the explanations given for actions and events dispositional attribution: explanations involving personal qualities for events that reflect positively on them situational attribution: explanations involving external factors such as how other people feel, for more negative events This tendency is called self-serving bias. fundamental attribution error : the tendency to explain other people’s behaviour through dispositional rather than situational attribution In general, definitions can be recognised by looking for: • dashes or brackets around the definition • a comma after the word being defined • words such as define, mean, is called , term, that is and is (though not here). • non-defining relative clauses

2e Examples help to clarify the definitions so the reader has a clear idea of what the terms refer to and how they are used. The examples used in this text are: • thus, a queue of people at a supermarket checkout, for example, falls outside this definition but people who work together in the same office fall within it • For example, if someone does well in a job, they might explain it by saying that they are good at the job, that they were lucky or that their boss liked them. Similarly, if they don’t do so well,

49

their explanation might be that they weren’t very good, that they were unlucky or that their boss didn’t like them. 3 A B C D E F

incorrect (The discussion of social responsibility norms in the third paragraph includes friends and strangers.) incorrect (See ‘requires some self-sacrifice’ in the first paragraph.) correct (See end of first paragraph.) incorrect (Young children show this ‘usually before their second birthday’ (first paragraph), which implies that this is not always true.) correct (Paraphrase of topic sentence of second paragraph.) incorrect (While there are cultural differences, no attitude about any culture is expressed.)

4 See answer key to Exercise 3 above. 5a The defined words are: • prosocial behaviour (The punctuation – a dash – helps to identify it.) • altruism (The words ‘The term’ help to identify • empathy (The punctuation – a dash – helps to • social responsibility norms (The words ‘that is’

it.) identify it.) help to identify it.)

5b–6 Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 90 1 1 pro-

2 pre-

3 ex-

4 anti-

2 1 pro-education 2 pre-industrial non-stick 8 anti-nuclear

5 quasi-

6 non-

3 post-war

7 trans-

8 post-

4 quasi-scientific

5 trans-Pacific

6 ex-England

3 Students’ own answers 4a Spoke to sounds more one-way. Spoke with sounds more equal and interactive, as if communication went both ways.

4b 1 with

2 with, with

4c 1 attributed, to

3 to

4 to

2 bonded, with

5 with

6 to, to

7 to

8 to

3 responded to, attitude to, committed to

5a

50

4 cooperate, with

7

2 show sympathy with 3 form bonds with 4 show a/the response to to 6 demonstrate obedience to 7 have a (negative) attitude to

5 have a (strong) commitment


Speaking 1 p. 91 1 –3 Students’ own answers 4 Ideas could include: using any pronunciation activities in the school’s self-access centre; asking the teacher for more work on particular sounds; noticing the tricky sounds in new words and practising them; recording self (e.g. with mobile phone) saying sentences or short texts containing the problematic sounds, then listening, checking and trying again. 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conformity involves acting or thinking like other group members. People often conform during their leisure time as well as in their work hours. Conformity to the wrong group can be rather dangerous. Children, for example, are often exposed to negative role models and peer pressure. Even in big companies, some bad decisions have been attributed to group conformity. Nowadays, boys and girls still often conform to gender stereotypes. Here, in this area, you shouldn’t find any huge social problems nowadays. Teenagers, more than most age groups, feel strong pressure to conform.

6 –7 Students’ own answers 8 1 (the) grandmother corporation

2 happiness

3 colleague

4 13

5 (a/the) wedding (ceremony)

6 a

Listening 1 p. 92 1 Students’ own answers 2a Students’ own answers 2b–c 1 impact 2 widespread 9 guidance 3a 1 herding

2 loose

3 experts

3 industrial

4 myth

4 structure

5 species

5 wrapped

3b

51

6 transforming

7 obsolete

8 media

Students’ own answers 4 Students’ own answers


2 3

The relative clause in sentence A contains optional information that can be removed. The relative clause in sentence B contains information that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you removed this information, it would change the meaning of the sentence dramatically. In other words, it does more than just add meaning to the sentence; it is central to the meaning of the sentence. Commas surround the relative clause that can be removed. who in sentence B (When students read the Expert grammar, they will see that that cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses).

2 Commas should be added to sentences 2, 4 and 5. 1 D: where the study was carried out 2 ND: , which is a high school in northern England, 3 D: that have the traditional family structure 4 ND: , which are families with three or more generations in the same residence, 5 ND:, which have been taken by large companies, 3 2 3

5

Single-parent families, which are families with only one parent present, are relatively common. In experiments which/that involved adults, the subjects have even expressed something that is logically incorrect in order to conform to the majority. Children in agrarian societies, who work from an early age on the family land, often have strong family bonds. People who/that conform in their social life also tend to conform in their work life.

4 A B C

... members who/that are in need ... ... adult children who/that are living ... The man who/that was helped ...

4

5a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The researcher mentioned in the report is very highly regarded. Social psychology research, my field of interest, doesn’t really get as much funding from the government as it should. The paper written by Professor Higgins will be published next month. The methods used in your research are considered to be excellent. The person sitting over there is apparently very famous. He’s the author of the book about changes in family life. The lecturer teaching your course this term was my lecturer last year. Those were the findings described in the lecture that you missed.

5b 1 The researcher who/that was mentioned ... 2 Social psychology research, which is my field

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of interest ...

3 4 5 6 7 8

The paper which/that Professor Higgins wrote ... The methods which/that were used ... The person who/that is sitting over there ... He’s the author of the book which/that is ... The lecturer who/that is teaching ... Those were the findings that/which were ...

6 1 2 3 4 5

The research that we talked about yesterday took place at Standard High. Could you hand in your assignment to the lecturer who is standing over there? That’s the book which was written by our lecturer. The three people who are in my family are me, my brother and my mother. Conformity, which is behaviour that copies the behaviour of peers, is an interesting area of study. 6 It was the incident that was caused by the lack of maintenance that I was referring to. 7 Extended families, which are families with at least three generations who are living in the same place, are relatively uncommon in industrialised countries. 7a–b Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 95 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 psychologists 2 pretty 5 points 6 vulnerable

3 old

4 place

3 –4 Students’ own answers 5 –6 1 2 3 4

People tend to be least happy in middle age. Perhaps surprisingly, retired people tend to be pretty happy. Some surveys show only subtle differences in happiness between people. Differences in happiness between genders are quite small, on average.

Language development 2 p. 96 1a 1 the whole sentence

2 refer students to Expert grammar (page 210)

3 rather

1b A is more formal than C. The adverbial Somewhat paradoxically makes the utterance sound less conversational and a little more academic.

2 (Suggested answers)

53

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bourke argues, somewhat unconvincingly, that facial expressions cause emotions ... Life events don’t, in summary, have a ... Older people, rather intriguingly, tend to be ... People who win the lottery are, not surprisingly, usually very happy immediately afterwards. Unfortunately, after a few months, they often become less happy than before. This is probably because they lose connection with friends and don’t need to go through ... Perhaps surprisingly, women are, in general, slightly happier than men. Participants in the research project were intentionally not told ... More and more frequently, people are moving ...

3 Students’ own answers 4a whole sentence: Firstly, ... . Secondly, ... . Finally, ...; First of all, ... . Next, ... . Lastly, ...; In the first place, ... clause: the discourse markers with that noun phrase: There are two/three/etc. ... about/ regarding ... 4b The other is used when there is only one other point, i.e. two in total. Another is used when there are more than two or an unknown number of points. In other words, they work like an and the, with the indicating that we know which one. 5 (Suggested answers) 2 There are two ideas about happiness. One is that happiness depends on life events. The other is that happiness depends on genetic predisposition. 3 There are some interesting results from happiness research. Firstly, women are, on average, happier than men. Secondly, happiness does not depend on wealth. 4 There are two periods in life when people are, on average, at their happiest. The first is early in life, when they are young. The second is when they are older. 5 There are two steps in the process. The first is to administer the questionnaire. The second involves interpreting the results. 6 There are three points that need to be made. In the first place, the questionnaire should be written carefully. Secondly, the research should be conducted carefully. The final point is that the results should be interpreted carefully.

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 97 1a 2 isolated 3 relaxed 10 stressed

4 motivated

5 devoted

1b 1 persistence 2 isolation 3 relaxation inhibition 9 depression 10 stress 2a 1 depression, stress, isolated reluctant 6 relaxation 2b

6 reluctant

4 motivation

2 inclination, motivated

54

7 inclined

5 devotion

8 inhibited

6 reluctance

3 persistence

9 depressed

7 inclination

4 devoted

5 inhibited,

8

1 high levels of stress 2 have an inclination towards something 3 be motivated to do something 4 be devoted to someone/something 5 feel/be inhibited about doing something 6 appear/seem/be reluctant to do something 2c Students’ own answers 3 (Suggested answers; students would not be expected to obtain precise meanings this way ) 1 a cough that doesn’t go away 2 that happens one time only or rarely (or at least not as part of a pattern) 3 not enforced strictly/modified to be more lenient 4 force/pressure 5 spend the resources on one thing only 6 fall in economic activity 7 a place where patients are kept separately from other people (e.g. to stop disease spreading) 8 the act of stopping or slowing down; prevention 9 areas lower than the area around them; shallow holes 4 Students’ own answers

Reading 2 p. 98 1a–d Students’ own answers 2a DOW is defined, just before it appears in brackets (definition is day-of-week ). 2b A incorrect (Previous research showed support for the ‘Blue Monday’ effect but ‘minimal support’ in the new study.) B incorrect (‘no differences were observed between Saturdays and Sundays’) C correct (Second sentence: ‘although in relatively small studies and often with student samples’, with although indicating a contrast with the previous clause which stated ‘support had been found’.) D incorrect (‘there was little DOW difference by gender’) E incorrect (‘there was little DOW difference by ... presence of a partner’) F correct (‘DOW effects were diminished for older and retired respondents’) 3a–b See answer key to Exercise 2b above. 4 1

2

N = the number of respondents to the survey; three demographic variables are: age (‘older presence of a partner Students’ own answers

55

and retired respondents’), gender and

Speaking 2 p. 99 1 –2 Students’ own answers 3a 1 genetic predisposition/genes; life events (as marked on the slide) 2 genetic predisposition would logically be permanent; life events are mentioned as having only a temporary effect 3 genetic predisposition is mentioned as only partly explaining happiness levels

3b Students’ own answers 4 (Example answer ) If something makes you sad, the effect is probably only temporary. 5a All boxes in the Student column should be ticked. The implication/conclusion was: ‘This seems to provide evidence for the genetic predisposition idea.’ 5b Students’ own answers 6 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 61 for a suggested answer. 7 –8 Students’ own answers

Summary writing 2 pp. 100–101 1 (Suggested answers) 1 sounds (e.g. Wow! ), gestures, crying, withdrawal, becoming more talkative, changes in voice pitch, becoming aggressive 2 faster breathing, pupil in eyes becoming wider or narrower, falling blood pressure 3 while at work, while doing an exam, in emergency situations, when the emotion is negative 4 could lead a person to ‘explode’ suddenly with anger or frustration, often with negative consequences 2 what happens when you try not to show an emotion that you’re experiencing 3 –5 Students’ own answers 6a

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Here’s one idea. So that’s one idea. That’s idea number one ... And then there’s this other idea ... 6b Here’s, that’s, this other idea are quite informal. While they come up a lot in speaking, they’re not suitable for formal forms of writing. 6c (Suggested answers) One idea is ... That’s the first idea. There’s also a further idea ... 7a (Suggested answers) 1 concepts, thoughts, notions, theories 2 opposite, opposing 3 demonstrate 4 suppress 5 fades, wanes 6 switch off, extinguish 7 show 8 emotions 9 vanish 10 reduce, suppress 11 reducing, decreasing, falling 12 rise (to the surface), emerge, increase/become stronger 7b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Some people wish they could sometimes extinguish their feelings. The notion that you can make your emotions vanish completely is new to some people. Happiness and sadness are opposing concepts. It might be desirable at times to suppress your emotions. Sometimes emotions just rise to the surface spontaneously. Suppressing your emotions might actually have the opposite effect. For a number of reasons, some people don’t like to express their emotions. Other people feel that if they don’t show their emotions, their emotions will fade.

8a (Suggested answer ) There are two contrasting theories about the effect of suppressing emotions. One is that bottling up an emotion can make the emotion disappear. This includes physiological reactions to the emotion. In other words, suppression of the emotion is effective. The other idea is that the suppressing how you express emotion still has an effect elsewhere, including in physiological reactions such as increased blood pressure. Thus, according to this idea, suppression isn’t effective. 9 Students’ own answers

Review p. 102 1 1 in on 2 with to 3 was had 4 relative clause should not be between commas 5 commas needed after Genetics and inheritance 6 surprisingly somewhat somewhat surprisingly 7 Lastly The other is that 8 reluctant reluctance →

→

→

→

→

2 1 2 3

The high school that was involved in the study had a very good reputation. His book, which is about family life in agrarian societies, has won several awards. The group of students that is waiting outside is here to ask you a few questions.

57

→

4 5 6 7 8

The social aspects of school life, which are highly important for high school students, have changed significantly in recent years as a result of the growth of internet social networking sites. The feeling of excitement that is experienced when an experiment works as intended is one of the joys of research. The people who were in the same room as us yesterday were very interesting. It was the first course that ran on the university’s new campus. Your supervisor is the first person that you should go to if you have a problem.

3 1 inclined 2 bonds 3 widespread 4 quasi-scientific 5 Intriguingly 6 reluctant 7 committed 8 attributed 9 persist 10 Ultimately 4 (Suggested answers) A People in developed countries have several advantages compared with their ancestors. One is that they are more wealthy than ever before. Another is that they have better health care. They also have longer life expectancy. Finally, they have more access to electronic gadgets, which leads to a better quality of life. Despite this, they are less happy than in the 1950s, overall. B In many post-industrial societies, children are spending less time with their parents and more time with others than in the past. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, it is more common that both parents are working, which means that the children are often looked after by others during the day. Secondly, it has become fashionable to give children plenty of activities at other times, such as weekends. Despite the reduced contact between children and their parents, research shows that the quality of family life is no different from before.

Module 7 Reading 1 pp. 104–105 1a reptile/lizard/gecko, millipede 1b Answers might include: • Vertebrates have backbones but invertebrates don’t. • Amphibians live on land and water. • Birds have feathers. • Fish have scales and gills and live in freshwater and saltwater. • Mammals are warm-blooded and generally have hair. Most give birth to live young. • Reptiles are cold-blooded and have dry, scaly skin. • Insects have six legs and generally one or two pairs of wings. • Molluscs are probably best defined by examples: octopus, squid, etc. 1c Vertebrates

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amphibian: frog birds: nightingale, owl fish: shark mammals: whale; reptiles: gecko Invertebrates insects: butterfly molluscs: octopus other invertebrates: lobster, millipede, spider, worm 1d Students’ own answers 1e Predators include: owl (preys on mice, etc.), shark (preys on anything large enough that it can find), etc. 2a Words and phrases that link back to the animal: largest lizard on Earth, (after which) it (is named), Komodo dragon, (encroachment on) its (habitat), (this) reptile (is now protected), (Adult) females (average), (while) males (are slightly longer) Words that link back to the country: nation’s, national 2b 1 more specific: The Komodo dragon (compared with lizards) 2 more general: reptiles (compared with Komodo dragon) 3 same meaning: this species (compared with Komodo dragon), nation in the nation’s (compared with Indonesia) 4 adjective: national (relates to the nation’s, i.e. Indonesia) 3 females = female Komodo dragons males = male Komodo dragons 4a–b 1 In the second sentence, it connects this sentence to the largest lizard on Earth in the previous sentence. 2 In the fourth sentence, Due to signals that the current protection given to the Komodo dragon is a result of ‘previous encroachment on its habitat by humans’. In the last sentence, while connects the two clauses and signals that they show different (contrasting) ideas. 3 In the fourth sentence, its replaces the dragon’s. 5a–b A 2, 3, 1 6a–b A 2 B 5

B 4, 1, 2, 3

C 4

D 1

E 3

7a–b D (1) This is the only sentence that doesn’t reference back to something else, so it must be first (but see comment about next sentence).

59

A

E

C B

(2) This does not sound as though it’s an introductory sentence and first seen at the beginning suggests it’s referring back to something else. It does give more general information than some of the later sentences but the information is more specific than the first sentence (work was done on this in Module 2, Reading 1). Also, as people generally don’t know Latin names and Latin names are explained in the text, then the Latin name is probably providing a form of lexical cohesion linking back to an earlier mention of the animal. (3) Marek is introduced here. His name is given in full and other information about him is given, so the other sentence mentioning his name must come later. (See work on names in Module 2.) The word one refers back to an earlier mention of the millipede. (4) See next. (5) Adult females = adult female millipedes (ellipsis), so the previous sentence would have said something to lead the reader to expect details about the millipede. Sentence C does this by saying insights into its strange anatomy . For one thing references back to the insights in sentence C.


Academic vocabulary 1 p. 106 1 small animals/invertebrates; entomology (as in psychologist – psychology ) 2a P: -ologist, -(ti)cist, -er, -ic, -ist AS: -ology, -my, -(t)ics, -istry, -y 2b chemicals 4 genes and DNA 6 plants 3 machines 7 the environment 5 animals 10 objects, forces, energy, etc 9 living things in general 2 living things too small to see 8

real

2 biology, biologist 3 botany, botanist 4 chemistry, chemist 5 ecology, ecologist 6 genetics, geneticist 7 mechanics, mechanic 8 microbiology, microbiologist 9 physics, physicist 10 zoology, zoologist 2c Students’ own answers 3 (Suggested answers) 1 sth biological and dangerous (e.g. a poison) 2 sth that works against (kills) microbes 3 the mechanics of biological things (e.g. how limbs work) 4 adjective from physics: things that have physical properties; things that exist in real life (rather than ideas that exist in people’s minds) 5 friendly to ecosystems/the environment (this word is overused, especially in marketing; it’s often misleadingly applied to things that turn out to be not at all friendly to ecosystems) 6 combination of biology and astronomy (e.g. research into whether life could exist/ could have existed in places other than Earth) 7 combination of physics and astronomy: physics of how astronomical objects do what they do tourism related to ecology/ecosystems; environmental tourism 8 9 the application of methods from engineering to biological systems or organisms to try to modify or control them

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10 the use of methods from physics to study biological systems or organisms 11 a garden where plants are grown for botanical research 4a 1 creature, living thing 2 bright, clever, cunning, smart 3 acquire, gain skills, obtain knowledge 4 complicated, elaborate, intricate 5 bizarre, odd, weird 6 evolve, adjust 7 likeness, resemblance 4b (Suggested answers) 2 resemble 3 acquired

4 complex

5 bizarrely

6 adapted

4c Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 107 1 Students’ own answers 2 S: call, cry, screech, song Y: baby, chick, infant 3a A 2

B 3

C 1

3b A 1

B 3

C 2

4a–b (Suggested answers) A Parrots are talkative birds, // with impressive, // human-like // linguistic abilities. // Also like us, // male and female parrots // are lifelong vocal learners. // Because of these similarities, // researchers have long wondered // whether parrot chicks // learn their first calls // or if these sounds // are innate. B Over a third // of all living parrot species // are considered // to be in decline // due to human activity, // and around five percent // are listed // as critically endangered. // Habitat loss and hunting // are the main causes. // Without considerable effort, // populations will decline even further. C Parrots are an unusual subject // for documentaries, // but The Wild Parrots // is a film worth watching. // Come along // to the Student Union Film Club // at 7.30 p.m. on Saturday // to see this heartwarming story // of a flock of parrots // and their relationship // with a local musician. 5 Students’ own answers 6a yes 6b–c Students’ own answers

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7 Parrots learn sounds from their parents. The last sentence implies that songbirds don’t learn songs from their parents: the ability to sing is possibly innate (a word students encountered in an earlier module). 8 1 (a) bird/bird(s) 2 black and white/white and black

3 (a) sheep 4 parrot(s) 5 (a/the) whale 6 fur

Listening 1 p. 108 1a–c Students’ own answers 2a 1 a den; b tentacles

2 a aquarium; b dismantling

3 a perplexing; b dismiss

2b Students’ own answers 3a–b Students’ own answers 4a a b c d

2 (focuses on one point only) 3 (has the wrong information: reason for intelligence is given as avoiding becoming prey, not being cunning enough to catch prey) 3 (puzzles and catching prey are not mentioned in the text) 1


Language development 1 p. 109 1a 1 2 3

passive; present perfect No, we can’t see who did the observing. It is not important anyway. Researchers have even observed octopuses in the wild gathering stones to hide the entrance to their dens.

1b It becomes the object. 1c The examples in the passive sound more objective and impersonal. 2 1 2 3 4

In the past, people have been injured by Komodo dragons. Dolphins have been seen using sponges to protect their noses while searching for food on the sea bed. Octopuses have been known to open child-proof medicine bottles. Two hypotheses have been proposed that might explain this phenomenon.

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5 6 7

3 1 2 3 4 5 4 1 2 3 4

5

Animals have been kept as pets for thousands of years. The students have been reminded three times that the assignment is due next week. There are three steps in the experiment; after the first step has been completed, the animals take a rest.

It has been found that some bacteria are beneficial. It has been estimated that the animals were first domesticated 15,000 years ago. It has been known for a long time that the ancient Egyptians liked cats. It has now been confirmed that polar bears are heading for extinction. It hasn’t been forgotten that the deadline is Friday.

A keeps B find C knew D knew A before B same time C same time D before In sentences B, C and D, the relationship implied is that the main clause is the reason for the part before the comma. Discourse markers could be: therefore, so, etc. (Suggested answers) A The millipede was first seen by government scientists in 1928. It keeps such a low profile that for the rest of the 20th century the species was thought to be extinct. B Octopus and human intelligences have different origins and functions. Therefore, it’s likely that octopuses find humans as perplexing as we find them. C He was a biologist. This is why he knew about animal behaviour. D He had studied biology. Thus, he knew about animal behaviour. The one-sentence versions are shorter and more succinct.

5 (Suggested answers) 1 Being a botanist, he can answer questions about many different kinds of plants. 2 Having completed a doctorate in botany, he decided to become a university lecturer in that field. 3 Given his childhood interest in botany, it wasn’t surprising that he chose that subject for his academic career. 4 Having no natural predators in their ecosystem, Komodo dragons have been able to grow to a considerable size. 5 Being fast, powerful and stealthy, crocodiles are very effective predators. 6 Avoiding the use of cages for its animals as much as possible, Chester Zoo provides visitors with a clear view of many of its animals. 7 Being very sociable animals which live in extended family groups, putting African elephants in zoos can make them feel depressed. 6 Students’ own answers

Writing 1 p. 110 1 Students’ own answers 2 1


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2 3 4

5

The author’s opinion given in the first paragraph (introduction). Other people’s opinions are discussed in the body paragraphs. Students’ own answers Some feel ..., Other people feel ... (para. 1) None of this is possible ... (para. 2) While ..., still ... (para. 2) While there is some truth in the argument that ..., there is undoubtedly ... (para. 4) Students’ own answers

3 only A as the question asks for disadvantages well as advantages 4a Disadv: not free to move; can’t interact; no challenge, safe, boring Adv: protect endangered species; public: experience, learn; Concl: not perfect but necessary; make good as possible →

4b The plan doesn’t cover the introduction because if you know what will be in the body, the content of the introduction follows on from that. 5 –6 Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 111 1a Students’ own answers The noun forms of herbivorous and carnivorous are herbivore and carnivore.

1b–d Students’ own answers 2 A B C D

incorrect (Allosaur teeth were curved, not straight, and there was no mention of them eating other dinosaurs or crushing bones.) correct incorrect (No dental problems were mentioned.) incorrect (The recording did not talk about dental problems such as tooth cavities.)

3 See answer key to Exercise 2 above. 4 slicing: a cutting motion dentition: related to teeth cavities: holes (in this case, in teeth, caused by decay)

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5 –6 1 Carnivorous dinosaurs, like modern-day sharks, have serrated teeth. 2 Much can be learned about dinosaurs from the fossil record. 3 Dental problems have even been discovered in dinosaur teeth. 4 It was the dinosaurs that interested people the most.

Language development 2 p. 112 1 1 2

sentence 1 in A and B. It’s becoming clear and What interested people the most . Students should underline: It’s becoming clear (or just It’s) in A and What in B.

2 (Suggested answers) 2 What isn’t possible is finding a dinosaur alive today. 3 It’s quite surprising to many people that birds evolved from dinosaurs. 4 It’s probable that dinosaurs were made extinct by an asteroid from space colliding with Earth. 5 What we know is that the smallest dinosaurs were the size of a modern-day pigeon. 6 What dominated the world for 134 million years were the dinosaurs. 7 It was thought before the emergence of modern science that dinosaur bones were the bones of dragons. 8 What we can’t be certain about is the colour of dinosaurs’ skin./What isn’t certain about the skin of dinosaurs is the colour. 3a A B C

our understanding of octopuses v. our understanding of whether only humans can solve problems tiger (teeth) v. horse this animal v. horse

3b A B C

the more ... the more Unlike just like

4 1 vastly

2 differ

3 stronger

4 While

5 Unlike

6 in contrast to

5 (Suggested answers) 2 Dinosaurs lived for a considerably longer period of time (135 million years) than humans, who have been around for less than one million years. 3 The largest dolphins weigh only 10 tonnes, in comparison to the largest whales, which are significantly heavier at 180 tonnes. 4 Some dinosaurs walked on four legs, in contrast to others who walked on two legs. 5 While dinosaurs were found on all continents, elephants are only found in Asia and Africa. 6 In contrast to octopuses, which live on average only three years, humans live for around 80 years.

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7 8

The more funds that are available for dinosaur research, the more knowledge we’ll have about them. Unlike octopuses, which live alone, humans are social creatures.


Academic vocabulary 2 p. 113 1a 1 decade 2 trace 10 constrain 1b 1 constraint

3 organism

2 microbial

4 microbe

5 visible

6 inadequate

7 aspect

8 oxygen

9 core

3 core

2 1 aspect 2 organisms 3 decades 9 oxygen 10 constraints

4 microbial

5 inadequate

6 traces

7 core

3a 1 key 2 specific 3 negative 4 fundamental 5 various 6 focus 7 impose 10 element 11 issue 12 core 13 living 14 make 15 become 16 clearly

8 visible

8 recent

9 central

3b Students’ own answers 4a 1 e 2 c 3 h 4 a 5 i 6 g 7 b 8 j 9 d 10 f 4b (Suggested answers) 1 He’ll attempt to improve his grades next semester. 2 I’m attending university to expand my knowledge of biology. 3 Microbes aren’t visible to humans. 4 Animals usually interact with others of the same species. Animals in captivity often look bored. 5 6 There’s an inadequate amount of oxygen in here.

Reading 2 p. 114 1 Students’ own answers 2a Atacama Desert, rainfall, lifeless, microbes, previous ideas, organisms, rain, dampness, microbes 2b • general (‘one of the driest places on Earth’, first sentence) to specific patterns (naming it: ‘the Atacama Desert in Chile’, second sentence) • discourse marker: ‘However’ in the third sentence shows contrast the previous sentence.

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• • 3 1 2 3 4 5

determiner: ‘these’ in the fourth sentence indicates that this mention of organisms is not the first article: ‘the’ in the last sentence also refers back to a previous sentence D: defines a term that comes up later, is more general and doesn’t refer back to anything B: like the first, also mentions ‘extremophiles’ but which ones it concerns is made more specific, thus this is likely to come after D E: ‘They’ can only refer to the extremophiles that Cavicchioli is studying A: ‘this extreme’ refers back to ‘Antarctica’ C: ‘their DNA’ refers back to ‘unique genes’ in A

4 See answer key to Exercise 3 above. 5a–b Students’ own answers

Speaking 2 p. 115 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

the mention of life (Suggested answers) sphere, spherical, layer,

core, crust, surface, cut away

yes Students’ own answers fronting: ‘What’s interesting about this layer is ...’

4 (Suggested answers) It’s interesting that this layer could support life. An interesting point is that this layer could support life. What stands out is that this layer could support life. A very interesting point is that this layer could support life. 5 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 70 for a suggested answer. 6 –7 Students’ own answers

Writing 2 pp. 116–117 1 Students’ own answers

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2a Students’ own answers 2b (Suggested answers) 1 2 minutes 2 15 minutes

3 3 minutes

3a Replace the advantages paragraph with a paragraph about the ‘for’ ideas and replace the disadvantages paragraph with a paragraph about the ‘against’ ideas. 3b Students’ own answers 4a 1 nations, governments 2 nourishment, nutrition 3 expenditure, financial resources 4 disadvantaged people, people below the poverty line 5 research, scientific experimentation challenges, issues 7 belief, viewpoint 4b (Suggested answers) 1 states 2 diet 3 (sums of) money 7 view, feeling

4 poverty

5 studies, (scientific) investigation

6

6 disadvantages

4c food, poor 5a (Suggested answers) 2 Scientific experimentation is expensive. However, the results are worth it. 3 In many countries, a proportion of the people don’t get enough food. In other nations, people have too much to eat and as a result suffer from obesity. 4 Countries without the financial resources of developed nations often can’t provide affordable medical treatment to all their citizens. The governments of richer states should do more to deal with this imbalance by donating funds to be used for health care. 5 Governments have to decide carefully how to allocate their resources. If they do this, these nations will avoid the problems that come with some citizens being significantly wealthier than others. 6 Money currently allocated to scientific research could be re-allocated to other areas. For example, these funds could be put towards medical treatment. 7 A nation needs big projects in order to give inspiration and a sense of pride to its people. Countries which take on challenges like these can often earn the respect of the rest of the world. 8 The real and potential benefits to society of scientific research are enormous. This is why scientific experimentation must continue to receive funding. 5b Students’ own answers 6 While there is some truth in the argument that keeping animals in captivity is unlikely to be beneficial to individual animals, there is ... 7 (Suggested answers)

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2 3 4 5

While pets do help prevent loneliness and help children to understand animals, they can cause annoyance to others. In some situations, the view that animal testing is painful and cruel has merit. However, the results can save human life. Despite the fact that science research funds could possibly be spent elsewhere, it is clear that research can improve human life. While it’s true that research can satisfy human curiosity, funds (do) need to be allocated carefully.


Review p. 118 1 (Suggested answers) 1 creature, living thing, reptile 2 biologist, scientist 3 baby, infant, young 4 intelligent, bright, smart 5 complex, complicated, elaborate 6 skull, bone 7 strange, bizarre, weird 8 learn, obtain knowledge, gain skills 9 expenditure, funds, financial resources 10 viewpoint, belief, opinion 11 adapt, adjust 12 similarity, resemblance 2 1 Geneticists 2 Traces 3 core 4 resemblance 5 mammals aspect, physics 9 intelligent, interact 10 creatures

6 similarity

7 constraints

8

3a (Suggested answers) 1 Having a large number of sharp teeth, sharks are well adapted to tearing large chunks of meat off their prey. 2 Being an astrobiologist, Kazuko is well qualified to give a lecture about life on other planets. 3 Being invisible to the naked eye, instruments such as microscopes are necessary to study microbes. 4 Having an under-surface layer of water, Europa, a moon of the planet Jupiter, could potentially support life.

3b (Suggested answers) 1 While crocodiles have lived on Earth for around 55 million years, modern humans have been around for only 200 thousand years or so. 2 In comparison to whales, octopuses are more intelligent. 3 Unlike humans, who live mostly on land, octopuses live mostly in the water./Octopuses differ from humans in that they live mostly in the water. 4 In contrast to some birds, such as penguins, which can’t fly, many species of birds are very good flyers. 3c (Suggested answers) 1 While it’s true that zoos can educate children, there is no doubt they keep animals in unnatural conditions. 2 Despite the fact that humans have walked on the Moon, we still don’t know a lot about the bottom of the oceans. 3 While the argument that zoos are unnatural places for animals does have its strengths, zoos do a very good job at making people interested in animals.

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4

Despite the fact that scientific research is very expensive, the future benefits of scientific research are enormous.

4 1 have found have been found 2 in captive in captivity 3 disasembling disassembling 4 been know been known 5 Giving that Given that 6 significantly much shorter significantly shorter 7 the amazing the more amazing →

→

→

→

→

→

→

Module 8 Reading 1 pp. 120–121 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 Vincent van Gogh through his life. 3 1 2 3

4 5

2 B life

3 General ideas come first, then they follow a chronological order

emotion (clause describes Van Gogh’s works; the other possibility would be focus but the meaning doesn’t fit as well as emotion) but (but and and show a relationship between two clauses; only but appropriately connects opposite ideas) adulthood (retirement and adulthood collocate with early but this part of the text describes the early part of Van Gogh’s life, so early adulthood is more likely; if students know apprenticed , this provides an even stronger clue but not all will at this level) devote (focus and devote can both be verbs – missing word is part of an infinitive – but only devote can be used with to: devote himself to art ) known (known collocates strongly with well : well-known)

4 Students’ own answers 5a (Suggested answers) 1 This is always a good strategy, as long as students don’t spend too much time on it and know when to move on. 2 This is probably the first thing to do. 3 Guessing is a last resort. 4 This is never a good idea. Before the final read-through and moving on to the next item, students should guess any they can’t work out quickly, from the remaining options only. 5b Students’ own answers 6 1 known

2 eccentric

3 legends

4 Unlike

5 make

7

70

1

2 3 4 5 6

The blank needs an adjective (or a noun that could describe a noun – which excludes plural nouns). The words eccentric and normal are the only options that fit this description. If he had had a normal lifestyle, he would not be well-known for it and legends about him would be unlikely. The word many needs to be followed by a plural noun. There is only one plural noun in the options. It is a contrast, so the word unlike shows this relationship. It fits grammatically because it needs to be followed by a noun phrase, not a clause with a verb. answers could be: 1 otherwise known as or 5 make a living (if these collocations are known to students) Students’ own answers Students’ own answers

8a–b Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 122 1 1 posed 2 Contemporary 3 practitioners 8 transformed 9 persistence 10 curated 2a 1 possible

2 radically

3 with

4 for

4 scenario

5 analogy

6 manipulating

7 interpreted

5 of

2b 1 manipulation, interpretation, transformation, curation

2 pose

3 persist

4 curator

2c Students’ own answers 3 big change: more neutral meaning transformation: more positive meaning

4a (Suggested answers. Accept any that students can justify. Note that some depend on context and are not a universal characteristic of the words.) 1 A positive; B positive 2 A neutral; B positive 3 A neutral/positive; B negative 4 A negative; B positive 5 A neutral/positive; B negative 6 A positive; B negative 4b–d Students’ own answers

Speaking 1 p. 123 1a–b

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Students’ own answers 2a (Suggested answers) 1 He was an abstract expressionist painter. // 2 The artist // used an apartment // as his studio. 3 The artist’s early work // was a good buy. 4 He has a good collection // of art. 5 This short line // on the painting // represents life. 6 He’s showing // his work // at the London Gallery of Art.7 She had a great exhibition // last year. 8 Would you like // to come // to the gallery // with me? 2b–d Students’ own answers 3a–c Students’ own answers 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

He studied for many years with an expert painter. There are many good methods that can be used. He would yearn for the chance to learn from a well-known artist. The painter of these pictures is a very good man. He’s shown an interest in exciting new art movements. The artist is exhibiting at the national art gallery next year. The painter is well-known for his abstract period. He would use his brushes in new and interesting ways.

5a–c Students’ own answers 6 1 (an) artist/(a) painter 2 (an/a) (art) gallery 3 (a) camera 4 (a) theatre(s) 5 (an) artist 6 (an) actor

Listening 1 p. 124 1 Students’ own answers 2 (Suggested answers) 2 Kassarijian is a highly skilled teacher. There are at least two different styles of ikebana. 3 Other ikebana styles (probably) don’t allow non-traditional elements into the arrangement. 4 Ordinary people didn’t/don’t use the Ikenobo style.

3 1 2 3

A (The fact that people consider themselves beginners for longer than it takes to earn a doctoral degree implies that a high level of skill is required.) B (The fourth certificate allows the holder to take further qualifications in order to teach.) A (Implied when the speaker says it’s ‘a struggle to create’, ‘when it is finally finished’. There’s no mention of anything relating to B.)

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4 B (‘Western’ people’s understanding of ikebana is different from that of Japanese people. This is inferred when the speaker talks about how ‘western’ people focus on the flower as ornament, while Japanese people also consider the space each arrangement uses and the depth of the shadows it creates in its setting.) 5 (Suggested answers) A similarities differences C less quite (implied by saying ikebana appears in public places such as windows, hotel lobbies, etc.) D more traditional settings a range of settings →

→

→

6 The answer is definitely not just the flowers themselves. It can be inferred that the space around the flowers is important because the speaker says ‘give depth to the shadows created between the flower and the wall’. However, whether the answer is ‘both’ or just ‘the space around them’ is debatable (hence the inclusion of this in the Discussion section).

Language development 1 p. 125 1 A

B C

2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Himself can’t be omitted. The object of devote involves the same person as the subject; we can’t say devote him to painting, as that would sound as though van Gogh was devoting another male person to painting. Himself can be omitted but including it adds emphasis. Self can’t be omitted. Itself is included to emphasise that the subject of the sentence did the action, and can be omitted. It is likely to be useful if contrasted with something else – here, the last part of the sentence. Self can’t be omitted.

I created the flower arrangement myself, without any help. The artists organised the exhibition themselves./The artists themselves organised the exhibition. Students are expected to do all course work themselves./The students themselves are expected to do all the course work. The painting itself wasn’t difficult; thinking of the idea was much harder. The study itself was quite easy; finding the money, though, was difficult. Please check your work yourself and ask me if you have any questions. Students participating in the exhibition are expected to look after framing themselves; the university gallery is not responsible for this.

3 Students’ own answers 4a 1 earning

2 completing

4b for earning can be replaced with to earn 5

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2 3 4 5 6

Becoming skilled at the technical side of art requires patience. Finishing the painting was hard work. Posing well for the camera is harder than it looks. Selling paintings to make a living was unusual in 16th-century China. Manipulating glass without breaking it takes a lot of skill, though some amazing pieces of art have been created in this way.

6 1 to study 2 selling 3 to choose 4 representing 5 becoming exhibit 9 creating, lecturing 10 extending, keeping

6 to recreate

7 having

8 to

Summary writing 1 p. 126 1 Students’ own answers 2 (Suggested answers) South America, largest and wealthiest empire, gold ... substantial quantity, little of this remains as it was melted down by the invaders, ceramics, architecture and textiles ... have survived in greater numbers, it is architecture that the Incas are best known for now 3 1 a very significant amount precision

2 only small quantities are left

3 vivid representations

4 high levels of

4a (Suggested answer ) Although the Inca empire was one of the richest and most important in the world, very little of its best known art objects, which were made of gold, remain because they were destroyed by invaders; instead, only ceramics, textiles and architecture, with some remarkable features, are left to help us understand Inca art. 4b Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 127 1 Students’ own answers 2 C 3 A B

C

D

This is not mentioned and can’t be inferred. Contradicted in the recording. We can infer that effortlessness is what she is looking (‘If she could see, visually, what was going on in the actor’s mind ... then the acting was bad, she felt’) but there’s no statement or inference that acting can be too perfect or effortless. Correct. The answer can be inferred from the words ‘If she could see, visually, what was going on in the actor’s mind ... then the acting was bad, she felt. But when she ... could believe that the actor was actually a real person ... then she enjoyed the performance immensely.’ The amount of preparation is not mentioned in

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the recording.

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4 –5 A incorrect (Herbert Berghof invited her to teach at his acting school. This implies that he had confidence in her teaching ability.) B incorrect (The description of her teaching techniques and the fact that the recording says ‘she developed her own teaching techniques’ suggests she did not follow standard teaching practices.) C correct (Implied by the fact that she was asked to teach acting, that Herbert Berghof told her ‘she knew very well how to act’ and that her career is described as ‘illustrious’.) D incorrect (Implied by ‘Rather than giving them lots and lots of information that might overwhelm them, she preferred to deal with each actor’s individual problems.’) 6 Students’ own answers 7 1 2 3 4

Many actors undergo an intensive period of training. Becoming a good actor requires persistence and motivation. Practitioners in the field of acting must work very hard. Training covers a range of scenarios that an actor might encounter.


Language development 2 p. 128 1 F; (covers more than just camera operation skills; the others mention only camera operation skills) 2a (Suggested answers) the persistence of the acting students at practising their voice skills; their persistence at practising their voice skills; their persistence at voice skill practice; their persistence at practising their skills, including their voice skills 2b (Suggested answer ) The acting students’ persistence at practising their voice It would need to be followed by a verb. e.g The acting students’ persistence at practising their voice skills gave them confidence delivering their lines on stage. 2c (Example answers) 2 Their main problem was finding enough money./ Finding enough money was their main problem. 3 His teaching ability was excellent. 4 They were well-trained and experienced actors. 5 The experience of the director was essential to the success of the production. 6 The dancer’s persistent practice helped her get the role she wanted. 7 Good quality training transformed the acting student’s voice. 8 The worst possible scenario is to cancel the show. 9 The elderly actor’s interpretation of his role was the best I’ve ever seen. 10 His contemporary style of ink painting made the artist famous. 2d Students’ own answers

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3 an exhibition of student work/a student exhibition 4a (Suggested answers) an artist who is famous around the world 2 3 a film-maker who was born in England 4 a problem that happened during editing 5 a film directed by Steven Spielberg 6 the movie that we saw last night 7 the sequels of films 4b (Suggested answers) 2 His most desired achievement was an Oscar win. 3 Production problems are unlikely because of/due to thorough planning. 4 Audience participation is something that other performers should consider. 5 The film-making course will be held in the city centre campus. 6 The Russian-born movie star made a family move to New Zealand. 5 Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 129 1a He’s very good at acting. He’s a highly skilled actor. He’s very competent. He performs very well. He has strong acting skills. As an actor, he’s highly skilled. 1b 1 exceptionally, extremely, very 2 competent, proficient, talented 3 excellent, exceptional, strong ability, competence, expertise, proficiency, talent 5 demonstrates, has

4

2 Students’ own answers 3a 1 shoot 2 equipment 3 footage fundamental 9 ignore 10 shift 3b 1 Shooting rehearsals

4 rehearsal

2 fundamental 3 inspiration 9 phase 10 footage

5 pre-production

4 pre-production


Reading 2 p. 130 1a–b Students’ own answers

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6 phase

5 equipment

7 inspiration

6 ignored

8

7 shifted

8

2 In film-making, directors’ roles can vary ... 3 1 2 3 4 5 6

tremendously (Reading the whole text makes it clear that the variation in the role isn’t slight.) creative (While technical works for camera, lighting and sound , it doesn’t work for actors.) crews (Crews can be directed but not equipment.) editing (Post in post-production gives the clue that this is after doing something else. Editing occurs after filming but filming doesn’t appear to happen after anything else.) theoretically (The second clause of this sentence makes it clear that directors do get involved with distribution, etc., so the idea that they don’t is just theoretical.) surprisingly (This is surprising, rather than logical, as directors are supposed to be primarily responsible for the creative aspects of the film and producers are supposed to deal with funding, marketing and distribution.)

4 –5 1 also (The fact that the producer oversees the project implies that he/she will be involved in marketing and distribution; hence out of the two choices that fit the blank, also fits better than never .) 2 production (Could be production, marketing , funding or responsible but as it’s associated with directing, production is the most likely.) 3 Increasingly (Could be Surprisingly or Increasingly . However, it’s not very surprising that they have to have directing skills if the producer is sometimes also the director, so Increasingly is more appropriate here.) 4 funding (Could be production, marketing or funding but if they’re producers, they won’t be arranging production, they will be doing it themselves. The mention of budget in the next sentence points to funding as the answer.) 6a–b Students’ own answers

Speaking 2 p. 131 1 –2 Students’ own answers 3a The introductory phrase used is: According to the speaker, ... 3b Students’ own answers 4a According to the [type of speaker], ... + main clause The talk/lecture described/explained/argued ... + that clause (or about + noun phrase) The talk/lecture was about ... + noun phrase In the talk/lecture, the speaker described/explained/ argued/said ... + that clause 4b Students’ own answers 6 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 81 for a suggested answer.

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Summary writing 2 pp. 132–133 1 Students’ own answers 2a The text is about film sequels and the lack of academic literature dealing with them as sequels. 2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

No. These are academic references and do not add crucial information to the writer’s argument, hence they can be ignored for the purposes of writing a summary. They haven’t been ignored. Sequels in general. Several examples of sequels mentioned in the literature are given, but the text says that sequels have been ‘overlooked’. Yes. The word voluminous indicates this. ‘the sequel’ They agree about the topic of sequels (‘academics have been in step with popular criticism of the sequel’). a disease that can affect film companies, leading to a large number of film sequels being made

3 –4 Students’ own answers 5 1 common 2 little attention popular press

3 connection, discussions

4 sign

5 academic literature, same point,

6a The word sequels is repeated. This makes the cohesion awkward. To improve the sentence, replace some sequels with some of them. 6b 2 these films

3 this analysis sees

4 for this disease/illness

5 the sequel

7 –8 (Suggested answer ) Despite sequels being a common phenomenon, their status as sequels has received little attention in the academic literature, though in the 1990s they were mentioned in discussions about change in Hollywood; this point was also made by critics in the popular press though at a somewhat earlier time.

Review p. 134 1 1 demonstrated, competence 2 medium 3 prominent, generation 4 abstract fundamental 7 ignore, equipment 8 phase 9 inspiration 10 persistence 2a (Suggested answers)

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5 characters

6

1 The process of 2 Visiting 3 interest in/ fascination with/contempt for/lack of interest in, etc. ikebana 5 Serious problems 6 A high level of skill

4 of

2b Students’ own answers 3 1 yourself 2 acting 3 to take meeting 10 developing

4 to star

5 Creating

6 have

7 preparing

8 to experiment

9

4 1 origins with origins in 2 fundamentally fundamental 2 themselves their 3 use using 4 gaining (to) gain 5 a number well-known Hollywood actors a number of well-known Hollywood actors 6 act acting →

→

→

→

→

→

→

Module 9 Reading 1 pp. 136–137 1 Students’ own answers 2a A 1 this

B 2 however

3 such as

C 4 One, 5 Another

D 6 machines, 7 software

2b Students’ own answers 3a The text is about artificial intelligence and how it’s used/its applications. 3b 1 2 3 4 5

(noun) It relates to something in (or the whole of) the previous sentence. (discourse marker) It is probably an example. (verb) It relates to something that is generally true, therefore the present simple is required. (noun) It is related to (i.e. it’s a similar idea to) ‘developments’. (adverb, probably of frequency) The sentence is about the abilities of cars driven by a computer, so ‘lose concentration’ is something that a driverless car is unlikely to do.

3c 1 effort

2 including

4 1 time

2 overlooked

3 take

4 applications

3 dramatically

5 never

4 amongst

5 has grown


Academic vocabulary 1 p. 138 1a

80

1 initial 2 pursue 3 interact potential 10 impact

4 emerge

5 military

1b (Suggested answers) 1 interaction 2 emergence 3 pursuit 4 emerging 2 1 Initial, pursue 2 Physics emerging, military

3 interaction

6 dimensions

7 conventional

8 physics

5 physical 6 potential 7 initial, conventional

4 potential

5 conventional

6 impact

7 dimensions

3a (Suggested answers) pursue power, social interaction, great potential/ risks/impact, potential risks/impact, conventional technology/power, environmental risks/impact, significant potential/risks/impact, emerging technology 3b–c Students’ own answers 4a nano-: 0.000000001 micro-: 0.000001 centi-: 0.01 milli: 0.001

4b • equal part of, i.e. a hundredth = one of a hundred equal parts of something; • 1 divided by the number, i.e. a hundredth = 1/100 4c thousandth 5a 1 centimetre

2 milligram

3 microsecond

4 nanolitre


Speaking 1 p. 139 1 Legs can be lifted over obstacles. 2a 1 might rain

2 more rice

3 a nice sculpture

2b Students’ own answers 3a 1 /ɪks/, /səv/

2 /sɑː/, /nɪnɪ/

9

3 /lɪ/, /sɪsjuːs/

81

8

4a This illustrates three different kinds of elision, in order: 1–2 Schwa disappears in some syllables of some multi-syllable words (e.g. interesting , tonight , temperature, camera). 3–4 Between /t/ or /d/ and a following consonant, the / t/ or /d/ sometimes disappears. Sometimes, commonly in Received Pronunciation, juncture occurs instead. 5 simplified consonant clusters, especially at the ends of words, often with / t/ elided (e.g. next, acts) 6

/v/ is often elided before consonants.

5 (Underlining indicates juncture and bolding indicates elision.) The development of mobile, self-propelled robots that can navigate independently across very uneven ground, as well as carrying out non-repetitive tasks, is known as field robotics. The university’s School of Field Robotics is focused on the continuing advancement of this technology both in the laboratory and in the field to meet the challenges of our next few decades. 6a–c See answer key to Exercise 5 above. 7 Students’ own answers 8 1 (an) airport 2 wings 3 (the) keyboard

4 electricity/ electric (power) 5 transport 6 metal(s)

Listening 1 p. 140 1 –2 Students’ own answers 3a 1 certain 2 certain 3 uncertain, though somewhat towards the middle of the scale would also be fine, given the vagueness of the word may 4 somewhere in the middle 4 • uncertain: could, might • likely: a good chance that, hopefully, I think, supposed to, theoretically • closer to the ‘certain’ end of the scale: a strong likelihood that, (hopefully could also be placed here), little doubt that, quite likely that • certain: sure, will definitely

5a A correct B correct (‘still being studied’) expressed in the recording) D correct

C incorrect (implies a greater degree of certainty than is

5b The words ‘will be exciting to watch’ at the end of the recording help decide the answer to D. 6

82


Language development 1 p. 141 1 Sentence 1A is hypothetical. In a future time, or the speaker’s imagination, nanorobots can enter the body (the technology doesn’t currently exist). Sentence 1B is a real situation. It means that nanorobots can enter the body now (the technology currently exists). Sentence 2A is expressed as a hypothetical idea. Sentence 2B is a certainty. Even though the time referred to is in the future, the speaker is quite sure that the situation described will happen. 2a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

would (Hypothetical; we have technology, so lives without technology is a hypothetical situation.) will/would/could (It could be either, depending on how the speaker views the possibility of nanorobots entering bodies.) will/would/could (See 2 above.) will (Real; the extension is real.) would (Hypothetical; we don’t all have enough money to be able to afford the space rockets, etc. necessary to go into space.) wouldn’t (Hypothetical; it’s clear from the second sentence that we have the Internet, so not having it must be hypothetical.) would/could (Hypothetical, as indicated by possibly . Note: Even though will is present in the first sentence, will is not appropriate in the second. This is because will is affected by possibly at the beginning, thus making its meaning more hypothetical.) could (no words replaced) could (if hypothetical meaning is chosen) could (no words replaced) none of the options can be used here would be able to can change to could wouldn’t be able to can change to couldn’t could (no words replaced)

3 Students’ own answers 4 1 2

of robots (at the end of the sentence) In sentence C, that replaces the strength in sentence B. Sentence C is therefore less repetitive.

5 1 in the laboratory

2 robots, interactive

6 1 building nanorobots 7 2 3 4

2 the robots

3 produced an interactive robot

3 people who are experts in a number of disciplines

My paper on artificial intelligence was published at the same time as Professor Smith’s. Professor Smith published a paper on artificial intelligence at the same time as I did/as mine/ as I published one. Professor Smith has published a paper on robotics. However, I haven’t/I haven’t published one.

83

5

The challenges that we overcame this year were harder to deal with than the ones from last year/last year’s. 6 The intelligence of computers is different from that of humans. 7 Our new robot can travel over very rough terrain. This is better than the old one, which couldn’t. 8 Artificial intelligence could progress much faster than (it does) now but doing so requires more funds than are currently available. The goals of the Artificial Intelligence Research Group are aligned with those of the department 9 of which it is a part. 10 Is he in the library or the laboratory?

Writing 1 p. 142 1 Students’ own answers 2a It doesn’t appear to ask for an opinion and it is asking for personal information. It’s less academic than most. 2b Pattern 3 is a good response. While pattern 2 might also be possible, it may make it harder to relate the description to the opinion, which is essential for dealing adequately with the prompt. Also, if a student attempts pattern 2 and does not complete the conclusion due to lack of time, the most important part of the essay will be missing (although the conclusion could be written before finishing the body – not such a bad idea). Pattern 1 is probably the easiest but misses an important part of the prompt: it doesn’t mention technology. 2c pattern 3 3 • • • •

involve the use of technology If technology were removed, our lifestyles would be radically different. technology significantly affects our lives my friend

4 Sentence 1 is not good because it doesn’t stand alone. A reader of the essay would need to go back and read the question to understand the essay. Sentences 2–4 are fine. Reference to the question is made lexically and the sentences are perfectly understandable without reading the question. 5a Sentence 4 (... would be if I didn’t have ...) 5b Sentence 2 (‘If technology were removed, ...’) Hypothetical language is used to discuss situations that are different from the author’s opinion, which is a powerful way to show why they would be wrong, problematic, etc. 6

84


Listening 2 p. 143 1 Students’ own answers 2a B and E 2b A B C D E

correct: her overall attitude and tone of voice incorrect (use of will in ‘if you’ve got money, then you’ll be able to go into space’, ‘Space tourism companies will be taking ...’) incorrect (no information) correct (‘And the technologies that are developed for space tourism, the rockets ... eventually someone’s going to use them for other purposes.’) incorrect (‘I think ... the hope is that, as paying customers ... it’s going to drive down the cost of space flight ...’)

3 –4 Students’ own answers 5 1 2 3 4

Many people are interested in travelling into space. I’m optimistic about the future of space flight. I think space travel will become affordable within the next century. It takes enormous amounts of energy to send anything into space.

6a 1 2 3

sentence 2 sentences 1, 2 and 4 sentence 3 (clue: tentative intonation on think )



2 2 3 4 5

The assistant performed the action. The engineer requested that the assistant do this. ‘by her assistant’; If it were omitted, we wouldn’t know who performed the action. The assistant performed the action and the engineer prompted the action. B–D have roughly the same meaning. A is different because there is less emphasis on the engineer instigating the action.

I’ll get someone to look at it. I’ll have the maintenance guy check it. I’ll get it replaced. I’ll have the technician explain it.

85

6

I’ll have another one made.

3a 1 2 3 4 5 6

The head of department allowed the project to go ahead. Lack of funds may force testing to stop. New rocket fuel chemistry makes it cheaper to launch satellites. Problems on the first test caused delays to occur. The professor let us hand in our essays a day late. A shortage of spare parts caused repairs to be halted.

3b Students’ own answers 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a question word The verb needs to go at the end of the clause. part of the main clause (a subordinate clause embedded as complement of the main clause)

I don’t know where the professor is. We would like to know when the next lecture is. I didn’t understand what the lecturer explained. I’ll tell you in the next lecture why space tourism won’t be popular./In the next lecture, I’ll tell you why tourism won’t be popular. Technology influences how we find information. How soon airships will be used regularly depends on research funding. The mystery is who the first passenger will be. How artificial intelligence changes our lives in the future will be exciting to watch. There is a lot of research into how space travel affects the human body. People don’t realise how much technology affects their lives.

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 145 1a 1 vehicle

2 mechanism

3 capability

4 rational

5 assemble

4 sphere

5 equation

6 sphere

7 empirical

8 equation

1b Students’ own answers 2 1 mechanism 3 1 2

2 assemble

3 vehicle

countable: B; uncountable: A countable use: talking about all relevant technology in general, as if it’s one thing; uncountable use = talking about a set of specific technologies, as if they’re each separate

4a 1 a number of technologies 2 technology language 7 contents, have 8 content

3 people

86

4 peoples

5 a number of languages are

6

4b (Suggested answers) technology (U), people (U, but really the plural of person), languages (C) Content is different. It is usually countable if referring to physical objects (e.g. the contents of a box ) but uncountable if referring to digital information (e.g. website content ). 4c people (C) = specific race or ethnicity of people language (U) = how something is worded; the choice of words, grammar, etc. in a specific context content (U) = content of TV, video, radio, graphic design, websites, etc. 5a–b Students’ own answers

Reading 2 p. 146 1a Students’ own answers 1b (Suggested answers) useful: surveillance capabilities, long endurance, ability to stay over a single place, renewable energy sources not so useful: speed, ability to carry heavy payloads 2 1 investigations

2 concluded

3 provided that

4 has progressed

5 These


Speaking 2 p. 147 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 2 3

three more detailed design or preparation for manufacture Logically, optimisation will continue after testing/analysis until the design is found to be satisfactory, at which point it will progress to detailed design rather than going back for more testing.

2b Yes. To miss out one of the boxes would mean missing out important information and would reduce the mark. 3 1 yes 2 yes 3 yes 4 yes 5 yes, mostly conclusion/implication) 7 yes

6 yes, mostly (except for introductory statement and

87

4a It allows you to vary your vocabulary for good style. It may be necessary, depending on the grammar. It demonstrates that you have control over the different word forms and their associated grammar. 4b analyse, design, manufacture, optimise, prepare, test 5 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 93 for a suggested answer. 6 Students’ own answers

Writing 2 pp. 148– 49 1 Students’ own answers 2 There is nothing to say that the response has to be in impersonal style. While impersonal style is appropriate for essays, this is not a requirement of PTEA or most other international language proficiency tests. It is a requirement of this particular question, however, to give personal experiences, either your own or a friend’s. This type of question is relatively rare in the test but does appear sometimes, so students do need to be prepared. 3 1 2 3

The introduction refers directly to the prompt (‘This question’). Some parts of the question (e.g. ‘someone you know’) are not mentioned. No. It looks as if it will miss out the positive effects of technology and how this affects someone the writer knows. Probably not, due to the problems in 1 and 2 above. It doesn’t help the development or structure of an essay to comment on how interesting the topic is (first sentence).

4 –5 Students’ own answers 6 1

2 3

4 7a 1 2 3

Not in this case. This is generally stated strongly, as befits the central point of a piece of writing, unless it is actually a generalisation that can be easily attacked, in which case hedging would be used to strengthen it. Yes. See explanation above. In this case, no. It is more likely that the actions of one person can conform to a non-hedged statement. However, the more people there are, the more likely there will be an exception to the rule. Yes. Unlikely to be true. Technology isn’t required for sleeping, for instance. Hedging required. Unlikely to be true. For example, many elderly people don’t use mobile phones but still meet friends. Hedging required. Walking, for example, for most people is unlikely to have been affected by technology. Hedging required.

88

4

Already hedged (‘most’).

7b Students’ own answers 8a (Suggested answers) 1 Space travel is likely to become ... 2 There is a strong likelihood that technological developments such as space tourism ... 3 An uncle of mine spends around an hour most evenings ... 4 ... When a new device comes out, I usually buy it immediately. 5 ... Nowadays I tend to do all of those things online in a fraction of the time. 6 ... because people can find information about you easily and pretend to be you. 8b–11 Students’ own answers

Review p. 150 1 1 Initially potential 2 1 2

2 Empirical 9 capability

3 impact 4 conventional 10 physics

5 emerging

6 dimensions

7 mechanisms

8

This robot can run faster than a human. Nowadays cars need to have a driver but in the future they will be able to drive themselves automatically. Airships provide a more comfortable ride than aeroplanes. Our new research project is looking at military aircraft, whereas the previous one looked at ordinary passenger aircraft. Designing aircraft powered by renewable energy is more challenging than designing cars. This term I’m taking three courses at the university, whereas last term I only did two. This research centre has been very successful at designing satellites and it wants to get even better at designing them. So far no robots have been built that can run faster than humans but soon a company will do it/achieve it.

3 4 5 6 7 8

3a 1 likelihood

2 roughly

3 Most

4 Hardly any

5 generally

3b (Suggested answers) 1 In the future people will probably be able to travel between the UK and Australia in just a few hours. 2 Younger people usually learn to use technology faster than older people. 3 Machines can often work faster and more accurately than humans. 4 It is possible that robots with artificial intelligence will rule the world in the future. 5 People can find the idea of travelling into space too frightening. 4 1 caused the device explode caused the device to explode 2 metre litre 3 Ones problems Such problems 4 for approving to approve 5 how works this device how this device works 6 take will take 7 those that 8 how the project will be expensive how expensive the project will be 9 will would 10 truck vehicle →

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

89

→

Module 10 Reading 1 pp. 152–153 1a–c Students’ own answers 2a 1 They are on the same topic: (a common strategy for) persuading young children to eat healthy food. 2 A is less formal, more jaunty (some students may even correctly suggest that it’s more journalistic). B is more academic, with long subject/objects. 2b 1 2 3 1 B

A iii; B iii A i; B ii (Note that ‘i’ is often the result of the application of ‘ii’; hence, ‘ii’ is the main reason.)

2 A

3 C

4 B (The quotation marks are a sign that the writer is distancing himself from the terms used because he feels they are inappropriate.) 5a Students’ own answers 5b Choice A is the only other option that could possibly be a reason for using quotation marks. Quotation marks are not (correctly) used for emphasis (as implied by C). They do not necessarily create a more academic impression (choice D) because this impression depends upon the nature of the material in quotation marks. 6 Students’ own answers

Academic vocabulary 1 p. 154 1a 1 reject 2 reinforce draw 10 portion

3 so-called

1b 1 supplementary 2 reluctance on 7 apportion 8 levy

4 supplement

5 levy

6 ongoing

3 inclination, supplementation

1c Opposites: acceptance – rejection disinclination – inclination/drawn (towards) disinclined – inclined/drawn (towards)

90

7 reluctant

4 reinforcement

8 inclination

5 rejection

9

6 go

Synonyms: additional – supplementary charge – levy continue – go on divide up – apportion strengthen – reinforce 2 1 So-called, levy 2 reluctance/disinclination, portions 3 inclined reinforcement 6 drawn, inclined 7 reject, reluctant 8 draw

4 ongoing, supplementary

3a 1 inclined/disinclined/reluctant 2 reluctance/ inclination/disinclination drawn/inclined 5 draw 6 levy 7 ongoing 8 portions

3 reinforcement

5

4

3b Students’ own answers 4a mal- = bad or badly under- = too little 4b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

over- = too much

meat that is not cooked enough a restaurant that does not have enough workers be charged too much by a shop bad (i.e. improper or inappropriate) practice/ exercise of a profession (e.g. a doctor who causes harm to his patients by treating them inappropriately or ineffectively) think you are not capable of doing things that you actually can the practice of eating too much the state of being badly nourished a child who is more active than he/she should be a person who drives but is not old enough to do so legally research that does not have enough funding

Speaking 1 p. 155 1 Students’ own answers 2a 1 / j/

2 /w/

3 /r/

2b–c Students’ own answers 2d 1 2 3 4

We need more ingredients. /r/ He needs to eat more nutritious food. / w/ In the end, it’s what people like to eat that’s important. / j/, /w/ Supplementary energy sources are needed after exertion. /j/, /r/

91

3 /r/ after banana, sugar ; /w/ after potato, tofu; /j/ after coffee, tea 4 –5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

There’s a lot of sugar in many fast foods. (/ r/) Some people suggest a levy on junk food to discourage its consumption. (/ j/) There are ongoing problems with over-consumption of junk food. (/r/) All too often, people over-eat without realising it. (/w/, /r/) The media are to blame for excessive promotion of unhealthy food. (/r/, /r/) By agreement with the government, the fast food company restricted its advertising. (/ j/) Academics need to go outside the university gates and communicate with ordinary people! (/w/) People who carry on eating junk food may suffer negative health consequences. (/ j/)

6 –7 Students’ own answers 8 1 milk

2 (a) fork(s)

3 (a/the) kitchen

4 (a) vegetable(s)

5 water

6 teeth

Listening 1 p. 156 1a–c Students’ own answers 2a C can probably be ruled out at this stage. This is because the option is about ‘food safety’ and thus does not relate to the topic. The other options could possibly relate to the topic of persuading children to eat healthily. 2b B 2c A D

disagrees with the main point of the extract. There is no evidence for this. In fact, the lecture argues that the foods available in the home are more likely to be chosen by children.

3a D seems the least likely. The lecture isn’t discussing whether or not to have meals together; it’s discussing the effect of adults’ food preferences on children, so the other three options are closer to the topic. 3b C is the best ending. A would have the opposite effect to that described. B is incorrect because the topic of the last sentence of the recording is the parents, not the children. 4 D 5

92

(Suggested answers) 1 The talk is about why children tend to prefer energy-dense foods such as sugars. The final sentence will give a reason for this. Option D is the only one that links the final sentence to the idea of energy-rich foods such as sugars. 2 E has little to do with the topic of the talk, as indicated at the beginning (‘So how do children learn to enjoy the food they eat?’). Hence, it could probably be counted as unlikely early in the listening process. 3 A: The lecture isn’t discussing health benefits; it’s about why kids like energy-rich foods and makes no judgement about health benefits. B: ‘Doctors’ does not relate to anything said in the lecture. C: as with B, the naturalness of mother’s milk is not discussed in the lecture. 6 Students’ own answers


2 2a 1 2 3 4 5 6

The relative clause defines or modifies which ‘parents and other adults’ the speaker is talking about (i.e. those who have a powerful influence on children’s food preferences). Students may also say ‘other adults’. Parents and other adults, who children have close contact with, have a powerful influence on children’s food preferences. The students to whom the university cafeteria serves meals appreciate healthy food. There are several places on campus to which students can go for healthy, nutritious food. This equipment, for which the university paid a lot of money, should be used carefully. The book about which he kept talking was actually not very interesting. The article through which you’ll read in preparation for the next class shows some radical new research. The parents with whom the researchers spoke reported that they had taken their children to a fast food restaurant an average of three times in the previous week.

2b (Suggested answers) 2 The place to which we’re going tomorrow has no facilities for food service. The place which we’re going to tomorrow has no facilities for food service. 3 The room in which tomorrow’s lecture is taking place is a bit tricky to find. The room which tomorrow’s lecture is taking place in is a bit tricky to find. 4 There are many restaurants at which our hospitality management instructor wants us to eat. There are many restaurants which our hospitality management instructor wants us to eat at. 5 It’s hard to find information about the area on which our lecturer wants us to write a report. It’s hard to find information about the area which our lecturer wants us to write a report on. 6 The people with whom we spoke during the research project all said they wanted to eat healthy food. The people who(m) we spoke with during the research project all said they wanted to eat healthy food. 7 I didn’t like the people with whom I studied last term. I didn’t like the people who I studied with last term.

93

2c (Suggested answers) 1 The person with whom I’ve talked most about the PTE Academic is the friend whom I’m taking the test with. 2 The room in which I’ve studied most is my bedroom ... 3 The computer with which I do my homework is ... 3 No, it’s not normally used in statements in this tense. It’s used here to show or emphasise contrast. If spoken, it would be pronounced more strongly and clearly than the other words – it would be stressed. 4a 2 ... do happily eat anything. 3 ... do manage, though. 4 ... does stand out. 5 ... did produce some drinks that were more healthy. 6 ... did look at this relationship. 7 ... do (give this matter plenty of attention) 8 ... do take responsibility for this. 9 ... did, however, look at this issue. 4b Students’ own answers

Summary writing 1 p. 158 1 Students’ own answers 2a Good to do: use abbreviations and acronyms, use symbols, focus on main ideas Not good to do: write every detail (no time for this), write sentences (no time for this), write neatly (no time to pay attention to this – as long as you can read your own handwriting, of course!) 3a Students’ own answers 3b 1 2 3 4

It causes hyperactivity/loss of concentration. Uncommon. They were hard to find. Significant. Not very clear, due to the number of factors that could be influencing the results.

3c Students’ own answers 4a (Suggested answer ) Giving children sugary food is often thought to cause hyperactivity. However, there have been few studies that investigate the link between food and children’s behaviour. One study did show that children who ate more junk food performed significantly less well on maths and reading tests. However, the results are inconclusive because factors other than food may have contributed to the result. 4b –7 Students’ own answers

Listening 2 p. 159 94

1 1 2

Students’ own answers A nutritionist researches nutrition, which is the scientific study of food, especially the food necessary for good health.

2a 1 includes involves 2 approval satisfaction 3 faculties facilities 4 areas aspects 5 diverse different 6 primary main →

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→

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→

→

2b Similar stress pattern: 1 (includes, involves) Similar initial sound: 3 (faculties, facilities), Similar meaning: 2 (approval , satisfaction); 6 ( primary , main) A combination: 1 (similar stress pattern, initial syllable and meaning); 5 (similar initial sound and meaning) 3 –4 intriguing interesting: same number of syllables, similar meaning, though different stress pattern chemicals chemistry: same number of syllables, different forms of same word, same stress pattern responds reacts: same number of syllables, same initial sound, similar final sound (slightly different consonant cluster), similar meaning outcomes effects: same number of syllables, quite different pronunciation, similar meaning connections associations: different number of syllables, same final syllable, similar meaning part aspect: different number of syllables, same final sound (though different consonant cluster), similar meaning in this context →

→

→

→

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Language development 2 p. 160 1 1 any

2 no matter which

2 (Suggested answers) 2 Whatever/No matter what sport students are interested in, the university has facilities (for it). 3 Students can visit the student support office whenever/no matter when they have a problem. 4 Whatever/No matter what aspect of science you’re considering, it can be applied to nutrition. 5 Wherever/No matter where you live in the town, there are good transport links to the university. 6 Whoever/No matter who you chose to work with for your group project, you must try hard to work well together as a team. 7 However/No matter how you complete the project, you should plan it carefully from the beginning. 8 However/No matter how old people are, they can enrol at this university. 3a 1 subject: Experts

2 verb: have suggested

3b

95

Experts have suggested [that the government would enjoy significant long-term benefits] [if it took steps to address the rise in obesity] [that junk food is causing]. (Note: The last subordinate clause is a clause within a clause.) 3c • ‘that ... benefits’: a that clause which serves as the object of the main clause and as such, adds information that completes the idea in the main clause • ‘if ... obesity’: a conditional if clause which adds more information to the that clause, explaining under what conditions the government would enjoy long-term benefits • ‘that junk ... causing’: a defining relative clause that adds crucial information to ‘obesity’ 4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

‘which is near the centre of the country’: a non-defining relative clause which adds extra information about the location of the university; ‘that the university is easy to reach’: a that clause which is the object of the main clause which completes the idea in the main clause; ‘no matter where you’re travelling from’: a concession clause that comments on the whole sentence The staff and students [who work and study at the university] are part of a world-class organisation [that they are proud to belong to]. ‘who work and study at the university’: a defining relative clause that adds crucial information about the staff and students (as such, it can be considered part of the subject, hence the underlining); ‘that they are proud to belong to’: a defining relative clause that adds more information about the organisation Maccleton College was founded with the purpose of providing a quality education to all people, [no matter how much money they have]. ‘no matter how much money they have’: a clause of concession that adds information about the kind of people who can be provided with a quality education The university’s science faculty, [which is the largest in the southern hemisphere], provides undergraduate and postgraduate degrees to students from all over the world. ‘which is the largest in the southern hemisphere’: a non-defining relative clause which adds extra information about the subject (i.e. the university’s science faculty) [Because accommodation in the city is limited], people [who are thinking about applying to this university] are advised to consider [where they would live] [well before term starts]. ‘Because accommodation in the city is limited’: a clause of reason that provides a reason for the statement in the main clause; ‘who are thinking about applying to this university’: a defining relative clause that provides crucial information about people (and as such, can be considered part of the subject, hence the underlining); ‘where they would live’: a noun clause that adds information about what people are advised to consider; ‘well before term starts’: a time clause that indicates when people should consider where they want to live Considerable work has been done by the university in recent years to improve efforts to look after the welfare of its students, including increased provision for those [who are from financially insecure backgrounds]. ‘who are from financially insecure backgrounds’: a defining relative clause that adds crucial information to the pronoun those (which, in turn, relates back to the students whose welfare the university has been trying to improve) [No matter who you are or where you are from,] the university guarantees [that you will be treated fairly and equitably [by all staff with whom you come into contact.]

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‘No matter who you are or where you are from’: a clause of concession which adds information about the type of people who will be treated fairly and equitably ‘by all staff with whom you come into contact’: a noun clause which provides the agent for the verb “treated”. 5 2 3 4 5 6 7

The reason (that) I decided to go there was that the course seemed much more interesting than those at other universities. (In order) to assist its students deal with problems they may encounter, the university offers services that cover a wide range of areas (that) a student may need. I read the university’s brochure, which claimed that the university is/was the biggest in the area that has/had a faculty of medicine. There are many sources of information that potential students can consult during the process of deciding which university to attend. Students should check the policies and procedures that apply to each department regarding how assignments should be submitted. If you choose to study hospitality management, you will have to undertake a varied and diverse course, which involves a range of disciplines that gained highly positive feedback from former students.

Academic vocabulary 2 p. 161 1 1 2

3

1 A UK; B US 2 A US; B UK 3 A US; B UK 1A course: a period of time spent studying at a university; options: subjects that students can choose to study as part of their course; core requirements: the subjects that students have to study as part of their course 1B major : someone studying a particular subject as their main subject at university; course: a series of lessons on a particular subject; required courses: courses that students must take in order to graduate; electives: courses that students can choose to take, although they do not have to in order to graduate 2 A assistant professor : the lowest rank of teacher at a university; faculty : all the teachers in a university; Physics 101: a particular course (and an example of how courses are often numbered at US universities); lecture course: a series of lectures (formal talks given to groups of students) in a particular subject; semester : one of two periods that the university year is divided into; graduate seminar : a university class for a small group of students, usually for more advanced students and on a specialised subject 2 B senior lecturer : a teacher at a university in a senior position; term: one of three periods that the university year is divided into; Fundamentals of Physics: a particular course (and an example of how courses may be named at a UK university ); course: a series of classes or lectures on a particular subject; department : a section of a university; faculty : a group of departments which go together to make up one broad subject area; tutorial group: a group of students who are taught or supervised by one particular teacher 3A advisor : a university teacher who advises an individual student about the university requirements and may direct him/her to other help facilities that are available at the university; full professor : a university teacher in a senior position; tutorial: a class with a teacher and small group of students or a one-to-one session which can be booked with a tutorial service to give individual help to a student 3 B tutorial: a class with either just one student or a small number of students plus a teacher; tutor : a teacher at a university (Suggested answer )

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similarities: there are a number of terms which are used in both countries, although sometimes with a slightly different meaning (e.g. faculty, professor) differences: job titles (e.g. professor in US English refers to any teacher at a university, whereas in UK it is a title given to university teachers of the highest rank) terms for types of course (e.g. courses you can choose to do are usually referred to as options in UK and electives in US) 2 (Suggested answers) Vocabulary: There are many differences, often in particular areas of vocabulary, such as words for types of food or clothing or words to do with transport. Sometimes the same word can have different meanings in UK and US English e.g. mean (UK English = not wanting to spend money; US English = not kind). UK English is becoming more influenced by US vocabulary and meaning in many cases. Australian English largely uses UK vocabulary and meaning but there are exceptions. Spelling: Again, there are a number of differences. A number of words ending in -our in UK English end -or in US English (e.g. colour /color , behaviour / behavior ). Some words ending -re in UK English end -er in US English (e.g. centre/center ). The –ize suffix at the end of many verbs can also be spelt -ise in UK English. There are also other differences with individual words. Grammar : There are a number of small differences. Use of the past simple and present perfect is sometimes different (e.g. UK: I’ve already done it. US: I already did it.). Some irregular verbs are different (e.g. UK: get-got-got ; US get-got-gotten). Pronunciation: There are a number of pronunciation differences, which are difficult to summarise, especially because there are of course regional differences in both countries. US English lacks the short vowel sound used in UK English in words like got, dog etc. In US English -r is pronounced in all positions whereas in standard southern UK English, it is only pronounced before a vowel. There are sometimes stress differences e.g. (UK: ˈgarage/ US gar ˈage). 3a 1 institution

2 mediation

3 unparalleled

4 facilities

5 administration

6 protocol

3b 1 administrative 2 mediate 3 mediator, administrator (For item 3, students may also think of adding ‘facilitator’. This isn’t included here because it is derived from ‘facilitate’ rather than ‘facility’.) 4 1 mediator

2 protocols

3 institution

4 administrative

5 facilities

6 unparalleled

7 mediation

Reading 2 p. 162 1 Students’ own answers 2 1 C, D

2 A, B, E

3 B, E

4 D 5 B, E

3 A (This is the only option that is supported by a verifiable, external piece of information. No indication is given of how you can verify the other options, and they’re described quite subjectively anyway.)

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4 A B C

D

See answer key to Exercise 3 above. A claim is made but not supported (another university might have more than 20,000 students). Words do not verify that students will actually ‘study and work alongside leaders and practitioners’ (if the location alone gave this access, then other universities in the city would be no different in this respect). The range of subjects is simply described as ‘rich’ – a subjective term with no means given to verify it.

5a The best answer is 1 (‘for potential applicants to see if the university is right for them’), as long as they read it critically. 5b (Suggested answers) 2 old newspapers and other historical documents 3 internal sources/documents (ideally, not those designed to market the university) 4 university website section for current students (they would need more specific information than here, e.g. what the subjects actually are) 6 Students’ own answers

Speaking 2 p. 163 1–4 Students’ own answers 5 Answers will vary. See the audio script for Track 107 for a suggested answer. 6 Students’ own answers 7 The talk is aimed at people who are not sure whether university is for them.

Summary writing 2 pp. 164–165 1 –2 Students’ own answers 3 (Suggested answer ) The talk is about student services that help people make the transition into student life. 4 –6 Students’ own answers 7a

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Expert PTE B2 Answer

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