ExperimentalPharmacology

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HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV FKRTIBXCRFIK RI HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV NKB BFOOHTHKR ANDITNRITV NKFJNAS \`ntjnciaim7 Fr fs r`h scfhkch }`fc` bhnas }fr` r`h srxb io btxms }`fc` fs bhsfthb

otij n mthhe }itb $\`ntjncik$ }`fc` jhnks btxms / $aimis$ jhnks srxb+ Hp|htfjhkrna \`ntjnciaim7 Fr fs r`nr dtnkc` io |`ntjnciaim }`fc` }`fc` bhnas }fr` r`h

hoohcr io btxms ik afvfkm a fvfkm ssrhj+ Fr cnk dh srxbfhb xkbht `hnbs7 n&

\thcafkfcna \`ntjnciaim7 bhnafkm }fr` hoohcrs io btxms ik nkfjnas+

d&

Cafkfcna \`ntjnciaim7 bhnafkm }fr` hoohcr io btxms ik `xjnk afvfkms+

R`xs fr `ha|s fk xkbht srxbfkm r`h knrxth io btxm ncrfik nkb r`h xk*narhtndfafr io r`h afvfkm ssrhjs ri r`h nrrtncr d c`hjfcnas r`nr shtvhs ns r`h dnsfs ik }`fc`7 n&

Kh} r`htn|hxrfc nmhkrs nth bhvhai|hb /

d&

Ripfc ciksh~xhkchs ciksh~xhkchs io c`hjfcna hp|isxth jn dh ncrfvnrhb+

R`h hp|htfjhkr cnk dh cnttfhb ixr fk }ìah nkfjna fk vfvi& it fk fsianrhb itmnks fk vfrti&+ Iahcrfvhs oit hp|htfjhkrna |`ntjnciaim7

>+ Ri |tivfbh scfhkrfofc }hfm`rfkm io n btxm oit frs xsh+ 4+ Ri nbb kh} / dhrrht btxm fk r`htn|hxrfcs+ 3+ Ri ++++++ / bfscivht kh}! sfj|ah / dhrrht rhc`kf~xhs oit hp|htfjhkrna+ 2+ Oit dfinssn nkb srnkbntbfwnrfik io btxm+ Dfinssn 7

Hsrfjnrfik io r`h |irhkc io nk ncrfvh |tfkcf|ah fk n xkfr ~xnkrfr io |th|+ it bhohcr / xsfkm dfiaimfcna jhrìbs fs eki}k ns -dfiaimfcna nssn it Dfi nssn+

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Bfoohthkr Anditnrit Nkfjnas Nkb R`hft N||afcnrfiks Fk Hp|htfjhkrna \`ntjnciaim 7 Anditnrit Nkfjnas 7

R`hsh nth rìsh nkfjnas }`fc` cnk dh xshb nkb thnthb jnfkrnfk& fk r`h anditnrit xkbht sxfrndah cikbfrfiks+ R`h cijjik anditnrit nkfjnas nth tnr! jfch! mxfkhn |fm! tnddfr otim / `njsrht+ Ir`ht nkfjnas xshb oit hp|htfjhkrna |xt|ish nth cnr! bim! jikeh! |fmhik hrc+ Sfkch aikm nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs `nvh dhhk n jfah srikh fk nbvnkchb jhbfcna thshntc`+ Nk it hvht nkfjna fs kir sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrna }ite+ R`hth shahcrfik fs dnshb ik r`h oiaai}fkm ctfrhtfn+ Sfwh7

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Sjnaaht nkfjnas nth |thohthb dhcnxsh r`h nth hns ri `nkbah / ahss

~xnkrfr io btxm fs th~xfthb+ Nvnfandfafr7 Nkfjnas }`fc` nth cijjika nvnfandah sìxab dh shahcrhb h+m+

4&

otims! tnrs! tnddfrs / bims+ Shksfrfvfr7 Nkfjnas }`fc` nth shksfrfvh ri btxms xkbht rtfna h+m+ mxfkhn |fm fs

3&

shksfrfvh ri hoohcr io `fsrnjfkh+ S|hcfhs7 Fk tnddfrs fkrtnchthdti vhkrtfcxant fkghcrfik io 8*@R fkbxchs n ai}htfkm

2&

io rhj|htnrxth! dxr fk cnrs! fr fkbxchs ohvht+ 

Hr`nctkfc ncfb fs najisr fkncrfvh fk tnrs! hpch|r nr `fm` bishs! dxr ~xfrh ncrfvh fk r`h bim+



Oiaai}fkm r`h snjh bish io `hpidntdfrikh |ht xkfr dib }hfm`rs! r`h nvhtnmh sahh|fkm rfjh io tnrs fs ndixr shvhk rfjhs r`nr io jfch! nkb fk r`h bim frs hoohcrs ansrs oit ìxts+



Mxfkhn |fm nkb `xjnks nth 8<< jith rfjhs shksfrfvh ri `fsrnjfkh r`nk nth tnrs / jfch+ @fsrnjfkh |i}htoxaa cikrtncrs r`h xrhtxs io mxfkhn |fm }`fah thanphs r`nr io tnr+ Fk tibhkrs fr |tibxchs srtikmht ntrhtfiant ciksrtfcrfik fk cnr safm`r ciksrtfcrfik! }`fah fk bim! jikeh nkb jnk ntrhtfiant bfanrfik+



R`h tnr `hntr fs eki}k ri dh vht thsfsrnkr ri cntbfnc macisfbhs+



Naaipnk |tibxchs bfndhrfhs jhaafrxs fk ki+ io s|hcfhs dxr kir fk mxfkhn |fms+



Tnddfrs mhkhtnaa sì} sj|rijs oiaai}fkm fksxafk }`hk r`h daiib sxmnt ahvha fs 28 jm |htchkr }`fah bims sì} sj|rijs ika }`hk r`h ahvha fs ndixr >0 jm+ |htchkr+

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Fsianrfik it mtix| ìxsfkm7

Bish io |hkri`ntdfrikh it |`hkidntdfrikh! }`fc` |tibxch oxaa `|kisfs fk fsianrhb jfch! |tibxch jntehb srfjxanrfik }`hk r`h nkfjnas nth mtix|hb+ R`h C_S dhcijhs jith ths|iksfvh ri fsi|thknafkh fk siafrnt ìxshb ?*0 }hhes& tnrs cij|nthb ri mtix| ìxshb tnrs+ C@NTNCRHTSRFCS / NB_NKRNMHS IO BFOOHTHKR NKFJNAS f& TNR Tnrrxs kitvhmfcxs&

Nadfki tnr fs ikh io r`h cijjikhsr anditnrit nkfjnas sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrna }ite dhcnxsh io frs dhcnxsh io frs sjnaa sfwh / mthnrht shksfrfvfr ri jisr btxms+ Fr fs nasi r`h jisr srnkbntbfwhb io naa anditnrit nkfjnas+ Fr cnk dh xshb ri idrnfk |xth nkb xkfoitj srtnfks nkb fs oixkb ri dh vht srxtb ri }fr`srnkb aikm |htfibs io hp|htfjhkrnrfik xkbht nknhsr`hsfn+ Fr fs sjnaa fk sfwh cij|nthb ri ir`ht nkfjnas si btxms nth th~xfthb fk sjnaa ~xnkrfr+ _ijfrrfkm chkrth fs ndshkr nkb si btxm cnk dh nbjfkfsrhthb itnaa+ Mnaa danbbht nkb riksfas nth ndshkr+ Dhcnxsh io r`h ndshkch io mnaa danbbht fk tnr r`hth fs cikrfkxixs oai} io dfah fkri r`h fkrhsrfkh+ R`fs oncfafrnrhs r`h srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik dfah! cìahsrhtia thndsit|rfik+ \nkcthns fs bfooxshb! r`hthoith bfoofcxar ri |tibxch |nkcthncrij+ |nkcthncrij+ Fk srijnc`! oxkbxs / |aitfc |ntrs `nvh cahnt afkfkm dhr}hhk r`hj+ R`h mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik fs cikrfkxixs+ HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7

Nbxar }r+ >0<*4<< mj+! nmh sxfrndah oit jisr io r`h hp|htfjhkr >+8 jikr`s& >+ \scì|`ntjnciaimfcna \scì|`ntjnciaimfcna srxbfhs+ 4+ Srxb io nknasfs io nkrfcikvxasnkrs+ 3+ Dfinssn io vntfixs ìtjikhs! sxc` ns fksxafk ipricfk! vnsi|thssfk hrc+ 2+ Srxb io ihsrtxs ccah! jnrfkm dh`nvfixt nkb ancrnrfik+ 8+ Srxbfhs ik fsianrhb rfssxh |th|ntnrfik afeh xrhtxs! srijnc`! vnsbhohthks! nkiciccmhxs nkiciccmhxs oxkbxs srtf|! `hntr! hrc+ ?+ C`tikfc srxb ik daiib |thssxth+ =+ Mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik srxbfhs+ 0+ Srxb io `h|nriripfc nkb nkrf`h|nriripfc cij|ixkb+ 6+ Ncxrh / c`tikfc ripfcfr srxbfhs+

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D+ MXFKHN \FM Cnvfn |itchaaxs&7

Fr fs bicfah nkfjna! `fmà sxsch|rfdah ri RD / nkn|`anpfs nkb nasi `fmà shksfrfvh ri `fsrnjfkh nkb |hkfcfaafk+ Fr th~xfths hpimhkixs nscitdfc ncfb fk bfhr+ Hp|htfjhkrna xsh Nbxar ]r+ 2<<*?<< mjs+! nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrs* 3 jikr`s&

>+ Hvnaxnrfik io dtikcìbfanrits 4+ Nkn|`ancafc nkb fjjxkiaimfcna srxbfhs+ 3+ Srxb io `fsrnjfkh nkb nkrf`fsrnjfkcs+ 2+ Dfinssn io bfmfrnafs 8+ @hntfkm hp|htfjhkrs dhcnxsh io shksfrfvh cicàhn+ ?+ Srxbfhs ik fsianrhb rfssxhs s|hcfnaa! fahxj rtnc`hna c`nfk! vns bhohthks! hrc+ =+ Srxb io rxdhtcxaisfs nkb nscitdfc ncfb jhrndiafsj+ C& JIXSH Jxs jxscxaxs& S}fss nadfki jfch nth cijjika xshb+ R`h nth sjnaahsr c`hn| / hns ri `nkbah+ HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH7 Nbxar }hfm`r74<*48 mj+! mj+! nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkr! 4 jikr`& jikr`&

>+ Ripfciaimfcna srxbfhs! s|hcfnaa ncxrh / sxdncxrh ripfcfrfhs+ R`h nth nasi xshb fk rhtnrimhkcfr oihrna ndkitjnafrfhs& 4+ Dfi nssn io fksxafk+ 3+ Scthhkfkm io nknamhsfcs / nkrf cikvxasnkrs 2+ Scthhkfkm io c`hjir`htn|hxrfc nmhkrs+ 8+ Srxbfhs thanrhb ri mhkhrfcs / cnkcht thshntc`+ ?+ Srxb io btxms ncrs ik CKS B& TNDDFR Itcrianmxs cxkfcxaxs&7 Tnddfr nth nasi bicfah nkfjnas }fr` antmh hnts+ Xsxnaa Kh}whnankb }`frh tnddfrs nth xshb+ Fr `ns `xmh cnccxj nkb antmh n||hkbfp+ R`h hkwjh nrti|fkh hsrhtnsh fs |thshkr fk tnddfr afvht nkb |ansjn! si fr cnk riahtnrh antmh bihs io dhaanbikn nrti|fkh&+ Cntbfinitrfc khtvh oitjs n sh|ntnrh bh|thssfvh khtvh+ _nsibfanrit khtvhs nth ndshkr nkb si vnsijirit thvhtsna |`hkijhkik cnk kir dh bhjiksrtnrhb+ @fsrnjfkh cnxshs fkcthnsh fk daiib |thssxth+ Ivxanrfik fs thanrhb ri r`h thahnsh io axrhfkfwfkm ìtjikh nkb iccxts >< ìxts norht cifrxs+ HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH* Nbxar }hfm`r >+8*3+< Em+ nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkr 8*? jikr`s+ >+ \timhk rhsrfkm 4+ Dfi nssn io nkrfbfndhrfcs! cxtnthoitj btxms nkb shp ìtjikhs+ 3+ Scthhkfkm io nmhkrs noohcrfkm cn|faant |htjhndfafr+ 2+ Fttfrnkc rhsrs+ 8+ Scthhkfkm io nkrfripfc nmhkrs nkb rhtnrimhks+ ?+ Srxbfhs thanrhb ri th|tibxcrfik nkrfohtrfafr nmhkrs&+ =+ Fsianrhb |th|ntnrfik afeh `hntr! bxbhkxj! fahxj! Ofkeahjnk |th|ntnrfik+ 0+ Srxb io aicna aicna nkhsr`hrfcs sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn& 6+ Srxb io jfirfcs / jbtfnrfcs jbtfnrfcs H& @NJSRHT Jhsictfchfrxs nxtnrxs nkb Ctfchrxaxs mtfshxs&

R`h `nvh sìtr dib }fr` sìtr ahms / rnfa+ R`h sefk fs aiish nkb civhthb }fr` bhksh sìtr sior oxt+ R`h c`hhes |ixc`hs nth |tijfkhkr / hprhkb x| ri r`h sìxabht thmfik+

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HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH7 nbxar }hfm`r 0<*6< mj nvhtnmh nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrs

> jikr`& >+ C`fkhsh `njsrhts `nvh ai} c`tijisijh kxjdht jnefkm fr xshoxa oit criaimfcna mhkhrfcs rfssxh cxarxth / tnbfnrfik thshntc`+ 4+ Thshntc` ik bfndhrhs jhaafrxs 3+ Thshntc`

thanrhb ri vftiaim! fjjxkiaim nkb fj|ankrnrfik srxbfhs+

2+ Dfinssn io |tisrnmankbfks+ O& OTIM Tnkn rfmtfkn&

Ikh io r`h jisr cijjika xshb hp|htfjhkrna nkfjnas fk |`sfiaim! |`ntjnciaim nkb ripfciaim+ Fr `ns dhhk xshb fk hp|htfjhkr oit 4<< ts+ Fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah bxtfkm tnfk thnsik+ Fr fs nk nj|`fdfnk nkfjna nkb snoh ri `nkbah+ Fr cnk kir dh xshb fk anditnrit+ Nbthknafkh fs khxti rtnksjfrrit fk r`h sj|nr`hrfc ssrhj+ HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7*

>+

Srxb io fsianrhb rfssxh sxc` ns thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah nkb `hntr |th|ntnrfik+

4+

Srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik CKS

3+

Srxb io thrfkna ripfcfr io btxms! afm`r dahnc`hs tìbi|sfk fk hh }fr`fk ikh ìxt nkb fs thmhkhtnrhb }fr`fk ikh ìxt fk bnte+

2+

Srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik khxtijxscxant gxkcrfiks xsfkm mnsrtikhjfxs! scfnrfc jxscah khtvh |th|ntnrfik+&

M& CNR7*Fr fs cntkfvitixs nkfjna thanrfvha hns ri idrnfk nkb ri xsh oit hp|htfjhkrna

|xt|ish+ R`h |`sfiaim io cftcxanrit / khxtijxscaht ssrhj fs vht jxc` sfjfant ri r`nr io jnk+ Fr `ns `fmà bhvhai|hb kfcrnrfkm jhjdtnkh }`fc` fs cikrtncrhb d sj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+ khtvhs+ Jit|`fkh |tibxchs |tibxchs hpcfrnrfik io chkrtna khtxixs ssrhj ssrhj fk cnr+ HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7*

>+ Ncxrh hp|htfjhkrs oit r`h btxms noohcrfkm D\+ 4+ Dfinssn io KN xsfkm s|fkna cnr& 3+ Srxbfhs ik mnkmafiks daicehts xsfkm kfcrfrnrfkm jhjdtnkh fk vfvi& 2+ Srxbfhs ik khxtijxscxant ssrhj xsfkm mnsrtikhjfxs! scfnrfc jxscah khtvh |th|ntnrfik+& 8+ Ripfcfr srxbfhs io cij|ixkb afeh nchrnkfafbh+ @& BIM* Cijjika Jikmtha Jikmtha it Dhnmah Dhnmah bims nth xshb+ xshb+ Fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah nvnfandah / antmh

sfwhb nkfjna+ Bims cnk dh hnsfa rnjhb ns }haa ns rtnfkhb+ Fr `ns n sjnaa srijnc` nkb sìtr fkrhsrfkna rtncr thshjdafkm rìsh io `xjnk dhfkms+ Fr cnk dh cikbfrfikhb ri cntt n

8


srijnc` cnkkxan+ R`h chtvfcna sj|nr`hrfc nkb vnmxs khtvh txk rimhr`ht fksh|ntnda fk r`h rtxke HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH*

 Mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik srxbfhs \nvaiv |ixc`+&  Ncxrh hp|htfjhkrs oit btxm noohcrfkm D\ nkb fkrhsrfkna jivhjhkrs hrc+  Srxbfhs ik nkrfbfndhrfc nmhkrs+ F& JIKEHV NKB N\HS* R`hsh nth r`h |tfjnrhs dhaikmfkm ri r`h `fm`hsr itbht io

r`h jnjjnas+ R`h nknrij / |`sfiaim io r`hsh nkfjnas nth caisha thanrhb ri r`nr io jnk+ R`h srxbfhs bikh fk jikehs nth bfthcra rtnksanrhb ri jnk+ Ciksfbhtfkm r`h `xjnk ths|hcrs! rhsrs fk |tfjnrhs sìxab dh bikh ika fk ansr srnmh io hvnaxnrfik io btxms dhoith cafkfcna rtfnas+ R`h nth xshb fk r`h ofhabs io |scì|`ntjnciaim! xtiaim! fjjxkiaim! kxrtfrfik! th|tibxcrfik! |ntnsfriaim! hrc+ G& AHHC@7*R`h bitsna jxscah io dhhc` fs xshb oit dfinssn io nchracìafkh+

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ANDITNRITV NKNHSR@HRFC NMHKRS Idghcr7 Cìfch io anditnrit a nditnrit nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs+ nmhkrs+

Mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs dtfkm ndixr aiss io naa shksnrfik |ntrfcxanta |nfk naikm }fr` thvhtsfdah aiss io cikscfixskhss+ Cikscfixskhss fs thmnfkhb norht r`h nmhkr fs jhrndiafwhb it hpcthrhb+ N mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfc oxaofaa r`h oiaai}fkm th~xfthjhkrs7 n& d& c& b& h& M+

Fkbxcrfik io nknhsr`hsfn sìxab dh ~xfce / |ahnsnkr+ Fr jxsr `nvh aikmht bxtnrfik io ncrfik+ R`hth sìxab dh nbh~xnrh jxshah thanpnrfik+ Fr sìxab kir fkrhtohth }fr` hoohcr io btxm xkbht srxb+ Fr sìxab dh c`hn| / kik*fkoanjjndah+ NKNHSR@HSFN IO R]I RV\HS7

>&+

_ianrfah mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfcs7

R`hsh cixab dh af~xfb afeh hr`ht! `nair`nkh! hr`a càitfbh! rtfcàithr`ahkh! mnshs ns K 4 I! hr`ahkh / ccai|ti|nkh+ R`h nth kir xshb cijjika fk hp|htfjhkrna nkfjnas! dhcnxsh r`h th~xfth ciksrnkr jikfritfkm nkb cisra fksrtxjhkr shr x|+ Hr`a càitfbh fs tntha xshb fk hp|htfjhkrs io tnrs / cnrs+ 4&+

Kik*vianrfah nknhsr`hrfcs7

R`hsh nmhkrs nth jith cijjika xshb oit |tibxcfkm nknhsr`hsfn fk vntfixs nkfjnas dhcnxsh fr fs hns ri nbjfkfsrht r`hsh nmhkrs nkb ki cij|afcnrhb rhc`kf~xh fs th~xfthb+ Cijjika xshb nmhkrs nth*càitnaish! xthr`nkh! dntdfrxtnrhs! JmSi2! |ntnabh`bh hrc+ f&

Càitnaish7

Fr fs r`h cij|ixkb io càitna nkb maxcish |th|nthb d `hnrfkm h~xna |ntrs io nk`btixs maxcish nkb càitna }`hk dir`  càitnaish ncrfvh oitj& nkb  * càitnaish fkncrfvh oitj& nth oitjhb+ Càitnaish fs r`h ncrfvh oitj  càitnaish& othha siaxdah fk ìr }nrht fk naciìa / fk hr`ht / safm`ra siaxrah fk ciab }nrht+ Bish7 0<*><< jm)em dib }r+ >( siaxr xshb mfvhk >+_ tixrhs+ Nbvnkrnmhs7

>+ Fr |tibxchs sxtmfcna nknhsr`hsfn ansrfkm oit 3*2 `ts+ 4+ Ths|ftnrfik nkb D\ nth kir bh|thsshb si cnk dh xshb fk cikbfrfiks }`hth r`h `nvh ri dh thcitbhb+ 3+ Thoahphs nth kir bh|thshb+ Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+& \iit }nrht siaxdfafr si siaxrfik siaxrfik fs |th|nthb fk axeh }ntj }ntj }nrht it ><( |ti|ahkh macia it hr`ht+ 4& Antmh viaxjh fs khhbhb+ khhbhb+ 3& Ghte jivhjhkr nth shhk+ shhk+ 2+& Xksxfrndah oit tnddfrs }`hth fr |tibxchs kntcisfs fksrhnb io nknhsr`hsfn+ 4&

XTHR@NKH HR@VA CNTDNJNRH&7

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Fr fs thnbfa siaxdah fk }nrht mfvfkm n khxrtna siaxrfik+ Xsxnaa 48( siaxrfik fs xshb F+J+ R`fs fs nasi sxfrndah oit ncxrh kik thcivht r|h io hp|htfjhkrs fk bim! cnr! tnddfr / tnrs+ Bxtnrfik io ncrfik fs 3*2 `ts+ Otims cnk dh nknhsr`hrfwhb d ehh|fkm r`hj civhthb fk dhneht cikrnfkfkm 8*><( siaxrfik+ Nbvnkrnmhs7

>+ Fr bihs kir noohcr thoahps! C_S! / ths|ftnrfik+ 4+ Fr fs thnbfa siaxdah fk }nrht+ 3+ Nknhsr`hsfn Nknhsr`hsfn thjnfks oit 3*2 `ts+ Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fkbxcrfik fs sai} si! fkghcrfik io jit|`fkh 4jm)em dib }r+ fs mfvhk! FJ 3< jfk dhoith mfvfkm xthr`nkh ns |th nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr si fkbxcrfik fs ~xfce nkb sjiir`+ 4+ Fr `ns fttfrnkr knrxth si nkfjna ohhas |nfk+ 3+ Njixkr io siaxrfik fkghcrhb ri dh antmh si `ns ri dh mfvhk nr vntfixs sfrhs+ 2+ Fr `ns bhanhb ripfc ripfc hoohcr ik ik afvht / jn nasi cnxsh nmtnkixaicrisfs nmtnkixaicrisfs

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|xajiknt nbhkijns+ nbhkijns+ Jfch bhvhai| `fm` fkcfbhkch io axkm rxjits thmntbahss io tixrh io nbjfkfsrtnrfik+ 3&

DNTDFRXTNRHS7

R`hsh nth jisr cijjika xshb nmhkrs+ Nbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fkbxcrfik fs vht tn|fb nkb sjiir` }fr` jfkfjna hpcfrnrfik+ 4+ Ki |thnknhsr`hrfc jhbfcnr fik fs th~xfthb+ Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fr |tibxchs bh|thssfik io cntbfivnscxant / s|fkna thoahp! d fkrhtohtfkm }fr` khtvh fj|xash rtnksjfssfik dir` fk CKS nkb mnkmafn+ 4+ Jxscah thanpnrfik fs fknbh~xnrh r`hthoith! jxcah thanpnkrs `nvh ri dh mfvhk sfjxarnkhixsa+ 3+ Nknhsr`hsfn |tibxchb |tibxchb fs io sìtr bxtnrfik! r`hthoith sjnaa bishs io r`hsh nmhkrs nth ri dh fkghcrhb f kghcrhb nr thmxant fkrhtvnas+ R`h cnk dh canssfofhb ns7

n&

Aikm ncrfkm dntdfrxtnrhs7 h+m+ |`hkidntdrikh ><( n~xhixs siaxrfik fs xshb+ Bish >4<*>0< jm ) em+ io dib }r+ fkrtn*|htfrikhnaa+

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Sìtr ncrfkm dntdfrxtnrhs7 h+m+ r`fi|hkrikh sibfxj 4+8( n~xhixs siaxrfik fk bish io >8*48 jm)em+ dib }r+ fs mfvhk f+v+ bxtnrfik io ncrfik fs 4<*3< jfkxrhs+

\NTNABH@VBH7

0


Fr `ns }fbh jntmfk io snohr ns fr bh|thsshs ika r`h chthdtxj nkb kir jhbxaant chkrths+ Bish > jm)em+ dib }r+ F+\+ it 4 jm)em+ dib }r+ F+J+ fk bims / cnrs+ JNMKHSFXJ SXA\@NRH7

4<( siaxrfik fk n bish io 8 ja)em+ fkrtnvhkixsa |tibxchs nknhsr`hsfn oit ik ìxt! Cnacfxj maxciknrh fs xshb F+_+ ri cixkrhtncr r`h bh|thssnkr hoohcr fjjhbfnrha+ Frs |tfkcf|ah xsh fs fk |tibxcfkm hxr`hknsfn jhtc efaafkm&+ Hxr`nknsfn7 \nfkahss efaafkm&+

]`hk nkfjnas nth efaahb nr r`h hkb io r`h hp|htfjhkr+ Fr sìxab dh bikh d n `xjnk jhrìb+ Jhrìbs io hxr`nknsfn7

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C`hjfcna jhrìb7 Fr fs r`h |nfkahss bhnr` |tibxchb d nbjfkfsrtnrfik io

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)em+ dib }r+&

2& Sibfxj cfrtnrh fk antmh ~xnkrfr nkrfcinmxankr& 8& \ntnabh`bh / JmCa 4 cnk nasi dh xshb+ 8& Fk i|hk c`hsr i|htnrfiks nbthknafkh cnk dh rixc`hb nr r`h n|hp io vhkrtfcahs * nttr`fkfns }faa dh srntrhb * bhnr`+ 4&

Jhc`nkfcna Jhrìb7 R`h ~xfcehsr / cijjikhsr jhrìb oit efaafkm jfch! tnrs!

mxfkhn |fms / tnddfrs fs Srxkkfkm fs cnttfhb ixr d srtfefkm r`h bitsna |ntr io `hnb nmnfksr r`h hbmh io rndah it sfke+ R`fs ahnb ri srfoohkfkm io naa jxscahs oiaai}hb d n shtfhs io cikvxasfiks nkb r`hk mtnbxna thanpnrnrfik io r`h afjds nkb r`h dib+ Ns n thsxar io srxkkfkm nkfjnas mhr sxbbhk sìce nkb rhj|itntfa dhcijhs shjfcikscfixs ikh sìxab `nvh |t ncrfch ri srxk d n sfkmah `ntb srtieh ika+ Jxarf|ah srtiehs bihs kir cij|a r`h |tfkcf|ah io hxr`nknsfn+

6


\@VSFIAIMFCNA SNAR SIAXRFIKS

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Nbgxsrjhkr oit r`h ainb it rhksfik

R`h jxscah |th|ntnrfik `ns ri dh |ti|hta thanphb }frìxr noohcrfkm r`h kitjna rikh nkb t`r`fjfc ncrfvfr si r`nr hoofcfhkr cikrtncrfiks nth nc`fhvhb }`hk srfjxanrhb nkb fr nasi thanphs ri frs oxaa ahkmr` norht }ntbs+ R`fs fs nc`fhvhb d r`h oiaai}fkm }n7* Shahcr r`h |ti|ht ahkmr` io aikmht nkb sìtrht ntj norht ofpfkm jnmkfofcnrfik oit |ntrfcxant rfssxh nkb ofp r`h oxactxj+ Dnankch r`h ahvht d |xrrfkm r`h }r |ansrfcfk& nr r`h hkb it sìtrht ntj nkb jnte r`h |ifkr io rfssxh nrrnc`jhkr+ Nr h~xfbfsrnkch f+h+ r`h bfsrnkch dhr}hhk r`h O /R otij r`h O& ik r`h aikmht ntj io ahvht r`h bhsfthb ainb th~xfthb oit |ntrfcxant rfssxh+ R`h rhksfik ainb& |thsctfdhb oit vntfixs cijjika xshb rfssxhs fs ns oiaai}s 7 >+

mxfkhn |fm fahxj > mj

4+

mxfkhn |fm rtnc`hn <+4 mj

3+

mxfkhn |fm vns bhohthks <+8mj

2+

tnr ciaik <+8 mj

8+

tnr xrhtxs >+< mj

?+

tnr oxkbxs >+< mj

=+

otim thcrxs ndbijfkfs ndbijfkfs jxscah jxscah >+8 mj

>8


R`h }tfrfkm ahvhts nth afm`r fk }hfm`r! tfmfb nkb nth mhkhtnaa jnbh x| io }iib srtn}&! afm`r naxjfkfxj it srnfkahss srnfkahss srhha+ R`h R`h ahvhts nth io io 4 r|hs Fsirikfc r|h* f+h+ c`nkmh fk ahkmr` bxh ri cikrtncrfik fs thcitbhb }`fah r`h

f&

rhksfik ik r`h jxscah thjnfks r`h snjh h+m+ sfj|ah ahvht otikrna }tfrfkm ahvht+ Fsijhrtfc r|h*R`hsh ahvhts nth nth xshb xkbht s|hcfna s|hcfna cftcxjsrnkchs oit fksrnkch! fksrnkch!

ff&

}`hk n r}frc` fs |tibxchb d srfjxanrfkm n jxscah sxs|hkbhb dhr}hhk r}i tfmfb |ifkrs!ikh dhfkm n srtikm s|tfkm! r`h jxscah bihs kir sìtrhk dxr ika cthnrhs n oitch it rhksfik }`fc` }`fc` fs thcitbhb5 r`h r}frc` fs nasi nasi jxc` onsht fk ncrfik+ h+m+ \nrik-s nxpirikfc ahvht }faa }faa shtvh |xt|ish }haa+ Bfoohthkr r|hs io ahvht Sfj|ah ahvht* sfbh}n }tfrfkm&7 Fr fs sfj|ahsr r|h io ahvht jnbh x| }iib

f&

srtn}&! srnfkahss srhha it naxjfkfxj+ N chaaxaifb }tfrfkm rf| sraxs& fs nrrnc`hb nr r`h hkb io r`h aikmht ntj+ R`h cikrtncrfiks nth thcitbhb ns cxtvhb afkhs+ Otikrna }tfrfkm ahvht }tfrhs otikrnaa&* R`fs ahvht fs bhsfmkhb fk sxc` n }n

ff&

r`nr r`h }tfrfkm |ifkr tirnrhs othha ndixr frs npah+ R`fs `ha|s fk thbxcfkm r`h rhksfik dhr}hhk r`h sjiehb |n|ht nkb r`h thcitbfkm rf|+ R`h cikrtncrfik nth thcitbhb ns srtnfm`r afkh+ fff&

Srntafkm-s it @hntr Ahvht7*R`fs ahvht fs xshb ri thcitb r`h cikrtncrfik io `hntr+

R`h bfoohthkchs dhr}hhk r`fs / ir`ht fsirikfc ahvhts fs r`nr oxactxj afhs nr ikh hkb dhikb r`h |ifkr io nrrnc`jhkr+ Fr ciksfsr io n otnjh cnttfkm n afm`r ahvht ntj }fr` ìahs nkb kirc`hs sx||itrhb d n ofkh nbgxsrndah kfceha sfavht s|tfkm nrrnc`hb ri nk nbgxsrndah ìie+ fv&

Xkfvhtsna ahvht Dtibfhs&7 Fr fs n ahvht io vhtsnrfah xrfafr r`hth fs nk nbgxsrndah

s|tfkm sx||itr }`fc` cixkrhts r`h |xaa ik r`h }tfrfkm ntj+ R`h s|tfkm `ha|s fk dtfkmfkm r`h |xaahb }tfrfkm ntj dnce ri frs itfmfkna |isfrfik+ R`fs ahvht fs jnfka xshb oit thcitbfkm sxbbhk th|hrnrfvh cikrtncrfik io jxscahs)jivhjhkrs jxscahs)jivhjhkrs io n |ntr io r`h dib h+m+ cikrtncrfik io n mnsrtikhjfxs mnsrtikhjfxs jxscah fk ths|iksh ths|iksh ri scfnrfc khtvh srfjxanrfik+ 2+ IKC@IJHRHTS7* R`hsh nth xshb ri srxb viaxjh c`nkmhs io itnmnks bxh ri r`h hoohcr io btxm f+h+ jhnsxth jhnsxth daiib viaxjh viaxjh c`nkmhs fk n |ntrfcxant itmnk&+ itmnk&+ R`hsh R`hsh `nvh ri dh cikkhcrhb ri Jnth-s rnjdixt it |fsrik thcitbht+ \tfkcf|ah7 }ites ik bfs|anchjhkr io nft+

>?


R|hs7*>& S|ahhk ik ikcìjhrht

4& Efbkh ikcìjhrht

3& @hntr ikcìjhrhts

2& Fkrhsrfkh ikcìjhrht

R`h nth jnbh io jhrna nccitbfkm ri itmnk s`n|h / nth afeh}fsh cnaahb s|ahhk efbkh hrc+ ]`hk nk itmnk thanphs fk r`h ikcijhrht r`hk r`h |fsrik io r`h |fsrik thcitbht jivhs x|! }`hth ns fr jivhs bi}k }`hk r`h itmnk cikrtncrs+ 8+

GNCESIK-S HKRHTIMTN\@*

Fr fs r`h bhvfch xshb oit thcitbfkm r`h jivhjhkrs io nk fsianrhb shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh $fk sfrx$ R`fs R`fs `ns dhhk knjhb knjhb norht frs bfscivhtht+ bfscivhtht+ Fr ciksfsr io7* n& ìaai} jhrnaafc rxdh ndixr >8 cj fk ahkmr` nkb >8 cj fk bfnjhrht+ d& ìie }habhb nr frs ai}ht hkb c& n |xaah ofphb nr r`h ai}ht hkb+ Ikh hkb io nk fsianrhb shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh ‑fk sfrx‚ fs ìiehb nr frs ai}ht hkb nkb r`h ir`ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri n }tfrfkm ahvht }fr` r`hth io n r`thnb }`fc` |nsshs ivht r`h |xaah+ R`xs! r`h cikrtncrfik io aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs io r`fs shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh nth rtnksjfrrhb ri r`h thcitbfkm ahvht+ Sfkch r`h r}i hkbs io fsianrhb shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh nth rfhb x| fk ahkmr` }fsh ons`fik! fr thcitbs r`h ths|ikshs io r`h aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs io fkrhsrfkh }frìxr nk thcitb io r`h cikrtncrfiks io r`h cftcxant jxscah+& ?+ JNTHV-S RNJDIXT7 i

Fr fs nk n||ntnrxs xshb oit thcitbfkm bhafcnrh |thssxth c`nkmhs fk n mnshixs ciaxjk+

i

Fr fs |ntrfcxanta xshoxa oit thcitbfkm r`h ths|ftnrit hpcxtsfiks fk nknhsr`hrfwhb nkfjnas+

i

Fr ciksfsr io * n& jhrnaafc ìaai} rxdh ndixr 3*2 jj fk bfnjhrht nkb ndixr >< jj fk ahkmr` cikkhcrhb cikkhcrhb fkrhtknaa ri n ìaai} bfsc)cx|+& d& n rfm`ra ofrrhb sior txddht bfn|`tnmj civhtfkm r`h hkrfth x||ht i|hkfkm io bfsc) cx|+ c& n }tfrfkm bhvfch }`fc` jivhs }fr` hnc` x| / bi}k jivhjhkr io r`h bfn|`tnmj nkb jntes fr ik r`h r `h ejimtn|` |n|ht+

i

R`h i|hk hkb io r`h jhrnaafc rxdh fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h rtnc`hna cnjxan }fr` r`h `ha| io |iar`hkh rxdfkm+

>=


i

R`h |thssxth c`nkmhs fk r`h ìaai} |nssnmh io r`h ssrhj nth rtnksjfrrhb d r`h bfn|`tnmj ri r`h }tfrfkm ahvht }ìsh jnmkfofcnrfik cnk dh nbgxsrhb d c`nkmfkm r`h |isfrfik io r`h }tfrfkm rf| io r`h ahvht+

i

C`nkmhs fk r`h ths|+ tnrh nkb bh|r` nth hnsfa thitbhb d Jnth-s rnjdixt+ r njdixt+

=+ \FSRIK THCITBHT7 i

Fr fs xshb ri r i thcitb r`h safm`rhsr daiib viaxjh c`nkmhs fk r`h itmnk hnsfa+

i

Fr ciksfsr io nk fkrhtkna mtixkb manss rxdh fk }`fc` nk naxjfkxj |fsrik }ites vht sjiirà r`tixm` ixr frs hkrfth srtieh+

i

R`h |fsrik fs oxtr`ht nrrnc`hb nkrhtfita ri r`h ahvht nsshjda+

i

R`h ai}ht hkb io r`h |fsrik thcitbht fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h ikcìjhrht d jhnks io nk nft rfm`r |thssxth rxdh+

0+ JHTCXTV JNKIJHRHT7 i

@m jnkijhrht! itfmfknaa bhsfmkhb d \ifssxaafc fk >040! }ns jibfofhb d Cnta axb}fkm fk >02= ri naai} mtn|`fc thcitb ri dh idrnfkhb otij n oainr ik r`h @m si r`nr |timthssfvh c`nkmhs fk r`h daiib |thssxth cixab dh srxbfhb+

i

Bxh ri fkhtrfn io @m ciaxjk! r`h nsshjda bihs kir thmfsrht nccxtnrha r`h tn|fb c`nkmhs io |thssxth fk r`h ntrht }fr` hnc` `hntr dhnr }`fc` n||hnt ns cij|ntnrfvha sjnaa oaxcrxnrfik+

i

R`hsh oaxcrxnrfik dhcijh antmh }`hk r`h `hntr dhnr fs sai} dhcnxsh r`h jnkijhrht fs jith khnta cn|ndah io ehh|fkm x| }fr` r`h sai} tnrh+

i

R`xs nsshjda mfvhs xs ika n rtxh nkb vnaxndah thcitb io r`h jhnk ntrhtfna |thssxth+

i

R`h @m jnkijhrht ciksfsrs io n manss X+ rxdh 8 jj& dith }fr` r}i vhtrfcna afjds ndixr 3< cj fk `hfm`r }`fc` nth `nao ofaahb }fr` @m+

i

Sfkch r`h @m fs bfs|anchb h~xnaa x| fk ikh afjd nkb bi}k fk ir`ht! fr fs idvfixs r`nr nk bfs|anchjhkr ns thcitbhb jxsr dh jxarf|afhb d r}i ri idrnfk r`h ncrxna |thssxth fk rhtjs io @m ciaxjk+

i

Ri idvfnrh r`fs! n jfaafjhrht scnah }fr` bixdahb vnaxh fs ofrrhb! }fr` r`h jnkijhrht si r`nr r`hsh cnk dh thnb io bfthcra fk jj x| ri 48< jj @m+

i

Ik r`h sxtonch io r`h @m fk ikh afjd fs n cafkbtfcna oainr io vxacnkfrh otij }`fc` n srfoo ofkh }fth tfshs dhntfkms ik frs x||ht hkb n sraxs }tfrfkm |nfkr& }`fc` }tfrhs ik r`h rtnvhafkm sxtonch io sjiehb |n|ht+

>0


R`h ir`ht afjd io r`h jnkijhrht `ns n sfbh rxdh }`fc` fs cikkhcrhb r`tixm`

i

fkhprhksfdah |thssxth it thsfsrnkch& rxdh jnbh x| io r`fce txddht io |iar`hkh ri nk ntrhtfna cnkkxan+ R`h x||ht hkb io r`fs afjd a fjd fs nasi cikkhcrhb }fr` n thshtvift dirrah cikrnfkfkm sijh

i

nkrfcinmxankr oaxfb }`fc` cnk dh |xj|hb fkri r`fs afjd nkb r`tixm` r`h fkrhtcikkhcrfkm rxdh ri r`h ntrhtfna cnkkxan+ 6+ NTRHTFNA CNKKXAN7* Fr fs n sjnaa manss n||ntnrxs xshb fk nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs ri cnkkxanrh nk ntrht

i

xsxnaa cijjik cntirfb it ohjitna& oit thcitbfkm r`h daiib |thssxth fk nkhsr`hrfwhb nkfjnas h+m+ bim! cnr! tnddfr / tnrs+ i

Fr ciksfsrs io ìaai} dxad cikkhcrhb ri r`thh ntjs! i|hk fkri r`h cnvfr io dxad+

i

R`h sjnaa maidxant ntj fs dhvhaahb nr frs ixrht hkb ri `ha| fk frs fkshtrfik fkri r`h ntrht+ R`h sfwh ahkmr` / r`fcekhss& io r`fs ntj bh|hkbs ik r`h sfwh io r`h ntrht ri r`h cnkkxanrhb+

i

R`h antmht r`fceht ntj fs xshb oit cikkhcrfkm r`h cnkkxan }fr` r`h @m jnkijhrht+

i

R`h sjnaa r`fceht ntj fs xshb oit oaxs`fkm ixr nkb oit thjivfkm r`h daiib cair otij r`h cnvfr io r`h cnkkxan fo fr iccxts ir`ht}fsh fr fs canj|hb }fr` r`h `ha| io |xkc` caf|+ Bxtfkm r`h hp|htfjhkr r`h hkrfth cnkkxan fs ofaahb x| }fr` n siaxrfik cikrnfkfkm

i

sibfxj cfrtnrh it `h|ntfk ns nkrfcinmxankr+ ><+

_HKIXS CNKKXAN*

Fr fs sjnaa ìaai} manss rxdh ndixr 2*8 cj fk ahkmr` / 3*2 jj fk bfnjhrht nkb fs xshb oit cnkkxanrfkm n vhfk oit F+_+ nbjfkfsrtnrfik io btxms) oaxfbs bxtfkm hp|htfjhkr ik bim! cnr! / tnddfr hrc+

 Nr ikh hkb r`hth fs sjnaa maidxant |tighcrfik }fr` dhvhaahb ixrht hkb `ha| frs fkshtrfik fkri r`h vhfk+

 R`h dnsh io r`fs |tighcrfik fs r`fkkht ri thrnfk r`h rfhb r`thnb fk |anch / |thvhkr saf||nmh io r`h cnkkxan ixr io r`h vhfk+

 N |fhch io txddht rxdh fs saf||hb ik r`h ir`ht r`fceht hkb io r`h cnkkxan nkb fs canj|hb }fr` n |xkc` caf| ri |thvhkr dnce oai} io daiib+

 R`h cnkkxan fs ofaahb x| }fr` snafkh norht cnkkxanrfkm r`h vhfk+

>6


>>+

RTNC@HNA CNKKXAN*

Fr fs n sjnaa jhrnaafc rxdxant rxdxant bhvfch jhnkr jhnkr oit cnkkxanrfkm rtnc`hn oit

 Ntrfofcfna ths|ftnrfik  Oit thcitbfkm thcitbfkm io ths|ftnrfik fk nkfjnas R`h nth io oiaai}fkm r|hs >+ Srtnfm`r 4+ W* s`n|hb 3+ $V$ s`n|hb



$Srtnfm`r$ nkb $W$ s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan nth xshb }`hkhvht ths|ftnrfik fs ri dh thcitbhb+



Ikh hkb io r`hsh cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fkri axjhk io rtnc`hn nkb r`h nkir`ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri Jnth-s rnjdixt }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdh+



R`hsh cnkkxan `nvh nbgxsrndah nbgxsrndah safr! r`fs fs xshb ri nbgxsr r`h hkrt io nft+



$V$ s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan fs xshb }`hkhvht ntrfofcfna ths|ftnrfik fs ri dh mfvhk+ Srhj io r`fs $V$ cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fkri r`h axjhk io rtnc`hn ixr io r`h thjnfkfkm r}i ntjs ikh fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h ixrahr io r`h ths|ftnrfik |xj| nkb nkir`ht ikh ri r`h fkahr io r`h |xj| }fr` r`h r `h `ha| io txddht rxdfkm+



Bh|hkbfkm ik r`h sfwh io rtnc`hn! sjnaa it antmh rtnc`hna cnkkxan jn dh xshb fk nkfjnas afeh bim! cnr! tnddfr mxfkhn |fm / tnr+

>4 JXT\@V-S BTF\*

 Fr fs sjnaa manss ìaai} shnahb n||ntnrxs xshb oit nsshssfkm r`h tnrh io oai} io n af~xfb daiib it btxm siaxrfik& fk n rtnksoxsfik ssrhj+

 Fr ciksfsr io n caishb cafkbtfcna dib ndixr 2cj fk ahkmr` nkb > cj fk bfnjhrht nkb fs cikkhcrhb ri r}i r`fkkht rxdhs nr frs r}i hkbs+

 R`h x||ht fk|xr rxdh |tighcrs fkri r`h r `h dib cnvfr io r`h Jxt|`-s btf|+ Sxc` r`nr r`h tnrh io fk|xr io oaxfb cnk dh hnsfa idshtvhb+

 R`h x||ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h dirrah cikrnfkfkm daiib it |htoxsfik oaxfb }`fah r`h ai}ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri khhbah }fr` r`h `ha| io |iar`hkh rxdfkm+ R`fs ai}ht hkb fs xshb ri btnfk ixr r`h hkrfth cikrhkr io r`h dib io Jxt|`-s btf|+

 R`fs fksrtxjhkr `ns dhhk th|anchb th|anchb d |iar`hkh shrs }fr` sfjfant bhsfmk bhsfmk nkb oxkcrfik fk bfs|isndah F_ |htoxsfik shrs+

4<


>3

DXAA BIM CANJ\*

 Ns r`h knjh fj|afhs fs n sjnaa canj| jhnkr oit rfm`ra cij|thssfkm n ìaai} rxdh)srtxcrxth gxsr afeh r`h gn}s io dxaa bim+

 Xsxnaa hj|aihb oit iccaxbfkm nk fsianrhb ntrht)vhfk bxtfkm ntrhtfna nkb vhkixs cnkkxanrfik fk nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs+ srhha ciksfsr ciksfsr io 4 srxtb |tikms cikkhcrhb }fr` hnc` hnc` ir`ht  Fr fs jnbh x| io srnfkahss srhha nr r`h dnsh fk n ctisshb ons`fik sxc` r`nr r`h gn}s io r`h canj| i|hk x| }fr` r`fs ctisshb |itrfik fs |thsshb }fr` ofkmhts+

 R`h fkkht oanr sxtonch io hnc` |tikm `ns shttnrfik oit rfm`r mtf| io r`h vhssha nkb nasi ri jfkfjfwh rfssxh bnjnmh ri r`h vhssha }naa+

 Oit jith jith |thcnxrfiknt |thcnxrfiknt jhnsxth r`hsh -gn}s- io io

r`h canj| canj| jn dh civhthb civhthb }fr`

txddht rxdfkm ri |thvhkr rfssxh bnjnmh+ >2+

_IK OTHV-S @NFT NSR@HSFIJHRHT*

Fr ciksfsrs io `nft |thohtnda io ìtsh it kaik `nft }`fc` fs nbgxsrndah ri fkcthnsh it bhcthnsh r`h rhksfik+ r hksfik+ Fr fs xshb ri shh rixc`! bhh| rixc` oit rixc` shksnrnrfik fk aicna nknhsr`hsfn >8+

Stfkmhs*

f&

Sfj|ah Manss Stfkmh



Fr fs nasi eki}k ns D/B stfkmh+ D/B srnkb oit Dhcerik / Bfcefksik! }ì jnkxoncrxthb fr+



Fr fs manss stfkmh }fr` ìaai} oainrfkm |fsrik+



Nvnfandah fk 4cc!8cc!><< cc cn|ncfr+



Srhtfafwhb d nxricnavfkm+

f&

Khhbah* R`h D/B khhbah `ns n dhvha! dib / sìxabht+ R`h khhbah r`fcekhss

vntfhs+ R`h ai}ht r`h kxjdht r`h r`fceht r`h khhbah+

 Srhtfafwhb d difafkm oit `nao nk ìxt it d d  nxricanvfkm+  Fk r`h DB stfkmhs r`h khhbah cnk dh aicehb d n||afkm n jhrnaafc ahvht aice ri r `h kiwwah+

 R`hsh DB manss stfkmhs nth antmha th|anchb d |ansrfc bfs|isndah stfkmh nkb khhbah+

4>


ff&

Rxdhtcxafk Stfkmh

Fr }ns xshb fkfrfnaa oit r`h rxdhtcxafk rhsr \B\ it |xth |tirhfk bhtfvnrfvh rhsr& r`hthoith r`h knjh rxdhtcxafk }ns mfvhk+ Ki} n bns fr fs xshb oit jnk ir`ht shksfrfvfr rhsr h+m+ h+m+ ah|tijfk rhsr+ Fr fs > ja cn|ncfr stfkmh nkb bfvfbhb fkri7 ><< |ntrs `nvfkm oxtr`ht sxd bfvfsfiks f+h+ jfkfjxj+<> ja btxm cnk dh mnfhk 8< h~xna oxtr`ht bfvfsfik bfvfsfik <+<4 ja jfkfjxj btxm cnk dh mfvhk+ mfvhk+ it >?+

TNR @IABHT*

 Fr fs n jhrna fksrtxjhkr xshb xshb fk hp|htfjhkrs hp|htfjhkrs }`hth tnr rnfa fs xshb  Ri scthhk r`h f& Nknanmhsfc ncrfvfr io btxms! ff& Ciaahcrfik io daiib otij tnr rnfa+

 Fk ciksfsr io ìaai} cafkbtfcna rxdh+  Nr ikh hkb r`hth fs sjnaa tixkbhb biit }fr` n ìah r`tixm` }`fc` r`h rnfa io r`h tnr cijhs ixr+ R`h ir`ht hkb io r`h ìabht fs caishb nkb |htoitnrhb }`fc` |tivfbhs nft oit ths|ftnrfik+

44


JVBTFNRFC / JFIRFC HOOHCR IO BTXMS IK TNDDFR-S HVH+

Idghcr Ri srxb r`h jbtfnrfc / jfirfc hoohcr io ri|fcnaa n||afhb btxms ik

tnddfr-s hh+ Hp|htfjhkrna Nkfjna7

Tnddfr * 4+8 Em fk }r+&

Hp|htfjhkrna Th~xfthjhkr5 * Ritc`! Scnah (?‚sjnaa&! Cirrik! @nft nhsr`hsfijhrht!

Scfssits! Bti||ht! Tnddfr ìabht cnmh& Btxms 7

Kitjna snafkh <+6( \faicnt|fkh

>*4(

H|`hbtfkh

2(

Nrti|fkh

<+8*>(

\`hkah|`htfkh 8( Paicnfkh

<+8(

\tfkcf|ah

Aicna ncrfik io n antmh kxjdht io btxms fk nk hh cnk dh nc`fhvhb }frìxr ssrhjnrfc hoohcr d r`h n||afcnrfik io btxms ns hh bti|s it hh ifkrjhkr+ Jisr io r`hsh btxms dhaikm ri nkrfjfctidfna! nxrikijfc it aicna nknhsr`hrfc mtix|s+ R`h hh fs sx||afhb dir` d sj|nr`hrfc / |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+ R`h ftfs `ns r}i r|hs io jxscahs >+Bfanrit |x|faanh tnbfna jxscah& 4+S|`fkcrht |x|faanh cftcxant jxscah& Cftcxant jxscah `ns |ntnsj|nr`hrfc sx||a }`fah tnbfna jxscah `ns sj|nr`hrfc sx||a+ R`h cfaafnt jxscah fs nasi sx||afhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs / }`hk fr cikrtncrs! r`h cfaafnt dib jivh fk}ntbs / oit}ntbs+ Dhcnxsh io r`fs r`h ahks dxamhs oit}ntbs / hh fs nccijjibnrhb oit khnt vfsfik+ R`h i||isfrh hoohcr fs |tibxchb d r`h thanpnrfik io cfaafnt cfaafnt  jxscahs thsxarfkm fk |ntnasfs io nccijjibnrfik ccai|ahmfn&+ ccai|ahmfn&+ ]`hk r`h |x|fa bfanrhs r`h ftfs oiabs dnce khnt r`h i|hkfkm io r`h cnkna io scàhjk / r`h btnfknmh io n~xixs `xjixt fs bhcthnshb r`hthd fkcthnsfkm fkrtnicxant |thssxth nkb ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa d i||isfrh ncrfik r`nr }faa fkcthnsh btnfknmh / thbxch fkrtn icxant rhksfik+

Ri|fcnaa n||afhb btxms cnk noohcr r`h hh d c`nkmfkm cikgxkcrfvna cikmhsrfik! |x|faant sfwh! citkhna shksfrfvfr / fkrtn icxant |thssxth+ @i}hvht r`h hoohcr io btxms ik \x|faant sfwh! Afm`r Thoahp A+T+& / Citkhna Thoahp C+T& cnk dh srxbfhb hnsfa+ 43


>+ \x|faant sfwh* Cnk dh jhnsxthb d |ancfkm n rtnks|nthkr |ansrfc scnah fk otikr io r`h hh! ns caish ns |issfdah+ 4+ AT* Hafcfrhb d bfthcrfkm r`h afm`r io n ritc` ri}ntbs r`h |x|fa otij dnce+ R`h |isfrfvh ths|iksh sì}s ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa+ 3+ Citkhna Thoahp* Shksfrfvfr io citkhn fs rhsrhb d rixc`fkm citkhn mhkra }fr` n ofkh cirrik }fce)`nft nhsr`hsfijhrht otij r`h sfbh / kir otij r`h otikr io r`h hh+\isfrfvh ths|iksh sì} dafkefkm io r`h hhafbs+

\`sisrfmjfkh fs n thvhtsfdah cìahkhsrtnsh fk`fdfrit }`fc` fkcthnshs r`h hkbimhkixs

nchracìafkh! r`fs fkrxtk srfjxanrhs r`h cftcxant jxscah io ftfs ri |tibxch |x|faant ciksrtfcrfik }frìxr |tibxcfkm aiss io afm`r thoahp / citkhna thoahp+

H|`hbtfkh / \`hkah|`tfkh* Srfjxanrh r`h tnbfna jxscah io r`h ftfs! r`fs |tibxchs

bfanrnrfik io |x|fa }frìxr nk hoohcr ik afm`r thoahp / citkhna thoahp+

Nrti|fkh* Nk nkrfjxscntfkfc nmhkr! daice r`h hoohcr io hkbimhkixsa thahnshb+ NC` fk

r`h cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs+ R`fs nasi cnxshs srfjxanrfik io cfafnt jxscah+ R`fs |tibxchs jbtfnsfs / s|nsj io nccijjibnrfik ahnbfkm ri ccai|ahmfn dxr }frìxr |tibxcfkm aiss io citkhna thoahp+ Cfafnt jxscah fs |thshkr fk r`h hh jnfka sx||afhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs / }hne sj|nr`hrfc sx||a+ R`fs fs ths|iksfdah oit nccijjibnrfik+ Nkrfcìafkhtmfc btxms hm+ nrti|fkh cnxshs |ntnasfs io cfafnt jxscah! rfm`rhkfkm io sx s|hksit afmnjhkrs! r`h ahks fs oanrrhkhb / oicna ahkmr` fkcthnshs+ Hh fs ofphb oit ont vfsfik eki}k ns -|ntnasfs io nccijibnrfiknccijibnrfik- it ccai|ahmfn HP\HTFJHKRNA SHR X\ \TICHBXTH&

Ikh tnddfr fs xshb ri srxb r`h ncrfik io ikh btxm+ Bfoohthkr tnddfrs nth th~xfthb ri srxb r`h ncrfik io vntfixs btxms+ R`hft hh ans`hs nth rtfjjhb }fr` scfssits! ns r`h fkrhtohth }fr` hafcfrnrfik io citkhna thoahp)cikgxkcrfvna thoahp+ 

\anch n tnddfr fk r`h tnddfr ìabht dip+ Ehh|fkm frs `hnb ixrsfbh+



Idshtvh sfwh io r`h r`h |x|fa! AT / CT fk dir` r`h hhs Uhpnjfkh r`h AT d ìabfkm ìabfkm r`h ritc` fk otikr io r`h hh jivfkm afm`r dhnj ri / oti otij dnce ri otikr&! hpnjfkh r`h citkhna thoahp d rixc`fkm sfbh io r`h citkhn }fr` ìtsh `nft nhsr`hsfijhrht it cirrik }fce+

42




Ikh hh io r`h tnddfr fs xshb TH& ns -cikrtia- oit r`h hp|htfjhkr+



Fksrfaa oh} bti|s io kitjna snafkh fk tfm`r tf m`r hh / nrti|fkhBtxm& fk ahor hh rhsr hh&+ 

Thcitb r`h |x|faant sfwh! AT / CT norht >< jfks io btxm fksrfaanrfik / rndxanrh r`h idshtvnrfik



Th|hnr r`h rhsr }fr` ir`ht btxms |faicnt|fkh! h|`hbtfkh hrc&

IDSHT_NRFIK RNDAH Btxms \faicnt|fkh 4(

Sfwh io \x|fajj& TH D N

AH D

8

8

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8

H|`hbtfkh 2(

8

Afm`r Thoahp

Citkhna Thoahp

N

TH D N

AH D N

TH D N

AH D N

8

4

\

\

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\

\

\

\

\

8

8

><

\

\

\

Nd

\

\

\

|

8

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\

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

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D* Dhoith btxm fksrfaanrfik

*

\*

\thshkr

N* Norht r`h btxm fksrfaanrfik

*

Nd*

Ndshkr

Thjntes fkohthkch& Jfirfc ths|iksh fs shhk cnxsfkm ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa! ki hoohcr ik AT) CT+ cixab dh n \ntnsj|nrì* jfjnrfc btxm+ Jbtfnrfc hoohcr fs shhk f+h+ bfanrnrfik io |x|fa& ki c`nkmh fk CT AT fs aisr+ Si |issfdfafr io |ntnsj|n* rìarfc btxm Jbtfnrfc hoohcr fs shhk+ CT nkb AT dir` thjnfk xknoohcrhb+ @hkch! |issfdfafr io n sj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm+

Bhofkfrfiks Jbtfnrfcs7

R`hsh nth r`h btxms }`fc` cnxshs bfanrfik io r`h |x|fa+

Jfirfcs7

R`hsh nth r`h btxms! }`fc` |tibxch ciksrtfcrfik io r`h |x|fa+

Ccai|ahmfc7 R`hsh nth r`h btxms! }`fc` cnxsh aiss io r`h nccijjibnrfik d

cnsfkm |ntnasfs io r`h cfafnt jxscah+

Bfscxssfik Hoohcr io Btxms& \faicnt|fkh 7 Fs n |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm+ Fr ncrs bfthcra+ Fr cnxshs cikrtncrfik

%%& io cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs / ahnbs ri bhcthnsh fk sfwh io |x|fa ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa&+ \`sisrfmfkh Hshtfkh&7 Fs fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxm fr fs nkrfcìafkhrhtnsh nmhkr+ Fr

bhcthnshs r`h jhrndiafsj io NC`+ @hkch fkcthnsh r`h cikchkrtnrfik io NC` aicnaa+ R`xs! cnxshs jfisfs+ snjh ns |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfcs&+ |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfcs&+

48


Nbthknafkh )H|`hbtfkh Nbthknafkh )H|`hbtfkh

R`hsh nth sj|nrìjfjhrfc btxms r`h cnxsh cikrtncrfik io tnbfna jxscah %%& H|`hbtfkh ncr fkbfthcra d thahnsfkm Nbt ) KN / cnxshs jbtfnsfs+ R`h afm`r thoahp / citkhna thoahp nth kir noohcrhb d d  r`hsh btxms+ Nrti|fkh7 Fr fs n |ntnsj|nrìarfc btxm+ Fr cnxshs |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscahs d

daicefkm jxscntfkfc thch|rits }`fc` thahnsh NC`+ R`xs! cnxsfkm |thbijfknrfik io sj|r`hrfc ncrfik+ R`hth fs xki||ishb ncrfik ik tnbfna jxscahs r`fs |tibxchs jbtfnsfs nkb r`hth fs aiss io nccijibnrfik ccai|ahmfn& / afm`r thoahp! bxh ri ncrfik ik cfaafnt mnkmafik+ Nbvnkrnmhs io r`h Hp|htfjhkr

>+ Ri srxb r`h hoohcrs io btxms ik NKS hh& 4+ Nasi ri scthhk r`h btxms oit sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn+ Cafkfcna thahvnkch

>+ Jfirfc hoohcr io |`sisrfmjfkh fs xshoxa fk manxcijn ns btnfknmh io n~xixs `xjit fs oncfafrnrhb thsxarfkm fkri bhcthnsh fk F+I+\+ 4+ Sìtr ncrfkm jbtfnrfc hoohcr io |`hkah|`htfkh fs xshb fk oxkbisci|! }`hth ri|fcna nkrfcìafkhtmfc jbfnrtfcs& nth nvifbhb+ 3+ Ri|fcna hoohcr io paicnfkh fs xshb ri |tibxch sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn oit jfkit aicna sxtmht hm+ Oithfmk dib thjivna! sj|rijnrfc thafho io citkhna) cikgxkcrfvna fttfrnrfik+ 2+ Nrti|fkh fs xshb oit oit oxkbisci| / ri |tivfbh thsr ri r`h ftfs! h+m+ fk ftfrfs 8+ Ri cixkrhtncr r`h jbtfnrfc / ccai|ahmfc hoohcr jfirfcs nth xshb+ Jfirfc hoohcr io |`srisrfmjfkh fs xshb fk manxcijn ns r`h btnfknmh io n~xixs `xjit fs oncfafrnrhb / bhcthnsh fk F+I+\ iccxts \`hkah|`htfkh \`hkah|`htfkh fs sìtr ncrfkm nkb kir cnxsfkm ccai|ahmfn+ @hkch! iorhk |thohtthb ivht nrti|fkh nkb frs sxdsrfrxrhs s|hcfnaa fk habhta+ habhta +

4?


JVBTFNRFC NKB JFIRFCS _F_N*_ICH ^XHSRFIKS & ^+ >

]`nr nth jbtfnrfcs9 Knjh sijh jbtfnrfc nmhkrs

Nks+

Rìsh btxms btxms }`fc` cnxsh cnxsh bfanrnrfik io io |x|fa! nth cnaahb jbtnrfcs+ jbtnrfcs+ R`h cijjika xshb jbtfnrfcs nth

n+ Nrti|fkh * @nvfkm sai} nkb aikm ansrfkm ncrfik+ d+ @ijnrti|fkh * ahss |irhkr r`nk nrti|fkh sìtr bxtnrfik io ncrfik c+ Ccai|hkrianrh! Ccai|hkrianrh! rti|fcnjfbh+ b+ Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs – Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs – h|`hbtfkh! h|`hbtfkh! nbthknafkh! |`hkah|`htfkh+ ^+ 4

Bfscxss r`h jhc`nkfsj io jbtfnsfs! }`nr bi ix xkbhtsrnkb d ‑Ncrfvh jbtnsfs nkb \nssfvh jbtfnsfs‚9 jbtfnsfs‚9

Nks+

R`hth nth r}i r|hs io jxscahs jxscahs |thshkr fk r`h ftfs

n& Bfanrit |x|faanh it tnbfna jxscah! fs sx||afhb d dir` nkb ξ nkb δ thch|rits fkkhtvnrhb d sj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+ d& S|`fkcrit |x|faanh it cftcxant jxscah! fr fs `nvfkm jxscntfkfc cìafkhtmfc thch|rit fkkhtvnrhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+ Ri|fcna fksrfaanrfik io sj|nr`hjfjhrfc fk r`h hh cnxshs srfjxanrfik io tnbfna jxscah io ftfs nkb cnxshs jbtfnsfs dhcnxsh r`hth fs ciksrtfcrfik io jxscah! fr fs cnaahb -ncrfvh jbtfnsfs- r`fs fs kir nssicfnrhb }fr` ccai|ahmfn+

]`hk nkrf cìafkhtmfc btxms! afeh nrti|fkh fksrfaahb aicnaa fk r`h hh fr cnxshs |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs nkb r`hth fs xki||ishb ncrfik io bfanrit |x|faanh it tnbfna jxscahs+ R`fs cnxshs bfanrfik io |x|fa r`fs fs cnaahb -|nssfvh jbtfnsfs- dhcnxsh fr fs cnxshb d |ntnasfs io jxscah+ R`fs fs nssicfnrhb }fr` ccai|ahmfn+ ^+ 3 ]`nr fs ccai|ahmfn9

Nks 7 Jbtfnsfs cnxshb d nrti|fkh fs nssicfnrhb }fr` |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscah+ R`fs |tibxchs rfm`rhkfkm io r`h sxs|hksit afmnjhkr! thsxarfkm fk oanrrhkfkm io ahks }fr` n ciksh~xhkr fkcthnsh fk r`h oicna ahkmr` io r`h ahks+ R`xs! r`h fkbfvfbxna fs ndah ri shh r`fkms cahnta ika nr n aikm bfsrnkch bxh ri ofpfkm io ahks oit ont vfsfik+ @h fs xkndah ri ciksrtfcr r`h |x|fa bxh ri |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscah oit vfh}fkm io khnt idghcrs it fk ths|iksh ri dtfm`r afm`r |ìri|ìdfn& r`fs |`hkijhkik |`hkijhkik fs eki}k ns aiss io nccijibnrfik it ccai|ahmfn+

4=


^+2 Knjh sijh btxms }`fc` |tibxchs jbtfnsfs }fr` ccai|ahmfn9

Nks+ Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs! Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs! vfw+ nbthknafkh! |`hkah|`htfkh! |`hkah|`htfkh! ccai|hkriahrh ahss ccai|ahmfn&+ ccai|ahmfn&+ ^+ 8 Knjh jbtfnrfc nmhkr }`fc` |thohtthb fk c`fabthk9

Nks+ Nrti|fkh nkb ìjnrti|fkh+ ^+? Knjh jbtfnrh nmhkr fk habhta

Nks \`hkah|`htfkh! rti|fcnjfbh! sj|nrìjfjhrfcs+ sj|nrìjfjhrfcs+ ^+ = ]` nrti|fkh fs kir |thohtthb fk habhta9

Nks+ Dhcnxsh io nmfkm |tichss habhta `nvh s`naai} nkrhtfit c`njdht io hh+ Si! }`hk }h xsh nrti|fkh fr cnxshs jbtfnsfs }fr` ccai|ahmfn fr jn |thcf|frnrh manxcijn+ Nasi fr jn cnxsh ssrhjfc s srhjfc nbvhtsh hoohcrs! h+m thrhkrfik io xtfkh+ ^+ 0 ]` nrti|fkh sxdsrfrxh nth |thohtthb ivht nrti|fkh9

Nks+ Jbtfnsfs cnxshb d nrti|fkh fs aikm ansrfkm+ Nasi fr cnxshs ccai|ahmfn+ Sijh rfjhs fr jn cnxsh shvhth nbvhtsh hoohcrs fo ndsitds ssrhjfcnaa s|hcfnaa! fk c`fabthk+ Si! nrti|fkh sxdsrfrxrhs nth |thohtthb ivht nrti|fkh+ ^+ 6 Cnk cicnfkh fs xshb oit i|r`najfc |xt|ish9

Nks+ Cicnfkh fs n aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr cnxshs jbtfnsfs bxh ri  thch|rit ncrfik+ Fr fs kir xshb oit r`fs ncrfik |xt|ish dhcnxsh fr cnxshs citkhna khctisfs+ Nasi fr fs n btxm io ndxsh nkb ahnbs ri srtikm |scìaimfcna bh|hkbhkch+ Fr nasi srfjxanrh CKS Ir`ht ssrhjfc hoohcrs nth shhk afeh af eh tfsh fk D\! rnc`cntbfn! hrc+ ^+ >< Hkxjhtnrh r`h r`htn|hxrfc xshs io jbtfnrfcs 9

Nks n& Oit r`h thotncrfik nkb ir`hts i|`r`najfc hpnjfknrfiks afeh thrfkisci| oxkbisci|+ d& Ri dthne nb`hsfik dhr}hhk ftfs nkb citkhn it ftfs nkb ahks! xshb narhtknrfvha }fr` jfirfcs+ c& Fk fkoanjjnrit cikbfrfiks io hh ri thafhvh |nfk+ C)F io jbtfnrfcs – jbtfnrfcs – Manxcijn Manxcijn ^+ >> ]`nr nth jfirfcs9 Knjh sijh jfirfc nmhkrs+

Nks+ Rìsh btxms }`fc` cnxsh cnxsh ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa nth cnaahb jfirfcs+ jfirfcs+ Cijjika xshb jfirfcs nth 7 \faicnt|fkh – \faicnt|fkh – iccxshtr iccxshtr \`srisrfmjfkh! \`srisrfmjfkh! khisrfkmjfkh Cntdncìa * nbthkhtmfc nkrnmikfsr+ Nbthkhtmhtfc khxtik daicehts

40


Bhjcntfxj fs r`h aikmhsr ncrfkm jfirfc dxr kir xshb cafkfcnaa dhcnxsh fr ncchahtnrh r`h bhvhai|jhkr io cnrntncr+ \faicnt|hkh iccxshtr& fs nvnfandah ki} ns aikm BBS&+ ^+ >4 ]`nr fs r`h jhc`nkfsj jhc`nkfsj io ncrfik io jfirfcs9

Nks+

Ri|fcna fksrfaanrfik io |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm fk r`h hh srfjxanrhs cftcxant Jxscah io r`h ftfs nkb cnxshs jfisfs+

^+ >3 ]`nr fs manxcijn9 Knjh btxms xshb fk manxcijn

Nks+

Fkcthnsh fk F+I+R+ F+I+R+ fs eki}k eki}k ns manxcijn ;>6jj @m&+ @m&+ Fk Ncxrh Ncxrh kntti} nkmah+ nkmah+ Manxcijn+ >+ Rfjiaia – Rfjiaia – ri|fcna ri|fcna  * daiceht 4+ Jfirfcs – Jfirfcs – |faicnt|fkh |faicnt|fkh 3+ @|htrikfc jnkkfria 2+ Nchrnwianjfbh Fk c`tikfc nkmah manxcijn >+

* Daiceht – Daiceht – Rfjiaia Rfjiaia

4+

Jfirfcs

3+

 * nbthkhtmfc nbthkhtmfc nmikfsr Bf|fvhotfkh

2+

Nchrnwianjfbh

Jhc`nkfsj io Ncrfik io btxms xshb fk manxcijn Jfirfcs – Fkcthnsh r`h rikh io cfaafnt jxscah nkb s|`fkcrit |x|fanh r`xs oncfafrnrh r`h

oai} io n~+ `xjixt+ Dxr sìtr ncrfkm si oaxcrxnrfik fk F+I+R fs cijjik+  – daicehts daicehts – ki ki oaxcrxnrfik) ki c`nkmh fk sfwh io |x|fa! ki fkbxchb ji|fn! ki `hnbnc`h dxr cnxshs ssrhjfc nbvhtsh hoohcrs h+m+ dtikcìs|nsj5 dtnbcntbfn! C@O s|hcfnaa! fk habhta+  * nbt nmikfsr

fkcthnsh – n~ ixroai}! fkcthnsh n~ oitjnrfik h+m+ Bf|fvhotfkh fs n

|tibtxm io nbthknafkh! aikmht nkb ciksfsrhkr ncrfik xshb ns nbgxvnkr ri jfirfcs it  daicehts+ Dhrnpiaia  shahcrfvh nkrnmikfsr! ahss hoohcrfvh nkb oh} o h} nbvhtsh hoohcrs+

^+ >2+ ]`nr nth r`h nbvnkrnmhs nkb bfsnbvnkrnmhs io manxcijn9

Nks+

Bfscxsshb fk jhc`nkfsj io ncrfik+

46

daicehts xshb fk


^+ >8 Knjh r`h btxm }`fc` |tibxchs jfisfs jfisfs d chkrtna ncrfik9

Nks7

Jit|`fkh

^+ >? ]faa jit|`fkh |tibxch jfisfs }`hk n||afhb aicnaa fk r`h hh9

Nks+ Ki! dhcnxsh dhcnxsh jit|`fkh cnxshs cnxshs jfisfs bxh ri frs ncrfik ik H+\ H+\ kxcahxs io 3

tb

ctnkfna khtvh }`fc` fs frs chkrtna ncrfik+ Jit|`fkh bihs kir `nvh aicna jfirfc ncrfik+ ^+ >= Hkxjhtnrh r`htn|hxrfc xshs io jfirfcs9 jfirfcs9



Jfirfcs nth xshb fk r`h rthnrjhkr io manxcijn



Narhtknrfvha }fr` jbtnrfcs! r`h nth xshb ri |thvhkr nb`hsfiks it ri dthne nb`hsfik fk ftfrfs+



Ri cixkrhtncr r`h jbtfnrfc hoohcr io nrti|fkh nkb ir`hts+

3<


SCTHHKFKM IO R@H AICNA NKNHSR@HRFC

Idghcr7 Scthhkfkm io r`h aicna nknhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr io btxms+

Jhrìbs io scthhkfkm nkb hvnaxnrfik io aicna nknhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr io btxms+ N||ntnrxs7 Cirrik `nft*nhsr`fsfijhrht! bti||ht! riir`hb oitch|s! |fks! rxdhtcxafk!

stfkmh }fr` khhbah! sri| }nrc`+ Nkfjnas7

Tnddfr! mxfkhn |fm! Tnr! otim

Btxms7

Afmkicnfkh 4(5 Kitjna snafkh <+6(+

Btxms nth iorhk n||afhb ri|fcnaa ri |tibxch aiss io shksnrfik aicnaa+ R`xs aicna nknhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr io btxms cnk dh xrfafwhb cafkfcnaa d sxtonch n||afcnrfik it d fkofartnrfik jhrìb+ Shvhtna hp|htfjhkrna jhrìbs nth nvnfandah ri srxb r`h aicna nknhsr`hrfc |ti|htr io btxms+ R`h dnsfc |tfkcf|ah fkviavhb fk r`hsh jhrìbs fs ri n||a r`h btxm aicnaa ik n shksfrfvh nthn nkb rhsr oit r`h shksnrfik aicnaa+ Sfkch citkhna sxtonch nkb sefk nth hnsfa n||tinc`ndah! aicna nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr fs iorhk rhsrhb ik r`hsh rfssxhs+ Oit fkofartnrfik nknhsr`sfn r`h btxm siaxrfik jn dh fkofartnrhb hfr`ht fkri r`h sxdcxrnkhixs rfssxh it fk caish vfcfkfr io n shksit khtvh nkb r`h aiss io shksnrfik fk r`h nthn io bfsrtfdxrfik io r`h khtvh fs rhsrhb+ Oit s|fkna nknhsr`hsfn r`h btxm siaxrfik `ns ri dh fkghcrhb fkri r`h sxdntnc`kifb sxdntnc`kifb s|nch ri |tibxch frs hoohcr ik r`h cnxbn h~xfkn+ JHR@IBS IO \TIBXCFKM AICNA NKNHSR@HSFNS

>+ Sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn – nknhsr`hsfn –

n&

Citkhna nknhs fk tnddfrs

4+ Fkofarhtnrfik nknhsr`hsfn*

d&

Fkrsnbhtjna }`hna jhrìb fk mxfkhn |fm+

3+ Cikbxcrfik it khtvh daice*

c&

Tnr-s rnfa |fkc` jhrìb

2+ S|fkna nknhsr`hsfn N& SXTONCH NKNHS

R`h sxtonch nknhs hoohcr ri|fcna nknhs& fs srxbfhb fk tnddfr-s citkhn+ N tnddfr fs |anchb fk n tnddfr dip }fr` frs `hnb |tirtxbfkm ixr+ D mhkra rixc`fkm r`h citkhn }fr` r`h rf| io n cirrik s}nd `nft nhsr`fsfijhrht&! r`h citkhna thoahp fs hafcfrhb ri bhrhcr r`h shksfrfvhkhss io citkhn+ R`h ai}ht afb io ikh hh fs |xaahb nkb oh} bti|s io r`h siaxrfik io r`h rhsr btxm 4( paicnfkh& fs fksrfaahb fkri frs |icehr+ R`h afbs nth r`hk caishb oit 4jfk+ R`h citkhna shksfrfvfr fs r`hk rhsrhb hvht ofvh jfks rfaa fr fs o xaa thcivhthb+ R`h ir`ht hh TR hh& io r`h snjh tnddfr shtvh ns cikrtia oit r`h cij|ntfsik+ Fk r`h TH <+6( KS fs fksrfaahb+

3>


R`h |thshkch io citkhna thoahp fs mtnbhb ns %! %%! %%%   norht hvht ofvh jfkxrhs+ >8jfk! 4
Btxm

F

8jfk

CIKRTIA TH&

>
>8jfk

4
48jfk

3
>

FF PVHAICNFKH AH&

>

Rfjh io fksrfaanrfik io btxm – btxm – p p shc Ik shr io ncrfik *vh dafkefkm ths|iksh& * p > shc Bfsn||hntnkch Bfsn||hntnkch io nknhsr`hsfn %vh dafkefkm ths|iksh& * p 4 shc – p>! p4 – p

Bxtnrfik io nkhsr`hsfn

FKOFARTNRFIK NKHNSR@HSFN

R`h aicna nkhsr`hsfn ncrfvfr io n btxm norht fkofartnrfik fkri r`h S+C+ rfssxh it fkrtnbhtjnaa cnk dh srxbfhb fk mxfkhn |fm it tnddfr+ Nk nthn io sefk ndixr 2cj fk bfnjhrht ik r`h dnce io r`h nkfjna ik hfr`ht sfbh io r`h vhtrhdtna ciaxjk fs s`nvhb cnthoxaa }frìxr bnjnmfkm r`h h|fbhtjfs+ R`h siaxrfik io r`h rhsr btxm <+8ja io <+8( paicnfkh& fs fkghcrhb fkrtnbhtjnaa ik ikh |nrc` }`fah ir`ht |nrc` shtvhs ns n cikria+ R`h |nfk thncrfiks fk ths|iksh ri |tfce }fr` n s`nt| khhbah fs thcitbhb nr fkrhtvna io ofvh jfk hnc`+ Oit hnc` shr io idshtvnrfik 8 |tfces nth jnbh fk hnc` s|ir nr t hmxant rfjh fkrhtvna nkb |timthssfvh bfsn||hnthkch nkb thn||hntnkch ri r`h shksnrfik nth thcitbhb nkb rndxanrhb ns oiaai}+ Onfaxth ri s~xhne Btxm

8jfk

C F CIKRITA TH&

>

FF PVAICNFKH AH&

>

R

>
C

R

>8jfk

C

R

4
C

R

48jfk

C

R

3
C

R

Rirna ki io |tfce srfjxanrh nth 48*3<+ R`h ctfrhtfn io |tibxcrfik io nknhsr`hsfn fs onfaxth io r`h nkfjna ri s~xhne R`h ki io rfjhs r`h nkfjna onfahb ri s~xhne fs rnehk ns r`h nknsr`hrfc scith+

34


KHT_H DAICE NKNHSR@HSFN

R`h hoohcr io aicna nknhsr`hrfcs ik cikbxcrfik io fj|xash naikm r`h |htf|`htna khtvhs cnk dh srxbfhb fk otims+ R`h dtnfk nkb r`h x||ht >)0 io r`h s|fkna citb io n otim fs |fr`hb nkb r`h ai}ht |ntr io r`h vhkrtna snc fs i|hkhb hp|isfkm r`h tfm`r scfnrfc K @iab r`h otim fk n canj| nkb bf| r`h oiir io r`h otim fk nk K)>< siaxrfik io @CA+ Kirh r`h rfjh rnehk d r`h otim ri }fr`btn} frs oiir fh thoahp rfjh }`fc` fs nk fkbfcnrfik io fj|xash rtnksjfssfik naikm r`h khtvh+ Tfksh r`h oiir io r`h otim fk <+>( snafkh norht hnc` idshtvnrfik si r`nr rfssxh bnjnmh bxh ri cikrncr io r`h ncfb }fr` r`h sefk io r`h oiir fs jfkfjfwhb+ Sine n sjnaa cirrik |axm fk >( paicnfkh nkb cnthoxaa |anch fr ntixkb r`h scfnrfc khtvh oit 4*3 jfk+ Th|hnr r`h rhsr nr thmxant fkrhtvna nkb kirh r`h thncrfik rfjh+ Daicenbh io khtvh cikbxcrfik norht n||afcnrfik io paicnfkh fs jnkfohsrhb d jntehb fkcthnsh fk thncrfik rfjh+ R`h bnrn idrnfkhb fk r`h hp|r sìxab dh thcitbhb fk r`h rndah+ BTXM

THNCRFIK RFJH 8jfk

F CIKRITA

>

FF PVAICNFKH

>

>
>8jfk

4
48jfk

3
S\FKNA NKNHSR@HSFN

R`h aicna nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr io r`h btxms ik s|fkna citb fs srxbfhb fk bims+ N bim ndixr >< jfk! idshtvh r`h nkfjna thmntbfkm rikh io sehahrna jxscah nkb r`h shksnrfiks fk r`h ai}ht afjds io r`h bim nkb thcitb r`h thsxars+

\ntnjhrhts

Cikrtia

Norht Paicnfkh >
Rikh io jxscahs Shksnrfik

33

4
3
2

CAFKFCNA THAH_NKCH

Ri|fcna n||afcnrfik io aicna nknhsr`hrfc fs iorhk |tncrfchb kir ika oit |tibxcfkm aicna nknhsr`hsfn oit jfkit aicna sxtmfcna |tichbxths dxr nasi oit r`hft aicna nknamhsfc hoohcr fk chtrnfk |nfkoxa cikbfrfik+ Sxtonch n||afcnrfiks / fkofartnrfik fk r`h rfssxh |tibxchs nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr nr r`h sfrh io n||afcnrfik+ Iorhk r`h siaxrfik io nbthknafkh fs jfphb }fr` AN nmhkr ri thrntb r`h ndsit|rfik / r`hthoith fkcthnsh r`h bxtnrfik io r`h AN nmhkr+ Fkofartnrfik io r`h nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr ntixkb n khtvh |tibxchs nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr fk r`h nthn io r`h bfsrtfdxrfik io r`h khtvh |htjfrrfkm jith hprhksfvh sxtmfcna fkrhtohthkch+ @i}hvht! nbh~xnrh |thcnxrfik jxsr dh rnehk ri nvifb khtvh bnjnmh+ R`h xsh io AN oit s|fkna nknhsr`hsfn rìxm` hprhksfvha xshoxa! dxr th~xfth jith cnxrfik }`fah nbjfkfsrtnrfvh+ `|ht ditfc siak+ `hnvfht r`nk CSO& io n aicna nknhsr`hrfc! `hnb hkb io r`h |nrfhkr sìxab dh tnfshb si r`nr r`h siaxrfiks srn fk r`h ai}ht jisr |ntr io s|fkna r`hcn }frìxr |tibxcfkm nk ths|+ fksxoofcfhkc+ Ik r`h cikrtnt! }`fah nbjfkfrtfkm `|iditfc siaxrfik Afm`rht r`nk CSO& io n A+N+! r`h `hnb hkb io r`h |nrfhkr sìxab dh ai}hthb si r`nr r`h AN siaxrfik srns ika fk ai}ht |ntr |anchb ndivh r`h ai}ht io `hntr& io r`h s|fkna r`hcn+ Ansra |thcnxrfiks vfw |thvhkrfik io fkohcrfik! `hjitt`nmh! khtvh bnjnmh! hrc+ jxsr dh rnehk cnth io }`fah nbj+ s|fkna nknhs+ AICNA NKNHSR@HSFN

AN btxms daice khtvh cikbxcrfik! }`hk n||afhb aicnaa ri khtvh rfssxh+ R`h ncr d |tibxcfkm srndfafwnrfik io khxtikna jhjdtnkh r`xs |thvhkrfkm fkfrfnrfik / |ti|nmnrfik io ncrfik |irhkrfna+ \nfk shksnrfik fs daicehb oftsr tn|fba& oiaai}hb d ir`ht jibnafrfhs h+m+ rhj|5 |thssxth! rixc`+ rixc`+ Kik jhafknrhb ofdths ofdths nth daicehb ~xfcea r`nk jcafknrhb ofdths+ Ofdths io sjnaa khtvhs daicehb oftsr r`nk r`fce ofdths+ Khtvhs io r`h N+K+S+ nth nasi daicehb d A+N+ nbthkhtmfc khtvhs daicenmh |tibxch ntrhtfiant bfanrnrfik / `|irhksfik+ Cìafkhtmfc daicenbh jn |tibxch nrik io thcrxj / xtfknt danbbht+ ]`hk ndsitdhb r`h |tibxch nbvhtsh hoohcrs it C+K+S+ sj|rijs+ *

Aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs }fr` `fm` af|fb siaxdfafr / }nrht siaxdfafr |tibxchs tn|fb ikshr io ncrfik+ Nasi xshoxa fk sxtonch nknhs h+m+ Njhrìcnfkh / phaicnfkh+

*

AN afeh |ticnfkh }fr` ai} af|fb siaxdfafr nth kir xshoxa ns S+N+

*

Sijh AN afeh phaicnfkh / |ticnfkh |tibxchs jhjdtnkh srndfafwfkm hoohcr ik jicntbxfj nasi / `hkch r`h nth xshb fk r`h rthnrjhkr io cntbfnc ntt`r`jfns+

32


*

Nbthknafkh fk r`h cikc io >7> fk 8
Ri srxb r`h AN ncrfik io btxms ik axjdht |ahpxs ) |ankxs! io otim fs n miib hpnj|ah oit dfinssn io btxms+ *

\ankxs ) |ahpxs nknhs+ fs ikh io r`h fj|+ hp|htfjhkr hj|aihb ri scthhk / hsrfjnrh r`h ncrfik io r`h aicna nknhs+

*

Ir`ht jhrìbs fkcaxbh * mxfkhn |fm fkrtnbhtjna f krtnbhtjna }`hna jhrìb+

*

Daice nknhs+ fk tnddfr+

38


_F_N*_ICH ^XHSRFIKS ^+ >+ Bhofkh r`h rhtj aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr9

Nks+

Aicna nknhsr`hrfcs nth btxms btxms }`fc` x|ik ri|fcna n||afcnrfik n||afcnrfik it aicna aicna fkghcrfik cnxsh thvhtsfdah aiss io shksit |htch|rfik io |nfk fk n thsrtfcrhb nthn io r`h dib+ R`h daice r`h mhkhtnrfik / cikbxcrfik io khtvh fj|xash nr naa |ntrs io khxtiks+

^+ 4+ ]`nr nth r`h vntfixs jhrìbs io |tibxcfkm |tibxcfkm aicna nknhsr`hshn jhkrfik ikh hpnj|ah io r`h btxm xshb oit hnc` r|h9

Nks+

_ntfixs jhrìbs io |tibxcfkm AN nth7 f&

Sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn

* Rhrtncnfkh! afmkicnfkh! Dhkwicnfkh Dhkwicnfkh

ff&

Fkofartnrfik nknhs+

* Afmkicnfkh! Dx|fvncnfkh

fff&

Cikbxcrfik daice

* Afmkicnfkh

fv&

S|fkna nknhsr`hsfn nknhsr`hsfn

* Afmkicnfkh! dx|fvncnfkh! rhrtncnfkh

v&

H|fbxtna nknhsr`hsfn

* Afmkicnfkh! dx|fvncnfkh

vf&

Fkrtnvhkxixs thmfikna nknhsr`hsfn* Afmkicnfkh

^+ 3

Jhkrfik r`thh xshs io phaicnxfkh ns sxtonch nthnsr`hrfc 9

Nks+

Hh* Rikijhrht! Jixr` / r`tinr * srijnrfrfs! Nkna cnkna nkb thcrxj* xthr`tn cnr`hrtfwnrfik! Ofssxth! |nfkoxa |fah xthr`tn! oit bfanrnrfiks! bfa nrnrfiks! cnr`hrhtfwnrfik+

^+2

Jhkrfik r`thh cijjik sfbh hoohcrs io s|fkna nknhsr`hsfn9

Nks+

@hnbnc`h! @hnbnc`h! `|irhksfik! `|irhksfik! ths|+ |ntnasfs! cnxbn h~xfkn skbtijh! sh|rfc jhkfkmfrfs! hrc+

^+8

Knjh aicna nknhsr`hrfc xshb fk cntbfnc ntt`r`jfn9

Nks+

Afmkicnfkh fs xshb fk vhkrtfcxant ntt`r`jfn+

^+?

@i} cnk ix |tiaikm r`h bxtnrfik io ncrfik io AN 9

Nks+

]h cnk |tiaikm r`h bxtnrfik io ncrfik io AN AN d xsfkm fr }fr` vnticiksrtfcrit+ Jisr cijjika xshb vnsiciksrfcrit fs nbthknafkh+

^+=

]`nr fs r`h itbht io aiss io shksnrfik d AN9

Nks+

Nxrikijfch ofdths nth jith sxsch|rfdah r`nk sijnrfc khtvhs! itbht io daicenbh |nfk! rhj|+! shksh! rixc`! bhh| |thssxth+ Ns oit ns oit rikmxh* dfrrht rnsrh fs aisr oftsr s}hhr! s}hhr! sixt! snar rnsrh! ansr io naa+

^+ 0

Bfoohthkchs dhr}hhk MN / AN

3?


^+ 6

]`nr fs r`h jhc`nkfsj io AN9

Nks+

R`h bhcthnsh r`h sibfxj |htjhndfafr / `nvfkm jhjdtnkh srndfafwfkm ncrfik+

^+><

Jisr cntbfiripfc AN9

Nks+

Cicnfkh / dx|fvncnfkh

^+ >> Aicna nkhsr`hrfc }`fc` fs `nvfkm ika sxtonch nkhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr9

Nks+

Cicnfkh

^+>4

AN bihs kir `nvh sxtonch nknhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr fs9

Nks+

\ticnfkh

^+>3

Fs Aicna nknhsr`hsfn btxm ncrfik cnk dh shhk d ir`ht btxms9 Knjh r`h btxm mtix|s9

Nks+

Nkrfcìafkhmfc! Nkrf`fsrnjfkfc! |ti|tnkiaia! ~xfkfkh càit|tijnwfkh+

^+>2

]`fc` AN bihs bihs kir th~xfthb nbthknafkh oit |tiaikmnrfik io frs ncrfik+ 9

Nks+

Dxctfcnfkh+

^+>8

Jisr |irhkr / jisr ripfc AN nmhkr fs9

Nks+

Cicnfkh

^+>?

Knjh aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr cnxshs Jbtfnsfs9

Nks+

Cicnfkh cnxshs jbtfnsfs d daicefkm r`h thx|rneh thx|rneh io nbthknafkh nbthknafkh otij r`h khtvh hkbfkm / `hkch fkcthnshs r`h aicna cikc io nbthknafkh sj|nrìjfjhrfcs& }`fc` cnxshb bfanrnrfik io |x|fa+

^+>=

Knjh btxm }`fc` daice Kn% c`nkkhas9

Nks+ f& ^xfkfkh ff& Cntbfnc macisfbhs fff& Nkrfntt`r`jfc btxm+ ^+>0

Knjh AN }`fc` cnxshs jhr`njhaimaidfknhjfn9

Nks+

\tfaicnfkh frs jhrndiafrhs&

3=


HOOHCR IO BTXMS IK OTIM-S THCRXS NDBIJFKFS JXSCAH

Idghcr7 Ri srxb r`h hoohcr io btxms ik Otim-s Thcrxs Ndbijfkfs jxscah+

N||ntnrxs7 Thcitbfkm btxj! ejimtn|`! otim bfsshcrfkm dintb! otim thcrxs dnr`!

sfj|ah srtn} ahvht! srnkb! P*daices! rxdhtcxafk stfkmh! |f|hrrh! sri| }nrc`! vntfixs bfsshcrfkm fksrtxjhkrs! |ansrfcfk! r`thnb+

HP\HTFJHKRNA NKFJNA – NKFJNA – OTIM OTIM

\`sfiaimfcna siaxrfiks – siaxrfiks – Otim-s Otim-s tfkmht siaxrfik Btxms

Cikchkrtnrfik

Bish

Nchracìafkh

>7><<<< ><<¸m)ja&

<+>*<+4 ja

\`sisrfmjfkh

>7 ><<<< ><<¸m)ja&

<+8*4+
b* rxdicxtntfkh

>7 ><<<< ><<¸m)ja&

<+8*4+< ja

Otim thcrxs ndbijfkxs jxscah fs n viaxkrnt sehahrna jxscah |tibxcfkm sai} cikrtncrfik fk ths|iksh ri NC`+ Fsianrhb otim thcrxs |th|ntnrfik fs n sfj|ah fsianrhb rfssxh |th|ntnrfik }fbha xshb oit r`h srxb io kfcirfkfc hoohcr io NC` Sfkch! otim thcrxs fs n sehahrna jxscah! kfcirfkfc jhc`nkfsj i|htnrhs nr KJG+ Cìafkhtmfc btxms srfjxanrh r`hsh kfcirfkfc thch|rits nkb |tibxch cikrtncrfik io sehahrna jxscah+ R`h ths|iksh io r`hsh btxms ik kfcirfkh thch|rits fs daicehb d khxtijxscxant daicefkm btxm b*RC mxnkhr`fbfkh! Sc`&+

Hp|htfjhkrna SHR X\ Bfsshcrfik7 N otim fs |fr`hb nkb anfb ixr ik r`h otim bfsshcrfik dintb+ R`h sefk io r`h

nkrhtfit ndbijfkna }naa fs cxr d n jfbafkh fkcfsfik }`fc` fs hprhkbhb anrhtnaa ikri r`h nkrhfit ns|hcrs io r`h afjds+ R`fs hp|ishs r`h oanr }`frfs` jxscah io r`h nkrhtfit ndbijfkna }naa otij r`hft |xdfc itfmfk ri r`hft srhtkna fkshtrfik+ Cxrs nth |anchb sh|ntnrha ik hnc` thcrxs ndbijfkxs otij r`h sxttixkbfkm jxscxanrxth nkb otij frs ohaai}+

R`h r}i thcrf nth thjivhb nkb |anchb fk Otim-s Tfkmht siaxrfik fk n s`naai} bfs`+ R`h nth cnthoxaa cahnkhb nkb ikh io r`hj fs rtfjjhb ri r`h bhsfthb sfwh nkb jixkrhb fk nk itmnk dnr` fk Otim-s Tfkmhts siaxrfik nr tiij rhj| nhtnrhb }fr` ipmhk+ N vht sjnaa 30


dnr` io 8ja cn|ncfr fs sxoofcfhkr dxr fk r`fs cnsh siaxrfik io btxms jxsr dh si jnbh r`nr }`hk n bish fs nbbhb! n c`nkmh io jith r`nk >8( fk dnr` oaxfb viaxjh sìxab kir iccxt+ Oit thcitbfkm |xt|ish nk fsirikfc ahvht }fr` n sfbh}n }tfrfkm |ifkr fs xshb rnkmhkrfna ri r`h sjiehb btxj dnankchb oit n rhksfik io 4+8mj }fr` nk hprtn ainb io >mj ik r`h aikm ntj+ R`h anrht shtvhs ri dtfkm d tfkm dnce r`h ahvht ri dnshafkh sfkch }`hk r`h thcrxs `ns cikrtncrhb fr bihs kir thanp tn|fba hvhk ik }ns`fkm ixr io r`h btxm+

R`h jxscah fs thanphb oit 3<*28 jfk d n||afkm ainb }fr` r`h `ha| io |ansrfcfk ns jhkrfik ndivh& ik r`h aikm ntj io r`h ahvht r`nr fs h~xfbfsrnkr oitj oxactxj norht ainbfkm kh}! r`h ahvht fs dnankchb+

HP\HTFJHKRNA \TICHBXTH

4+ R`h dnsh afkh fs rnehk oit n||tipfjnrha 4*3 cj nr r`h ai}ht ikh r`ftb io r`h btxj+ S}frc` ioo r`h btxj+ 3+ Srntr r`h btxj nkb nbb <+> ja ja io NC` r`hk thcitb r`h hoohcr io r`h btxm oit 6
Mfvh r`h thsr |b io 8jfk+



Nbb |`sisrfmjfkh <+3 ri8ja&! }nfr oit 8 jfk+



Srntr r`h btxj nkb nbb <+> ja io NC` fk r`h snjh itmnk dnr` fk r`h |thshkch io |`sisrfmjfkh+



Thcitb r`h rtncfkm oit 6


Sri| r`h btxj nkb }ns` r`h rfssxh fk r`h snjh jnkkht ns jhkrfikhb hntafht+



Nmnfk rneh r}i cikrtia rtncfkm }fr` NC`+



Ki}! nbb <+8 ja io bRC nkb }nfr oit 8 jfk+



Srntr r`h btxj nkb nbb <+> ja nkb NC` fk f k |thshkch io b*RC+



Thcitb rtncfkm oit 6< shc+ Sri| r`h btxj nkb }ns` r`h rfssxh 4*3 rfjhs



Nmnfk rneh r}i cikrtia rtncfkm }fr` NC`+

36


\THCNXRFIKS

>+ R`h ahvha io tfkmht siaxrfik siaxrf ik fk r`h itmnk dnr` sìxab thjnfk ciksrnkr r`tixmìxr r`h hp|r+ d jntefkm r`h ahvha }fr` hansrfc tfkm)jnteht+ 4+ R`h r`thnb io r`h thcrxs jxscah sìxab kir cijh fk cikrncr }fr` r`h }naa io r`h thcrxs dnr` 3+ N srhnb nkb ciksrnkr srthnj io nft)I 4 sìxab dh |nsshb fk r`h dnr`+ 2+ ?*= jfk ccah sìxab dh oiaai}hb tfmfba 8+ S|hhb io r`h btxj sìxab dh sai} nkb r`h ahvht sìxab dh |anchb rnkmhkrfna ri r`h btxj+ ?+ R`h ki+ io }ns`fkm nkb r`h r `h fkrhtvna dhr}hhk r`hj sìxab dh eh|r ciksrnkr+ =+ Fo r`h bhsfthb ths|iksh fs kir idrnfkhb }fr` <+> ja io NC`! r`hk r`h bish sìxab dh fkcthnshb+

IDSHT_NRFIK RNDAH S+Ki+

BTXMS

BISH

HOOHCR

>

NC`

<+> ja

Cikrtncrfik io jxscah \irhkrfnrfifk io ths|iksh

4

NC` % |`sisrfmjfkh

<+>ja%<+8ja

3

NC` % b*RC

<+>ja%<+8ja

Fk`fdfrfik it daicnbh daicenmh io ths|iksh

2

NC`

<+>ja

Cikrtncrfik io jxscah

FKOHTHKCH Thjnte& Kfcirfkfc ncrfik nr KJG Dhcnxsh io nkrf cìafkhsrhtnsh ncrfik io |`sisrfmjfkh fr bhcthnsh jhrndiafsj io fkcthnsh Nc` nr KJG `hkch! fkcthnsh fk ths|iksh b*RC fs `nvfkm SJT ncrfik si r`hth fs |isfrfvh ths|iksh io NC` Thvhtsfdah ncrfik&+ Kfcrikfc ncrfik thn||hnts+ R`hth fs daicenbh ncrfik io b*RC nkb kir r`h jxscah fs onrfmxhb+

BFSCXSSFIK

Kfcirfkh thch|rits nth |thshkr fk sehahrna jxscah! nrti|fkh bihs kir |tibxch nk bfthcr hoohcr fk r`fs |th|ntnrfik+ NC` |tibxchs cikrtncrfik io r`h jxscah r`tixm` r`h srfjxanrfik io kfcirfkfh thch|rits+ ]h rneh ths|iksh)cikrtncrfik ths|iksh)cikrtncrfik oit 6< shc ika dhcnxsh ri mhr sxdjnpfjna ths|iksh iccx|nrfik io thch|rits& si r`nr }h cnk idshtvh r`h |irhkrfnrfik io ncrfik }fr` cìafkijfjhrfc) nkrf cìafkhtmfc btxms! }`hk xshb }fr` NC`+

\`sisrfmjfkh fs n thvhtsfdah nkrfc`h nmhkr! fr |thvhkrs r`h jhrndiafsj io NC` d fk`fdfrfkm r`h hkwjh C`H+ R`xs! }`hk |`sisrfmjfkh |thshkr! jith NC` fs nvnfandah oit r`h hoohcr nkb r`h `hfm`r io cikrtncrfik io NC` fs fkcthnshb+ R`fs hoohcr io |asisrfmjfkh fs eki}k ns ‑|irhkrfnrfik+‚

2<


b*RC fs kfcirfkh thch|rit daicefkm nmhkr+ Fk |thshkch io b*RC! r`h ths|iksh ri NC` fs thbxchb+ R`fs hoohcr io

b*RC fs eki}k ns ‑Fk`fdfrfik‚+

]h rneh r}i cikrtia rtncfkm norht b*RC ri idshtvh r`nr r`h fk`fdfrfik io ths|iksh fs bxh ri r`h hoohcr io b*RC nkb kir bxh ri jxscah onrfmxh+ Kfcirfkfh thch|rits nth |thshkr nr 7 n& KJG

d& Nxrikijfc mnkmafns+

R`h kfcirfkfc thch|rits io dir` r`h sfrhs nth io bfoohthkr knrxth+ NC` cnk hpcxrh dir` r`hsh thch|rits dxr b*RC cnkkir daice dir` r`hsh r `hsh thch|rits+

Btxms afeh BJ\\ bfjhr`a |`hka |f|htnwfkfxj& srfjxanrh! s|hcfnaa r`h kfcirfkfc thch|rits io nxrikijfc mnkmafn5 }`hthns r`h bxtms afeh \RJN \`hka rtfjhr`a njjikfxj& srfjxanrh s|hcfnaa r`h kfcirfkh thch|rits io sehahrna jxscahs+ Btxms afeh rhrtnhr`anjjikfxj nkb `hpnjhrìkfxj daice r`h thch|rits io nxrikijfc mnkmafn nkb rhtjhb ns mnkmafikfc daicefkm nmhkrs+ R`h btxms afeh mnaanjfkh! b*RC! bhcnjhrìkfxj daices r`h thch|rits io sehahrna jxscah nkb nth eki}k ns sehahrna jxscah thanpnkrs+

Cafkfcna thahvnkch

\`sisrfmjfkh fs thvhtsfdah nkrf c`H `nvfkm dir` chkrtna ns }haa ns |htf|`htna ncrfik si r`nr fr cnk dh xshb fk nrti|fkh dhaanbikn |ifsikfkm+ Narìxm` rìxm` fr nasi fkcthnshs jxscah rikh d nccxjxanrfkm NC` nr KJG dxr fr cnkkir dh xshb ) |thohtthb fk r`h rthnrjhkr io jnsr`hkfn mtnvfs+ Fk r`fs cikbfrfik khisrfmjfkh fs |thohtthb dhcnxsh fr fs bhvifb io chkrtna nbvhtsh hoohcrs io |`sisrfmjfkh nkb nasi fr `ns sijh cìafkijfjhrfc ncrfik |ntrfna nmikfsr&+

b*RC fs SJT cij|hrfrfvh nkrnmikfsr ri NC` nr KJG+ Fr cij|hrhs }fr` r`h NC` oit r`h kfcirfkfh thch|rits nr jirit hkb |anrh+ Norht bRC r`h ths|iksh io r`h hpimhkixs NC` fs bhcthnshb dhcnxsh fr onfas ri iccx| r`h sxoofcfhkr kxjdhts io thch|rits ri cnxsh srfjxanrfik nkb cikrtncrfik+ ]h cnk idrnfk ths|iksh }fr` antmh bishs io NC` hoohcr cnk dh thvhtshb d khisrfmjfkh&+ khisrfmjfkh&+ R`fs thanpnkr hoohcr io b*RC b *RC nkb ir`ht SJT fs xshb ri thanp r`h jxscahs bxtfkm sxtmht+

2>


OTIM‖S THCRXS NDBIJFKFS JXSCAH \TH\NTNRFIK _F_N*^XHSRFIKS& ^+ > ]`nr r|h io jxscah thcrxs ndbijfkfs fs9

Nks+ Fr fs n sehahrna jxscah `nvfkm cìafkhtmfc kfcirfkfh thch|rits+ ^+4 ]`nr nth r`h r`h bfoohthkr sfrhs io kfcirfkfc thch|rits9

Nks+_ntfixs sfrhs io kfcirfkh ncrfiks nth KJG! nxrikijfc mnkmafn nkb nbthkna jhbxaan+ ^+ 3 ]` }h cìish thcrxs jxscah9 jxscah9

Nks Jnk thnsiks nth r`hth 7 

Fr fs n tfddik afeh jxscah nkb ofdths nth jiki|fkkhrrh! si hns ri thcitb dhrrht cikrtncrfiks+



Fr fs n sai} cikrtncrfkm jxscah! si fr fs vht cikvhkfhkr ri idshtvh frs cikrtncrfah ths|iksh+



Fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah it n||tinc`ndah+

^+ 2 ]`nr fs r`h |xt|ish io Nftncrfik9

Nks+ ' Oit |ti|ht jfpfkm io btxms+

' Ri sx||a I 4 ri r`h rfssxh+

^+ 8 ]` rhj|htnrxth fs kir jnfkrnfkhb9

Nks+ Dhcnxsh otim fs ciab daiibhb nj|`fdfnk! cnk afvh ik ankb nkb }nrht nkb hnsfa nccanjnrfwhb it thsfsrnkr ri c`nkmh fk rhj|htnrxth si rhj|htnrxth thmxanrfik fs kir th~xfthb+ ^+ ? ]`fc` r|h io ncrfik NC` hp`fdfr ik thcrxs9

Nks+ NC` cnxshs cikrtncrfik io sehahrna jxscah d ncrfkm it ri c`nkmh fk rhj|htnrxth it srfjxanrfkm kfcirfkfh thch|rits+ ^+ = ]`nr fs n cikrtia rtncfkm9

Nks+ -Cikrtia- fs bhofkhb ns r`h |`ntnjnciaimfcna ths|iksh io btxm idrnfkhb norht nbjfkfsrtnrfik io r`h snjh bish! xkbht snjh cikbfrfik+ Fk ir`ht }itbs r`hsh nth r}i nafeh sxcchssfvh ths|ikshs io r`h snjh jnmkfrxbh d nbjfkfsrhtfkm r`h snjh bish io r`h btxm xkbht snjh cikbfrfiks+ ^+ 0 ]` bi }h thcitb cikrtia rtncfkm nr r`h cijjhkch io hp|htfjhkr9

Nks+ Fr fs bikh ri cikoftj r`nr }fr` n ofphb bish io NC` oit ofp bxtnrfik io rfjh! jxscah cikrtnrs ri r`h snjh hprhkr f+h+ ri sì} jxscah ) rfssxh srndfafr si r`nr! }h cnk cij|nth r`h hoohcrs io ir`ht btxms+ ^+ 6 ]` fs r`h cikrtncrfik thcitbhb oit 6
Nks+ ]h nth thcitbfkm r`h sxdjnpfjna ths|iksh io r`h jxscah nkb kir r`h jnpfjxj ths|iksh si r`nr! }h cnk shh it cij|nth r`h hoohcr io btxms! }`fc` nth |irhkrfnrfkm r`h ncrfik io NC`+ ^+ >< ]` }h n||a nbbfrfikna }hfm`r ik r`h aikm ntj io ahvht9

24


Nks+ Dhcnxsh io rtnxjn bxtfkm bfsshcrfik! bfsshcrfik! r`h jxscah mihs fkri n srnrh io s|nsj+ Nbbfrfikna }hfm`r io <+8*>mj& fs n||afhb si r`nr! r`h jxscah thanphb |ti|hta nkb thmnfk frs itfmfkna ahkmr` si dhrrht cikcrncrfah ths|ikshs nth thcitbhb+ ^+>> Knjh r`h btxm btxm }`fc` nth |irhkrfnrfkm r`h r`h ncrfik io NC`9

Nks+ Btxms |irhkrfnrfkm |irhkrfnrfkm r`h ncrfik ncrfik io NC` nth nth nkrfc`H R}i R}i mtix|s io nkrfc`H btxms7 btxms7 n& Thvhtsfdah – Thvhtsfdah – hm hm khisrfjfkh nkb |`sfisrfmjfkh+ d& Ftthvhtsfdah – Ftthvhtsfdah – itmnki|ìs|`nkxs itmnki|ìs|`nkxs cij|ixkb+ ^+ >4 ]`fc` fs jisr sxfrndah ahvht oit r`h hp|r9

Nks+ Mfjdna afvht fs r`h dhsr dxr }h xsh r`h sfj|ah srtn} ahvht dhcnxsh fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah+ ^+ >3 ]`fc` fs r`h jisr shksfrfvh rfssxh oit NC` dfinss9

Nks+ Ahhc` bitsnafs bitsnaf s jxscah+ ^+ >2 Hkxjhtnrh r`h r`htn|hxrfc xshs io |`sisrfmjfkh nkb khisrfmjfkh

Nks+ n& \`sisrfmjfkh >+ nrti|fkh |ifsikfkm d& Khisrfmjfkh >+ Jnsr`hkfn mtnvfs

4+ Manxcijn 4+ \isr i|htnrfvh |ntnafrc fahxs

3+ Xtfknt thrhkrfik \isr I|htnrh&

2+ Cidtn dfrh+

^+>8 ]` khisrfmjfkh fs |thohtthb ivht |`sisrfmjfkh fk r`h rthnrjhkr io jnsr`hkfn mtnvfs9

Nks+ Khisrfmjfkh fs n |irhkr |irhkr btxm nkb nkb `nvfkm bxna ncrfik ncr ns |ntrfna nmikfsr& Nasi fr bihsk‖r ctiss DDD si! Ki chkrtna ncrfik it nbvhtsh hoohcrs iccxt nkb `nvfkm |htf|`htna ncrfik ika+ ^+ >? Knjh r`h btxm xshb fk nrti|fkh |ifsikfkm9

Nks+ \`sisrfmjfkh <+8*4jm& F_! F_! th|hnrhba xshb+ ^+ >= ]` NC` fs kir xshb cafkfcnaa9

Nks+ n&

Dhcnxsh NC` jhrndiafwhb tn|fba d |ansjn |shxbi cìafkhsrhtnsh nkb rtxh C`H nr r`h sfrh io ncrfik KJG&+

d&

Nasi kik shahcrfvfr io ncrfik

c&

@nvfkm vntfixs ssrhjfc nbvhtsh hoohcrs+

^+>0 ]`nr fs r`h nkrfbirh io bfoohthkr r|hs io SJTs9

Nks+ f&

b*RC – Fkcthnshs

r`h

cikchkrtnrfik

io

NC`

nmikfsr&

xsh

nkrfcìafkhsrtnsh+ ff&

Sxccfka cìafkh – daiib rtnksoxsfik fs r`h ika rthnrjhkr dhcnxsh sxcckacìafkh fs jhrndiafwhb d |shbic`H ika! }`fc` fs |thshkr fk |ansjn+ R`hft fs ki s|hcfofc nkrfbirh+

^+>6 Knjh vntfixs btxms |tibxcfkm khxtijxscxant daicenbh9 Mfvh r`thh r`htn|hkrfc xshs io |htf|`htnaa ncrfkm SJTs9

Nks+ n& Bfthcra ncrfkm – ncrfkm – Bnkrtiahkh! Bnkrtiahkh! ~xfkfkh+ d& Cij|hrfrfvh daicenbh – daicenbh – Mnaanjfkh! Mnaanjfkh! bRC! |nkcxtikfxj! hrc+ c& \htsfsrhkr bh|iantfwnrfik* sxccfkacìafkh+ sxccfkacìafkh+

23


Xshs io \SJTs 7

>+ Xshb ns nbgxvnkr ri MN+ 4+ Bxtfkm HCR! cikvxasfik nkb rtnxjn nth nvifbhb d xsfkm jxscah t hanpnkr+ 3+ SJT nasi xshb fk shvhth cnshs io rhrnkxs nkb srnrxs h|fah|rfcxs }`fc` nth kir ths|ikbfkm ri bfnwh|nj+ ^+4<

Cnk ix knjh nk rfssxh |isshssfkm dir` sehahrna jxscah nkb sjiir` jxscahs9

Nks+

Mhr io rthkc` ofs` `nvfkm ixrht anht io sehahrna jxscah nkb fkkht anht io sjiir` jxscahs+

^+ 4> Mfvh fj|itrnkr fj|itrnkr xshs io chkrtnaa ncrfkm SJT9

Nks+ >& Ncxrh jxscah s|nsj 4& Ritrfciafs! khxtnamfn 3& Nkpfhr nkb rthjits 2& S|nsrfc khxtiaimfcna bfshnshs 8& Rhrnkxs ?& Bxtfkm HCR+ ^+ 44 D shhfkm r`h rtncfkm cnk ix  ix |thbfcr }`hr`ht r`h xkeki}k btxm fs |`sisrfmjfkh it khisrfmjfkh9

Nks+

Vhs! dhcnxsh dhcnxsh khisrfmjf `ns `ns bxna ncrfik si! si! fr cnxsh cnxsh ika ikh ths|iksh ths|iksh }fr` |thshkch io r}frc`fkm it onscfcxanrfik! }`fah r`h ths|iksh io |`sisrfmjfkh fs sjiir`+

^+ 43 @i} }faa ix rthnr |isr i|htnrfvh nrikfc danbbht9

Nks+

Khisrfmjfkh fs btxm io cìfch <+8 ri>jm SC+

^+ 42 ]` bRC bRC fs kir xshb ki} ki} n*bns9

Nks+

Dhcnxsh fr thahnshs `fsrnjfkh }`fc` }`fc` cnxshs cnxshs }fbh s|thnb nbvhtsh nbvhtsh btxm hoohcrs hoohcrs nkb nr r`h snjh rfjh dhrrht btxms nth nvnfandah f+h+ khvht SJTs+

^+48

@i} }faa ix bfoohthkrfnrh ncrfik io bRC nkb Sc`9

Nks+

n& bRC bRC >+ r`h r`h ncrfik ncrfik io io b*RC cnk dh thbxchb thbxchb d fkcthnsfkm r`h bish bish io io NC`+ 4+ Frs ncrfik fs sai} fk ikshr! aikm bxtnrfik io ncrfik nkb cnxsh `fsrnjfkh thnash+ d& Sc` >+ Fr }nvhs ioo frs i}k! sfkch fr fs jhrndiafwh d |shxbi |shxbi C`H 4+ Ncrfik fs tn|fb nkb sìtr bxtnrfik io ncrfik mtnbxna+

^+4?

]`nr fs r`h |xt|ish io r`fs hp|htfjhkr9

Nks+

Ri eki} r`h ncrfik io NC` ik sehahrna jxscah jxscah nkb ri eki} r`h ncrfik io vntfixs btxms }`fc` `nvh |irhkrfnrfkm it daicefkm ncrfik nr vntfixs sfrhs si r`nr }h cnk xsh r`hj nccitbfkma+

^+ 4= ]` cikrtias nth thcitbhb nr r`h hkb io hp|htfjhkr 9

Nks+ Ri sì} r`nr bhcthnsh fk ths|iksh norht bRC fs bxh ri thanpnkr thanpnkr fk`fdfrfkm& ncrfik ncrfik io bRC nkb kir bxh ri r`h jxscah onrfmxh+

22


\HTOXSHB @HNTR IO OTIM

Idghcr7* Ri srxb r`h hoohcrs io btxms ik |htoxshb `hntr io otim+

Shrrfkm x| io r`h hp|htfjhkr7* N dfm sfwhb otim fs rnehk+ Fr fs sri||hb nkb |fr`hb nkb

fs |anchb ik n otim dintb ik frs bitsna sxtonch+ N jfb afkh fkcfsfik fs mfvhk nkb r`h sefk ivht r`h nkrhtfit ndbijfkna }naa fs thjivhb+ @hntr fs hp|ishb d cxrrfkm r`h dikhs io r`h mftbahs }fr` r`h `ha| io n dikh cxrrht+ @hntr }fr` frs mthnr vhsshas fs sh|htnrhb otij r`h cikkhcrfvh rfssxhs nkb |htfcntbfxj fs thjivhb+ Tr+ dtnkc` io nitrn fs afmnrhb }fr` r`h `ha| io r`thnb! Ar dtnkc` fs cxr nkb i|hkhb oit |htoxsfik oaxfb ri cijh ixr+ N sjnaa r`thnb fs |nsshb dh`fkb r`h fkohtfit vhkn cnvn r`hk n sjnaa cxr fs mfvhk ivht r`h fkohtfit vhkncnvn nkb n vhkixs cnkkxan cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb r`tixm` r`fs cxr fkri r`h axjnk io vhkn cnvn+ R`h ir`ht hkb io cnkkxan fs cikkhcrhb r`tixm` n txddht rxdfkm ri n dirrah cikrnfkfkm |htoxsfik oaxfb+ R`h tnrh io |htoxsfik fs eh|r 3<*<2 bti|s)jfk+ Fr fs nbgxsrhb }fr` r`h `ha| io jx|`-s btf|+ N |fk ìie fs |nsshb r`tixm` r`h n|hp io vhtrfcah nkb cikkhcrhb ri n dtibfhs dtibfhs `hntr afvht! }`fc` }tfrhs ik ik n sjiehb btxj+

Btxm xkbht srxb7*

Btxm

Cikchktrnrfik

bish

>+ Nbthknafk

>7><
<+<8 ja

4+ ECa

>( siaxrfik&

<+<8 ja

3+ CnCa45

>( siaxrfik&

<+<8 ja

2+ NC`

>7><
<+<8 ja

8+ Nrti|fkh

>7>
<+<8 ja

\tichbxths nkb thcitbfkm io idshtvnrfik idshtvnrfik 7* Oftsr io naa naa n ciaxjk io kitjna rtncfkm fs thcitbhb oit nr ahnsr r}i jfk+ Btxm Btxm ri dh rhsrhb fs fkghcrhb fk r`h txddht rxdfkm caish ri r`h |htoxsfik cnkkxan cnkkxan nkb idshtvh r`h hoohcr hoohcr ik oitch io cikrtncrfik nkb `hntr tnrh+ Norht rhsrfkm hnc` btxm }nfr! rfaa r`h `hntr thrxtks ri kitjna nkb thcitb n ciaxjk io kitjna rtncfkm dhoith nkb norht rhsrfkm r hsrfkm hnc` btxm+

28


Idshtvnrfik Btxm nkb Bish

Hoohcr io Btxms Tnrh

Oitch

Fkohxkch io

cikrtnrfik Nbthknafkh

Fkcthnsh

Fkcthnsh

Nbt

`ns

fikirti|fc

%

c`tikirti|fc

%

btijirti|fc ncrfik D* thch|rits & Eca

Bhcthnsh

bhcthnsh

Bfthcr bh|thsnkr ncrfik)

Cnca4

Bhcthnsh

Fkcthnsh

Oitch io cikrtncrfik fkcthnshb }fr` dtnbcntbfn @ns fikirti|fc ncrfik ika&

NC`

Bhcthnsh

Bhcthnsh

@ns n fk`fdfrit ncrfik ik `hntr Jxscntfkfc ncrfik&

fkghcr

Nrti|fkh

ki hoohcr

Ki hoohcr

Nrti|fkh `ns daicehb r`h jxscntfkfc hoohcr io

Norht 4 jfk fkghcr snjh

njixkr

NC`+

io

NC`

Bfoohthkch7

>

NC`

ECa

Fk`fdfrit hoohcr ik r`h `hntr fs daicehb d

Hoohcr kir noohcrhb d Nrti|fkh

Nrti|fkh

>+

Nbt

CnCa4

Dir` ssrbfc nkb bfnsrnafc cij|ikhkr nth

ika ssriafc cij|ikhkr fs shhk+

shhk 4+

@hntr fkcthnshs

Dtnb cntbfn

3+

Dhrn * daiceht ndiafs`hs r`h hoohcr

D daiceht bihs kir noohcr r`h hoohcr

2?


FSIANRHB TNDDFR FAHXJ \TH\NTNRFIK

Idghcr 7 Ri srxb r`h hoohcrs io vntfixs btxms ik fsianrhb tnddfr fahxj |th|ntnrfik+ N||ntnrxs 7 Bnahs itmnk dnr`! rxdhtcxafk stfkmh! r`htjijhrht! sri| }nrc` bfsshcrfkm

fksrtxjhkrs / dhneht! |f|hrrhs hrc+ Nkfjnas Xshb 7 tnddfrs

Btxms

Btxm

Cikc

Bish

>+

Nc`+

>7>
<+>*<+3 ja+

4+

Nbthknafkh

>7>
<+>*<+3 ja+

3+

Dnca4

4(

<+>*<+3 ja+

2+

Nrti|fkh

>7>
<+>*<+3 ja+

\ntnjhrhts ri dh srxbfhb 7 >+ Nj|afrxbh 7 Fr fs thcitbhb ns `hfm`r io cikrtncrfik+ 4+ Rikh 7 Ndfafr io rfssxh ri jnfkrnfk frs sfwh nkb s`n|h+ Fr fs r`h |ntrfna srnrh io cikrtncrfik nr thsr+ \tichbxth 7 Bfvfbhb fkri r`thh srh|s 7* >+

\th|+ io itmnk dnr`+

4+

Ofpfkm io fahxj-

3+

Thcitbfkm io idshtvnrfiks+

>+

\TH\NTNR IO ITMNK DNR@ 7

R`h ixrht c`njdht io itmnk dnr` fs cahnthb nkb ofaahb }fr` }ntj }nrht nkb rhj|htnrxth fs jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=¼C r`tixmìxr r`h hp|htfjhkr+ R`h fkkht rfssxh dnr` fs ofaahb }fr` Rtibh sia+ R`h siaxrfik fs nhtnrhb d |nssfkm r`h srthnj io nft+ R`h otikrna |ifkrfkm ahvht fs ofphb ik jhrna tib io itmnk dnr`+ 4+

Ofpfkm io fahxj7

N `hnar` tnddfr fs eh|r onsrfkm oit 42 ìxts+ R`hk fr fs srxkkhb d dai} ik r`h `hnb / naai}hb ri dahhb d cxrrfkm r`tinr+ Ndbijhk fs i|hkhb nkb fahxj fs fbhkrfofhb! ohchs thjivhb nkb |anchb fk \hrtf bfs` cikrnfkfkm rtibh siaxrfik+ R`h fkrhsrfkh fs cahnkhb d |nssfkm rtibh siaxrfik fk axjhk }fr` `ha| io |f|hrrh+ Mhkra cxr r`h |fhchs 4+8 cj& io axjhk+ R`h hkbs io |fhch io fkrhsrfkh nth rfhb }fr` r`thnb nkb fs jixkrhb fk Bnah-s itmnk dnr` d rfkm frs ikh hkb ri cxtvhb nkb io I 4 bhafvht rxdh / r`h ir`ht nkb fs rfhb ri r`h hkb io otikrna }tfrfkm |ifkr ahvht+ Fkkht dnr` fs ofahb }fr` rtibh siaxrfik }`fc` }`fc` fs nhtnrhb d I4 bhafvht nkb r`h rhj|htnrxth fs jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=¼C 3 =¼C `ha| io }ntj }nrht+ 2=


'r`h fahxj io tnddfr fs shahcrhb dhcnxsh r`fs |itrfik mfvhs jnpfjxj cikrtncrfik+

3&

Thcitbfkm io idshtvnrfik Fk fkrhsrfkhs r}i r|hs io jxsshas nth oixkb 7* >+ Cftcxant 4+ Aikmfrxbfkna

Kitjnaa fkrhsrfkhs `nvh r`thh r|hs io jivhjhkr 7* 7* >+ \hkbxant 4+ Shmjhkrna 3+ \htfsrnasfs 2+ Nkrf|htfsrnasfs Fk r`fs hp|htfjhkr ika |hkbxant |hkbxant jivhjhkr jivhjhkr nth thcitbhb+ Srndafwh r`h rfssxh oit 4<*3< jfkxrhs nkb r`nk ahvht sìxab dh dnankchb+ Dtfkm }tfrfkm |ifkr io ahvht caishb ri sjiehb sxtonch io btxj+ Btxj fs srntrhb nr > thv)?2 jfkxrhs+ N sjnaa cikrtia rtncfkm r tncfkm fs thcitbhb+ R`hk <+>ja io btxm fs nbbhb ri siaxrfik io fkkht c`njdht io Bnah-s itmnk dnr`+ Hoohcr io btxm fs kirhb oit 3< shc+ nkb norht thcitbfkm btxj fs sri||hb+ / rfssxh fs mfvhk }ns` 3*2 rfjhs d rtibh siaxrfik r`hk fr fs naai}hb ri thcivht oit 3*2 jfkxrhs+ Srntr btxj nmnfk / rneh cikrtia rtncfkm+ R`hk nbb khpr btxm / idshtvh frs hoohcr+ Jibfofcnrfik io hoohcr io NC` / DnCa4 d nrti|fkh fs thcitbhb d |tfit nrti|fkfwfkm r`h rfssxh+ R}i r|hs io btxms ncrfkm ik fkrhksrfkh nth srxbfhb 7* >+ S|nsjimhkfc S|nsjimhkfc btxms }`fc` fkcthnsh s|nsj s|nsj io fkrhsrfkh d fkcthnsfkm frs rikh / nj|afrxbh+ R|hs io btxms nth * n+ fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxms * r`hsh ncr r`tixm` thch|rit h+m+*NC`! `fsrnjfkh! 8 @R+ d+ Bfthcra ncrfkm btxms * h+m+ DnCa 4! jit|`fkh / hprtncr io |isr |fr+ mankb+ 4+ S|nsjiarfc btxms * }`fc` bhcthnshs s|nsj io fkrhsrfkh d bhcthnsfkm rikh / nj|afrxbh+ R|hs nth* n+ Fkbfthcra ncrfkm h+m+ nbthknafkh! nrti|fk+ d+ Bfthcra ncrfkm h+m+ |n|nvhtfkh! kfrtnrhs+ Sfmkfofcnkch 7

>+ Ri eki} }`hr`ht btxm fs s|nsjimhkfc s|nsjimhkfc it s|nsjiarfc 4+ Ri bfoohthkrfnrh dhr}hhk bfthcra it fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxms+ 20


Cafkfcna Fj|itrnkch

>+

S|nsjimhkfc S|nsjimhkfc btxms nth xshb fk |ntnarfc fahxs / thrhkrfik io xtfkh+

4+

S|nsjiarfc btxms nth xshb fk vntfixs ciafcs nkb bsjhkittìhn+ bsjhkittìhn+

\thcnxrfiks 7

>+ Rfssxh sìxab dh `hab mhkra! kir dh ivht srthrc`hb+ 4+ Ciksrnkr <4 ) Nft sx||a sìxab dh r`hth+ <

3+ Rhj|+ io dnr` sìxab dh jnfkrnfkhb nr 3= C+ 2+ S|hhb io btxj sìxab kir dh c`nkmhb bxtfkm hp|htfjhkr+ 8+ \f|hrrh sìxab dh }ns`hb dhoith nbbfkm btxm+ ?+ Ahvht sìxab dh dnankchb dhoith srntrfkm hp|htfjhkr+ =+ Khpr btxm sìxab dh nbbhb ika }`hk kitjna rtncfkm fs thcitbhb+

Idshtvnrfik Rndah 7

S+Ki+ Btxms

Rikh

Nj|afrxbh

Fkohthkch

>+

NC`

fkcthnshs

bhcthnshs

s|nsjimhkfc btxm

4+

Nbthknafkh

bhcthnshs bhcthnshs

bhcthnshs bhcthnshs

s|nsjiarfc btxm

3+

DnCa4

fkcthnshs

afrrah

it

s|nsjimhkfc btxm ki s|nsjimhkfc

c`nkmh 2+

Nrti|fkh Nrti|fk h

bhcthnshs

bhcthnshs

s|nsjiarfc btxm

8+

Nrti|fkh % NC`

ki ths|iksh shhk

ki

S|nsjimhkfc ncrfik io

ths|iksh

shhk

NC`

fs

nrti|fkh

daicehb d

d

daicefkm

jxscntfkfc thch|rits+ ?+

Nrti|fkh % DnCa 4

fkcthnshs

afrrah c`nkmh

it

ki S|nsjimhkfc ncrfik fs kir daicehb ns fr fs bfthcra ncrfkm+

26


BFSCXSSFIK IO TNDDFR FAHXJ \TH\NTNRFIK

^+ >

]`nr fs r`h nfj io hp|htfjhkr ik tnddfr-s fahxj 9

Nks

Ri shh r`h vntfixs vntfixs hoohcrs io bfoohthkr btxms ik r`h fsianrhb fsianrhb tnddfr fahxj f+h+ }h thcitb r`h cikrtncrfik eki}k ns s|nsjimhkfc ths|iksh nkb thanpnrfik fs s|nsjiarfc ths|iksh nkb r`hft xsh fk bfoohthkr cikbfrfiks+ h+m+ s|nsjimhkfc * |ntnarfc fahxs! s|nsjiarfc * fk bfoohthkr r|hs r|hs io ciafcs+

^+ 4+

]`nr fs r`h knrxth io r`fs jxscah / }tfrh bfoohthkr r|hs io fkrhsrfkna jivhjhkrs+ 9

Nks+

Fr fs n sjiir` sjiir` jxscah nkb 2 r|hs r|hs io fkrhsrfkna fkrhsrfkna jivhjhkrs jivhjhkrs nth thcitbhb+ n&

Shmjhkrna

*

bxh ri cftcxant jxscah cikrtncrfik+

d&

\htfsrnarfc

*

@ha|fkm jfpfkm nkb |ti|nmnrfik io oiib+

c&

Nkrf|htfsrnarfc *

@ha|fkm jfpfkm nkb |ti|nmnrfik io oiib+

b&

\hkbxant

nth cikrtiaahb d aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs nkb nth

*

fj|itrnkr dhcnxsh r`h |tibxch jfpfkm io oiib nkb nasi `ha| fk nbgxsrjhkr io fkrhsrfkh ivht ndbijhk+ Fk r`fs hp|htfjhkr |hkbxant jivhjhkrs nth thcitbhb+

^+3+

]` fahxj fs shahcrhb 9

Nks+

R`h nbvnkrnmh io shahcrfkm fahxj nth 7 *

Hnsfa nvnfandah+

*

Jnpfjxj cikrtncrfik

*

D sfj|a snctfofkm ikh nkfjna }h shr x| 4<*2< hp|htfjhkrna shrx| nr n rfjh+

^+2

]` otikrna |ifkr }tfrfkm ahvht xshb+ 9

Nks+

*

Dhcnxsh fr fs vht afm`r ns fr fs jnbh x| io naxjfkfxj+

*

]tfrh sjiirà

*

Fr jnmkfofhs r`h cikrtncrfik fk n||ti|tfnrh jnkkht+

8<


^+8

]`fc` nth r`h vntfixs btxms xshb ns s|nsjimhks s|nsjimhks 9

Nks+

Cnrhmitfhs 7 f&

]`fc` ncr r`tixm` thch|rits afeh cìafkhtmfc! shtirikhtmfc! hrc+ r`hft hoohcrs nth daicehb d r`hft daicehts+

ff&

Bfthcra ncrfkm btxms nth *

DnCa4 Ipricfk _nsi|thssfk Nkmfirhksfk Dtnbefkfk Sxdsrnkch \+ Ctijfxj! jnmkhsfxj

^+ ?

Fk }`fc` cafkfcna cikbfrfik }h xsh s|nsjimhkfc s|nsjimhkfc btxms 9

Nks+

\ntnarfc fahxs * Khisrfmjfkh+ Fk thrhkrfik io xtfkh xtfkh * cntdncìa! dhr`nkhcìa+

^+=

Mfvh h+m+ io btxms }`fc` nth sjiir` jxscah thanpnkrs 9

Nks+

>+

Nbthknafkh Kfcirfkh Nj|`hrnjfkh * Ncrs ik naon / dhrn Thch|rits Thch|rits

4+

dhrn4 Srfjxankrs * Fsipsx|tfkh * r`thnrhkhb nditrfik! |thrhtj andixt+

3+

Jxscntfkfc daicehts * nrti|fkh+

2+

Bfthcra ncrfkm * Njfki|`aafkh! |n|nvhtfkh! vntfixs kfrtnrhs+

^+0

Knjh r`h \SS xshb fk r`fs hp|htfjhkr 9

Nks+

Rtibh siaxrfik+

^+6

]` rhj|htnrxth fs jnfkrnfkhb nr 3= C+9

Nks+

Dhcnxsh tnddfr fs }ntj daiib nkfjna nkfjna nkb nkb frs dib rhj| fs ndixr ndixr 3= C+

<

<

^+ >< Knjh cijjika xshb nkrfjirfafr btxm 9 Nks+

Bfccaijfkh nrti|fkh! |n|ntvhtfkh! |fthkwh|fkh+

^+ >> Cnxshs io io s|ikrnkhixs s|ikrnkhixs jivhjhkrs io fkrhsrfkh hvhk hvhk }`hk naa khtvhs nth cxr+ 9 Nks+

Bxh ri |thshkch |thshkch io Nxhtdnc`-s Nxhtdnc`-s |anpxs r`hsh jxscahs `nvh fk`hthkr cikrtncrfafr+

8>


^+ >4 @i} }faa ix ix fbhkrfo 4 ths|ikshs io r}i bfoohthkr bfoohthkr r|hs io s|nsjimhkfc btxm+9 Nks+

]h }ixab nrti|fkfwh r`h rfssxh nkb nkb fk r`h |thshkch |thshkch io nrti|fkh! }h mfvh s|nsjimhkfc btxm xk eki}k& + Dhoith nbbfkm r`h $S|nsjimhkfc btxm$ naai} nrti|fkh ri cijh fk cikrncr }fr` rfssxh oit 8 jfk! }frìxr }ns`fkm+ Nbb r`h btxm N& nkb shh r`h ths|iksh! ki cikrtncrfik r`nr jhnks btxm jn dh cìafkhtmfc! sfkch nr nrti|fkh fs jxscntfkfc daiceht daices r`h ncrfik io cìafkhtmfc afeh btxms+ Nbb xkeki}k btxm D& fk |thshkch io nrti|fkh sì}s cikrtncrfik fkcthnsh rikh / nj|afrxbh&+ R`h nj|afrxbh fkcthnshs fk anbbht |nrrhtk+ Fr jn dh n bfthcra ncrfkm btxm+

^+>3+

@i} }faa }faa ix cikoftj r`nr r`h btxm fs sjiir` jxscah thanpnkrs 9

Nks+

Oit n eki}k nmnfksr oit A%D daiceht Nc`* Nrti|fkh+

^+>2

]tfrh bfoohthkch S|nsjimhkfcs / S|nsjiarfcs

S|nsjimhkfcs N& Btxms ncrfkm r`tixm` thch|rits 7 >+ NC`* Cìafkhtmfc thch|rit nkb r`hft nmikfsrs+ 4+ @fsrnjfkh* _fn `fsrnjfkhtmfc thch|rits 3+ 8@R it shtirikfk vfn shtirikhtmfc thch|rits+ 2+ Kfcirfkh fk ai} bish r`tixm` kfcirfkfc thch|rits dxr nr `fm` bishs fr daices frs i}k thch|rits+ 8+ Jit|`fkh vfn i|fxj thch|rits

D+ Btxm ncrfkm bfthcra 7 n& DnCa4 d& \isr |frxfrnt hprtncr it ipricfk+ c& _nsi|thssfk! sxdsrnkch * \! Dtnbefkfk

S|nsjiarfcs

n&+ Nbthknafkh * vfn dir` naon / dhrn dhrn thch|rits+ d&+ Nj|`hrnjfkh c&+ Kfcirfkh nr `fm` bishs+ b&+ Nrti|fkh d daicefkm jxscntfkfc thch|rits+

h& D4 thch|rit nmikfsr+

n&+ Njfki|`aafk d&+ \n|nvhtfk c&+ Kfrtnrhs / Kfrtfrhs b& Càitioitj Xshs 7 Bsjhkittìtn S|nsrfc ciksrf|nrfik+ thkna nkb dtfaafnt ciafcs hrc+

Xshs 7 \ntnarfc fafvs Thrhkrfik io xtfkh hrc+

84


SCTHHKFKM JHR@IBS IO NKNAMHSFCS Idghcr7 Scthhkfkm jhrìbs io Nknamhsfcs+ Nknamhsfcs+ Fkrtibxcrfik7 Nknamhsfcs nth rìsh btxms! }`fc` thafhvh |nfk ns n sj|rij }frìxr

cnxsfkm aiss io ciksfixskhss+ R`h nknamhsfcs cnk dh canssfofhb ns 7* >+

Kntcirfc Nknamhsfcs 7 Nth rìsh nknamhsfcs! }`fah thafhvfkm |nfk! nasi cnxsh

jntehb bh|thssfik io C+K+S+ h+m+ jit|`fkh nkb |hr`fbfkh+ 4+

Kik*Kntcirfc Nknamhsfcs7 ]`fah thafhvfkm |nfk! rìsh bi kir |tibxch

bh|thssfik io C+K+S+ h+m+ Ns|ftfk+ Scthhkfkm io Nknamhsfcs 7

Jisr io r`h thoahp ncrfvfr fkfrfnrhb d n |irhkrfnaa kipfixs srfjxaxs fs io nk hcn|h knrxth+ R`h rnfa oafce! sefk r}frc`fkm nkb afjd*oahpfik nth naa jivhjhkr }`fc` }ixab rhkb ri thjivh r`h nkfjna it r`h noohcrhb |ntr n}n otij r`h srfjxaxs+ Sxc` thoahphs `nvh oitjhb r`h dnsfs oit bhrhtjfkfkm r`h |nfk r`ths`ìab fk nkfjnas nkb nknamhsfc btxms nth scthhkhb d rhsrfkm r`hft ndfafr ri tnfsh r`fs r`ths`ìab+ Jhrìbs 7 Oiaai}fkm nth r`h jhrìbs io scthhkfkm io nknamhsfcs7*

F+

R`htjna jhrìbs 7

n&+ @ir }fth jhrìb7 R`h fksrtxjhkr xshb oit r`fs |xt|ish fs eki}k ns nknamhsfijhrht+ Fr fs ofrrhb }fr` n kfc`tijh }fth }`fc` cnk dh `hnrhb ri n th~xfthb rhj|htnrxth nkb fr cnk dh jnfkrnfkhb }fr` r`h `ha| io n thmxanrit xsxnaa hahcrtfc cxtthkr io ? viars fs |nsshb&+ N gncehr sxttixkbs r`h kfc`tijh }fth! }`fc` `ha|s r`h |anroitj ciia+ R`h nkfjna Tnr& fs eh|r fksfbh r`h tnr ìabht! si r`nr r`h rnfa |tighcrs ixr+ N |itrfik io r`h rnfa! 3 cjs+ n}n otij r`h rf| fs |anchb ivht r`h |anroitj nkb r`h thncrfik rfjh fs kirhb n||hntnkch io n c`ntncrhtsrtfc rnfa oafce&+ Cikrtia mtix| io nkfjnas nth cij|nthb }fr` r`h btxm* rthnrhb ikhs+ Bhanhb thncrfik rfjh fs sxmmhsrfvh io nknamhsfc ncrfvfr+ < d&+ @ir \anrh Jhrìb7 Fk r`fs jhrìb n ci||ht it wfkc |anrh fs rthnrhb io 88 C+

nkb r`fs rhj|htnrxth fs eh|r ciksrnkr+ R`h hp|htfjhkrna nkfjna Tnr it Jixsh& fs eh|r ivht r`h |anrh nkb idshtvhb cnthoxaa oit r`h sfmks io bfscijoitr+ Thncrfik rfjh fs kirhb dhoith nkb norht r`h btxm rthnrjhkr+ c&+ Tnbfnkr @hnr Jhrìb7 Afm`r io ?*0 viars! eh|r nr n bfsrnkch io ?$ fs r`ti}k ivht r`h rf| io tnr-s rnfa+ \nfk fkbxchb }faa jnkfohsr fk oitj io sxbbhk oxkcrfikfkm io r`h rnfa+ R`fs |tichbxth fs bikh dhoith nkb norht r`h btxm rthnrjhkr+ Fkcthnsh fk thncrfik rfjh }faa dh sxmmhsrfik io nknamhsfc ncrfvfr io r`h btxm+ 83


FF+

Jhc`nkfcna Jhrìbs 7

n&+ Jhc`nkfcna Cij|thssfik Jhrìb 7 N ciksrnkr |thssxth io mns otij n cafkbht fs xshb ri btfvh n |axkmht ik r`h tnr rnfa r nfa }`fc` fs ofphb+ Nk ntrht oitch|s it dxaa bim canj| jn dh n||afhb ri r`h rnfa io r`h tnr+ Xkrthnrhb nkfjnas rt ri thjivh r`h canj| it oich|s+ Norht nk n||ti|tfnrh bish io nknamhsfc! nkfjna bfs*thmntbs r`h caf|+ FFF+

Hahcrtfcna Jhrìb7 Fk r`fs n jixsh cnmh fs xshb oaiit io }`fc` fs jibh io

jhrna srtf|s! thchfvfkm nk hahcrtfc cxtthkr io eki}k viarnmh+ N jixsh fs eh|r fk r`fs cnmh nkb r`h nkfjna hahcrtfcna cxtthkr fs bhrhtjfkhb+ ]`fc` cnxshs r`h nkfjna ri ct+ R`h rhsr btxm fs r`hk fkghcrhb+ N btxm `nvfkm nknamhsfc |ti|htr }faa tnfsh r`h |nfk r`thsìab nkb `fm`ht viarnmh io cxtthkr }faa dh th~xfthb ri fkbxch |nfk+ F_+

C`hjfcna Jhrìb7 F+\+ fkghcrfik io n~xhixs siaxrfik io |`hka~xfkikh fk

jfch hafcfrs n ths|iksh }`fc` fs nkrnmikfwhb d }hne nknamhsfcs Kik * kntcirfc nknamhscfs&+ _+

Jhrìbs xshb fk Jhk 7

n&+ ]nao *@ntbfhs Jhrìb7 Afm`r otij n dxad fs oicxshb }fr` r`h `ha| io n cikvhp ahks ik n |ntrfcxant |ntr io oith `hnb+ \htsik ohhas |nfk ik r`nr |ntrfcxant |ifkr+ Norht nbjfkfsrtnrfik io nknamhsfcs! afm`r io jith fkrhksfr }faa dh th~xfthb ri fkbxch |nfk+ d&+ Hahcrtfcna Srfjxanrfik io |xa| io r`h riir`+ c&+ Knfa dhb |thssxth jhrìb+

82


SCTHHKFKM IO $NKRF*CIK_XASNKRS$

Idghcr 7 Scthhkfkm io $Nkrf*Cikvxasnkrs$+ Nkrf*Cikvxasnkrs 7

R`hsh nth r`h btxms }`fc` nth cn|ndah io cikrtiaafkm cikvxasfiks+ Fk jhbfcna |tncrfch nkrf*cikvxarskrs nth xshb ri cikrtia cikvxasfiks iccxttfkm fk h|fah|s! rhrnkxs! hcanj|sfn nkb |isfikfkm }fr` cikvxasnkrs+ R`h mthnrhsr xsh fs fk r`h rthnrjhkr io h|fah|s+ Nccitbfkm ri khxtiaimfcna r`hit $h|fah|s fs n shao afjfrfkm! |ntipsjna chthdtna bst`r`jfn fk }`fc` r`hth fs hpchssfvh H+H+M+ bfsc`ntmhs! rikfc nkb caikfc cikvxasfiks nkb sijh rfjh aiss io cikscfixskhss+ Nccitbfkm ri shfwxths |nrrhtk h|fah|s fs cnrhmitfwhb ns mtnkbjna! |hrfrjna! |scìjirit+ Jisr io r`h hp|htfjhkrna jhrìbs oit bfthcrfkm nkrfcikvxasnkr ncfrfvfr fkviavh r`h ntrfofcfna fkbxcrfik io cikvaxsfiks nkb r`hft fk`fdfrfik d itmnkfc cij|ixkbs+ Scthhkfkm jhrìbs7

>+ \`sfcna Jhrìbs * N+ Hahcrti sìce jhrìb+ D+ Sixkb fkbxchb shfwxths+ 4+ C`hjfcna Jhrìbs N+

Jhrtimia 0< jm+)em+ s+c+& fkbxchb cikcaxsfiks+

D+

\fctiripfk rhsr 4 jm+)em+ s+c+&

C+

Srtc`kfkh rhsr <+3 jm+)em+ s+c+&

N+ Hahcrti Sìce Jhrìb7

Hp|r+ nkfjnas nth tnrs! nkfjnas nth bfvfbhb fk r}i mtix|s+ Oftsr mtix| shtvhs ns cikrtia nkb fs kir mfvhk nk btxm nkb r`h ir`ht mtix| fs rthnrhb }fr` r`h rhsr btxm+ Jnpfjna Hahcrti Sìce shfwxths nth fkbxchb }fr` n srfjxaxs io <+4 shc+ Bxtnrfik nkb n cxtthkr io >4< j+ nj|s+ Oftsra hahcrti sìce fs mfvhk ri r`h nkfjnas io cikrtia mtix|+

Nkfjnas hp`fdfr n shfwxths |nrrhtk+ R`h rikfc oahpit cij|ikhkr io r`h `fkb afjds fs shhk oftsr io naa! oiaai}fkm r`fs fs r`h rikfc hprhksit cij|ikhkr! r`h |`nsh io fkrhtjfrrhkr! }ìah dib caikxs fs shhk fk r`h ansr+ Ki} r`h hahcrti sìce io snjh fkrhksfr fs mfvhk ri r`h nkfjnas io btxm rthnrhb mtix|+ Ndshkch it bfjfkfsfrfik fk r`h fkrhksfr io cikvxasfiks fkbfcnrh r`nr r`h btxm `ns |tirhcrhb r`h nkfjnas otij r`h cikcxasfiks nkb `ns mir nkrf*ciksvxasnkr ncrfvfr+ 88


Sixkb fkbxchb shfwxths fk tnrs 7

R`h rfjh xshb ri fkbxch shfwxths }ns n ?< shc+ hp|isxth ri n biit dhaa tfkmfkm }fr` n fkrhksfr io 6< bhcfdahs fk n sixkb |tiio dip+ R`h shfwxths hviehb }hth n tn|fb nkb }fab txkkfkm ndixr nkb r`hk rikfc nkb caikfc cikvxasfiks+ cikvxasfiks+ Nkfjnas rthnrhb }fr` nkrfcikvxasnkr btxms bi kir ths|ikb ri r`fs srfjxaxs+

Jhrtiwia fkbxchb cikvxasfiks7 \hkrahkh rhrtnwia&

Tnrs nth bfvfbhb fk r}i mtix|s! Ikh mtix| fs kir mfvhk rhsr btxm nkb shtvhs ns cikrtia nkb r`h nkfjnas io nkir`ht mtix| nth mfvhk r`h rhsr btxm+ Norht 3< jfk+ io nbjfkfsrtnrfik io btxm! nkfjnas io dir` r`h mtix|s nth mfvhk jhrtiwia 0< jm+ ) em S+C+&+ Nkfjnas io cikrtia mtix| }faa sì} cikvxasfiks+ Fo r`h nkfjnas io r`h mtix| rthnrhb }fr` rhsr bxtm nth |tirhcrhb otij r`h jhrtiwia fkbxchb cikvxasfiks r`hk r`fs }faa dh sxmmhsrhb io nkrfcikvxasnkr ncxfr io rhsr btxm+

Fk |anch io jhrtiwia! srtc`fkfkh <+3 jm+ ) em S+C+& nkb |fctiripfk 4 jm+ ) em S+C+& cnk nasi dh xshb ri mfvh c`hji srfce+

Sfmkfofcnkch io r`fs hp|htfjhkr7

D r`hsh jhrìbs nkrfcikvxasnkr ncrfvfr io n kh} btxm cnk dh oixkb ixr nkb r`hsh btxms jn |tivh io vnaxh fk r`h rthnrjhkr io vntfixs cikvxasfvh bfsitbhts+ Btxms |tirhcrfkm nkfjnas otij hahcrtisìce cikvxasfiks jn |tivh hoohcrfvh fk mtnkbjna nkb btxms |tirhcrfkm nkfjnas otij c`hjisìce jn |tivh io vnaxh fk |hrfrjna h|fah|s nkb |tibxchs vht afrrah bh|thssfik io vfrna jhbxaant chkrhts+

8?


HOOHCR IO _NTFIXS BTXMS IK BIM-S DAIIB \THSSXTH Idghcr7 Ri srxb r`h hoohcr io vntfixs btxms ik bim-s daiib |thssxth+ N||ntnrxs7 Thshntc` Ejimtn|`! i|htnrfik rndah! X s`n|hb jhtcxt jnkijhrht

rxdhtcxafk

stfkmh+ Dxthrrh ntrhtfna vhkixs / rtnc`hna cnkkxan! cikkhcrfkm txddht

rxdfkm bfsshcrfkm fksrtxjhkrs cnrrik / r`thnb+ Btxms / siaxrfiks

Sibfxj Cfrtnrh

7

0+8( Nkrfcinmxankr&

@h|ntfk

7

8<< F+X+ Nkrfcinmxankr&

Kitjna Snafkh

7

<+6 ( KnCa

Jit|`fkh

7

>¸m >¸ m >Em+

Xthr`nkh

7

>+8 mj)Em+

Nbthknafkh

7

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Nchracìafkh

7

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7

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7

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Fsi|thknafkh

7

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7

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7

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7

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jh|tnjfkh

7

> jm)ja

\tichbxth7 N `hnar` nbxar bim fs }hfm`hb nkb nkhsr`hrfwhb }fr` jit|`fkh >jm )

>em& % xthr`nkh >+8mj)em&+ R`h nkfjna fs ahb bitsnaa ik r`h i|htnrfik rndah d rfkm r`h afjds ri r`h oixt citkhts io r`h i|htnrfik rndah+ Norht r`nr ohjitna vhfk fs hp|ishb fk r`h r`fm` thmfik nkb vhkixs cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h vhfk+ _hkixs cnkkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri n dxthrrh }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdfkm }`fc` cikrnfks kitjna snafkh+ R`h tixrh xshb oit fkghcrfkm r`h btxm fs F+_+ Norht r`nr n jfbafkh fkcfsfik fs mfvhk mfvhk fk r`h khce sefk nkb onscfn nth thoahcrhb! jxscahs nth sh|ntnrhb nkb nkb rtnc`hn fs hp|ishb+ Norht hp|isfkm rtnc`hn shntc` oit r`h cntirfb ntrht! afkm fk r`h bhh|ht rfssxh ik r`h sfbh io rtnc`hn+ Nk ntrhtfna cnkkxan `h|ntfkfwhb& fs fkshtrhb fk r`h cntirfb ntrht nkb r`fs cnkkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri n jhtcxt jnkijhrht }fr` r`h `ha| io |thssxth txddht rxdfkm+ R`fs shr fs xshb xshb oit thcitbfkm io D+\+ N |ntrfna rtnksvhtsh cxr cxr fs mfvhk ri r`h rtnc`hn nkb n V s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h axjhk io rtnc`hn nkb cikkhcrhb ri n ths|ftnrit |xj|+ Idshtvnrfik7

Nkfjna7 Bim!

Shp Jnah!

]hfm`r *>< Em+

@hnt tnrh

) Jfk+

Tnrh io Ths|ftnrfik 8=

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Daiib |thssxth7 Nkhnsr`hsfn xshb7 jit|`fkh % xthr`nkh >+8mj>em& Hoohcr io vntfixs btxms ik bim daiib |thssxth 7 S+ Ki+

Btxms / Bish

Daiib \thssxth

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Nbthknafkh

>

4 4m) Em+&

ths|iksh&

Kit nbthknafkh*

↞

4+

sr

↞ r`hk (df|`nsfc

@hntr Tnrh

Thjntes

↞↞

Sj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm


3*8 m ) em+& 3+

Fsi|thknafkh

↓↓

↞


↓

Dtnbcntbfn

Cìafkhtmfc btxm

↓

↞

Knrxtnaa iccxtfkm nxri

4 4m ) em+& 2+

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8+

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cifb+

4*3 m ) em+ ?+

Nc`+ 4 4m ) em+& %

Ki hoohcr io Nc` f+h+

nrti|fkh >jm)em+

(↓ fk d|&

↞ @+T+

Nrti|fkh daices r`h jxscntfkfc thch|rith! si daice r`h ncrfik io NC`+

=+

NC` 8 jm)em&

↞

↞

Kfcirfkfc ncr / thahnsh io cnrh*cìanjfkh+

0+

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6+

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*

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ki onaa fk D\+

Dhrn hoohcr nasi daicehb @> thch|rit nkrimikfsr+

jh|ntnjfkh

Kitnbthknafkh KN&

Fr fs n sj|nrìjfjhrfc cnrhcìanjfkh `nvfkm |thbijfkhr na|`n thch|rit ncrfik+ R`h hoohcr io KN bfoohts otij r`nr io nbthknafkh r`nr r`h `hntr tnrh fs kir fkcthnshb+ Ik r`h cikrtnt fr jn dh bhcthnshb safm`ra+ Ika tfsh fk daiib |thssxth fs shhk nkb r`fs fs bxh ri r`h vnsiciksrtfcrfik s|hcfnaa rìsh }`fc` sx||a daiib ri sefk nkb jxcisn+ Sfkch dhrn ncrfik io KN fs kir shhk! r`h hoohcr io tfsh fk D+\+ fs jith r`nk nbthknafkh ika+ Fsi|thknafkh FS\&

80


Fr fs n sj|nrìjfjhrfc njfkh }`fc` |tibxchs s|hcfofc dhrn > nkb dhrn4 thch|rit nmikfsrfc ncrfik+ Dhrn > thch|rits |thshkr fk `hntr nth hpcfrhb d fsi|thknafkh ns n thsxar io }`fc` r`hth fs fkcthnsh fk daiib |thssxth nkb `hntr tnrh+ ]`hk btxm thnc`hs |htf|`ht r`hth iccxts ibfanrfik io daiib vhsshas s|hcfnaa }`fc` nth sx||afhb ri sehahrna jxscah+ Ns n thsxar io r`fs r`hth fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth+ Fsi|thknafkh fs kir r`h sxdsrtnrh oit x|rneh! `hkch! r`h rhtjfknrfik io ncrfik rnehs rfjh nkb r`hth fs bhanhb thcivht+ Nchracìafkh7

Fr fs n |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc nmhkr }`fc` cnk srfjxanrh dir` jxscntfkfc ns }haa ns kfcirfkfc thch|rits+ @i}hvht! fk ai} bishs fr |tibxchs ika jxscntfkfc thch|rit ncrfik nkb `hkch! r`hth fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth bxh ri bfanrnrfik io daiib vhsshas+ R`h ncrfik io Nc` fs tn|fba rhtjfknrhb d cìafkhsrhtnsh hkwjh nkb `hkch! r`h ths|iksh io Nc` mhrs ~xfcea thcivhthb+ @hntr tnrh bish kir c`nkmh fk ths|iksh ri Nc`+ @fsrnjfkh

Fr fs n knrxtnaa iccxttfkm nxrncifb }`fc` cnxshs mhkhtnafwhb vnsibfanrnrfik r`tixm` @> nkb @4 thch|rits+ ]`hk `fsrnjfkh fs nbjfkfsrhthb fk r`h bim r`hth fs jntehb onaa fk daiib |thssxth+ R`h thcivht otij `fsrnjfkh fs tn|fb ns cij|nthb ri fsi|thknafkh dxr sai}ht ns cij|nthb ri nchracìafkh+ Nbthknafkh

Fr fs n sj|nrìjfjhrfc cnrhcìanjfkh }`fc` |tibxchs hoohcr r`tixm` na|`n dhrn> nkb dhrn4 thch|rits+ Ns n thsxar io dhrn > thch|rit srfjxanrfik r`hth fs sxbbhk fkcthnsh fk `hntr tnrh nkb oitch io cikrtncrfik / fkcthnsh D+\+ Fjjhbfnrha bxh ri thoahp fk`fdfrfik r`hth fs safm`r bhcthnsh fk D+\+! dxr btxm thnc`hs ri r`h |htf|`ht }`hth na|`n> thch|rit srfjxanrfik |tibxchs vnsiciksrtfcrfik nkb `hkch! oxtr`ht tfsh fk daiib |thssxth fs idshtvhb+ N kirc` fs shhk bxh ri sxbbhk c`nkmhs fk r`h ths|iksh+ Nbthknafkh ncrfik fs sai}a rhtjfknrhb d thx|rneh / d jikinjfkh ipfbnsh JNI& nkb cnrhcìa*i*jhr`a rtnksohts CIJR& hkwjhs+ ]`hk r`h cikchkrtnrfik io nbthknafkh fs thbxchb dhrn 4 thch|rit ncrfik |thbijfknrhs nkb ns n thsxar safm`r onaa fk daiib |thssxth shcikbnt onaa& fs shhk+

86


Bnah-s _nsijirit Thvhtsna

Bnah >6>2& oixkb r`nr }`hk nbthknafkh fs mfvhk norht nbjfkfsrtnrfik io htmir naenaifb! fr |tibxchs onaa fk daiib |thssxth fksrhnb io tfsh+ R`fs xkxsxna |`hkijhkik }ns bhsctfdhb ns vnsijirit thvhtsna+ Nbthknafkh |tibxch tfsh fk daiib |thssxth r`tixm` na|`n nbthkich|rits+ ]`hk na|`n*nbthkich|rits nth daicehb d nk na|`n*daicehts afeh |`hkrianjfkh! rianpiffkh! |`hkipdhkwnjfkh it htmir naenaifbs&! r`h dhrn 4*nbthkich|rit ncrfik io nbthknafkh |thbijfknrhs nkb onaa fk daiib |thssxth fs shhk+ R`fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth fs eki}k ns Bnah-s vnsijirit thvhtsna+ Kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io nchracìafkh

R`h kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io NC` cnk dh bhjiksrtnrhb d daicefkm naa jxscntfkfc thch|rit xsfkm nrti|fkh afeh btxms nkb d xsfkm `fm` bish io NC`+ Kfcirfkfc thch|rits nth oixkb fk >& sehahrna jxscahs nkb 4& nxrikijfc mnkmafn+ Sfkch r`h jxscntfkfc thch|rits nth daicehb! nxrikijfc mnkmafn nth srfjxanrhb d NC` ns n thsxar io }`fc` r`hth fs tfsh fk daiib |thssxth+ R`fs fs kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io NC`+ R`h ths|iksh io fsi|thknafkh cnk dh daicehb d dhrn daiceht |ti|tnkiaia+ R`h ths|iksh io kitnbthknafkh fs daicehb d |`hkrianjfkh* r`h na|`n* daiceht+ R`h ths|iksh io `fsrnjfkh fs daicehb d jh|tnjfkh nkb jhrfnjfbh! r`h @ > nkb @4 thch|rit nkrnmikfsrs ths|hcrfvha+

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b&+ Idghcr 7 Ri srxb r`h jxscntfkfc nkb kfcirfkfc ncrfiks +++++++++++++++++++++ io Nc` ik D+\+ io nk nknhsr`hrfwhb bim+ Shr*x| io r`h hp|htfjhkr7 Norht nknhsr`hrfwfkm n `hnar`+++++++++++ bim! ohjitna vhfk fs

hp|ishb fk r`h r`fm` r`fm` thmfik nkb n vhkixs vhkixs cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h vhfk+ _hkixs _hkixs cnkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri n dxthrrh }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdfkm+ Dxthrrh cikrnfks kitjna snafkh+ R`h tixrh fs xshb oit fkghcrfkm r`h btxms fkrtnvhkixsa+ N jfb afkh fkcfsfik fs mfvhk fk r`h khce! sefk nkb onscfn nth thoahcrhb! jxscahs nth sh|ntnrhb nkb r`h rtnc`hn fs hp|ishb+ Norht hp|isfkm rtnc`hn! shntc` oit r`h r`h cntirfb ntrht! afkm fk r`h bhh|ht rfssxh ik r`h sfbh io rtnc`hn+ Nk ntrhtfna cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h cntirfb ntrht nkb r`fs cnkkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri n jhtcxtjhrht }fr` r`h `ha| io |thssxth txddht rxdfkm+ R`fs shr fs xshb oit r`h thcitbfkm io D+\+ N |ntrfna rtnksvhtsh cxr fs mfvhk ik r`h rtnc`hn nkb n $V$ s`n|hb rtnc`hn cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h axjhk io rtnc`hn $V$ s`n|hb rtnc`hna nkkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri nk ths|ftnrit |xj|+ \tibxcht7 Thcitb n ciaxjk io cikrtia rtncfkm io kitjna D+\+ Ki} fkghcr Nc` fk n bish

io >¸mj+) em io dib }r+ fk r`h ohjitna vhfk r`tixm` r`h rxdfkm idshtvh r`h hoohcr ik D+\+ nkb }nfr rfaa r`h daiib |thssxth thrxtks ri r`h kitjna ahvha+ ]`hk r`h hoohcr |nsshs ioo nmnfk thcitb }fr` kitjna rtncfkm nkb rt nkir`ht bish io -Nc` 3¸mj)em+& nkb shh r`h hoohcr+ ]`hk r`h thcivht rnehs |anch! fkghcr nrti|fkh fk n bish io 3 jm+) em vht sai}a r`tixm` f+v+ tixr+ ]nfr oit 4< jfks+ Rhsr r`h daicehb d fkghcrfkm Nc`>)¸mj)em }`fc` sìxab kir |tibxch nk onaa fk D+\+ Ki} fkghcr n antmh njixkr io nc` >jm+)em & nkb idshtvh r`h hoohcr ik D+\+ \thcnxrfiks 7

>+

Norht fkghcrfkm r`h btxm oaxs` fr }r+ 2*8 c+c+ io kitjna snafkh hvht rfjh+

4+

Fkghcr r`h btxm vht caish ri r`h manss cnkkxan! fkri txddht rxdfkm+

3+

Stfkmh sìxab dh tfkshb rìtixma dhoith nkb norht fkghcrfkm hnc` btxm+

2+

Rneh cikrtia rtncfkm dhoith nkb norht fkghcrfkm hnc` btxm+ IDSHT_NRFIKS7

S+Ki+

>+ 4+ 3+

Btxm nkb bish

Hoohcr ik Daiib \thssxth

Nc` > >mj)em+& mj)em+& Nc` 3 3mj)em+& mj)em+& Nrti 3 jm+)em+ Norht 4< jrt+ Nc` >¸m+)em+

Onaa fk D+\+ jxscntfkfkh Ncrfik M thnrht onaa fk D+\+ Fkcthnsh It bhcthnsh fk D+\+ Ki hoohcr Tfsh fk D+\+ Kfcirfkfc ncrfik&

?4


Fkohthkch7

Nc` |tibxchs n sìtr onsrfkm onaa fk D+\+ Onaa fk D+\+ }fr` Nc` fs bxh ri r`h fk`fdfrit hoohcr ik `hntr nkb |htf|`htna vnsibfanrfik Jxscntfkfc ncrfiks&+ Nbjfkfsrtnrfik io nrti|fkh }`hk n antmh njixkr io nc` fs fkghcrhb n tfsh fk D+\+ fs idshtvhb+ Fr fs bxh ri oh} Kfcirfvh ncrfik io Nc`! }`fc` }h nth ndah ri shh norht r`h daicenbh io jxcntfkfc ncrfik d nrti|fkh+ Idghcr 7 Bhjiksrtnrfik io vnsijirit ahvhtsna |`hkijkik io bnah+ \tichbxth7

>+

Nbthkiafkh fs fkshcrhb fk r`h ~xnkrfr io 3¸mj+)em+ io dib }r+ r`tixm` ohjitna vhfk+ hoohcr fs idshtvhb }nfr rfaa r`h daiib |thssxth thrxtks ri kitjna nmnfk+

4+

\tfsciafkh fk n bish io 8 jm+)em+ dib }r+ fs fkghcrhb ri daice  thch|rits+

3+

Norht 4< jrs+ }`hk r`hth fs hoohcrfvh daicenbh io  thch|rits Nbt+ fs fkghcrhb fk r}i snjh nasi nkb shh r`h hoohcr+

Idshtvnrfik nkb fkohthkch7*

]`hk Nbt fs fkghcrhb n r|fcna ths|ish fs idshtvhb ik D+\+ >+ Srhh| tfsh 7 R`fs fs bxh ri d> thh|rit thh|rit ncrfik fkcthnsh fk`hntr tnrh fkcthnsh fk oitch oitch io cikrtncrfik nkb |htf|`tna vhsiciksrtfcrfik 4+ Kirc`7 Nr r`h |hne io mtn|` hoohcr r`hth fs n afrrah xthnb cnthafn bxh ri vnmna srfjxankm& }`fc` jhkohsrs fr shao fkoitj io kirc`+ 3+ Shcikbnt Tfsh7 R`fs fs bxh ri r`h srfjxanrfik io _+J+C+ 2+ Onaa io D+\+ dhai} vnsh afkh fs bxh ri ahn a hn hoohcr io ncrt+ it D thch|rits+ t hch|rits+ Nbt+ ncr ik r}i r|hs io thch|rits r`hsh nth  nkb + Bxh ri frs hoohcr ik  thch|rits fr cnxshs tfsh fk D+\+ nkb d frs hoohcr ik  thch|rits fr cnxshs onaa fk D+\+ }`hk |tfsciafkh fs fkghcrhb fr daice  thch|rits nkb }`hk Nbt fs th|hnrhb nmnfk fr srfjxanrhs ika  thch|rits cnxsfkm onaa fk D+\+ otij ot ij r`h dhmfkkfkm+

?3


HPHTCFSHS FK HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV H+\+& N& AFSR IO HPHTCFSHS S+Ki+ Ri|fc \tidndah Ki+ io Ahcrxths Fkrtibxcrfik io H+\+ > >+ Cìfch io Anditnrit nkfjnas > 4+ Nkhsr`hrfc nmhkrs xshb fk H+\+ > 3+ \`sfiaimfcna snar siaxrfik / btxm bfaxrfik > 2+ _ntfixs fksrtxjhkrs xshb fk H+\+ 4 8+ Scthhkfkm io nknamhsfc nknamhsfc btxms ?+ > Bhjiksrtnrfik > Bfscxssfiks Scthhkfkm io aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs =+ > Bhjiksrtnrfik > Bfscxssfiks > Sxtonch nknhs& Mhk+ Canss Scthhkfkm io nkrfh|fah|rfc nkrfh|fah|rfc btxms 0+ > Bhjiksrtnrfik > Bfscxssfiks Hoohcr io btxms ik ik fsianrhb Otim-s thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah 4 6+ Bfscxssfik / ^)N Hoohcr io btxms ik fsianrhb fsianrhb otim-s `hntr |htoxsfik |htoxsfik Bfscxssfik > ><+ ^)N > Hoohcr io btxms ik Tnddfr-s fkrhsrfkh Bfscxssfik > >>+ ^)N > Hoohcr io btxms ik Tnddfr-s hh jhbfnrhs / Jfirfcs& >4+ \faicnt|fkh! nrti|fkh > Bhjiksrtnrfik > Bfscxssfik > Mhk+ Canss Hoohcr io btxms ik Bim-s D+\+ Bfscxssfik > >3+ ^)N > Rirna Cansshs 48 Rirna ìxts io rhnc`fkm ** ><< `ts ns }ìah canss fs bfvfbhb fkri r}i dnrc`hs / hnc` ahcrxths fs io 4 `ts+

?2


S+Ki+

N& AFSR IO HPHTCFSHS FK \@NTJNCV Ri|fc

\tidndah Ki+ io Ahcrxths Fkrtibxcrfik io \`ntjnc)Bhofkfrfik > >+ Bisnmh oitjs io btxms 4 4+ Nddthvfnafik! ]hfm`r / Jhnsxths xshb fk \`ntjnc+ > 3+ \thsctf|rfik }tfrfkm > 2+ Jfprxths fk Mhkhtna Cntjfknrfvh jfp Bhji+ > 8+  \th|ntnrfik io Cntjfknrfvh Jfprxth >  \xtmnrfvh jfp bhji / \th| >  Nkrfbfnttìhna Jfprxth Bhji / \th|&+ > \i}bht fk Mhkhtna / ITS \i}bhts \i}bhts Bhji > ?+  \th|ntnrfik io ITS ITS \i}bhts >  Shfbafrw-s \i}bht Bhji / \th|+& > Airfik fk Mhkhtna Mhkhtna Bhji EJkI2 Airfik Bhji& > =+  EJkI2 Airfik \th|+& >  Cnanjfkh Airfik Bhji / \th|& > Rxt|hkrfkh Afkfjhkr Bhji / \th|+& > 0+ Hjxasfiks fk Mhkhtna Mhkhtna / Cib Afvht Ifa Hjxasfik Bhji& > 6+  \th|ntnrfik io Cib afvhs ifa hjxasfik hjxasfik > Ifkrjhkrs fk Mhkhtna nkb ]`frofhab Ifkrjhkr Bhji& > ><+ >6 Rirna ìxts io rhnc`fkm ** =? `ts ns }ìah canss fs bfvfbhb fkri r}i dnrc`hs / hnc` ahcrxths fs io 4 `ts+

?8


JNKXNA IO \@NTJNCV \TNCRFCNA

BH\NTRJHKR IO \@NTJNCIAIMV BT+ S+K+ JHBFCNA CIAAHMH GIB@\XT TNG&

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ExperimentalPharmacology

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