Experiment EG220

Experiment 1.3 - Resistors in Series & 1 Kirchoff's Law

st

Objectives: y

Voltage divider.

y

First Kirchoff's Law.

Equipment Required: y

TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

y

R esistors: esistors:

multimeter wires 1M, 91K , 10K , 5.1K , 1K , 100 ;

Procedure: Step 1:

Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply.

Step 2:

Connect the power supply to the Mains.

Step 3:

Turn ON the trainer.

Step 4:

Connect the + 12V socket to resistor R 5 at the TPS-3321.

Step 5:

Connect the free socket of R 5 to resistor R 6 using banana wire.

Step 6:

Connect the free socket of R 6 to the minus of the power supply (the GND). You have implemented the following circuit: I

12V

Step 7:

R 5

1K

R 6

100;

+ -

Turn on the multimeter and shift it to the voltage -measuring mode, 20 Volts

range. Connect its probes to the sockets of R 5. Write down the voltage you have measured:

VR6 = ____V Step 8:

Measure voltage on the resistor R 5 :

VR5 = ____V Step 9:

Measure the voltage source.

V = ____V Step 10:

Check if:

V = VR5 + VR6

VR6 = ____V Step 8:

Measure voltage on the resistor R 5 :

VR5 = ____V Step 9:

Measure the voltage source.

V = ____V Step 10:

Check if:

V = VR5 + VR6

Step 11:

Check the relation: 

5 5



!

6 6

! 5



6

What does this formula calculate? Step 12:

Disconnect R 5 from power supply. T urn the multimeter to current measurement mode. Connect its positive probe (the red one) to the plus of the power supply , and its negative probe to the R 5. What current do you read? Is it consistent with step 11?

Step 13:

Disconnect the multimeter from the circuit and connect resistor R 5 back to the power supply. Turn the multimeter into voltage measuring mode.

Step 14:

Kirchoff's Law states that sum of all voltages in closed circuit equals to zero. Let's check this. Measure the voltage on the power supply and two resistors in the way that voltmeter's polarity will stay constant. Write down voltages with the sign:

st

1

I

12V

+

+ 1K R 5 -

100;

+ R 6 -

V = ___V, VR5 = ___V, VR6 = ___V The First Kirchoff's Law demands that V 1 + V2 + V3 = 0. Check that.

Disassemble the circuit. Step 15:

In experiment 1.1 you have calculated and measured resistance of all the resistors at TPS-3321 . What would be total resistance if we connect them all in serial?

Step 16:

Connect the five resistors as shows: R 1 1M R 2 91K R 3 10K R 4 5.1K R 5 1K

Measure total resistance of the system.

R T = ____ ; Check if:

R T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 + R 5

Experiment Report: 1)

Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit. For each circuit include the experiment measurements , results and graphs.

2)

Compare between the preliminary questions and the examples with the measurement results.

Experiment 1.4 - Resistors in Parallel & 2 Kirchoff's Law Objectives: y

Current divider.

y

The Second Kirchoff's Law.

y

Mixed networks.

nd


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

y

R esistors:

multimeter wires 10K , 5.1K , 1K , 100 ;

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:


Step 3:


Step 4:

Adjust

Step 5:

Implement the following circuit:

the power supply variable voltage to + 3V.

3V

+

1K R 5

5.1K R 4

A

Write down the measured current:

IR5 = ____mA Step 6:

Measure current that flows through R 4 :

3V

+

1K

R 5

5.1K R 4

A

IR4 = ____mA

Step 7:

Check if I ¡

¢

5

4

I

4

¢

! ¡

exists,

5

or the same

IR1R 1 = IR2R 2 What does the later formula calculates? Step 8:

Measure the total current:

A

3V

+

1K

R 5

5.1K R 4

-

IT = ____mA Step 9:

Check if:

IT = IR4 + IR5 Step 10:

The Second Kirchoff's Law states that sum of all currents that enter a point in electrical circuit equals to zero. If a current comes out of a point , it is taken into

the sum with the negative sign. In our case lets take the point where R 4 and R 5 are being connected to the plus of the power supply. The current from the power supply enters this point; therefore , IT should be taken with positive sign. The resistor's currents are leaving the point therefore; they should be taken with the negative signs. Check if:

IT ± IR4 ± IR5 = 0

Step 11:

As

shown in discussion , total resistance of n resistors connected in parallel is calculated by:

t

!

1 1



1

1 2

-



1 n

What would be the total resistance of all the resistors in TPS-3321 connected in parallel? Step 12:

Connect the resisters as follows and measure their resistance:

R 3 10K R 4 5.1K R 5 1K

R T = ____ ; Does the measurement comply with theoretical prediction? Step 13:

Now we have all mathematical apparatus needed to calculate any resister network with mixed connection: both parallel and serial. Assemble

the following network and calculate its r esistance. R 5 1K 100;

R 6

5.1K R 4

When meeting complicated mixed resistor networks it is easy to calculate the total resistance in steps: first find part of the network that you can recognize as a simple connection ± either serial or parallel. Substitute that part as one resistor with value equal to total resistance of that part. You will get a new circuit , which is exactly equal to the former one , but has fewer components and therefore is simpler. Find another part that's connection is familiar to you and proceed in this manner.

In our case, it is obvious that resistors R 2, R 4 and R 5 are connected in serial. The resulting resistor is connected in parallel with R 3. When we substitute their connection with one resistor , it would be connected in serial with R 1. The total resistance of the network is:

R T = ____ ; Step 14:

Check yourself by measuring the resistance of the assembled circuit.



2)


Experiment 2.1 - Crystal Diode Objectives: y

Diode characteristics.

y

Diode rectifier.

y

Diode circuits.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

y

Silicon diode 1 N914, Germanium diode 1 N270 and R esistor 2K ;

multitester wires

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:


Step 3:

Connect the following circuit to a variable power supply. I

R 1K D1 1N914

Vs

Step 4:

Turn ON the power supply.

Step 5:

Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD. To get negative voltage , change the power supply connections.

No. VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA]

1 2 -5 -4

3

4

5

6 7 8 9 10 11 5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Step 6:

Calculate IR for each column in the table.

Step 7:

Plot your results on the following graph.

IR

0 0

VD

Step 8:

R eplace

the silicon diode with the germanium diode 1 N270.

Step 9:

Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD. No. VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA]

1 2 -5 -4

3

4

5

6 7 8 9 10 11 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Step 10:


Step 11:

Plot your results on the following graph. IR

0

VD

0

Step 12:

Implement the following circuit.

I

R 1K

V

+ -

12V

VD

Step 13:

Measure VR and VD.

Step 14:

Calculate IR .

Step 15:

Compare the measurement results with the calculation results of example a).

Step 16:

Draw your conclusions.

Step 17:

Change the source voltage to 5V.

Step 18:

Calculate VR , VD and IR .

Step 19:

Measure VR and VD.

Step 20:

Calculate IR .

Step 21:

Compare the measurement results with the calculation results.

Step 22:


Step 23:

Implement the following circuit on the main plug in board. I + 12V -

1K

ID

I2 100 ;

R 5

R 6

VD

Step 24:

Measure VR 5, VR6 and VD.

Step 25:

Calculate IR 5 and IR6.

Step 26:

Compare the measurement results with the calculation results of example c).

Step 27:


Step 28:

Change the source voltage to 5V.

Step 29:

Calculate VR 5, VR6, VD, IR 5 and IR6.

Step 30:

Measure VR 5, VR6 and VD.

Step 31:

Calculate IR 5 and IR6.

Step 32:


Step 33:




2)


Experiment 2.2 - Zener Diode Objectives: y

Zener diode characteristics.

y

Zener circuits.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

y

Zener diode 5. 1V

y

R esistors:

multitester wires 100;, 1K

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:


Step 3:

Implement the following circuit. R

I

1K Z1

VS

Step 4:

Turn on the power supply.

Step 5:

Change VS according to the following table and register the measured values of VR and VD.

Step 6:

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

VS [V] VR [V] VD [V] IR [mA]

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1


2

3

4

5

6

7

Step 7:

Plot your results on the following graph. IR

0 0

VD

Step 8:

Implement the following circuit on the main plug in board. I

R 100;

V

+ -

12V

VZ

R L 1K ;

Step 9:

Calculate VR , VZ, IR and IL.

Step 10:

Measure VR and VZ.

Step 11:

Calculate IR and IL.

Step 12:


Step 13:


Step 14:

R eplace R L

Step 15:

Calculate VR , VZ, IR and IL.

Step 16:

Measure VR and VZ.

Step 17:

Calculate IR and IL.

Step 18:


Step 19:


with 5. 1K resistor.



2)


Experiment 4.1 - The Transformer Objectives: y

Converting

y

The transformer as a bidirectional system.

AC

voltage with a transformer.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

multitester wires

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:


Step 3:


Step 4:

A

transformer is located on the right side of the trainer.

It is drawn as the following: C

E

B

D

A

Terminal C is not connected to the transformer , only A,B,D,E. Observe it. Step 5:

Connect the

AC

voltage ± the s12V AC and its GND to the

A and B

terminals.

C E

Power

Supply ACout

s12V AC

B

GND

A

D

Step 6:

Set the multimeter to measure AC voltage at the range of 200V.

Step 7:

Measure the voltage on the A-B terminals and write the result.

Vin = __________ Step 8:

Measure the voltage on the D -E terminals and write down the result.

Vout = ___________ Step 9: Calculate the turn ratio:

n1 ! Step 10:

Vout Vin

__________

Change the connection of A-B. Connect s12V AC to

Step 11:

R epeat

A and

GND to B.

steps 7-9.

Does it affect the measurements? Step 12:

Connect now the power supply voltage to D -E terminals (instead of A-B).

Step 13:

Measure the voltage on the D -E terminals and write the result.

Vin = __________ Step 14:

Measure the voltage on the A-B terminals and write down the result.

Vout = ___________ Step 15:

Calculate the turn ratio:

n!

Vout Vin

__________

Does n1 ! 1 ? n2


Write the name of each experiment and draw below the electronic circuit.

For each circuit include the experiment measurements , results and graphs. 2)


Experiment 4.2 - Voltage Rectifiers Objectives: y

Implementing a half wave rectifier.

y

Implementing a full wave rectifier.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

multitester wires

Procedure: Step 1:

Connect the TPS-3321 to the power supply and connect the power supply to the Mains.

Step 2:

Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321. D1 Vo VS

R 1K

~

The power supply V S is the DC s12V on the TPS-3321. Step 3:


Step 4:

Change VS and measure Vo according to the following table.

t VS Vo

0 -10

Step 5:

1 -9

2 -8

3 -7

4 -6

5 -5

6 -4

7 -3

8 -2

9 -1

10 0

11 1

Draw your results on the following graphs.

12 2

13 3

14 4

15 5

16 6

17 7

18 8

19 9

20 10

VS

t

Vo

t

Step 6: R eplace VS (s12V) with 12VAC. Step 7:

Connect CH 1 probe to Vo and draw the signal.

Step 8:

Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321. D1 Vo

VS

Step 9: t VS Vo

0 -10

Step 10:

R 1K

~

Change VS and measure Vo according to the following table. 1 -9

2 -8

3 -7

4 -6

5 -5

6 -4

7 -3

8 -2

9 -1

10 0

11 1


12 2

13 3

14 4

15 5

16 6

17 7

18 8

19 9

20 10

VS

t

Vo

t

Step 11: Step 12:

R eplace

Vs ( s12V) with 12V AC.

Connect CH1 probe to Vo and draw the signal.



2)


Experiment 4.3 - Voltage Smoothing Objectives: y

To understand how a capacitor increases t he power supply output voltage and decreases

the voltage ripple.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

multitester wires

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:

Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321. D1 Vo VS

~

C 1Q

+

R 1K

C is an electrolytic capacitor. Select C3, which is QF. Step 3:

The power supply V S is the VAC on the TPS-3321.

Step 4:


Step 5:

Connect CH 1 probe to VS and CH2 probe to Vo.

Step 6:

Draw the signals on the following graphs. VS

t

Vo

t

Step 7:

Measure (V.

Step 8:

R eplace

the capacitor with a 100QF capacitor.

Step 9:

R epeat

steps 5 and 6.

Step 10:

Implement the following circuit on TPS-3321.

D1 Vo

VS

~

C 1QF

+

R 2K

C is an electrolytic capacitor. Select C3 which is QF. Step 11:

Connect CH1 probe to VS and CH2 probe to Vo.

Step 12:

Draw the signals on the following graphs. VS

t

Vo

t

Step 13:

Measure (V.

Step 14:

R eplace

Step 15:

R epeat

the capacitor with a 100QF capacitor.

steps 11 and 12.



2)


Experiment 4.4 - Voltage Regulators Objectives: y

Power supplies.

y

Measurements in linear voltage regulators.

y

Various voltages from monolithic regulator.


TPS-3321

y

Power supply

y

A

y

Banana

multitester wires

Procedure: Step 1:


Step 2:

Implement the following circuit.

R Vi

Vo

1K Z1 5.1V

The power supply V S is the AC s12V on the TPS-3321. Step 3:


Step 4:

Change VS and fill in the following table.

Step 5:

t

1 2 3

4

5 6 7

Vi Vo (Vo SV

7 8 9

10

9 8 7


Vi

t Vo

t

Step 6:

Caclulate (Vo for each column. (Vo(t)

Step 7:

= Vo(t + 1) ± Vo(t)

Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column.

£

!

(

o

(

In

Step 8:

Draw your conclusions. Which Vin creates the smallest SV?

Step 9:

Implement the following circuit. Vi

Vo R 100; VZ

Step 10:

Step 11:


t

1 2 3

4

5 6 7

Vi Vo (Vo SV

7 8 9

10

9 8 7

Draw your results on the following graphs. Vi

t Vo

t

Step 12:


Step 13:

= Vo(t + 1) ± Vo(t)

Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column. !

¤

(

o

(

In

Step 14:


Step 15:

Connect the + 12V outlet as Vi.

Step 16:

Connect 1K ; load resistor to Vo.

Step 17:

Measure Vo and calculate I L.

Step 18:

Change R L to 100;.

Step 19:


Step 20:

Calculate the load current coefficient:

o

Step 21:

!

(

o

(I L

Implement the following circuit. Vo

7805

Vvar

Step 22:

~


t

1 2 3

4

5 6 7

Vi Vo (Vo SV

7 8 9

10

9 8 7

R 1 1K R 2 100

Step 23:

Draw your results on the following graphs. Vi

t Vo

t

Step 24:


Step 25:

= Vo(t + 1) ± Vo(t)

Calculate the regulation coefficient for each column.

¥

!

(

o

(

In

Step 26:


Step 27:

Connect the + 12V outlet as Vi.

Step 28:

Connect 1K ; load resistor to Vo.

Step 29:


Step 30:

Change R L to 100;.

Step 31:




2)


Experiment EG220

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