laporan praktikum Frequency Shift Keying pada lab Sistem Telekomunikasi kelompok 1 kelas TT3A
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Experiment No. 8
AIM: Implement and Test Amplitude Shift Keying Circuit using IC LF 398.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: C.R.O/DSO, Function Generator, Regulated Power Supply, Breadboard, Probes and Connecting wires.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
(1) 1. IC LF 398 2. Resistors: 47 K (1)
THEORY: Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit stream (modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase constant. The level of amplitude can be used to represent binary logic 0s and 1s. We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In the modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying operation and hence the name given. Like AM, ASK is also linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and demodulation processes are relatively inexpensive. The ASK technique is also commonly used to transmit digital data over optical fiber. For LED transmitters, binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of light and binary 0 by the absence of light. Laser transmitters normally have a fixed "bias" current that causes the device to emit a low light level. This low level represents binary 0, while a higher-amplitude light wave represents binary 1. Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. Figure 1 illustrates a binary ASK signal (lower), together with the binary sequence which initiated it (upper). Neither signal has been band limited.
1
Fig 1: An ASK signal (below) and the message (above) There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal having an unnecessarily wide bandwidth. Band limiting is generally introduced before transmission, in which case these discontinuities would be ‘rounded off’. The band limiting may be applied to the digital message, or the modulated signal itself.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING:
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
2
Procedure:(1) Set up the above circuit diagram on the breadboard. (2) Apply the required Vcc voltage. A carrier signal will be generated at pin no.3. Trace and measure its amplitude and frequency. (3) Set the Binary Modulating signal of amplitude 2- 4V and frequency 1 KHz with the help of function generator and CRO. (4) Apply the Modulating signal to pin no.8 as shown in the diagram. (5) Amplitude Shift Keying signal will be generated at the pin no. 5. Trace the output waveform.
Precautions:1. Measure the values of components before making connections in the breadboard. 2. Set the supply voltage to the right value before making pin connections. 3. No loose connections should be there.
Result:Amplitude Shift keying has been studied and verified by the waveforms seen on Digital Storage Oscilloscope.
