FACUL ULTY:ENGI NEERI NG EDI TI ON: TECHNOLOGY LABORATOR ORY:CI VI L REVI SI ON NO: ENGI GI NEERI NG TECHN HNOL OLOGY EXPERI MENT: EFFECTI VE DATE: DETERMI NATI ON OF AMENDMENTDATE: ALKALI NI TY
2 FEB 2015
FACULTYOF OFENGI GI NEERI RI NG TECHN HNOL OLOGY GY DEPARTME MENT OFCI VI LENGI GI NEERI RI NG TECHN HNOL OLOGY
ENVI RONM ME ENTALENGI GI NEERI NG TECHNO OL LOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY I NSTRUCTI ONSHE HEETS COURSECODE
BNP20503
EXPERI MENTCODE
EXPERI MENT7
EXPERI MENTTI TLE
DETERMI NATI ONOFALKALI NI TY
DATE GROUPNO. LECTURER/I NSTRUCTOR/TUTO R
1) 2)
DATEOF OFREPORTSUBMI MI SSI ON ATTENDANCE/PARTI CI PATI ON/DI SI PLI NE: I NTRODUCTI ON:
/5%
PROCEDURE:
/5%
RESULTS& CALCULATI ONS
/15%
ANALYSI S DI STRI BUT UTI ON OFMA MARKSFOR OR LABORATORYREPORT
/5%
/15%
DI SCUSSI ONS:
/20%
ADDI TI ONALQUESTI ONS
/15%
CONCLUSI ON
/10%
SUGGESTI ONS& RECOMENDATI ONS
/5%
REFERENCES:
/5%
TOTAL:
/100% 1
EXAMI NER COMMENTS:
RECEI VED DATE AND STAMP:
FACULTY:ENGI NEERI NG EDI TI ON: TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY:CI VI L REVI SI ON NO: ENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY EXPERI MENT: EFFECTI VE DATE: DETERMI NATI ON OF AMENDMENTDATE: ALKALI NI TY
2 FEB 2015
STUDENT CODE OFETHI CS
DEPARTMENT OF CI VI LENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY
FACULTYOFENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY
Iher ebydecl ar et hatIhavepr epar edt hi sr eportwi t hmyowneffort s.Ial soadmi tt o notacceptorpr ovi deanyassi st ancei npr epari ngt hi sreportandanyt hi ngt hati si ni t i st r ue . 1)Gr oupLeader Na me : Mat r i xNo . :
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2)Gr oupMember1 Na me : Mat r i xNo :
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3)Gr oupMember2 Na me : Mat r i xNo .:
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FACULTY:ENGI NEERI NG EDI TI ON: TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY:CI VI L REVI SI ON NO: ENGI NEERI NG TECHNOLOGY EXPERI MENT: EFFECTI VE DATE: DETERMI NATI ON OF AMENDMENTDATE: ALKALI NI TY
2 FEB 2015
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1. 0 OBJECTI VES a)To det er mi ne t he al kal i ni t y ofa wat ersampl e usi ng anal yt i calmet hod ( i ndi cat ormet hod)–doubl eendpoi nt ;phenol pht hal ei n endpoi nt( pH 8. 3) a ndme t hy lo r a ng ee ndpo i nt( pH 4. 5)t i t r at i o n.
2. 0LEARNI NG OUTCOMES Att heendoft hi scour ses t udent sar eabl et o: a)t he s t udent be abl et o desc r i be t he i mport ance of al kal i ni t yi n t he envi r onment alst udi es. b)t hes t udent sbeabl et omeasur et heal kal i ni t yofsampl es
3. 0I NTRODUCTI ON 3. 1l A kal i ni t yi s a par ame t er t hati s measur ed on al mos tal lenvi r onment al sampl es dri nki ng wat er ,nat ur alwat er s,pol l ut ed wat er s,se wage,and i ndus t r i alwas t e s .Al kal i ni t yr e f e r st ot hebuffe r i ngc apac i t yofwat e rs a mpl e s andt ot he i rabi l i t yt one ut r a l i z eac i di cpol l ut i o nf r o mr a i nf al lorwas t e wat e r . For muni ci pal se wage or i ndust r i al wast es,t he amount of al kal i ni t yi s i mport anti ndet er mi ni ngt het ypeoft r eat mentwhi chshoul dbeempl oyed.
A kal i ni t yi s pr i mar i l y caused by t he pr esence ofcar bonat e( C02-3)and 3. 2l bi car bonat e( HCO-3)i o ns ,a l t ho ug hhy dr o x i de( OH-)i o nsma yal s oc ont r i but e , e s pe c i al l ywhe nt he r ei si ndus t r i alpo l l ut i o n.I ti sme as ur e dv o l ume t r i c al l y byt i t r at i on wi t h 0. 05 N sul phur i caci d and i sr epor t ed i nt er msofCaCO3 equi val ent .For sampl es whose i ni t i alpH i s above 8. 3,t he t i t r at i on i s conduct edi nt wost eps.
3. 3I nt hefir s ts t e p,t het i t r at i o ni sc onduc t e dunt i lt hepH i sl o we r e dt o8. 2,t he po i nta twhi c hphe no l pht ha l e i ni ndi c at o rt ur nsf r o m pi nkt oc ol o ur l e s s .Thi s val uecor r espondst ot hepoi nt sf orconv er si on ofcar bonat et obi car bonat e i on. 1
T i t r at i on i sconduct ed unt i lt hepH i sl ower ed t o4. 5, 3. 4 hesecond phaseoft cor r esponds t o me t hyl or ange end poi nt , whi c h co r r es ponds t o t he e qui v al e nc epo i nt sf o rt hec onv e r s i o no fbi c ar bo nat ei o nt oc ar b oni cac i d.
3. 5Li v i ngor g ani s ms ,s uc ha sa quat i cl i f e ,f unc t i o n be s ti n apH r a ng eof5. 0t o
9. 0andl e v e l so f20t o200mg /Lar et y pi c alal kal i ni t yv al ue sf o rf r e s h wat e r . Whe nt hepH i sabov e8. 3,car bonat e( CO2-3)i st hepr i mar yc o nt r i but o rt o al kal i ni t y;when t he pH i s bel ow 8. 3, bi car bonat e( HCO-3)bec omes t he domi nat i ng f act or .The val ues ofal kal i ni t y are r eport ed i n uni t s of" mg CaCO3/L"becauseofi t sr el at i onshi pt ohardness,whi ch i sr eport ed usi ng t hes ameuni t .
4. 0I NSTRUMENTS/APPARATUS/CHEMI CAL/REAGENTS Thi sexper i mentconsi s t soft hr eepar t s:
PartA:Pr epar at i on of0. 05M H2SO4 sol ut i ons PartB:Pr eparat i onofphenol pht hal ei ni ndi catorsol ut i on PartC:Pr eparat i on ofmet hylorangei ndi cators ol ut i on PartD:Al kal i ni t ydet ermi nati on
Par tA,B and C wi l lbepr epar edbyl abor at oryt echni ci an pr i ort ot heexper i ment s e ss i on.
PartA: a.Che mi c a l s ( i )
Concent r at edsul phuri caci d
( i i )
Di s t i l l e dwat e r
b.Equi pment s ( i ) ( i i )
1l i t r ev o l ume t r i cflas k Di g i t alpi pe t t e ,and 2
( i i i )
1000mL( 1L)Dur anbot t l e
Par tB: Thi spar tmus tbec o nduc t e di nar e aawayf r o ms o ur c e so fi g ni t i o n.
a.Che mi c a l s ( i ) ( i i ) ( i i i )
50mlofe t hanol 0. 5go fphe no l pht hal e i n Di s t i l l e dwat e r
b.Equi pment s ( i )
Di gi t alpi pe t t e
( i i ) We i ghi ngboat ( i i i )
100mlvol umet r i cflask
( i v)
smal lf unnel
( v)
100mldr opperbot t l e.
PartC: a.Che mi c a l s ( i )
0. 1gofmet hylor ange
( i i )
Di s t i l l e dwat e r
b.Equi pment ( i )
100mlbeake r
( i i )
100mlvol umet r i cflask
( i i i ) we i ghi ngboat ( i v )
smal lf unnel
PartD: a.Che mi c a l s ( i ) ( i i ) ( i i i )
0. 05M H2SO4 sol ut i on( pr eparedf r om PartA) Phe no l pht ha l e i ni ndi c a t o rs o l ut i o n( pr e par e df r o m Pa r tB) Me t hy lo r a ng ei ndi c at o rs o l ut i o n( pr e par e df r o m Pa r tC)
( i v) Wat ersampl e 3
b.Equi pment s ( i )
Bur e t t e
( i i )
Cl ampst and
( i i i ) Vo l ume t r i cflask
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RESULTSCALCULATI ONS
PartA:Pr epar at i on of0. 05M H2SO4 sol uti on
6. 1.Hal f fil la1l i t r ev ol ume t r i cflas kwi t hdi s t i l l e dwat e r .
6. 2.Fr om abenchaci dcont ai nerofconcent r at edsul phur i caci d,andusi nga
di g i t alpi pe t t e ,pi pe t t e2. 8mlo fac i di nt ot heflas k.Swi r lt omi x .Ri ns et he t i punderr unni ngcol dwat eri mmedi at el yaf t eruse.
6. 3.Maket hes ol ut i o n upt o1l i t r ewi t hdi s t i l l e dwat e r .
6. 4.Ca pt i ght l yandshakewel lt omi x.
6. 5.Po uri nt oa1l i t r eDur a nbo t t l eandl abe li t .
PartB:Pr eparat i onofphenol pht hal ei ni ndi cat orsol ut i on
6. 1. Us i nga di g i t a lpi pe t t e ,pi pe t t e50mlo fe t ha no li nt oa100mlv o l ume t r i c
flask.
6. 2.
Wei ghout0. 5gofphenol pht hal ei ni nt oawei ghi ngboat .
6. 3. Pl acea smal lf unneli nt ot henec k oft hevol umet r i cflask and t i pt he
po wde ri nt oi t .
4
6. 4.
Washt hepowderi nt ot heflaskwi t hdi s t i l l edwat er ,mi xgent l yt odi ssol v e.
6. 5.
Makeup t ot he100 mlmar k wi t h di st i l l ed wat er .Cap t i ght l y ,shaket o mi x.
6. 6. Usi ngasmal lf unnel ,t r ansf ert oa100ml ,appr opri at el ymarked,dr opper
bot t l e.
PartC:Pr eparat i on ofmethylorangei ndi cators ol ut i on
6. 1.
Wei ghout0. 1gofme t hylor angei nt oasmal lbeaker( 100ml ) .
6. 2.
Addabout50mlofdi s t i l l edwat er ,s t i rt odi ssol v e.
6. Wa 3. s ht hecont ent soft hebeakeri nt oa100mlv ol ume t r i cflaskandmake
up t o 100 mlwi t h di st i l l ed wat er .St opperand shake t o mi x.Usi ng a s mal lf unne l ,t r a ns f e rt oana ppr o pr i at e l ymar ke ddr o ppe rb o t t l e .
PartD:Al kal i ni t ydet ermi nati on
6. 1.
Cl e anbur e t t ewi t hdi s t i l l e dwat e r ,al l o wt odr a i n.
6. 2.
Ensur ebur et t ei ssecur ei nt hecl ampst and.
6. 3. Pourabout40mloft he0. 05M aci di nt oasmal lbeakerv er ysl owl y .
6. 4. I nser tt hef unneli nt ot het op oft hebur et t eandpouri nt hecont ent sof
t hebe ak erv e r ys l o wl y .
6. A 5. l l ow t heaci dt oflow t hr ought hebur e t t e,t opupasnecessar y . 5
6. 6. Pl ace100ml( orr ec or danot herknownv ol umeas“ V” )ofsampl ei na250
mlconi calflask.
6. 7.
Add23dr opsofphenol pht hal ei ni ndi cat or .
6. 8.I fnopi nkc o l o uri spr o duc e d,r e c o r dt het i t r easA=0ml . 6. 9. I ft hes ampl et ur nspi nk,t i t r at ewi t ht hes t andar dac i ds ol ut i o n unt i lt he
pi nk col ourj ustdi sappear s. Not edown t hevol umeofaci d use d asA ( ml ) .
6. 1 0.ot T hesamesampl e,addaf e w dr opsofme t hylor angei ndi cat or .
6 . 1 1 .
I ft hes ampl et ur nsr e d,r e c o r dt het i t r ea sB=0ml .
6. 12. I ft he sampl et ur ns yel l ow,t i t r at e wi t ht he st andard aci d unt i lt he
col ourj ustchangest ore d.Not edownt hevol umeofaci dusedasB ( ml ) .
( Repeatt hes ameprocedur esusi ngdi ffer entsampl es)
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ANALYSI S Pl e as es ho wt hec a l c u l at i o nf o re a c ho ft hepl at i ngme t ho dandfil li nt heabo v e t abl e .Anal yz et her e s ul t sbyus i ngappr o pr i at eme t ho d.Ex pl ai nyo urfindi ng s .
•
I ft he amountofaci dr ecor ded as “ A” was z er o,t hen phenol pht hal ei n al kal i ni t yi s0mgCaCO3/L.
•
I ft he amount ac i d r ecor ded as “ A” was > z er o, t he n cal cul at e phe no l pht hal e i nal kal i ni t yasf o l l o ws :
Phenol pht hal ei nal kal i ni nt y( mg/LasCaCO3) = AxCx1000x100 V 6
•
I ft heamo unto fac i dr e c o r de da s“ B”wa sz e r o ,t he nt o t ala l ka l i ni t yi s0mg CaCO3/L.
•
I ft he amountofaci dr ecor ded as “ B”was > z er o,t hen cal cul at et ot al al kal i ni t yasf ol l o ws :
Tot alal kal i ni nt y( mg/LasCaCO3)=B xC x1000x100 V Wher e: A = v ol umeofs t andar d aci dt i t r at ed t or eac h phe nol pht hal ei n endpoi nt ( pH 8. 3)[ ml ] B = vol ume ofst andar d aci d sol ut i on r equi r ed t or each met hylor ange endpoi nt( pH 4. 5)[ ml ] C =concent r at i onofaci d[ 0. 05M] V=v ol umeofsampl eused[ usual l y100ml ] .
Tabl e1:Al kal i ni t ydat a( Sampl e1:t apwat er) Sampl eI D
A ( ml )
Phenol pht hal ei n B Tot alAl kal i ni t y kal i ni t y( mg ( ml ) Al ( mgCaCO3/L) CaCO3/L)
Sampl e1 Sampl e1 Sampl e1
Aver age Conc.ofaci d,C [ M] v ol .ofsampl eused,V( ml )
0. 05 100
Tabl e2:Al kal i ni t ydat a( Sampl e2:wast ewat ereffl uent)
7
Sampl eI D
A ( ml )
Phenol pht hal ei n B Tot alAl kal i ni t y Al kal i ni t y( mg ( ml ) ( mgCaCO3/L) CaCO3/L)
Sampl e1 Sampl e1 Sampl e1
Aver age Conc.ofaci d,C [ M] v ol .ofsampl eused,V( ml )
0. 05 100
Tabl e3:Al kal i ni t ydat a( Sampl e3:l akewast ewat er) Sampl eI D
A ( ml )
Phenol pht hal ei n B Tot alAl kal i ni t y Al kal i ni t y( mg ( ml ) ( mgCaCO3/L) CaCO3/L)
Sampl e1 Sampl e1 Sampl e1
Aver age Conc.ofaci d,C [ M] v ol .ofsampl eused,V( ml )
7
0. 05 100
DI SCUSSI ONS St at et hesyst emat i cbi aser r ort hatc oul d occurduri ngt hi sexper i mentand r e adi ng sf o rdi ffe r e nts ampl e s .
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ADVANCED QUESTI ONS 8
8. 1 Whati sal kal i ni t y?
8. 2 Whati sr el at i onshi pbet weenal kal i ni t yandhar dness?
8. 3 Definee qui val entwei ghtandde t er mi nee qui val entofCaCO3.
8. 4 Di scusst hei mport anceofal kal i ni t yt ot heenvi r onment .
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CONCLUSI ON Concl usi oni smer el yasummary,pr esent edi nal ogi calor der ,oft hei mport ant findi ngs al r eady r eport ed i nt he di scussi on sect i on.I tal so r el at es t ot he obj e ct i v ess t at e de ar l i e r .
s e di ak ano l e h: Pr epar edby/Di
Si gnat ur e/Tandat angan: Name/Nama :DR.NOR HASLI NAHASHI M Dat e/T ar i kh: FEBRUARY2015
sahkanol eh: Appr ov edby/Di
Si gnat ur e/Tandat angan: Name/Nama:DR.SURAYAHANIADNAN Dat e/ Dat e/T :FEBRUARY2015 ar i kh
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