1.acknowledgement 2.contents 3.(introduction) a.meaning of environmental environmental pollution
Environmental pollution is “the contamination of the physical and biological
components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected”. “Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment” which can come “in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light”. “ Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but are considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels .” Pollution is “the addition of any substance or form of energy (e.g., heat, sound,
radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than than the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown, recycling, or storage in some harmless form”. “Pollution is a special case of habitat destruction it is chemical destruction rather than the more obvious physical destruction. !ollution occurs in all habitats"land, sea, and fresh water"and in the atmosphere.” “#uch of what we have come to call pollution is in reality the nonrecoverable matter resources and waste heat.” “$ny use of natural resources at a rate higher than nature%s capacity to restore itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land.” “Pollution is habitat contamination”.
b.types of environmental pollution and their causes AI !"##$%I"& Air pollution is a result of industrial and certain domestic activity. An ever increasing use of fossil fuels in power plants' industries' transportation' transportation' mining' construction of buildings' stone uarries had led to air pollution. Air pollution may be dened as the presence of any solid' liuid or gaseous substance including noise and radioactive radiation in the atmosphere in such concentration that may be directly and indirectly in*urious to humans or other living organisms' plants' property or interferes with the normal environmental processes. Air pollutants are of two types (1) suspended particulate matter' and (2) gaseous pollutants. pollutants. 1. +$+!,&-, +$+!,&-,- !A%I$ !A%I$#A #A%, %, /A%%, /A%%, !articulate matter suspended in air are dust and soot released from the industrial chimneys. %heir si0e ranges from .1 to m in diameter. !articles less than 1m 4oat and move freely with the air current. !articles which are more than 1m in diameter settle down. !articles less than .2 m form persisent aerosols. /a*or source of +!/ (suspended particu particulate late matter) are vehicles' power plants' construction activities' oil renery' railway yard' market place' industries' etc.
2. 5A+,"$ 5A+,"$+ + !"## !"##$%A&% $%A&% !ower plants' industries' industries' di6erent types of vehicles 7 both private and commercial use petrol' diesel as fuel and release gaseous pollutants such as carbon dio8ide' o8ides of nitrogen and sulphur dio8ide along with particulate matter in the form of smoke. All of these have harmful e6ects on plants and humans
2. &"I+, !"##$%I"& &oise is one of the most pervasive pollutant. A musical clock may be nice to listen during the day' but may be an irritant during sleep at night. &oise by denition is 9sound without value: or 9any noise that is unwanted by the recipient:. &oise in industries such as stone cutting and crushing' steel forgings ' loudspeakers' shouting by hawkers selling their wares' movement of heavy transport vehicles' railways and airports leads to irritation and an increased blood pressure' loss of temper' decrease in work e;ciency' loss of hearing which may be rst temporary but can become permanent in the noise stress continues. It is therefore of utmost importance that e8cessive noise is controlled. &oise level is measured in terms of decibels (d<). =.>.". (=orld >ealth "rgani0ation) has prescribed optimum noise level as ? d< by day and 3 d< by night. Anything above @ d< is ha0ardous.
3. =A%, !"##$%I"& Addition or presence of undesirable substances in water is called water pollution. =ater pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems. =ater pollution is caused by a variety of human activities such as industrial' agricultural and domestic. Agricultural run o6 laden with e8cess fertili0ers and pesticides' industrial euents with to8ic substances and sewage water with human and animal wastes pollute our water thoroughly. &atural sources of pollution of water are soil erosion' leaching of minerals from rocks and decaying of organic matter. ivers' lakes' seas' oceans' estuaries and ground water sources may be polluted by point or nonBpoint sources. =hen pollutants are discharged from a specic location such as a drain pipe carrying industrial euents discharged directly into a water body it represents point source pollution. In contrast nonBpoint sources include discharge of pollutants from di6used sources or from a larger area such as run o6 from agricultural elds' gra0ing lands' construction sites' abandoned mines and pits' roads and streets.
?.+"I# !"##$%I"& Addition of substances which adversely a6ect the uality of soil or its fertility is known as soil pollution. 5enerally polluted water also pollute soil. +olid waste is a mi8ture of plastics' cloth' glass' metal and organic matter' sewage' sewage sludge' building debris' generated from households' commercial and industries establishments add to soil pollution. Cly ash' iron and steel slag' medical and industrial wastes disposed on land are important sources of soil pollution. In addition' fertili0ers and pesticides from agricultural use which reach soil as runBo6 and land lling by municipal waste are growing cause of soil pollution. Acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants on land surface also contribute to soil pollution.
?.+ID /AE" AI !"##$%A&%+ I& A+IA AI !"##$%I"& I& A+IA $ir pollution is a ma&or environmental issue affecting people across the world. $ccording to the 'orld ealth rganisation('), more than * million people worldwide die every year from air pollution. f all the air pollutants, fine particulate matter (!#) is one of the most ha+ardous pollution for the human health. he particulate matter causes about - of lung cancer deaths worldwide, of cardiopulmonary deaths and about 0 of respiratory infection deaths. $ccording to the ', there is mounting evidence that concentration of particulate matter is increasing in $sia. !articulate matter mostly originates from dust storms, grassland fires, burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, but also various industrial plants generate significant amounts of particulates. 1outh $sia is badly hit by pollution caused by particulate matter. 'hile !akistan has the highest concentration of particulate matter, countries like 2angladesh, 3epal and 4ndia are placed by the ' in a category called “unhealthy for the sensitive people”. hat means people in these countries suffering from respiratory and heart disease, as well as elderly and children should limit outdoor exertion. $ir pollution in 5hina is as bad, if not worse, than in 4ndia but according to the ',the particulate matter concentration in 5hina and in countries such as #yanmar, 1ri 6anka, 1outh 7orea and 4ndonesia remains moderate. here is the least presence of particulate matter in !hilippines, #alaysia, hailand, 1ingapore and 8a pan.
!669:; 593<4:1 43 $14$ he particulate matter represents a complex mixture of solid and li=uid particles suspended in the air, many of which are ha+ardous. hese particles are either directly emitted into the air by sources such as
smoke, dust, pollen, or formed in the atmosphere by transformation of emitted gases. he particulate matter can adversely affect human health and also have an impact on climate and precipitation. n the basis of si+e, the particulate matter is divided into two categories. he particles up to 0> micrometers in si+e are called !# 0> and smaller particles of *. micrometer in si+e are called !#*.. he ' has measured outdoor air pollution caused by both types of the particulate matter and according to these findings, air can be contaminated by a range of different particles of which many can harm our health, especially very small particles that enter into the lungs and bloodstream and cause the most serious health problems. 4n $sia, like in other regions of the world, pollution caused by particulate matter is spreading to new areas. he graph, b ased on the data obtained from the ', ranks $sian countries according to the !#0> level in the air. $s the data suggests, !akistan is the most polluted country in the region in terms of particulate matter concentration in the air. 4t is followed by 2angladesh, 4ndia, 3epal, 5hina, #yanmar, 1ri 6anka, 1outh 7orea, 4ndonesia, !hilippines, #alaysia, hailand, 1ingapore and 8apan.
#1 !669:; 5$!4$6 544:1 43 $14$ $ir pollution in some $sian cities is so bad that at times, the cities are enveloped by a blanket of smog that impedes visibility. $ccording to the ',air pollution has worsened in $sian cities in recent years and presents a threat to human health. 4n many cities the levels of fine particulate matter ? a key pollutant in terms of its impact on human health ? are exceeding the critical limit (as defined by the '), specifically in densely populated, fast?growing and less developed countries like 5hina, 4ndia, !akistan and 2angladesh. :ven in small $sian cities like 7athmandu, the particulate matter level exceeds the most lenient of several targets recommended by the '. ver the last few years, 5hina has been in the
news for heavy pollution in its cities with the skies being completely blanketed by smog. 4ndia and !akistan, however, have the dubious distinction of having the most polluted cities in the region. 4f we take a look at the statistics concerning capital cities in $sia, the air pollution caused by the particulate matter is worst in ;elhi. 4t is closely followed by 4slamabad, ;haka, 2ei&ing and 7athmandu.
;:$ ;9: 9;< $4< !66943 $ir pollution is one of the main causes of premature deaths in the world. f all ma&or global health risks, outdoor air pollution in the form of fine particles is found to be much more dangerous for public health than previously known ? contributing annually to over * million premature deaths worldwide. he ' global study ranks air pollution as one of the top 0> killers in the world, with @ percent of all air pollution deaths occurring in $sia. 4n *>0> alone, particulate matter pollution was the fourth?leading risk factor for deaths in 5hina, behind high blood pressure and smoking. $cross the region, increasing levels of particulate matter are causing higher numbers of premature deaths. he graph reveals the human toll due to outdoor air pollution in *>>A, which is the latest comparative data available. $ record number of people have died due to air pollution in the region. 4n the year *>>A alone, over half?million people have died in 5hina and 4ndia. ther countries in the region have also suffered heavily from air po llution. n top of that, the future looks very bleak. 2y *>>, urban air pollution is estimated to cause up to B.@ million premature deaths worldwide each year, mostly in 5hina and 4ndia.
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Asia’s Forest Area $n area with a high density of trees is considered a forest, although it may vary in si+e and type of vegetation. 4n the past, forests covered more than half of the total land area on earth. !resent studies say forests now cover less than 0> of the :arth%s surface (or less than B> of the total land area). $s an important part of our biosphere, forests function as habitats for organisms containing about -> of the world%s terrestrial biodiversity, besides being hydrologic flow modulators and soil conservers. he dominant paradigm in forest ecology is a focus on sustainable forest management which includes the CreforestationD, or the practice of natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have since been depleted. $ sustainable forest management plan is crucial in mitigating the ill?effects of pollution, providing for natural habitats and attaining balanced ecosystems, mitigating global warming besides being a renewable storehouse for resources like timber. ill the 0-->s, net forest area in $sia had declined considerably. he trend was bucked the following decade due to state?led reforestation activity in many countries with 5hina assuming the lead. n the other end of the spectrum is 4ndonesia, where A* of the land area was covered by lush forests more than > years back. 3ow less than half of the country is forested. he graph below shows the forest area in $sian countries.
#id?*>0B.9ttarakhand, 4ndia. hese few words will con&ure up for posterity images of moving mountains, roaring rivers and countless deaths after massive cloudbursts in the imalayas resulted in killing landslides that obliterated whatever came in its way including thousands of human lives. he understated fact remained human greed which caused large?scale deforestation in these areas, resulting in the inability of vegetation to absorb rainfall. ;eforestation is a worldwide phenomenon and it is depriving millions of people of forest goods and services that are crucial to food security, economic well?being and environmental health. 4t is believed to have accelerated after 0A* and since then about half of the :arth%s tropical forests ? A million s= km out of the total 0@ million s= km have disappeared. here are many reasons of which the overwhelming one is agriculture. he 9nited 3ations Eramework 5onvention on 5limate 5hange says subsistence farming is responsible for FA of deforestation commercial agriculture for B* logging is responsible for 0F of deforestation, while cutting trees for cooking fuel needs accounts for . oday with only >.* hectares of forest per person, the $sia?!acific region is, per capita, the least forested region in the world. 2adly?affected $sian countries include 4ndia, 2angladesh, !hilippines, 5hina, 4ndonesia, 2urma, hailand, #alaysia, and 1ri 6anka. owever good news is that at the aggregate level, forest area in the $sia?!acific region will increase or stabilise largely on account of large scale reforestation in 5hina and 4ndia. 4f gains in these countries are excluded, deforestation elsewhere remains high.
,C",+%A%I"& I& A+IA he $sian experience in reforestation or the practice of natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have since been depleted is yielding positive results. $rea under forests in $sia has changed for the better from net forest loss in the 0-->s, to net forest expansion in the following decade. 5hina, as the graph shows, leads $sia in planting forests possibly due to its ban on logging in key river basins and an effort to plant trees at a rapid rate. he main thrusts of these reforms which have paid off really well are clarifying property rights, reducing taxes, liberalising business operations, and regulating the transfer of rights over forest land. Eorest farmers have been greatly motivated to engage in forestry production since being granted use rights over forest land and disposal rights over forest. 5ountries like 8apan, 4ndia, hailand and 4ndonesia, despite having lost huge swaths of its lush forests, are planting more trees to save forests. ne of the key focus geographical areas for increasing forest cover would definitely be 1outh $sia. he region, with *B percent of the worldDs population, has only * percent of the worldDs forests.
"F,CI+>I&5 I& A+IA "vershing occurs when sh are caught faster than they can reproduce' and for many scientists it has become one of the greatest impacts of human activity on oceans. "vershing increases the vulnerability of ocean ecosystems and may contribute to the decline of other marine species including birds and mammals %he deterioration of global sheries is raising signicant concern' mainly because an estimated one billion people' mostly in lowBincome countries' depend on sh as their primary source of food. "n the average' sh supply 1GH of animal protein consumed by humans. %he shing industry' ranging from subsistence shermen to largeBscale mechanised shing vessels' directly or indirectly employs some 2 million people worldwide. %he economic sector depending on sheries is therefore a crucial element for the development of a large number of countries. A$+,+ "C %>, "F,CI+>I&5 I& A+IA 1. %echnology %odays shing technology is highly elaborate. Cishing lines can reach as much as 12 km' furnished with thousands of hooks. +ome trawlers reach 1J metres in length and can take on board the volume euivalent of 12 *umbo *ets' and driftBnets can e8ceed G km in length. Cishing vessels cover large distances at high speed' from coastal 0one to high seas. %hey sh at great depth' stay at sea for several months' while sh are often prepared for
the markets on board. -estructive seaBbed habitat bottom trawling involves powerful boats dragging heavy metalweighed nets across the ocean 4oor to catch the ma8imum possible amount of bottomBdwelling life. 2. "pen access and overBcapacity "verBcapacity is the presence of too many vessels in a growing number of sheries. Cish stocks have generally been considered common property' open to e8ploitation by anyone with a boat and gear as long as they were used outside a countrys 2 /ile ,8clusive ,conomic Kone. If enough sh are caught to cover operating costs' there is little economic incentive to stop shing once a vessel is built. As more shermen enter the system' greater e6ort is reuired to catch a dwindling supply and revenues fall. In time' sh stocks can be severely depleted. ,8cessive shing capacity leads to overshing and therefore to the degradation of shery resources. +uch unsustainable practices' creating a con4ict between shortBterm and longBterm gains' lead to serious impacts on biodiversity and diminish vital food production potential for a number of developing countries. 3.
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The question about the definition for global warming or in other words "what is global warming" is relatively easy to answer. We hereby lean at the definitions and explanations given in Wikipedia: Global warming is the observed and projected increases in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The Earth's average temperature rose about .! #elsius $%.% &ahrenheit in the (th )entury* see temperature graphs below. E&&E#T+ ,& -,/0 W01234-
Rise in sea level GeditH he corresponding sea level rise at the end of the *0st 5entury relative to the end of the *>th 5entury ranges from >.0A to >.- m (excluding any rapid dynamical changes in ice flows in the future).G0H ngoing sea level rises have already submerged several low?lying islands in the 1undarbans, displacing thousands of people. GBH emperature rises on the ibetan !lateau, which are causing imalayan glaciers to retreat. 4t has been predicted that the historical city of hatta and 2adin, in 1indh, !akistan would have been swallowed by the sea by *>*, as the sea is already encroaching A> acres of land here, every day
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Environmental GeditH 4ncreased landslides and flooding are pro& ected to have an impact upon states such as $ssam. :cological disasters, such as a 0--A coral bleaching event that killed off more than K >
GH
of corals in the reef ecosystems off 6akshadweep and the $ndamans, and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also pro&ected to become increasingly common
Economic GeditH he 4ndira Jandhi 4nstitute of ;evelopment . $round seven million people are pro&ected to be displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of #umbai and 5hennai, if global temperatures were to rise by a mere * L5 (B.@ LE). G0>H
Iillagers in 4ndia%s 3orth :astern state of #eghalaya are also concerned that rising sea levels will submerge neighbouring low?lying 2angladesh, resulting in an influx of refugees into #eghalaya G
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"which has few resources to handle such a situation.
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SocialGeditH 5limate 5hange in 4ndia will have a disproportionate impact on the more than F>> million that make up 4ndia%s poor (1ee !overty in 4ndia). his is because so many depend on natural resources for their food, shelter and income. #ore than @ of people in 4ndia work in agriculture, while many others earn their living in coastal areas.
Temp. increase in the last 1'000 years
Temp. increase in the last 150 years
Temp. increase in the last 5 years
Pr edi c t i onf orf ut ur et emper at ur ei nc r eas e( gl obal war mi ngpr edi c t i ons ) 0))ording to different assumption about the future behaviour of mankind* a pro5e)tion of )urrent trends as represented by a number of different s)enarios gives temperature increases of about !" to 5" # $5" to %" &ahrenheit by the year 100 or soon afterwards. ( !"# or 5" &ahrenheit rise would li)ely raise sea levels by about 5 meters $about * feet .
=A%, !"##$%I"& I& A+IA ;riven by population growth and the need for increased agricultural production, water resources are coming under intense pressure across $sia. $nnual water withdrawal andreturn flows are higher than in any other region. he volume of wastewater generated annually, excluding agricultural drainage, is some 0F* km B.0 4nade=uate provision of sanitation facilities, sewerage and wastewater treatment results in significant =uantities of this wastewater reaching water bodies that may service human consumption Domestic Pollution
Agricultural Pollution $gricultural production in the region increased @* from 0--> to *>>* and consumption of mineral fertili+er increased 0. @ :xceedingly high levels of nutrients were found in > of rivers in the region and moderate levels in *.@ igh nutrient levels cause eutrophication, including algal blooms that severely damage freshwater ecosystems and hinder their provision of vital environmental services to people. !esticides are another problem across the region. 4n 4ndia for example, pesticide use grew by K> from the mid?0->>s to the present day and even prohibited pesticides have been detected in excess of international recommendations in the Janga
Industrial Pollution
he traditional agriculture?based economies of $sia are giving way to industrial economies. his transformation is having serious environmental side?effects, particularly in the case of pollution. :fforts have been made to improve regulation, but the absence, in most cases, of effective governance makes enforcement very difficult. Eor example, in !akistan only of national industries have provided environmental assessments. -
URBAN EXCESS(URBANIZATION) Urbaniation! "auses and Effects of Urbaniation in India# 9rbanisation has become a common feature of 4ndian society. Jrowth of 4ndustries has contributed to the growth of cities. $s a result of industrialisation people have started moving towards the industrial areas in search of employment. his has resulted in the growth of towns and cities.
9rbanisation denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centres to a rural hinterland.
9rbanisation can also be defined as a process of concentration of population in a particular territory.
$ccording to #itchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities.
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9rbani+ation can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. :xtensive urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. hey may be as followsN
i$ Problem of over population! 5oncentration of population is a ma&or problem of cities. 4t has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.
ii$ Disintegration of %oint famil&! 8oint family canDt be maintained in cities on account of high cost of livingN !eople prefer to live in the nuclear type of families.
iii$ "ost of living! igh cost of living is a ma&or problem of cities. 4n #etro cities like #umbai, 2angalore etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
iv$ Increase in "rime rates! 9rban centres are known for high rate of crimes. heft, ;acoity, #urder, 5heating, !ick pocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.
v$ Impersonal relations! 9rban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. he concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. 9rban life is highly monotonous. his may have an adverse psychological effect on individuals. !eople are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.
vi$ Problem of Pollution! 4n industriali+ed cities pollution is a ma&or problems. 4t may be caused by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles.
viii$ Stress! 9rban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. 4n cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. 5hanging role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
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