Evolution of Helicopters

Evolution of Helicopters

a report

The report looks into the history of helicopters, from initial days of conception beginning from 4th Century A.D to today, today, with anatomy,, features and a brief insight into anatomy i nto Indian scenario.

Zalak Upadhyay

Helicopter Basics Definition A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine driven rotors.

Features They are able to hover hover,, fly fl y forward, backward and sideward, and perform other desirable maneuvers. This versatility gives the pilot complete access to three-dimensional space in a way that no airplane can.

A brief insight into what is a helicopter and its features .

Helicopter Anatomy

A look into the basic components of a helicopter.

Main Rotor Tail Rotor Drive Shaft

Cockpit Tail Boom Engine, Transmission, Fuel etc. Landing Skids

Helicopter Roles Civilian Role

A view at the various uses of a helicopter in civilian and military area.

Military Role

Air Ambulance

Troop Transport

Sea and Mountain Rescue

Mine-Sweeping

Crop Dusting

Battlefield Surveillance

Fire Fighting

Assault

Police Surveillance

Anti-tank Missions

Corporate Services Oil-rig servicing

Limitations Low Speed Vibrations

Helicopter History

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

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4th century

15th century

The first reminiscent of a vertically flying object was seen in the form of a Chinese hand spun toy. toy. This toy made out of Bamboo had to be rotated between two palms and it went flying upward in the air air..

The Helical Air Screw as Screw as designed by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490, was impractical when blown into proportions but gave an insight into vertical thrust. Principle used again was that of rotation.

Helicopter History


19th century

Internal combustion engine was engine was invented and solved the need of adequate engine.

George Cayley produced Cayley produced a converti-plane in 1843. a man named Bourne flew a helicopter like aircraft an year later.

Torque and Dissymetry of lift were still an issue.

Invention of swashplate, swashplate, with cyclic pitch control allowed the rotor blade angles to be altered giving equal lift on each side.

Helicopter History


20th century

Brothers Louie and Jacques Breget rose some 2 inches off the ground in their helicopter model.

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Paul Cornu lifted a twin rotored helicopter off the ground entirely without assistance for a few seconds.

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Invention of Autogyro, Autogyro, by a Spaniard Juan De La Cierva. These aircrafts were heavily used for Air Observation post WW I.

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Autogyro

Also known as Gyroplane, Gyrocopter or Rotaplane, it’s a type of rotorcraft which utilises an unpowered rotor in autorotation to develop a lift, and an engine powered propeller,, similar to that of a fixed wing aircraft , to propeller provide thrust.

Helicopter History


20th century contd.

Etienne Oehmichen became the first to fly a helicopter for a Km in a closed circuit. The flight lasted 7 min. and 40 sec.

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First practical helicopter by the Germans called the Focke - Wulf Fw 61 was introduced, proving vertical flight possible.

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A joint Sirkorsky - Vought effort funded by the American Government led to development of VS-300 of VS-300 helicopter model.

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VS- 300 It formed the most tangible link between the early design concept of rotary-wing aviation and the practical aircraft that is capable of military operation. It was indeed quite different from earlier models. It was an incredible advancement in helicopters, but others soon followed.

Helicopter History


20th century contd.

Sikorsky crafted the Sikorsky crafted world's first certified commercial transport helicopter, the S-55 Chickasaw (H-19). (H-19).

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Another man named Hiller created the flying platform called the Hiller XROE-1 Rotorcycle.

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Mc Donnell made the first helicopter with horizontal winged flight from a vertical rotor powered by the turbine engine.

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Turbine Engine Kaman K 225 The creation of the turbine engine advanced the helicopter's capabilities. With assembly lines brought in by the Industrial Revolution, these engines could be produced with high efficiency and increased precision. The world's first turbine gas-powered engine engin e was the Kaman K-225.

Helicopter History


20th century contd.

The Bell 209 Cobra "Snake" icame into picture. Large missiles protruded from the sides of the machine on metal bases.

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Also, Gyrodyne QH-50 was seen. This helicopter used infrared cameras to observe at night for better protection. Still in use.

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Development of the Sikorsky S-61 Sea King, King, the heavy-lift S-64 Sky Crane,, and the larger fiveCrane and seven-bladed CH-53 CH-53..

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Vietnam War’s War’s Effect The 1960s and the 1970s marked a widespread advancement in helicopters because of the Vietnam War. War. Beginning in 1964 this war lasted for almost a decade. The military's need for advanced helicopters can be seen in historical pictures of the machines flying through the jungles of Vietnam to retrieve wounded troops. Helicopters were also used as weapons during this time. Many new helicopters appeared with missile capabilities.

Helicopter History


20th century contd.

Mc Donnell continued to produce helicopters like the Tiltrotor Unmanned Air Vehicle and the Bell/Boeing 609, 609, the world's first commercial tiltrotor.

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Smaller helicopters were produced to fulfill the public's needs. The Ultrasport Helicopters and the Air the Air Command International Commander 14/A are appreciable examples.

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Many helicopters used jet used jet thrust rather than blades to give the directional stability,, which made them stability extremely quiet.

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Helicopter History


20th century contd.

Helicopters were produced by large corporations like the Eurocopter Industry (Sparaco 57) and the Civil Helicopter Industry (Proctor 88).

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The Revolution Helicopter Corporation created a single-seat helicopter that can be built by a person at home in forty to sixty hours.

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Helicopters were used in all areas of the public including the police force and hospitals. They are still in use and are evolving to become more efficient and capable of reaching their goals.

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Helicopter Anatomy

A look into the basic components of a helicopter. Tail Fin F in 90 Gearbox

Rotor Blade Stabilizer Bar

Swash Plate

Tail Rotor

Tail Rotor Drive Shaft

Tail Skid

Cowling

45 Gearbox Mast Transmission

Synchonized Elevator Engine Mount

Tail Boom Landing Skids

Helicopter Models

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

AH-1 HueyCobra Nation: USA Manufacturer: Bell Helicopter Co. Type: Attack Helicopter Year: 1965 (first AH-1G) Power Plant: Two GE-T700-GE-401 turbine engines (1690 SHP Each) Rotor Diameter: 44 ft Fuselage Length: 44 ft 7 in Overall Length: 52 ft 11.5 in Height: 13 ft 6 in Empty Weight: 6,598 lb Max Takeoff Weight: 14,750 lbs Max Speed: 160 kts Cruise Speed: 120-130 KIAS Ceiling: 12,200 ft Range: 315 miles (sea level, 8% reserve) Time on Station: 2+00, 2+30 With 77 gal. Aux Tank Crew: 2, Pilot in Rear Seat, Co-pilot/Gunner in Front Seat

Helicopter Models


AH-64 Apache Nation: USA Manufacturer: McDonnell Douglas Type: Attack Helicopter Year: 1984 Engine: 2 General Electric T700-701C turboshaft, 1,857 shp Rotor Diameter: 48 ft Tail Rotor Diameter: 9' 2" Fuselage Length: 49 ft 1 in Overall Length: 58 ft 3 in Height: 16 ft 9.5 in Empty Weight: 10,760 lb Max Takeoff Weight: 21,000 lb Max Speed: 186 mph (level), 227 mph (never exceeded powerdive) Ceiling: 10,200 ft (hover) Range: 428 miles Crew: 2 Load/Armament: 1 M230A1 30mm chain gun; 4 underwing hardpoints for Hellfire and Hydra 70 rockets.

Helicopter Models


Bell Eagle Eye UAV Length: 16.4 ft Wing Span: 12.3 ft Rotor Diameter: 8.2 ft Power: 2 x Allison 250-C20B Gas Turbines Cruise Speed: 160 knots Dash Speed: 200 knots Loiter Speed: 110 knots Endurance: 5 Hours (Approx.) Ceiling: 20,000 ft Expert Avionics/Automated Flight Control Redundant flight control systems Heavy fuel compatible turbine engines Short Range UAV Commonality/interoperability Ring laser gyro IMU GPS Navigation 70% off-the-shelf components

Helicopter Models


CH - 3E Nation: USA Manufacturer: Sikorsky Aircraft Type: Cargo Helicopter Year: 1966 Engine: 2 General Electric T58-GE-5 turboshaft, 1,500 shp each Rotor Diameter: 62 ft Fuselage Length: 73 ft Height: 18 ft 1 in Loaded Weight: 22,050 lb Max Speed: 177 mph Ceiling: 21,000 ft Range: 779 miles Crew: 3 Load/Armament: 2 M2 .50 machine guns, cargo

Helicopter Models


CH - 53 Nation: USA Manufacturer: Sikorsky Aircraft Type: Assault Transport Helicopter Year: 1968 Engine: 2 General Electric T64-GE-7 turboshaft, 3,435 shp Rotor Diameter: 72 ft 3 in Fuselage Length: 67 ft 2 in Overall Length: 88 ft 3 in Height: 24 ft 11 in Empty Weight: 23,257 lb Max Takeoff Weight: 37,466 lb Max Speed: 196 mph Ceiling: 20,400 ft Range: 540 miles Crew: 3 Load/Armament: 38 troops

Helicopter Models


Boeing Vertol CH-47 Chinook Top speed: 210 mph Largest Helo ever in the CF Load: cargo - 28,000 lbs on cargo hook, 5 tons internally; or 42 loaded troops Engine: two Lycoming T55-L-11C turbine engines Nickname = 'Heavy Hooker' (You (Y ou can guess the other one!) Left service in 1991

Helicopter Models


HAL CHETAK (ALOUETTE III) Empty Weight: 1200 kg Max. All up Weight: 2200 kg Main Rotor Diameter: 11.020 m Overall Length (Rotor Rotating): 12.84 m Overall Width (Blade folded) :2.590 m Overall Height : 2.97 m Fuel Capacity: 575 L Max. Speed: 210 kmph Cruising Speed: 185 km/hr Service Ceiling : 3250 m with 2200 kg. Range: 500 km. at an altitude of 2000 m Endurance: 3.4 hrs. at an altitude of 3250 m and weight 2200 kg. Rate of climb climb (SL): 4.3 m/s at weight 2200 kg.

Helicopter Models


HAL CHEETAH Empty Weight: 1090 kg Max. All Up Wt.: 1950 kg Main Rotor Diameter: 11.020 m Overall Length(Rotor Rotating): 12.910 m Overall Width(Blade folded): 2.380 m Overall Height: 3.090 m Fuel Capacity: 575 L Max speed (Vne): 210 kmph Cruising Speed: 192 kmph Service Ceiling :5400 m with 1950 Kg. Range: 560 km. at an altitude of 2600 m Endurance :4.1 hrs. at an altitude of 5000 m and weight 1950 kg. Rate of Climb: 5.5 m/s at weight 1950 kg.

Evolution of Helicopters

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