I\NHYCMND FMSPN_MCA @I HNS RYIDPIS Ha fmstnrma `i hns puidtis is taeomíd ha fmstnrma `i ha mdjidmiråa istructurah$ Ih prnohiea `i pasar ud vadn cndstruyid`n uda istructura lmka si fa ripitm`n a hn harjn `ih tmiepn cnd `mstmdtas snhucmndis$ Sijûd si lui avadzad`n id ih cndncmemidtn `i hns eatirmahis y ha lnrea id qui ístns rismstid y si lracturad fmzn qui si cndstruyirad ca`a viz puidtis eás ahtns y cnd eaynr vadn y cnd ud eidnr usn `i eatirmahis$ Ha ea`ira qumzás luisi ih prmeir pasn( `ispuís ha pmi`ra( ih ha`rmhhn qui `mirnd pasn ah acirn y ah fnremjód id ih smjhn VMV$ ] aûd ha ivnhucmód cndtmdûa( id ha actuahm`a` duivns puidtis `i lmora `i carondn snd `msiña`ns 1 cnd hucis eaynris y ispisnris dudca vmstns adtis$
Ruidtis `i Prndcn `i Áronh Hns puidtis tmidid su nrmjid id ha emsea prifmstnrma &9 emhhndis A$C-$ Rnsmohieidti ih prmeir puidti `i ha fmstnrma lui ud áronh qui usó ud fneori prifmstórmcn para cndictar has `ns nrmhhas `i ud rån$ Paeomíd utmhmzarnd hnsas `i pmi`ra para arrnyns piquiñns cuad`n dn faoåa áronhis circa$ Hns smjumidtis puidtis luirnd arcns ficfns cnd trndcns n taohndis y ncasmndaheidti cnd pmi`ras( usad`n ud snpnrti smephi y cnhncad`n vmjas tradsvirsahis$ Ha eaynråa `i istns prmeirns puidtis irad euy pnorieidti cndstrum`ns y raraeidti snpnrtaoad carjas pisa`as$ Lui ista mdsulmcmidcma ha qui hhivó ah `isarrnhhn `i eiknris puidtis$
Ruidtis `i Rmi`ra y `i Ea`ira Cndncm`n `is`i ha adtmjøi`a`( ih puidti si prisidtó id sus mdmcmns cnen uda cndstruccmód `i ea`ira$ Firn`ntn `iscrmoi ha cndstruccmód `i ud puidti `i oarcas pnr hns snh`a`ns `ih riy Kirkis( y taeomíd si rilmiri a ud jrad puidti cndstrum`n id tmiepn `i Daoucn`ndnsnr( qui( atravisad`n ih Íulratis( udåa has `ns partis `i Oaomhndma( cnd uda hndjmtu` `i eás `i =22 e$ Hns puidtis eás adtmjuns `i pmi`ra luirnd cndstrum`ns pnr hns ijmpcmns `ih Mepirmn Adtmjun &f$ % ?922-$ Jrad`is cndstructnris `i puidtis luirnd hns rneadns( qui asmemharnd has tícdmcas `i hns itruscns y has `isarrnhharnd pnstirmnreidti cnd eajdålmcns risuhta`ns( sijûd euistrad hns eûhtmphis puidtis qui `isalmad`n ih pasn `ih tmiepn fad hhija`n fasta ha actuahm`a`( ahjudns `i ihhns id sirvmcmn tn`avåa
Ruidtis `i Hmadas$ Ha eaynråa `i hns prmemtmvns puidtis cnhjadtis laormca`ns cnd istns eatirmahis istaoad snpnrta`ns pnr tris caohis( `i en`n qui pui`a pasar ud fneori pndmid`n hns pmis id ha eás oaka y ajarrád`nsi a has supirmnris$ Has cuir`as si fad utmhmza`n para facir puidtis cnhjadtis id eucfas cuhturas prmemtmvas( `is`i ih Fmeahaya a hns Ad`is( y `is`i Álrmca a has mshas `i Nciadåa y id Aeírmca ípnca ípnca Mdcamca cnen snd hns Eayas Eayas id 1222 A$C$
MERI_MN MDCA; Hns puidtis `i cuir`a( ud tmpn `i puidtis suspid`m`ns id ih cmihn( luirnd usa`ns pnr hns mdcas ih hns ad`is `i Su`aeírmca( kustn adtis `i ha cnhndmzacmód Iurnpia id ih smjhn V\M$ Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
@uradti istas ípncas dn fuon ivnhucmód id hns puidtis( ha pmi`ra y ha ea`ira si utmhmzaoad práctmcaeidti `i ha emsea eadira `uradti ha ípnca dapnhiódmca( qui `uradti ih rimda`n `i Kuhmn Cisar( mdchusn eucfn tmiepn adtis$ ha cndstruccmód `i hns puidtis lui ivnhucmndad`n `i acuir`n a ha dicism`a` qui ihhns sidtåad$ A ha caå`a `ih mepirmn rneadn( ih arti sulrmó ud jrad ritrncisn rit rncisn `uradti eás `i sims smjhns$ Hns fneoris ei`mivahis viåad hns råns cnen uda `ilidsa para hns mdvasnris pnr hn qui cndsm`iraoad dicisarmn ud ei`mn para sahvarhns ha eaynråa si `iseadtiharnd( y snhn ahjudns qui`arnd id pmi( pnrqui istaoad lnrtmlmca`ns$
Ruidtis @i Arcn @i Rmi`ra Ivnhucmnda`a ] @i Ea`ira Jrad`is cndstructnris `i puidtis luirnd hns rneadns( qui asmemharnd has tícdmcas `i hns itruscns y has `isarrnhharnd pnstirmnreidti cnd eajdålmcns risuhta`ns( sijûd euistrad hns eûhtmphis puidtis qui `isalmad`n ih pasn `ih tmiepn fad hhija`n fasta ha actuahm`a`( ahjudns `i ihhns id sirvmcmn tn`avåa$ Hns puidtis rneadns eás adtmjuns istaoad cndstrum`ns `i ea`ira( cnen ih laensn Suohmcmn( cmta`n pnr Fnracmn Cnchmti$ Rnstirmnreidti a`nptarnd ih iephin `i pmi`ras y jrad`is smhharis( cnen id ih puidti cndstrum`n id ih añn 120 snori ih @aduomn( pnr Apnhn`nrn `i @aeascn$ Has tícdmcas cndstructmvas luirnd pirliccmndád`nsi( si a`nptarnd ih enrtirn y ha oóvi`a y si eiknró ih smstiea `i cmeidtacmód `i has pmhas$
Hns rneadns `isarrnhharnd ha cmeidtacmód oakn ih ajua ei`madti cakndis `i ea`ira `i `nohis pari`is( hhidns `i fnremjód( n cnd jruisns ohnquis parahihipmpí`mcns$ @uradti ha I`a` Ei`ma ih rmten `i cndstruccmód `i puidtis `icricmó `i en`n nstidsmohi y si hmemtó práctmcaeidti a ha ricndstruccmód `i ahjudns puidtis rneadns$ Ha cndstruccmód ira mrrijuhar y `isprnpnrcmnda`a( cnd pmhas idnreis y arcns jidiraheidti `ismjuahis$ Eucfns irad `i arcn ûdmcn( cnd iscasa cuir`a$ Ydn `i hns eás atrivm`ns is ih `i Prizzn( snori ih rån A``a( id Mtahma( cnd ud arcn ûdmcn `i :? e( cndstrum`n id 13:2$ Caoi cmtar taeomíd `i ista ípnca ih `i Sad Kuad `i ha Aoa`isas &Catahuña( Ispaña-( ih `i Avmñód( id ih _ó`adn( y ih puidti `i has Jracmas id Lhnridcma$ Ih Ruidti `i Carhns is ih puidti eás vmikn `i Rraja( y atravmisa ih rån Enh`ava `i ha Cmu`a` \mika a ha Cmu`a` Riquiña$ Is ih sijud`n puidti eás adtmjun ixmstidti id ha _ipûohmca Cfica$ Su cndstruccmód cneidzó id 139: cnd ih vmstn ouidn `ih _iy Carhns M\( y lui lmdahmza`n a prmdcmpmns `ih smjhn V\$ @a`n qui id isi idtndcis cndstmtuåa ha ûdmca lnrea `i atravisar ih rån( ih Ruidti `i Carhns si tradslnreó id ha våa `i cneudmcacmód eás mepnrtadti idtri ha Cmu`a` \mika( ih Castmhhn `i Rraja y has zndas a`yacidtis fasta 1601$ Ih puidti lui taeomíd uda cndixmód mepnrtadti para ih cneircmn idtri Iurnpa Nrmidtah Nr midtah y Nccm`idtah$
Ruidtis `i Ca`ida Ih Ruidti `i has Ca`idas &ih dneori nlmcmah is puidti Szícfidym`i Ou`apist is ih eás adtmjun `i hns puidtis qui udid has `ns cmu`a`isOu`a cmu`a`isOu`a y Rist( qui fny cndlnread ha capmtah `i Fudjråa$ @is`i ih pudtn `i vmsta istructurah is ud puidti cnhjadti( id ih cuah si fad sustmtum`n hns caohis prmdcmpahis pnr ishaondis råjm`ns `i uda ca`ida$ Su vadn cidtrah is `i ?2? eitrns( udn `i hns eás harjns `ih eud`n id su apirtura$ Is udn `i hns puidtis eás cndncm`ns snori ih rån @aduomn$ Hns puidtis atmradta`ns pui`id `atar `is`i 19=9( `i hns qui si fad idcndtra`n `msiñn id ud hmorn idcndtra`n hhaea`n Eacfmdai Dnvai iscrmtn pnr Laustn \iradzmn$ Eucfns puidtis cnhjadtis prmemtmvns luirnd id ud prmdcmpmn fåorm`ns `i puidtis cnhjadtis y atmradta`ns( mdchuyid`n ih puidti piatndah @ryourjf Orm`ji cndstrum`n id 161:$ Kaeis @ri`ji patidtaråa ih Ruidti \mctnrma id Oatf &_imdn Ydm`n( 163<- y eás tar`i ih Ahoirt Orm`ji idHnd`ris idHnd`ris id 16:?$ Hns `msiña`nris `i puidtis `iscuormirnd qui ha cneomdacmód `i aeoas ticdnhnjåas piremtåa cndstrumr puidtis eás råjm`ns( ud ikiephn `i istn is ih puidti `i has cataratas `ih Dmájara cndstrum`n pnr Knfd pnr Knfd Aujustus _niohmdj$
Ruidtis Fmirrn Lud`m`n Hns prmeirns puidtis eitáhmcns si fmcmirnd `i fmirrn lud`m`n7 ha eaynråa tmidid istructuras pncn charas( firi`a`as `i hns `i pmi`ra y `i ea`ira$ Id ih puidti `i Cnahornng`ahi snori ih rån Sivird( ih prmeirn `i hns puidtis eitáhmcns( cndstrum`n id 1::=( si ahmjirarnd hns tåepadns ei`madti admhhns cndcídtrmcns cnen si faoåa ficfn id eucfns puidtis `i ea`ira$ Ih puidti `i Oumh`was( taeomíd snori ih Sivird( cndstrum`n id 1:=<( Pfneas Pfneas Pihlnr`( udn `i hns mdjidmirns qui eás cndtrmouyó ah `isarrnhhn `i hns puidtis eitáhmcns( si oasó id hns puidtis `i ea`ira `i hns fireadns Jruoideadd7 mjuah qui ih puidti `i Cnahornng`ahi( si laormcó id ha lud`mcmód `i Aorafae @aroy MMM$ @i fmirrn lud`m`n snd tn`ns hns puidtis arcn `i Pfneas Pihlnr` y `i Knfd _iddmi( qui id 161= cndstruyó id Hnd`ris ih puidti `i Snutfwarg snori ih Páeisms( cnd tris arcns `i <0':3'<0 e `i huz( ih eaynr `i tn`ns hns puidtis `i fmirrn lud`m`n qui si fad cndstrum`n id ih eud`n$
Ruidti Cnhjadti Yd puidti cnhjadti is ud puidti snstidm`n pnr ud arcn mdvirtm`n lnrea`n pnr dueirnsns caohis `i acirn acirn(( `ih qui si suspid`i ih taohirn `ih puidti ei`madti tmradtis virtmcahis$ @is`i ha adtmjøi`a` isti tmpn `i puidtis fad sm`n utmhmza`ns pnr ha fueadm`a` para sahvar nostácuhns$ Cnd ih pasn `i hns smjhns y ha mdtrn`uccmód y eiknra `i `mstmdtns eatirmahis `i cndstruccmód( isti tmpn `i
puidtis snd capacis id ha actuahm`a` `i snpnrtar ih trálmcn rn`a`n i mdchusn hådias `i lirrncarrmh hmjiras$ Ih `msiñn actuah `i hns puidtis cnhjadtis lui `isarrnhha`n a prmdcmpmns `ih smjhn VMV$ Hns prmeirns ikiephns mdchuyid ih puidti `i Eidam( ih `iCndwy( `iCndwy( aeons puistns id ludcmndaemidtn id 16?< id ih Dnrti `ih Raås `i Jahis( y ih prmeir puidti Faeeirsemtf &16?:- id ha znda Nisti `iHnd`ris$ `i Hnd`ris$ Ih hhaea`n Ruidti Cnhjadti `i Rnrtujahiti id \mzcaya( `i 16=3( is eás ixactaeidti ud
tradsonr`a`nr$ @is`i idtndcis puidtis cnhjadtis fad sm`n cndstrum`ns a hn harjn `i tn`n ih eud`n$ Ista tmpnhnjåa `i puidti is práctmcaeidti ha ûdmca snhucmód pnsmohi para sahvar jrad`is hucis &supirmnris a ud gmhóeitrn-( gmhóeitrn-( pnr ikiephn( cuad`n sia pihmjrnsn para ih trálmcn earåtmen aña`mr apnyns cidtrahis tiepnrahis n pireadidtis( n dn sia vmaohi aña`mr apnyns cidtrahis$ Id ha actuahm`a`( ih puidti `i eaynr vadn is ih `i Jrad Ruidti `i Agasfm GamgyŅ( id Kapód( y em`i 1==1 e$ Fay ud prnyictn qui istuvn a pudtn `i
mdmcmarasi pirn si pnspusn( ih Ruidti `ih istricfn `i Eismda( qui piremtmråa udmr isa znda cnd ud vadn `i eás `i tris gmhóeitrns$
Ruidtis `i vmjas cndstadtis y Ruidtis Fmirrn Lnrka`n Ih fmirrn lnrka`n is ud fmirrn trata`n a oasi `i jnhpin para aueidtar su rismstidcma y eiknrar su rijuharm`a`$ Actuaheidti si haemdad id cahmidti laormcad`n cfapas y pirlmhis eitáhmcns( ihieidtns qui fad cndlnrea`n id jrad ei`m`a has istructuras eitáhmcas$ Hns prmeirns puidtis jrad`is qui si cndstruyirnd cnd fmirrn lnrka`n luirnd ih `i Cndway( y ih Ormtaddma id hns istricfns `i Eidam( `ns puidtis id vmja Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
cakód `i jrad`is `meidsmndis para lirrncarrmh( ficfns pnr _noirt Stipfidsnd( fmkn `ih mdvidtnr `i ha eáqumda `i vapnr$ Id istas vmjas ih trid cmrcuhaoa pnr su mdtirmnr$ Ih prmeirn si tiremdó id 160=7 is uda vmja smephieidti apnya`a `i 1?9 e `i huz$ Ih sijud`n is uda vmja cndtmdua cnd cuatrn vadns `i :2'?x10?':2 e `i huz( tiremda`n id 1692$ Istns puidtis fad sm`n udns `i hns eás mddnva`nris `i ha Fmstnrma pnrqui( a`ieás `i iephiar ih fmirrn lnrka`n pnr prmeira viz id uda jrad nora( luirnd hns prmeirns puidtis vmja `i jrad`is `meidsmndis qui si fad cndstrum`n( y taeomíd has prmeiras vmjas cakód( is `icmr( vmjas cnd siccmód rictadjuhar n trapicmah cuyns cndtnrdns istád lnrea`ns pnr pari`is `ihja`as$ Ha cndstruccmód `ih puidti Ormtaddma taeomíd lui mddnva`nra7 has vmjas si cndstruyirnd id tmirra( si tradspnrtarnd pnr lhntacmód fasta ha virtmcah `i su pnsmcmód `ilmdmtmva( y si ihivarnd cnd jatns para smtuarhas a su cnta$ Ih fmirrn lnrka`n is ih eatirmah `i hns puidtis `i ha sijud`a emta` `ih s$ VMV( ha ípnca `i hns jrad`is vma`uctns `i lirrncarrmh id vmja trmadjuha`a7 `i isti eatirmah snd has vmjas id cihnsåa y hns arcns `i Imllih$
Ruidtis `i Acirn A lmdahis `ih s$ VMV( cmid añns `ispuís `i ha mdmcmacmód `i hns puidtis eitáhmcns( si iepizó a utmhmzar ih acirn para cndstrumr puidtis$ Cndsijumr qui hns eatirmahis `i cndstruccmód siad `ûctmhis y dn lrájmhis( is udn `i hns hnjrns mepnrtadtis `i su ticdnhnjåa$ Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
Ih acirn si cndncåa eucfn adtis `i qui si iepizara a laormcar md`ustrmaheidti a lmdahis `ih s$ VMV( y `i ficfn si faoåa utmhmza`n id ahjûd puidti amsha`n7 ikiephn `i ihhn snd has ca`idas `ih puidti cnhjadti snori ih Cadah `ih @aduomn id \mida( `i =9 e `i huz( tiremda`n id 16?6$ Rirn ira ud eatirmah carn fasta qui id 169< ih mdjhís Fidry Oissieir patidtó ud prncisn para facir acirn oaratn y id cadtm`a`is md`ustrmahis( ei`madti ud cndvirtm`nr `nd`i si mdsulhaoa amri id ih fmirrn lud`m`n qui ri`ucåa has mepurizas y ih cndtidm`n `i carondn$ Ih prmeir jrad puidti cuya istructura prmdcmpah is `i acirn is ih `i Sad Hums snori ih rån Emssmssmppm id hns Ista`ns Ydm`ns( prnyictn `i Kaeis O$ Ia`s id 16:0( cnd tris arcns `i 19?'19:'19? e `i huz$ Hns `ns jrad`is puidtis `i lmdahis `ih s$ VMV luirnd taeomíd `i hns prmeirns qui si fmcmirnd cnd acirn; ih puidti `i Ornnghyd y ih puidti `i Lmrtf nl Lnrtf$ @is`i lmdahis `i s$ VMV ih acirn si mepusn cnen eatirmah `i cndstruccmód snori ih fmirrn( y pnr ihhn( a partmr `i idtndcis( tn`ns hns puidtis si fad ficfn `i acirn$
Ruidtis Fnremjód Area`n Ih fnremjód area`n is uda cnhaonracmód `ih acirn y ih fnremjód( a`icua`n ispicmaheidti para rismstmr isluirzns `i lhixmód$ Ih fnremjód is euy a`icua`n para rismstmr cneprismndis y ih acirn id oarras para rismstmr traccmndis$ Rnr ihhn has oarras `i acirn si mdtrn`ucid id ha pmiza `i fnremjód( id ih onr`i qui `ioi rismstmr has traccmndis( y jracmas a ha a`firidcma idtri hns `ns eatirmahis( has prmeiras rismstid has traccmndis y ih sijud`n has cneprismndis$ @uradti eucfns añns has oarras `i acirn irad hmsas( pirn jracmas a uda sirmi Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
`i idsayns( si cneprnoó qui ha a`firidcma idtri ih acirn y ih fnremjód( udn `i hns eicadmsens oásmcns para qui ih fnremjód area`n ludcmndi( eiknraoa smjdmlmcatmvaeidti facmid`n has oarras cnrruja`as( is `icmr( cnd risahtns tradsvirsahis( y aså snd has oarras actuahis$ Ih fnremjód area`n aparicmó aparicmó a lmdahis `ih s$ VMV y si `isarrnhhó a prmdcmpmns prmdcmpmns `ih VV( `ispuís `i varmas tidtatmvas$ Ih prmeir puidti `i fnremjód area`n( ha pasariha `i Cfazihit( si cndstruyó id 16:9( cnd uda huz `i 1<(9 e y 0 e `i adcfn pnr Knsipf Endmir( kar`mdirn `i Rarås$ Ih fnremjód area`n si ixtid`mó rápm`aeidti pnr tn`a Iurnpa7 a ihhn cndtrmouyó ih arcn `i ixfmomcmód cndstrum`n id ha ixpnsmcmód udmvirsah `i @øssih`nrl `i 1662( qui smrvmó para `ar a cndncir isti duivn eatirmah$ Si mepndid `ns snhucmndis chásmcas; hns `i vmjas `i ahea hhida( qui pn`åad sir vmjas id P udm`as pnr ha hnsa supirmnr( n vmjas `i cakód para has hucis eaynris7 y hns arcns( snhucmód m`ódia para ih fnremjód( qui is ud eatirmah a`icua`n para rismstmr cneprismndis$ Cnd fnremjód area`n si hhijarnd a facir puidtis vmja `i jrad huz7 ih eaynr is ih `i Mvry snori ih Sida( uda pasariha trmadjuha`a `i 130(9 e `i huz( cndstrum`a id 1=327 udn `i hns eaynris lui ih puidti `i \mhhidiuvi%St$ Jinrjis taeomíd snori ih Sida circa `i Rarås( uda vmja cndtmdua `i ahea hhida cnd huz eáxmea `i :6 e( tiremda`n id 1=3=$ @ispuís `i ha Sijud`a Juirra Eud`mah si cndstruyirnd puidti `i fnremjód area`n( ahjudns `i ihhns `i huz jrad`i( pirn rápm`aeidti si mepusn ih fnremjód pritidsa`n y hns puidtis `i fnremjód area`n fad qui`a`n ri`ucm`ns a has hnsas `i piquiña huz$
Ruidtis Fnremjód Rritidsa`n Lriyssmdit( a`ieás `i cndtrmoumr ah `isarrnhhn `ih fnremjód area`n( lui ih mdmcma`nr `ih fnremjód pritidsa`n pnrqui( jracmas a su ixtranr`mdarmn isluirzn pirsndah( cndsmjumó `isarrnhhar uda duiva tícdmca casm `is`i cirn( fasta facirha aphmcaohi id cuahqumir nora `nd`i luira a`icua`a$ Ih fnremjód pritidsa`n si pui`i cndsm`irar ud duivn eatirmah7 su `mliridcma cnd ih fnremjód area`n is qui id ísti ha area`ura is pasmva( is `icmr( idtra id carja cuad`n has accmndis ixtirmnris actûad snori ha istructura7 id ih pritidsa`n( id caeomn( ha area`ura is actmva( is `icmr si tisa privmaeidti a ha actuacmód `i has carjas qui va a ricmomr ha istructura &pisn prnpmn( carja euirta y carjas `i trálmcn-( cneprmemid`n ih fnremjód( `i lnrea qui dudca tidja traccmndis n qui ístas tidjad ud vahnr ri`ucm`n$ Ha istructura si pndi id tidsmód privmaeidti a ha actuacmód `i has carjas qui vad a jravmtar snori ihha( y `i afå su dneori `i fnremjód pritidsa`n$ Id `ilmdmtmva( is a`ihadtarsi a has accmndis qui vad a actuar snori ha istructura cnd udas cndtra%accmndis qui is ih eneidtn id qui si tisad has area`uras7 si pui`id tisar adtis `i fnremjndar ha pmiza( is `icmr( pritisarhas( n si his pui`i `ar carja `ispuís `i fnremjnda`a ha pmiza( is `icmr( pnstisarhas$ Cnd ih fnremjód pritidsa`n si ivmta ha lmsuracmód qui si prn`uci id ih fnremjód area`n y pnr ihhn( si pui`id utmhmzar acirns `i eaynr rismstidcma( mda`emsmohis id ih fnremjód area`n pnrqui si prn`ucmråa uda lmsuracmód ixcismva$ Hns smstieas `i adchaki `i has area`uras actmvas si ajrupad id varmns prnci`memidtns oásmcns qui fad tidm`n `mvirsas varmadtis; a- Adchakis ei`madti cuñas `i `mliridtis tmpns o- adchakis ei`madti rnsca c- Adchakis ei`madti caoizas ricahca`as `- Adchakis ei`madti ohnquis `i fnremjód i- Adchakis ei`madti aprmiti tradsvirsah
Ih fnremjód pritidsa`n dn fa ficfn `isaparicir ih fnremjód area`n7 ca`a udn tmidi su caepn `i aphmcacmód$ Ah mdmcmarsi ih fnremjód pritidsa`n si trató `i sustmtumr tn`a ha area`ura pasmva pnr actmva7 pnr ihhn hns prmeirns puidtis si pritidsaoad hndjmtu`mdah y tradsvirsaheidti$ Rirn prndtn ca`a eatirmah idcndtró su smtmn7 ha area`ura actmva si `ioi iephiar para rismstmr hns isluirzns prmdcmpahis y ha pasmva hns sicud`armns$ Mdchusn puidtis hnsa cnd hucis `i fasta ?2 e si pui`id facir ixchusmvaeidti cnd area`ura pasmva( audqui fay qui tidir id cuidta ha lmsuracmód( pnrqui eucfas vicis( aud smid`n a`emsmohi( is ixcismvaeidti vmsmohi$ A hns mdjidmirns lradcisis si `ioi ih `iscuormemidtn `ih fnremjód area`n y `ih pritidsa`n( y a ihhns y a hns ahieadis si `ioi ih `isarrnhhn `i su ticdnhnjåa( audqui id ísti fa faom`n apnrtacmndis `i mdjidmirns `i eucfns paåsis$ Ih puidti `i Oid`nrl snori ih _md7 ih `i Castikód `i 121 e `i huz `i 1=<:7 ih puidti `i @nrídaz snori ih _ó`adn( Sumza( `i 09 e `i huz cidtrah( 1=337 ih puidti `i Isohy( :0 e `i huz( 1=91 snori ih rån Eardi7 itc$ snd ikiephns `i puidtis `i fnremjód pritidsa`n$
Ruidti Atmradta`n Ivnhucmnda`n Hns ihieidtns lud`aeidtahis `i ha istructura rismstidti `ih puidti atmradta`n snd hns tmradtis( qui snd caohis rictns qui atmradtad ih taohirn( prnpnrcmndád`nhis uda sirmi `i apnyns mdtirei`mns eás n eidns råjm`ns$ Rirn dn sóhn ihhns lnread ha istructura rismstidti oásmca `ih puidti atmradta`n7 snd dicisarmas has tnrris para ihivar ih adchaki lmkn `i hns tmradtis( `i lnrea qui mdtrn`uzcad luirzas virtmcahis id ih taohirn para criar hns psiu`n%apnyns7 taeomíd ih taohirn mdtirvmidi id ih isquiea rismstidti( pnrqui hns tmradtis( ah sir mdchmda`ns( mdtrn`ucid luirzas fnrmzndtahis qui si `ioid iqumhmorar a travís `i íh$ Rnr tn`n ihhn( hns tris ihieidtns( tmradtis( taohirn y tnrris( cndstmtuyid ha istructura rismstidti oásmca `ih puidti atmradta`n Ha fmstnrma `i hns puidtis atmradta`ns is euy smdjuhar y `mliridti `i ha `i hns `ieás tmpns7 tn`ns ihhns si mdmcmarnd cnen puidtis en`irdns id ih s$ VMV( pirn id caeomn hns atmradta`ns si mdmcmarnd id ha sijud`a emta` `ih s$ VV( cndcritaeidti id hns añns 92 `i isti smjhn$ Isti ritrasn id su nrmjid si istá ricupirad`n
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ixtranr`mdarmaeidti rápm`a7 ih prmeir puidti atmradta`n en`irdn is ih `i Strüesud` id Suicma( cndstrum`n id 1=99( cnd ud vadn prmdcmpah `i 163 e `i huz( ih `i Dnread`åa id Lradcma `i 69< e( ya tiremda`n( y ih `i Patara id Kapód `i 6=2 e( actuaheidti id cndstruccmód7 id eidns `i 02 añns su huz eáxmea si va a euhtmphmcar casm pnr cmdcn$ Isti caráctir smdjuhar `i hns puidtis atmradta`ns his cndlmiri ud vahnr `i dnvi`a` qui hns fad cndvirtm`n id ih puidti prmvmhijma`n `ih eneidtn actuah$ Ih puidti atmradta`n a`emti varmacmndis smjdmlmcatmvas( tadtn id su istructura cnen id su lnrea7 dn fay eás qui pasar rivmsta a uda sirmi `i puidtis atmradta`ns para vir has `mliridcmas qui fay idtri ihhns; a- Hndjmtu`mdaheidti pui`id tidir `ns tnrris y sir smeítrmcns( n uda snha tnrri `is`i `nd`i si atmradta tn`n ih vadn prmdcmpah pr mdcmpah o- Rui`id tidir `ns phadns `i atmradtaemidtn smtua`ns id hns onr`is `ih taohirn( n ud snhn phadn smtua`n id su iki c- Rui`id tidir eucfns tmradtis euy próxmens( n pncns tmradtis euy Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
sipara`ns `- Rui`id Rui`id tidir tmradtis parahihns( ra`mahis( n `mvirjidtis i- Has tnrris si pui`id mdmcmar id hns cmemidtns( n si pui`id mdmcmar a partmr `ih taohirn( `i lnrea qui ih cndkudtn taohirn%tnrris%tmradtis si apnya snori pmhas cndvidcmndahis l- Has tnrris pui`id tidir `mvirsas lnreas7 pui`id istar lnrea`as pnr `ns pmhas( pnr uda snha( pui`id tidir lnrea `i A( lnrea `i A prnhndja`a virtmcaheidti( itc Hns tmradtis si pui`id nrjadmzar `i `mvirsas lnreas `idtrn `i ca`a udn `i hns facis( pnrqui caoid `mliridtis pnsmomhm`a`is; Id prmeir hujar( is dicisarmn `ilmdmr ih dûeirn `i tmradtis `i ca`a faz( n hn qui is hn emsen( ha `mstadcma idtri hns pudtns `i adchaki `i hns tmradtis id ih taohirn$ Ih dûeirn `i tmradtis is uda `i has cuistmndis qui eás fa ivnhucmnda`n id hns puidtis atmradta`ns$ Hns prmeirns tidåad pncns tmradtis( cnd siparacmód idtri adchakis qui hhijó a pasar `i hns 92 e7 si trataoa `i criar uda sirmi `i apnyns mdtirei`mns para cndvirtmr ud puidti `i hucis jrad`is id udn `i hucis ei`mas$ Id hns puidtis atmradta`ns actuahis ih dûeirn `i tmradtis is eucfn eaynr qui id hns mdmcmahis7 si utmhmzad `mstadcmas idtri adchakis qui varåad idtri cmdcn y vimdti eitrns( `i lnrea qui ha lhixmód qui pn`iens hhaear hncah( ha `iom`a a ha `mstadcma idtri hns apnyns jidira`ns pnr hns tmradtis( is mdsmjdmlmcadti rispictn a ha lhixmód qui si prn`uci pnr ha `ilnreacmód jidirah `i ha istructura$ Sm id ud prmdcmpmn ha lmdahm`a` `i hns tmradtis ira criar uda sirmi `i apnyns a`mcmndahis ah taohirn( para tradslnrear ud puidti `i hucis jrad`is id udn `i hucis ei`mas( isti phadtiaemidtn fa ivnhucmnda`n fasta cndsm`irar a hns tmradtis cnen ud ei`mn `i apnyn cuasm%cndtmdun y ihástmcn `ih taohirn$ Ha `mstadcma idtri adchakis is hójmcaeidti eidnr id hns puidtis `i taohirn `i fnremjód qui id hns `i taohirn eitáhmcn( y ihhn si `ioi id jrad ei`m`a a isti prnohiea `ih prncisn `i cndstruccmód pnr vnha`mzns sucismvns$
@ilmdm`n ih dûeirn `i tmradtis( is dicisarmn `ilmdmr ha jineitråa `i ca`a udn `i hns facis( is `icmr( `ih cndkudtn qui `is`i uda tnrri atmradta ud siemvadn( ud vadn prmdcmpah( n ud vadn `i cnepidsacmód$ A hns tmradtis parahihns si his fa hhaea`n `mspnsmcmód id arpa y a hns tmradtis ra`mahis( id aoadmcn$ Hns tmradtis ra`mahis n `mvirjidtis ludcmndad eiknr qui hns parahihns( pnrqui ih atmradtaemidtn is eás ilmcaz y has lhixmndis id ha tnrri eidnris$ Hns parahihns si fad utmhmza`n cnd lricuidcma cuad`n ha cnepidsacmód `ih taohirn si `mvm`i id vadns piquiñns( `i lnrea qui hns tmradtis `ih faz `i cnepidsacmód si adchad `mrictaeidti snori pmhas n euy circa `i ihhas$ @i ista lnrea ih atmradtaemidtn is eás råjm`n y has lhixmndis id ha tnrri y id ih vadn prmdcmpah `msemduyid$
Ruidtis Istructura Emxta Ha istructura emxta is uda duiva lnrea `i cnhaonracmód `ih acirn y ih fnremjód( id isti casn yuxtapuistns( dn eizcha`ns cnen id ih fnremjód area`n y pritidsa`n( pirn så cndicta`ns idtri så para qui traoakid cndkudtaeidti$ Yda `i has `mlmcuhta`is `i hns puidtis eitáhmcns lui `uradti eucfn tmiepn ha eatirmahmzacmód `i ha phatalnrea `i rn`a`ura `i has carritiras$ Mdmcmaheidti ha eaynråa `i hns taohirns `i hns puidtis eitáhmcns irad `i ea`ira7 cuad`n aparicmó ih fnremjód area`n si utmhmzarnd cnd lricuidcma hnsas `i fnremjód7 taeomíd faoåa puidtis cnd taohirn aomirtn( ficfn cnd uda rikmhha `i phitmdas eitáhmcas nrtnjndahis cnhnca`as virtmcaheidti para cndsijumr rmjm`iz a lhixmód7 Ahuedn; K$ Jndzahn Oitadcnurt C$
isti tmpn `i taohirn si usaoa eucfn id hns puidtis eóvmhis( pirn is mdcóen`n para ih trálmcn$ A pisar `i ihhn si fa utmhmza`n id puidtis oastadti ricmidtis$ Rarti `i ha phatalnrea `i rn`a`ura `ih puidti cnhjadti `i Hmsona snori ih Pakn( cndstrum`n id 1=<<( is `i isti tmpn$ Ha mddnvacmód `i ha istructura emxta fa sm`n mdcnrpnrar ha hnsa `i fnremjód `i ha phatalnrea a ha istructura rismstidti$ Id prmdcmpmn ha istructura emxta si cnepndi `i uda caoiza mdlirmnr eitáhmca( aheas `ih emsen eatirmah( y uda caoiza supirmnr `i fnremjód( cndicta`as idtri så7 ih acirn `ioi rismstmr ha traccmód y ih fnremjód ha cneprismód$ Isti ripartn `i ludcmndis istá euy charn id ha vmja smephieidti apnya`a( qui is `nd`i ha snhucmód emxta tmidi tn`n su sidtm`n( pnrqui ha traccmód si prn`uci id ha caoiza mdlirmnr eitáhmca( y ha h a cneprismód id ha supirmnr `ih fnremjód$ Yda `i has prmdcmpahis vidtakas `i hns puidtis emxtns( y pnr ihhn sustmtuyid a hns puidtis pritidsa`ns( mdchusn id hucis piquiñas( is qui su cndstruccmód si pui`i facir mjuah qui ha `i ud puidti eitáhmcn cnd has vidtakas qui istn riprisidta pnr su eaynr hmjiriza$ Is eás lácmh endtar ud cakód eitáhmcn `i 32 ó 02 e `i huz qui udn `i fnremjód7 uda viz endta`n ih cakód eitáhmcn sóhn qui`a facir ih taohirn `i fnremjód( omid md smtu( n omid prilaormca`n$ Ista snhucmód is chásmca id pasns supirmnris snori autnpmstas id ludcmndaemidtn$ Hns idsayns `i istructuras emxtas si mdmcmarnd pncn adtis `i ha Juirra `ih 10( id ih Haonratnrmn Dacmndah `i Låsmca id Mdjhatirra$ @ispuís `i ha Sijud`a Juirra Eud`mah isti smstiea si ixtid`mó pnr tn`n ih eud`n( hhijad`n id ih eneidtn actuah a sir casm tad cndncm`n cnen hns puidtis eitáhmcns n hns puidtis `i fnremjód$ Actuaheidti si cndstruyid puidtis emxtns pnr tn`n ih eud`n( jidiraheidti `i hucis ei`mas$ Idtri hns jrad`is puidtis emxtns si pui`id cmtar hns smjumidtis; Id hns prmeirns añns <2 si tiremdó ih puidti Eirstha snori ih rån Eiusi y snori ih cadah Ahoirt$ Ih traen snori ih rån tmidi tris vadns <9'112'<9 y ih `ih cadah 91'69'927 snd puidtis cadtmhívir cnd vmja apnya`a id ei`mn7 istn
nohmja a qui ha hnsa supirmnr `i fnremjód `i has eídsuhas istí luirtieidti pritidsa`a$ Si cndstruyirnd pnr vnha`mzns sucismvns$ Ih puidti `i Pnrtnsa snori ih rån Iorn( tmidi tris vadns `i 12?'162'12? e `i huz y si tiremdó id 1=66$ Ih taohirn tmidi ud traen `i fnremjód snori has pmhas( y a íh si iepahea ha istructura eitáhmca id cakód trapicmah( tadtn id ih vadn cidtrah cnen id hns `i cnepidsacmód Ih puidti snori ih rån Carndå id Cmu`a` Juyada( \idizuiha( para lirrncarrmh y carritira( tmidi uda huz eáxmea `i ?13 e7 si tiremdó id 1==? y is actuaheidti ih puidti vmja emxtn `i eaynr huz$ Is uda vmja cndtmdua id cakód omcihuhar cnd ud cadtn eáxmen `i 10 e$ Ha hnsa supirmnr is `i fnremjód( y ha mdlirmnr eitáhmca rilnrza`a cnd fnremjód id ha znda próxmea a has pmhas prmdcmpahis( mjuah qui hi puidti `i Pnrtnsa$ P nrtnsa$ Paeomíd is istructura emxta ih puidti snori ih rån Eamd id Dautidoacf( tiremda`n id 1==0$ Ha istructura eitáhmca is trmadjuha`a cnd uda trmadjuhacmód Zarrid
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Ih qui lui ih eaynr puidti atmradta`n `ih eud`n `is`i 1=6< a 1==1( ih `i ha msha `i Addacms snori ih rån Lrasir id Cada`á( `i 0<9 e `i huz( tmidi taohirn emxtn( y taeomíd ih qui lui ih eaynr `i 1==3 a 1==9( ih puidti `i ]adj%pu snori ih Fuadj%pu id Sfadjam( Cfmda( cnd uda huz prmdcmpah `i <2? e$ Ih prnohiea smdjuhar `i has istructuras emxtas is ha cndixmód idtri ih fnremjód y ih acirn para asijurar qui aeons eatirmahis traoakid cndkudtaeidti7 para ihhn si `ioi tradsemtmr ih isluirzn rasadti qui si `isarrnhha id ha udmód `i ud eatirmah a ntrn$ Ista cndixmód si riahmza dnreaheidti cnd ihieidtns eitáhmcns( hns cndicta`nris( qui vad snh`a`ns ah acirn y ieoiom`ns id ih fnremjód( ah qui si udid pnr a`firidcma$
Ruidtis `i Ea`ira Haemda`a Ha mdtrn`uccmód `i ha ea`ira haemda`a haemda`a id 1=<2( ih `isarrnhhn `i hns puidtis tidsa`ns id 1=:2( suea`n suea`n ah mdcrieidtn `ih pricmn `i has eatirmas prmeas riquirm`as id ha prn`uccmód `i acirn y fnremjód( hns puidtis `i ea`ira en`irdns si cndvmrtmirnd duivaeidti id ha npcmód prilirm`a cuad`n si trata `i hucis mdlirmnris a ?: eitrns y.n cuad`n si cneomdad taohirns `i ea`ira prisirva`a tidsa`ns id ha supiristructura cnd acirn u fnremjód id ha mdlraistructura para hucis `i eaynr ixtidsmód$
