Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
LAPORAN KERJA PRAKTEK EVALUASI KINERJA HEAT EXCHANGER 22 E – 9 A/B PADA PROPANE DEASPHALTING UNIT I PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO) CILACAP
Disusun Oleh :
1. Ardina Ayu Wulandari (21030114060073) (21030114060073) 2. Mochamad Nasrulloh
(21030114060084) (21030114060084)
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA SEKOLAH VOKASI UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG 2017
Ardina Ayu Wulandari 21030114060073 21030114060073 Mochamad Nasrulloh Nasrullo h 21030114060084 PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA SEKOLAH VOKASI UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
1
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan taufik dan hidayah-Nya, karena berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penyusun dapat menyelesaikan laporan praktek kerja lapangan yang berjudul “EVALUASI KINERJA HEAT EXCHANGER 22 E – 9 A/B PADA PROPANE DHEASPHALTING UNIT I (PDU I)”di Pertamina Refinery Unit IV Cilacap
selama periode 1 Maret – Maret – 30 30 April 2017.
Banyak hal yang penulis dapatkan pada praktek prakt ek kerja lapangan ini. Bukan hanya ilmu tentang instrumentasi, tetapi juga wawasan mengenai dunia kerja dan industri. Terselesaikannya laporan praktek kerja lapangan ini juga bukan tanpa bantuan dari orang lain. Karena itu, penulis penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Allah SWT, atas nikmat serta kasih yang tak pernah surut dari-Nya 2. Tauladan kita, Nabi Muhammad SAW 3. Ayah dan Bunda yang selalu memberi support dan doa yang tak hentihentinya di panjatkan untuk penulis hingga dapat menyelesaikan tulisan ini dengan baik. 4. Saudara-saudara kandung penulis yang senang tiasa memanjatkan doa untuk penulis. 5. Pak Iwa selaku pihak HRD yang mengurus perihal Kerja Praktek. 6. Bapak Tukolip ST selaku section head di Lube Oil Complec I PT. PERTAMINA (Persero) RU IV Cilacap 7. Bapak Mardi Ismana ST selaku pembimbing utama kerja praktek di Lube Oil Complec I PT. PERTAMINA (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
8. Bapak Pupung selaku pembimbing lapangan di area LOC I yang telah memberi banyak pelajaran tentang kerja menjadi operator di LOC I 9. Mas Ariadi selaku pembimbing lapangan di kilang LOC I 10. Pak Ryan, Mas Agung selaku pembimbing Control Room di LOC I dan telah banyak membantu penulis dalam mendapatkan data-data untuk tulisan ini. 11. Pak Sugianto, Mas Endra, Mas Dede, dan Mas Dzulfikar yang telah membantu, membimbing, dan mengajari dalam pelaksanaan kerja praktek di kilang SRU PT. PERTAMINA PERTAMINA (Persero) RU IV Cilacap 12. Teman-teman seperjuangan kerja praktek yang telah memberi s emangat dalam pelaksanaan kerja praktek.
Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan ini masih terdapat banyak kekurangan, untuk itu penulis mengharapkan masukan berupa kritik dan saran yang membangun dan kiranya dapat membantu untuk penyusunan yang lebih baik lagi dimasa yang akan datang. Semoga Laporan Praktek Kerja Lapangan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis khususnya dan bagi pembaca pada umumnya. umumnya.
Cilacap, 29 April 2017
Penulis
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
DAFTAR ISI Lembar Pengesahan ............................................................. .......................................................................................................... .............................................2 Kata Pengantar ......................................................... ................................................................................................................. ........................................................3 Daftar Isi ..................................................................... ............................................................................................................................ .......................................................5 BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................7
Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................. 7 Tujuan ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. 8 Manfaat ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... 8 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 9
Dasar Teori.............................................................. ...................................................................................................................... ........................................................ 9 Alat Perpindahan Panas ................................................................................................ 10 Jenis dan Fungsi Alat Penukar Penukar Panas...................................................................... ............................................................................ ...... 10 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Exchanger ................................................................ .................................................................................... .................... 11 Tube .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 11 Shell .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 12 Baffle ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ......... 12 Tipe Aliran Alat Penukar Panas ................................................................ .................................................................................... .................... 14 Pemilihan Fluida yang dilewatkan Tube dan Shell ....................................................... 14 Analisa Performa Heat Exchanger Exchanger ................................................................................ ................................................................................ 15 BAB III METODOLOGI ................................................................ ............................................................................................... ............................... 19
Pengumpulan Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 19 Langkah-langkah Langkah-langkah Perhitungan ...................................................................................... 20 Menghitung Neraca Panas ........................................................................................ 20 Menghitung Log Mean Temperature Difference ...................................................... ...................................................... 21 Menghitung Temperatur Kalorik Fluida ................................................................... ................................................................... 21 Menghitung Flow Area .............................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................... 22 Menghitung Kecepatan Kecepatan Massa .............................................................. .................................................................................. .................... 23 Menghitung Bilangan Reynold ............................................................. ................................................................................. .................... 23 Menghitung Faktor Dimensi Perpindahan Panas...................................................... 23 Menghitung Bilangan Prandtl ............................................................... ................................................................................... .................... 23 Menghitung Koefisien Perpindahan Perpindahan Panas ............................................................... ............................................................... 24 Menghitung Clean Overall Coeficient ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 24 Menghitung Desain Overall Coefficient ................................................................... ................................................................... 24 Menghitung Fouling Factor ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 25 Menghitung Pressure Drop ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 25
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................... ........................................................................ ......... 27
Hasil Evaluasi HE 23 E 5B ............................................................ ........................................................................................... ............................... 27 Pembahasan Pembahasan HE E5 B ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 28 Hasil Evaluasi HE 23 E 5A ............................................................ ........................................................................................... ............................... 31 Pembahsan Pembahsan HE 23 E 5A ................................................................. ................................................................................................ ............................... 32 BAB V PENUTUP ................................................................. ........................................................................................................... ..........................................35
Kesimpulan ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... 35 Saran ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. 35 Lampiran Perhitungan ........................................................ ................................................................................................... ........................................... 36
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah
Pada umumnya di setiap industri proses seringkali banyak melibatkan proses perpindahan panas. Perpindahan Perpindahan panas yang berlangsung terjadi akibat adanya perbedaan perbedaan temperatur antar media dengan sistem. Heat exchanger atau alat penukar panas merupakan alat pendukung proses yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam usaha penghematan penghematan atau efisiensi efisiensi energi atau panas dalam suatu proses kimia. kimia. Apabila heat exchanger telah digunakan dalam waktu yang lama, maka akan ada endapan atau deposit di dalam dan di luar pipa yang akan menambah tahanan transfer panas. Penambahan Penambahan ini mengurangi nilai dari koefisien transfer panas dan panas yang ditransfer mengalami pengurangan karena luas permukaan berkurang. Pada Heat Exchanger yang ditinjau pada unit 22 (PDU I) yaitu HE 220 E-9 AB merupakan jenis shell and tube heat exchanger. Pada HE 220 E-9 AB , terjadi pertukaran panas antara hot oil dan asphalt mix (propane asphalt), dimana asphalt mix dipanaskan dipanaskan dengan hot oil sebagai media pemanasnya.Aspha pemanasnya.Asphalt lt mix yang berasal dari bottom Rotating Disc Contactor (RDC) 220 C - 1 berada di tube side dan dipanaskan dengan hot oil sebagai media pemanansnya. Evaluasi kinerja HE perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui performance dari HE
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
1.2 Tujuan
Untuk mengetahui performance dari Heat Exchanger 22 E – 9 9 AB pada unit 22 Propane Deasphalting Deasphalting Unit I (PDU I) 1.3 Manfaat
Meningkatkan kinerja proses dari rangkaian pemanasan Asphalt mix (propane asphalt) sebelum masuk ke 220 C - 103 (Asphalt Flash Tower)
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Dasar Teori
Energi tidak dapat diciptakan maupun dimusnahkan, tetapi hanya dapat diubah bentuknya dari suatu bentuk ke bentuk yang l ain atau dapat dipindahkan dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Salah satu bentuk energi adalah panas. Dalam suatu proses, panas dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kenaikan suhu suatu zat atau perubahan tekanan, reaksi kimia, dan kelistrikan. Heat Exchanger (penukar kalor) adalah alat untuk memindahkan energi dalam bentuk panas anatara dua fluida yang berbeda temperaturnya, temperaturnya, dimana fluida yang memiliki suhu lebih tinggi akan memberikan panasnya pada fluida yang lebih rendah suhunya. Fluida yang bertukaran energi dapat berupa fluida yang sama fasanya (cair ke cair atau gas ke gas) atau dua fluida yang berbeda fasanya. Alat penukar kalor sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan dari keseluruhan rangkaian proses pada suatu industri. Apabila terjadi kegagalan operasi pada peralatan ini baik mekanikal maupun operasional dapat menyebabkan menyebabkan berhentinya unit operasi.Selain operasi.Selain itu dalam suatu kilang minyak, proses pertukaranpanas sangat penting dalam rangka energi konservasi, keperluan proses, persyaratan keamanan dan perlindungan terhadap lingkungan. Maka suatu alat penukar kalor ( Heat Heat Exchanger Exchanger ) dituntut untuk memiliki kinerja yang baik agar diperoleh hasil yang maksimal serta dapat menunjang penuh terhadap suatu unit operasi. Perpindahan panas dapat berlangsung melalui tiga cara yaitu : 1. Perpindahan panas secara konduksi Merupakan perpindahan panas antara molekul-molekul yang saling berdekatan
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
2. Perpindahan panas secara konveksi Perpindahan panas dari suatu zat ke zat lain disertai dengan gerakan partikel atau zat tersebut secara fisik. 3. Perpindahan panas secara radiasi Merupakan perpindahan panas tanpa melalui media (tanpa melalui molekul). Suatu energi dapat menghantarkan dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain (dari benda panas ke benda dingin) dengan gelombang elektromagnetik dimana tenaga ini akan di ubah menjadi panas jika tenaganya tenaganya diserap oleh benda lain.
2.2 Alat Perpindahan Panas
Alat perpindahan panas banyak digunakan untuk berbagai proses dalam industri, alat ini berfungsi untuk memindahkan panas antara 2 fluida dimana fluida yang memiliki suhu lebih tinggi akan memberikan panasnya panasnya pada fluida yang lebih rendah suhunya. Tujuan perpindahan panas tersebut di dalam proses industri diantaranya adalah: a). Memanaskan Memanaskan atau mendinginkan mendinginkan fludia hingga mencapai mencapai temperatur temperatur tententu yang dapat memebuhi persyaratan untuk proses selanjutnya, seperti pemanasan reaktan, pendinginan produk dan lain- lain. b). Mengubah keadaan keadaan (fase) (fase) fludia : destilasi, evaporasi, kondesasi, kondesasi, dan lain- lain. Pada penggunaan danfungsinya, alat perpindahan panas memiliki sebutan yang berbeda-beda berbeda-beda antara lain: pemanas (heater), pendingin (cooler), pengembun (condensor), reboiler, chiller, dan lain-lain.
2.3 Jenis dan Fungsi F ungsi Alat Penukar Panas
-
Heat Exchanger Exchanger Alat penukar panas ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan panas suatu aliran fluida
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
Cooler berfungsi untuk mendinginkan fluida cair dengan menggunakan air sebagai media pendingin. -
Heater Heater berfungsi untuk mamanaskan fluida cair, contohnya: furnace.
-
Kondensor Kondensor
berfungsi
untuk
mengkondensasikan
uap
hasil
pengolahan
sebelumnya dengan menggunakan air pendingin atau fan (udara).
2.4 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Tipe alat penukar panas pada 022 E - 9AB adalah tipe shell and tube dimana perpindahan panas panas terjadi secara secara konduksi konduksi dan konveksi. konveksi.
Gambar 2.1 Bagian Shell Shell and Tube Tube H eat E xchange xchangerr
2.4.1 Tube
Diameter dalam tube tube merupakan diameter dalam aktual dalam ukuran inchi, dengan toleransi yang sangat tepat.Tube dapat diubah dari berbagai jenis logam, seperti besi, tembaga, muniz metal, perunggu, 70-30 tembaga-nikel, tembaga-nikel, aluminium perunggu, aluminium dan stainless steel.Ukuran ketebalan pipa berbeda-beda dan dinyatakan dalam
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
disusun berbentuk persegi atau segituga. Bentuk susunan lubang-lubang pipa secara persegi dan segitiga segitiga ini disebut disebut sebagai tube pitch. pitch. Jenis-jenis tube pitch yang pitch yang utama adalah :
Square pitch
Triangular pitch
Square pitch rotated
Triangular pitch with cleaning lanes
Gambar 2.2 Jenis tube pitch
2.4.2 Shell
Biasanya, shell berbentuk bulat memanjang ( silinder ) yang berisi tube bundle sekaligus sebagai wadah mengalirkan zat atau fluida.Untuk kemungkinan korosi, korosi, tebal
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
Untuk tipe counter current flow ini memberikan panas yang lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan aliran searah atau paralel. Sedangkan pass (lintasan) juga berpengaruh terhadap terhadap efektifitas efektifitas dari alat alat penukar panas panas yang digunakan. digunakan.
2.6 Pemilihan Fluida yang dilewatkan Tube dan Shell
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan fluida dalam shell dan tube tube antara lain
Kekotoran fluida Fluida kotor dilewatkan melalui tube karena tube-tube dengan mudah dapat dibersihkan. Dilewatkan melalui shell , bila tube tube tidak dapat dibersihkan atau sejumlah besar dari cokes atau cokes atau reruntuhan ada yang terkumpul di shell dan dapat dihilangkan melalui tempat pembuangan pada shell pada shell .
Korosif Fluida korosif membutuhkan jenis material yang lebih mahal, oleh karena alasan ekonomi maka fluida korosif dilewatkan pada tube.
Tekanan Fluida bertekanan tinggi dilewatkan pada pada tube tube karena bila dilewatkan shell membutuhkan diameter dan ketebalan yang lebih sehingga membutuhkan biaya
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Dalam penggunaan alat-alat perpindahan panas tersebut, ada dua hal yang perlu diperhatikan dan ditetapkan batasnya yaitu: a.
Hal yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan alat untuk mengalihkan panas dari fluida dingin lewat dinding tube.
b. Hal yang berkaitan dengan penurunan tekanan yang terjadi pada masing-masing fluida ketika mengalir melalui alat tersebut. Suatu alat perpindahan panas dinilai mampu berfungsi dengan baik dalam penggunaannya penggunaannya apabila memenuhi memenuhi ketentuan ketentuan sebagai sebagai berikut: Mampu memindahakan panas sesuai dengan kebutuhan proses operasi dalam keadaan kotor ( fouling factor atau Rd). Rd adalah gabungan maksimum terhadap perpindahan panas panas yang diperlukan oleh kotoran yang menempel menempel pada bagian permukaan permukaan dinding shell dan tube apabila tidak dibersihkan akan mengurangi perpindahan panas yang terjadi. Penurunan tekanan yang terjadi pada masing-masing aliran berbeda dalam batas batas yang diijinkan, yaitu: Untuk aliran uap dan gas : ∆P tidak melebihi 0,5-2,0 0,5-2,0 psi Untuk aliran cairan
: ∆P tidak melebihi 5-10 5-10 psi
Kedua ketentuan tersebut harus diperhatikan baik dalam melaksanakan evaluasi
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2. UD ( Design/Dirty Overall Overall Coeficient Coeficient ) Adalah koefisien perpindahan panas menyeluruh setelah terjadi pengotoran pada Heat Exchanger, besarnya U D lebih kecil daripada UC.
UD =
. ∆
3. Heat balance
Q = W . Cp . (T1-T2) = w. Cp. (t1-t2)
Bila panas yang diterima fluida lebih kecil daripada panas yang dilepaskan fluida panas berarti panas yang hilang lebih besar dan ini mengurangi mengurangi performance performance suatu Heat Exchanger.
4. Fouling factor Rd atau Fouling factor merupakan resistance resistance dan heat exchanger yang dimaksudkan untuk mereduksi korosifitas akibat dari interaksi antara fluida dengan dinding pipa heat exchanger , tetapi setelah digunakan beberapa lama Rd akan mengalami akumulasi (deposited), hal ini tidak baik untuk Heat Exchanger karena
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Bila Rd (deposited) > Rd (allowed) maka Heat Exchanger tersebut perlu dibersihkan. 5. Pressure Drop Drop ( (P) Penurunan tekanan baik di shell maupun di tube tidak boleh melebihi batas pressure drop drop yang diizinkan. Tekanan dalam heat exchanger, merupakan Driving Force bagi Force bagi aliran fluida di shell maupun di tube, jika pressure drop lebih besar dari yang diizinkan maka akan menyebabkan laju alir massa (lb/hr) inlet fluida di shell dan di tube jauh berbeda dengan laju alir massa outlet masing-masing fluida. Hal ini akan menurunkan performance dari Heat Exchanger tersebut. Pressure drop pada tube dapat dihitung dengan persamaan Nikuradsse persamaan Nikuradsse : :
. ∆ = 4 . 2
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Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
BAB III METODOLOGI 3.1 Pengumpulan Data Data – data untuk perhitungan diperoleh dari pengamatan dan pencatatan data
operasi di lapangan maupun di ruang kendali (Control Room). Pengukuran suhu operasi untuk inlet / outlet heater dicatat dari data lapangan menggunakan temperatur indikator di Control Room (ruang kendali). Selain itu pengumpulan data juga didapatkan dari Specification Sheet Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 21E-4 A/B/C/D meliputi ukuran design Heat Exchanger, data sekunder lain seperti viskositas, specific heat, specific gravities dan lain-lain didapat dari buku Literatur Process Heat Transfer Transfer Donald Q.Kern. Tabel Data Desain Alat Heat Exchanger 22 E – 9 9
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Dari data yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan pengolahan melalui perhitungan sesuai dengan metode yang terdapat dalam Buku Literatur Process Heat Transfer Donald Q. Kern 3.2 Langkah – langkah langkah Perhitungan 3.2.1 Menghitung Neraca Panas (Q) Untuk perhitungan unjuk kerja alat penukar panas, pada dasarnya
menggunakan persamaan
Q = W . Cp . (T1-T2)
Dimana: Q= Jumlah panas yang dipindahkan (Btu/hr) ( Btu/hr)
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Dengan : t1=
Beda temperatur yang rendah ( 0F)
t2=
Beda temperatur yang tinggi ( 0F)
3.2.3 Menghitung Temperatur Kalorik Fluida a. Menghitung Temperatur Kalorik Fluida dalam Shell (Tc) Dari Fig.17 DQ Kern (lampiran 4) didapat K c
Dari
t c t h
t 1 t 2
dan K c Fig.17 DQ.Kern (lampiran 4) didapat Fc (
friction factor ) Tc = T2 + Fc (T1 – T T2)
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C= Tube Clearance (in) B= Baffle Spacing (in) Pt= Pitch tube (in)
b. Pada Tube
x ′ a = x t
Dengan : at = Luas Permukaan tube (ft 2) N = Jumlah Tube side
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3.2.7 Menghitung Faktor Dimensi Perpindahan Panas
Menurut Fig.24 D.Q. Kern berdasarkan berdasarkan data antara: Ret = Re pada tube side L/D = Perbandingan antara panjang dengan diameter tube, makan akan didapat harga JH
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Dimana ΔT = LMTD terkoreksi (°F) A = Luas permukaan perpindahan panas (ft 2) Harga A dapat diketahui melalui data desain atau dengan rumus: A = a”. L . N
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ΔPt = 5, 0 ΔPr = . .
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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil Evaluasi HE 22 E 9 A/B
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Dari perhitungan dapat diketahui bahwa dirt factor (Rd) actual pada sisi shell HE 21 E-4 A/B/C/D (0,278 hr ft2°F/Btu), lebih besar daripada dirt factor (Rd) allowable design pada sisi shell HE 21 E-4A/B/C/D yaitu (0,0004 hr ft2°F/Btu) dan (Rd) actual pada sisi tube HE 21 E-4 A/B/C/D (0,278 hr ft2°F/Btu),lebih besar daripada dirt factor (Rd) allowable design pada sisi tube HE 21 E-4A/B/C/D yaitu (0,0010 hr ft2°F/Btu) yang mana
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Laporan Kerja Praktek PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU IV Cilacap
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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