The European Court Court of Human Rights Some Facts and Figures
COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L’EUROPE
Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme
The European Convention on Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights
T
he European Court of Human Rights, set up in 959, is an international court with jurisdiction to rule, through binding judgments, on individual and interState applications alleging violations of the Convention.
he Convention is an international treaty under which the member States of the Council of Europe promise to secure fundamental civil and political rights, not only to their own citizens (currently numbering 800,000 million people) but also to everyone within their jurisdiction, irrespective irr espective of, for example, sex, race, nationality or ethnic origin. The Convention, which was signed on 4 November 950 in Rome, entered into force in 953. The Convention’s importance lies not only in the scope of the rights which it protects, but also in the protection system set up in Strasbourg to examine alleged violations and to ensure that the States comply with their obligations under the Convention.
T
Since 998 the Court has operated on a full-time basis. It is made up of 47 judges, one for every State Party to the Convention. The judges, who are totally independent, are elected for six-year terms by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. On account of the considerable increase in the number of applications and the Court’s excessive workload, the member States of the Council of Europe decided to reform the supervisory machinery introduced by the Convention; as a result, they adopted Protocol No. 4 to the Convention* in 2004.
The guarantees The Convention and its Protocols guarantee, in particular: -
the right to life; the right to a fair hearing in civil and criminal cases; the right to respect for private and family life; freedom of expression; freedom of thought, conscience conscience and religion; the right to an effective remedy; the right to peaceful enjoyment of one’s possessions; the right to vote and to stand for election.
The prohibitions The Convention and its Protocols prohibit, in particular: -
torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labour; arbitrary and unlawful detention; discrimination discriminatio n in the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention; the expulsion or removal by a State of its own nationals; the death penalty; the collective expulsion of foreign nationals.
*Protocol No. 14, 14, which is intended to guarantee the Court’s long-term effectiveness by optimising the ltering and processing of applications, envisages, among other measures, the creation of new judicial formations formation s for the simplest cases and a new admissibility criterion (the existence of “signicant disadvantage”) and introduces a nine-year non-renewable ter m of ofce for judges. It will enter into force once all the States Party to the Convention have ratied it (to date, 46 out of the 47 States have ratied Protocol No. 14).
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
Case-processing ow chart
Case-processing flowchart
Application lodged
If not disposed of administratively
One of the Court’s 5 Sections
Chamber (7 Judges)
Committee (3 Judges)
If not unanimous
Relinquishment of jurisdiction by a Chamber
If unanimous Admissibility and merits taken together (Joint procedure)
Admissibility and merits taken separately
Decision: Application declared admissible
Decision: Application rejected (inadmissible/struck out)
Judgment
Just satisfaction included
Just satisfaction reserved
Judgment on just satisfaction
Request by a Party for a re-hearing granted
Grand Chamber (17 Judges)
Respondent State executes judgment/Committee of Ministers supervises execution
This owchart indicates the progress of a case through the different judicial formations. In the interests of readability, it does not include certain stages in the procedure – such as communication of an application to the respondent State, consideration of a re-hearing request by the Panel of the Grand Chamber and friendly settlement negotiations.
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European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
Applying to the European Court of Human Rights
T
he Convention system for protecting human rights must rst of all be applied at national level. Each member State has a duty to ensure that everyone within its jurisdiction enjoys the rights protected by the Convention. If this is not the case, any individual, group of individuals or non-governmental organisation which considers that it has been a victim of a violation may, subject to certain conditions, apply to the European Court of Human Rights. Applications may also be lodged by one State against another (inter-State applications). In any event, applications may only be made against States which have signed the European Convention on Human Rights.
the States found guilty of a violation have indeed adopted the necessary general measures to avoid any other violations of the same kind (amendments to legislation, legal doctrine, regulations or practice, etc.). The Committee of Ministers also checks whether the applicant has been paid any compensation awarded by the Court and, in certain cases, whether other specic measures have been taken (reopening of a trial; cancellation of a prohibition order or conscation order; correction of a criminal record; delivery of a residence permit; etc.).
Not to be confused! The Court rules on the admissibility and, where appropriate, the merits of the cases submitted to it. Its jurisdiction is binding on all the Contracting States.
The processing of applications
I
n order for an application to be admissible, the applicant must have exhausted the effective remedies available in the country in which the alleged violation was committed. He or she must also lodge the application within six months of the date on which the courts or authorities of that State issued their nal decision. Cases which are manifestly ill-founded are declared inadmissible. Where an application is not inadmissible, the Court encourages the parties to reach a friendly settlement. If this proves impossible, the Court rules on the case in a Chamber of seven judges or, in exceptionally important cases, in a Grand Chamber made up of 7 judges. All of the Court’s nal judgments are binding on the States found to have violated the Convention, which are obliged to execute them.
The execution of judgments
T
European Court of Human Rights Ensures that States comply with their obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. Made up of one judge for each State party to the Convention, and based in Strasbourg. Court of Justice of the European Communities Based in Luxembourg, this Court ensures compliance with EU law and rules on the interpretation and application of the treaties establishing the European Union. International Court of Justice Judicial organ of the United Nations, based in The Hague. European Convention on Human Rights The treaty by which the member States of the Council of Europe have undertaken to respect fundamental human rights and freedoms. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Text adopted by the United Nations in 948 in order to strengthen human rights protection at international level. Charter of Fundamental Rights European Union text on human rights and fundamental freedoms, adopted in 2000.
he Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is responsible for supervising the execution of the Court’s judgments. It veries whether
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
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Applications allocated to a decision body
50000
45016 32500
45000
27200
40000
28200 32409
35000 28201
30000
27178
25000 20000 13843
15000
10475 8408
10000 5000 0 1959-1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Applications which are allocated to a decision body are those for which the Court has received a correctly completed form, accompanied by copies of relevant documents. These applications will be examined by a Committee or by a Chamber of the Court. These gures do not include applications applications which are at the pre-judicial stage (incomplete case le).
Pending allocated cases On January 2008 approximately 79.400 applications were pending before a decision body.
all others 19300 24%
Russia 20300 26%
France 2350 3%
Germany 2500 3% Slovenia 2700 3%
Turkey 9150 12%
Italy 2900 4% Czech Rep. 3000 4% Poland 3100 4%
4
Ukraine 5800 7%
Romania 8300 10%
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
Judgments delivered by the Court 1800 1560
1600
1503
1400
1105
1200
1000
889 837
800
844 703
695
718
600
400 177
200
0 1959-1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Since the reform of the Convention system in 998, the Court has seen a considerable increase in its workload. In 2007 the Court focused on examining complex cases and decided to join certain applications which raised similar legal problems, so that they could be examined together. Thus, although it delivered fewer judgments in 2007 than in the previous year, year, the Court completed its examina tion of a greater n umber of applications.
Violation judgments by country 2007 Turkey 22%
Others 45%
Romania 6%
Ukraine 7%
Poland 7%
Russia 13%
999-2007 Others 41%
Italy 21%
Russia 5%
Turkey 20%
Poland 6%
France 7%
Almost half of the judgments delivered by the Court in 2007 concerned four of the 47 member States of the Council of Europe: Turkey, Turkey, Russia, Poland and Ukraine. In a lmost 90% of the total number of judgments delivered in 2007 the Court identied at least one violation of the Convention and found against the respondent State.
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
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Subject-matter of the Court’s judgments 2007 Others 20%
Right to a fair trial (6) 24%
Right to an effective remedy (13) 8% Length of proceedings (6) 18% Right to liberty and security (5) 13%
Protection of property (P1-1) 17%
999-2007
Right to an effective remedy (13) 8%
Others 16%
Length of proceedings (6) 30%
Right to liberty and security (5) 10%
Protection of property (P1-1) 15%
Right to a fair trial (6) 21%
In 37% of the judgments nding a violation which were delivered in 2007, the Court concluded that there had been a violation of Article 6 of the Convention, either in respect of fairness or the length of proceedings. More than 53 % of the judgments in 2007 concluded that there had been a violation of one of two Articles of the Convention, namely Article 6 (right to a fair hearing) or Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property). In addition, in almost 9 % of cases, the Court concluded that there had been a serious violation of the Convention, concerning the right to life or the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention).
Examples of judgments delivered by the Court in 2007 Article 2 right to life • Failure of the police to protect protect the lives of the applicant’s children, eventually killed by their father - violation.
Kontrová v. Slovakia, 7510/04 • Extrajudic Extrajudicial ial execution execution of tens of citizens citizens by security forces and subsequent failure to conduct an effective investigation investigation - violations.
Musayev and Others v. Russia, 57941/00, 58699/00 and 60403/00 • De facto impunity of State agents convicted of complicity in the torture and subsequent death of a person in police custody - effectiveness of criminal proceedings - violation.
• Unintended killing of person during siege after he had been ring at police ofcers - no violation.
Huohvanainen Huohvanaine n v. Finland, 57389/00 • Lack of independence of police force force called upon to investigate allegations of security force collusion in the death of the applicant’s husband - violation.
Brecknell v. United Kingdom, 32457/04 • Effectiveness of a continuing twelveyear inquiry into a fatal explosion in a state-of-emergency region - violation.
Kamil Uzun v. Turkey, 37410/97 • Inadequacy of criminal sen tence imposed on police ofcers responsible for ill-treatment causing death - violation.
Teren Aksakal v. Turkey, 51967/99
Nikolova and Velichkova v. Bulgaria, 7888/03
• Death by gradual asphyxia of a young man who was handcuffed and held face down to the ground by police ofcers for over thirty minutes - violation.
• Investigative failings concerning a fatal shooting following the intervention of an off-duty police ofcer - violation.
Saoud v. France, 9375/02
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Some examples of judgments delivered by the Court in 2007
Celniku v. Greece, 21449/04
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
Some examples of judgments delivered by the Court in 2007
Article 3
Article 5
prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment
right to liberty and security
• Torture of opposition leader and lack of of effective investigation - violation.
Mammadov 34445/04
(Jalaloglu)
v.
Azerbaijan,
• Torture and wrongful detention Chechnyan applicants - violation.
Chitayev and 59334/00
Chitayev
v.
of
Russia,
• Force-feeding of prisoner on hunger strike in protest against prison conditions - violation.
Ciorap v. Moldova, 12066/02 • Use of a teargas, known as “pepper spray”, to break up demonstrators - no violation.
Çiloğlu and Others v. Turkey, 73333/01
• Conditions of pre-trial pre-trial detention and detainee’s obligation to pay for their improvement - violation.
Modarca v. Moldova, 14437/05 • Full body search search of prisoner including including systematic visual inspection of the anus after each prison visit during a period of two years - violation.
Frérot v. France, 70204/01 • Placement in a disciplinary isolation cell, lack of medical care and undernourishment of a detainee suffering from tuberculosis and wearing of handcuffs at public hea rings not justied by security requirements violations.
Gorodnichev v. Russia, 52058/99 • Allegation by the applicant that she was forced by the conduct of the familyallowance-contribution collection agency to continue to work as a prostitute - no violation.
Tremblay v. France, 37194/02 • Conditions in which a prisoner suffering from serious illness was held and lack of adequate medical care - violation.
Yakovenko v. Ukraine, 15825/06 • Conditions of detention of a prisoner suffering from mental disorders - violation.
Dybeku v. Albania, 41153/06 • Unjustied strip-search during arrest violation.
Wieser v. Austria, 2293/03 • Failure to carry out an effective investigation into racist attack on a member of the Roma - violation.
Šečić v. Croatia, 40116/02
• Failure to take into account account a prisoner’s serious invalidity when arranging for his detention and transfer - violation.
Hüseyin Yildirim v. Turkey, 2778/02 • Risk of deportation to Afghanistan - no violation in case of deportation.
Sultani v. France, 45223/05
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
• Circumvention of a domestic law provision on maximum length of detention by re-detaining person ten minutes after release - violation.
John v. Greece, 199/05 • Failure to give give detailed reasons for the continued detention of a remand prisoner - violation.
Castravet v. Moldova, 23393/05 • Failure by the Belgian judicial authorities to give any serious consideration to the question of alternatives to preventive detention - violation.
Lelièvre v. Belgium, 11287/03 • Lack of condentiality of lawyer-client communications due to indiscriminate use of a glass partition in a detention centre - violation.
Modarca v. Moldova, 14437/05 • Inconsistent interpretation of provisions applicable to detainees awaiting extradition - violation.
Nasrulloyew v. Russia, 656/06 • Prolonged detention in an ordinary remand centre pending admission to a psychiatric hospital - violation.
Mocarska v. Poland, 26917/05
Article 6 right to a fair trial • Temporary suspension of courts in Chechnya owing to a counter-terrorist operation - violation.
Khamidov v. Russia, 72118/01 • Retrospective and nal determination of the merits of pending litigation by legislative intervention that was not justied by compelling general-interest grounds - violation.
Arnolin and Others and 24 other cases v. France, 20127/03 etc. • Failure to communicate to the applicant decisions and documents sent by the public prosecutor to the court and a note from the judge to the court of appeal violation.
Ferreira Alves 25053/05
v.
Portugal
(n°
3),
• Restrictions on access to case le le in lustration proceedings resulting in politician’s temporary disqualication from public ofce - violation.
Matyjek v. Poland, 38184/03 • Failure to comply with a nal judgment requiring administrative authorities to deliver up possession of a building occupied by a governmental organisation organisation that enjoyed diplomatic immunity violation.
Hirschhorn v. Romania, 29294/02
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• Arbitrary ndings courts - violation.
of
the
domestic
Khamidov v. Russia, 72118/01 • Outcome of pending civil litigation affected by statutory amendment favourable to the State and contrary to the applicants’ interests - violation.
SCM Scanner de l’ouest lyonnais and Others v. France, 12106/03 • Lack of impartiality of a Supreme Court judge whose son had been expelled from a school run by one of the parties to the dispute - violation.
• Police providing, in absence of regulatory framework, technical assistance to an individual who wished to record his conversations with the applicant violation.
van Vondel v. the Netherlands, 38258/03 • Unjustied search and seizure at lawyer’s home without safeguards violation.
Smirnov v. Russia, 71362/01
Article 9
Moldova, 32263/03
freedom of thought, conscience and religion
• Obligation for the registered keeper of a vehicle to provide information identifying the driver where a road-trafc offence is suspected: no violation.
• Refusal to grant full exemption from instruction in Christianity, religion and philosophy in State primary schools violation.
Tocono and Profesorii Prometeişti v.
O’Halloran and Francis v. United Kingdom, 15809/02 and 25624/02 • Allegation by the applicant that the German courts had no jurisdiction to try him for serious offences, including genocide, committed in Bosnia - no violation.
Jorgic v. Germany, 74613/01 • Interception of a private telephone conversation between an accused taking part in a hearing by videoconference and his lawyer - violation.
Zagaria v. Italy, 58295/00
Article 8 right to respect for private and family life • Requirement of father’s consent for the continued storage and implantation of fertilised eggs - no violation.
Evans v. United Kingdom, 6339/05 • Use in evidence of a recording of a conversation obtained by a body-mounted listening device and of a list of the telephone calls made - violations.
Heglas v. Czech Republic, 5935/02 • Refusal to perform a therapeutic abortion despite risks of serious deterioration of the mother’s eyesight - violation.
Folgerø and Others v. Norway, 15472/02 • Unlawful termination organised by Jehovah’s violation.
of meeting Witnesses -
Kuznetsov and Others v. Russia, 184/02 • Employment terminated on account of religious beliefs - violation.
Ivanova v. Bulgaria, 52435/99
Article 10 freedom of expression • Conviction of a journalist for the publication of a diplomatic document on strategy classied as condential - no violation.
Stoll v. Switzerland, 69698/01 • Ban on Kurdish production of a play in municipal buildings - violation.
Ulusoy and Others v. Turkey, 34797/03 • Convictions of journalists for using and reproducing material from a pending criminal investigation in a book violation.
Dupuis and Others v. France, 1914/02 • Detention of a journalist with a view to compelling him to disclose his source of information - violation.
Voskuil v. Netherlands Netherlands,, 64752/01
• Husband in prison refused permission permission for articial insemination - violation.
• Search and seizure operations carried out at the home and ofce of a journalist suspected of corruption of a European Union ofcial - violation.
Dickson v. United Kingdom, 44362/04
Tillack v. Belgium, 20477/05
• Refusal to register the forename “Axl” even though other requests to take that name had been granted - violation.
• Injunction restraining restraining a parent from repeating criticism he had made of schoolteachers’ conduct - violation.
Tysiąc v. Poland, 5410/03
Johansson v. Finland, 10163/02 • Return of a child to its father in the United States under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction - no violation.
Maumousseau and Washington v. France, Maumousseau 39388/05
Ferihumer v. Austria, 30547/03 • Unlawful dismissal of a civil civil servant following a search of his ofce in apparent retaliation for a letter he had published in the press criticising the chief prosecutor violation.
Peev v. Bulgaria, 64209/01
• Interception of prisoners’ prisoners’ letters to their lawyer - violation.
• Imposition of a ne for defamatory allegation of plagiary - violation.
Ekinci and Akalin v. Turkey, 77097/01
Boldea v. Romania, 19997/02
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Some examples of judgments delivered by the Court in 2007
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
Some examples of judgments delivered by the Court in 2007
Article 11
• Refusal by respondent Government to disclose documents from ongoing investigation into the disappearance of the applicant’s husband - violation.
freedom of peaceful assembly
Baysayeva v. Russia, 74237/01
• Unlawful refusal to grant permission for a march and meetings to protest against homophobia - violation.
Bączkowski
and
Others
v.
• Refusal by Government to disclose documents from ongoing investigation into an abduction and killing by servicemen or into allegations of harassment of the applicants - violation.
Poland,
1543/06 • Dispersal of a peaceful demonstration for failure to give prior notice to the police - violation.
Bitiyeva and X v. Russia, 57953/00 and 37392/03 • Government’s refu sal to disclose documents from ongoing investigations into the disappearance of the applicant’s relatives in Chechnya during military operations - violation.
Bukta and Others v. Hungary, 25691/04 • Repeated delays by authorities registering an association - violation.
in
Ramazanova and Others v. Azerbaijan, 44363/02
Kukayev v. Russia, 29361/02 and Khamila Isayeva v. Russia, 6846/02
• Bad-faith denial of re-registration, resulting in the applicant association’s loss of legal status - violation.
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia, 18147/02
Article 13 right to an effective remedy • Lack of domestic remedy enabling a prisoner to challenge a refusal to forward correspondence - violation.
Frérot v. France, 70204/01
Article 14 prohibition of discrimination • Failure to carry out an effective investigation into racist attack on a member of the Roma - violation.
Šečić v. Croatia, 40116/02
• Placement of Roma gypsy children children in “special” schools - violation.
D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic, 57325/00
Article 34 individual applications • Refusal by penitentiary ofcials to send an application to the ECHR on the grounds of alleged non exhaustion of domestic remedies - violation.
Nurmagomedov Nurmagome dov v. Russia, 30138/02
Article 38 examination of the case and friendly settlement proceedings • Refusal by Government to disclose documents from ongoing investigation into an abduction and killing by servicemen or into allegations of harassment of the applicants - violation.
protection of property • Setting aside of a registration - no violation.
Anheuser-Busch 73049/01
Inc.
trade
v.
mark
Portugal,
• Court order nally nally annulling, more more than thirty years after their lawful acquisition, a title to properties belonging to a foundation set up by a religious minority - violation.
Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi Vak v. Turkey, 34478/97
Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 right to education • Refusal to grant full exemption from instruction in Christianity, religion and philosophy in State primary schools violation.
Folgerø and Others v. Norway, 15472/02 • Refusal to exempt exempt a State school pupil whose family was of the Alevi faith from mandatory lessons on religion and morals - violation.
Hasan and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, 1448/04
Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 right to free elections • Ancillary penalty of removal removal from office imposed on Member of Parliament on the dissolution of his party violation.
Sobaci v. Turkey, 26733/02
Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 freedom of movement • Inability to travel abroad abroad as a result of an entry arbitrarily made in passport violation.
Sissanis v. Romania, 23468/02
Akhmadova and Sadulayeva v. Russia, 40464/02
European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
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European Court of Human Rights - Some Facts and Figures
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European Court of Human Rights Council of Europe 67075 Strasbourg-Cedex France www.echr.coe.int
