Akash Miriyala Sunday, November 2, 2014 BUS-L 3! "inal #esear$h %a&er Ethics of Apple, Inc.
S'eve (obs re'urned 'o A&&le A&&le in 1)) usherin* in a ne+ era or 'he $om&any .n 'ha' year, A&&le/s A&&le/s annual revenues +ere Billion urren'ly i's revenues are 11 billion or is$al year 2013 ha'/s a s'unnin* 2! 'imes *ro+'h in revenues in 15 years his $an be a''ribu'ed 'o 'he revolu'ionary $han*es S'eve (obs made .n 200, (obs renamed A&&le om&u'er, .n$ 'o A&&le, .n$ his underlined 'he shi' o A&&le rom bein* a $om&u'er manua$'urin* $om&any 'o a *lobal, $onsumer ele$'roni$s &o+erhouse .n 1)), A&&le/s A&&le/s revenues +ere &rimarily rom $om&u'ers $om&u'ers Ma$s and some so'+are .' barely sold a e+ million o 'hose in 'ha' year year 6o+ever, in 2013, A&&le A&&le sold an a**re*a'e o 200 million i%hones, i%ads, Ma$s and i%ods7 his is an e8&losive *ro+'h in numbers 'ha' is bound 'o have some some ee$' on 'he su&&ly su&&ly $hain .n 'his ar'i$le, ar'i$le, . +ill *e' in'o some de&'h in'o some o 'hese su&&ly $hain issues, as +ell as 'he de'ails behind 'he e'hi$al $ul'ure o A&&le .n$ .n order 'o unders'and A&&le rom an e'hi$al an*le, i' is im&or'an' 'o unders'and some o 'he his'ory and 'he 9NA o 'he $om&any :ne im&or'an' as&e$' o A&&le A&&le is i's se$re$y, +hi$h +as ins'illed ins'illed by S'eve (obs he *ood 'hin* abou' se$re$y is 'ha' i' hides ne+ &rodu$'s rom &o'en'ial $om&e'i'ors, *ivin* A&&le a $om&e'i'ive ed*e Su$h se$re$y 'o &romo'e business is air, rom an e'hi$al an*le 6o+ever, se$re$y $an be a do ubleed*ed s+ord "or e8am&le, +hen S'eve (obs ell si$k, 'he $om&any e8e$u'ives hid 'he a'al illness o 'heir ;: his $an be seen as misleadin* inves'ors +ho mi*h' have sold shares had 'hey kno+n 'ha' S'eve (obs didn/' have mu$h 'ime 'o rea$' 'o 'he ne+s o his dea'h .n 'his sense one $ould $ ould say A&&le has &oor e'hi$al values be$ause o 'his la$k o o 'rans&aren$y be'+een hi*h-level e8e$u'ives, ho+ever se$re$y has no' led 'o very serious e'hi$al issues hese issues arise rom 'he sheer s$ale o o&era'ions and A&&le/s res&onsibili'y 'o deliver 'he e8&e$'ed resul's a' all 'imes he maa'ion has e +as more involved +i'h em&loyees and able 'o drive innova'ion and a $ollabora'ive $o llabora'ive eor' 'o+ards i's lon*'erm vie+s .n 'he mid 'o la'e 2000/s 20 00/s +hen +hen A&&le su&&ly $hain issues sura$ed, mu$h o 'he res&onsibili'y shi'ed 'o su&&ly $hain *uru and $urren' A&&le ;:, im im ook .n 200, im ook also s'ar'ed 'ra$kin* sus'ainabili'y da'a re&or'in* rela'in* 'o issues +i'hin 'he endless su&&ly $hain ?hile a' 'ha' 'ime, 'he &roblems +ere no' as &rominen', i' +as hel&ul 'o 'ra$k 'he 'rends rela'ed 'o various issues in su&&ly $hain By s'ar'in* 'his +ork early, +hen &ubli$i'y o A&&le a$'ory issues be*an 'o *e' +orse in 2011, A&&le A&&le +as ready &re&ared 'o 'a$kle 'hem
A&&le has moni'ored i's a$'ories in hina sin$e 200 6o+ever, as sales o A&&le@s *ad*e's have soared, i' &u' & u' in'ense &ressures on 'he $om&any@s su&&liers 'o ram& u& &rodu$'ion, +hi$h led 'o a *radual in$rease in many dieren' &roblems 6ere are some o 'he issues 'ha' have o$$urred • • • • • •
Lon* over'imes Lo+ +orker morale Mis'rea'men' o +orkers .n$reased number o on 'he
. you are a 15-year-old *irl in a develo&in* dev elo&in* $oun'ry, your bes' $han$e o en
:ne $ould say 'ha' A&&le +ould have been ine ei'her +ay, bu' i' +as almos' a ne$essi'y 'ha' A&&le do some'hin* abou' i's issues, 'here is al+ays 'he risk o 'he issues blo+in* ou' o &ro&or'ion, bu' by 'a$klin* 'he issues A&&le A&&le sho+s 'ha' even a behemo'h $an $are . ound a $er'ain =uo'e rom $ha&'er ) in 'he "or' book 'ha' . su&&or', F;'hi$al behavior de&ends on em&loyee abili'y 'o re$o*ni>e e'hi$al issues and 'his abili'y a&&ears 'o be a un$'ion o $or&ora'e $ul'ure, no' &ersonal a''ribu'esG . believe 'here 'ru'h 'o 'his, in an ar'i$le dis$ussin* ho+ A&&le $ul'ure has sha&ed, i' said F?hen (obs re'urned 'o A&&le, he ins'i'u'ed '+o $ul'ural $han*es he en$oura*ed deba'e on ideas, and he $rea'ed a vision 'ha' em&loyees $ould believe in By im&lemen'in* 'hese '+o $han*es, em&loyees el' 'ha' 'heir in&u' +as im&or'an' and 'ha' 'hey +ere a &ar' o some'hin* bi**er 'han 'hemselvesG By drivin* em&loyees e m&loyees 'o*e'her, A&&le A&&le be$ame less abou' &ersonal *lory, and more o a movemen' as a $om&any 'o *rea'er and more +orldly *oals . ind A&&le/s A&&le/s a$'ions as sin$ere, no' only are 'hey a$'in* e'hi$ally in 'he a$e o 'his su&&ly $hain &roblem, bu' A&&le has al+ays made de$isions kee&in* 'he *ood in'eres's o i's ollo+ers, or e8am&le A&&le &rovided ree bum&ers and $ases or a $er'ain &eriod o 'ime 'ha' resolved 'he re$e&'ion &roblems his &rodu$' issue did no' s'o& millions o $onsumers rom &ur$hasin* 'he i%hone 4, bu' i' does rei'era'e 'he *rea' $are A&&le mus' 'ake re*ardin* &rodu$' =uali'y onsumers vie+ &rodu$' =uali'y as inse&arable rom A&&le 6en$e, a =uali'y misha& $ould dama*e 'he A&&le/s s'ren*'h s'ren*'h A&&le unders'ands 'his, and is al+ays =ui$k a$' on &roblems as early as 'hey $an A&&le hi's $lose 'o home or me ./ve admired S'eve (obs or as lon* as . $ould $o uld remember, ./ve admired ho+ A&&le o&era'es on all levels o be hones' . +an'ed 'o believe A&&le is a &ere$' e'hi$al e'hi$al $om&any, +hi$h . had believed or a +hile, un'il . reali>ed 'ha' all lar*e $om&anies have 'heir issues, bu' i'/s ho+ 'hey handle issues 'ha' dieren'ia'es 'he e'hi$al and une'hi$al un e'hi$al $om&anies As . am an avid A&&le user . a&&re$ia'e 'ha' A&&le $an a$' e'hi$ally, . +ould no' like 'ha' my avori'e $om&any +as une'hi$al, i' may no' s'o& me rom &ur$hasin* some'hin*, bu' . +ould eel some *uil' i . had ?ha' . 'ake a+ay rom 'his si'ua'ion is 'ha' no ma''er 'he si>e and su$$ess o 'he $om&any i' is al+ays benei$ial 'o 'a$kle your e'hi$al issues By doin* so, i' is mu$h less $o+ardly 'han havin* 'o 'urn your ba$k 'o 'he issue and no' 'ake res&onsibili'y he Shareholder heory dis$usses 'he du'y o a $om&any 'o ma8imi>e &roi's, i' also su**es's 'he du'y 'o enhan$e 'he re&u'a'ion o 'he irm and 'ake in'eres' in 'he &ubli$ *ood Mil'on "riedman s'a'es 'ha' a $om&any $om&an y is only res&onsible 'o use i's resour$es and en*a*e in a$'ivi'ies desi*ned 'o in$rease i's &roi's so lon* as i' s'ays +i'hin 'he rules o 'he *ame A&&le does 'ake an in'eres' in 'he &ubli$ *ood, bu' based on 'he mar*ins 'hey are makin* on 'heir &rodu$'s i' is hard 'o say 'ha' A&&le isn/' $onormin* 'o shareholder 'heory ?i'h ?i'h 'he massive si>e o A&&le, i' is one o 'he e+ $om&anies 'ha' $an kee& shareholders in mind, +hile u'ili>in* o'her resour$es 'o su&&or' s'akeholders As $us'omers, +e +ould all ha&&ily &ay a &remium or A&&le &rodu$'s be$ause o 'heir lon*evi'y and a&&eal . A&&le +as any o'her $om&any . eel i' +ould re$eive more s$ru'iny or i's &ri$in* models ha' is 'he ma*i$ o A&&le, &eo&le don/' eel 'hey are over&ayin* be$ause 'hey $an *e' some'hin* 'ha' 'hey $an/' *e' else+here
S'akeholder heory reers 'o any individual +ho have s'ake in 'he $om&any and is ae$'ed by 'he su$$ess or ailure o 'he or*ani>a'ion em&loyee, $ us'omer, su&&liers, su&&liers, any'hin* bu' shareholder A &&le .n$, in 2011, +as a$$used o 'rea'in* 'heir em&loyees inhumanly and like ma$hines o $u' $os's and in$rease &roi's, A&&le hired rou*hly !00,000 em&loyees and s'ar'ed 'o manua$'ure 'heir &rodu$'s a' '+o a$'ories in sou'hern hina Beore an em&loyee $an +ork or A&&le, 'hey mus' si*n an an'i-sui$ide $on'ra$' &led*in* 'ha' 'hey +ill no' a''em&' 'o $ommi' sui$ide due 'o 'he lar*e number o dea'hs in 2011 As you mi*h' already kno+, A&&le has many &rodu$'s around 'he +orld and be$ause o 'ha', 'here@s a $ons'an' demand or i%hones, i%ads, i%ods, and Ma$s (us' days beore 'he irs' i%hone +as released, e8e$u'ives $alled in 'o $han*e i%hone s$reens rom &las'i$ 'o *lass he +orkers +ere +oken u& a' 3 am, *iven brie ins'ru$'ions on ho+ 'o use *lass $leanin* $hemi$als and o'her &ro$edures, and be*an mass &rodu$'ion o 'he &hones Si'ua'ions S i'ua'ions like 'hese have been 'ri**ers or +orkers 'o $ommi' sui$ide his obviously sheds &oor li*h' on A&&le/s o&era'ions hus, in res&onse A&&le ins'alled an'i-sui$ide ne's on 'he ou'side o all 'he dorm +indo+s Le'/s no' or*e' 'ha' "o8$onn also &rodu$es o'her *ad*e's or 'e$hnolo*y $om&anies like Sony . believe 'ha' A&&le +as able 'o es$a&e 'he issue in *ood li*h', as a s i' +as 'he one o 'he many $om&anies 'ha' "o8$onn +orks +i'h 'ha' had 'aken serious a$'ion A&&le re$o*ni>ed 'he need 'o &ro'e$' i's +orkers, al'hou*h 'hey 'he y are 'e$hni$ally "o8$onn and no' A&&le em&loyees, A&&le e'hi$s rea$h do+n 'o all in&u's or i's &rodu$'s and i' el' 'he need 'o moni'or 'hem all Sin$e 'he &ubli$i'y o A&&le/s A&&le/s su&&liers has *o''en ou', A&&le, .n$ has 'aken s'e&s 'o de$rease 'he amoun' o 'he issues asso$ia'ed +i'h 'he a$'ory em&loyees here s'akeholders A&&le had 'ra$ked +eekly +ork hours or over one million +orkers 'hrou*hou' 'heir su&&ly $hain sin$e 200 200 By havin* 'his da'a A&&le $an make sure 'he 'rends are movin* in 'he dire$'ion 'hey need A&&le re&or's 'ha' i' has driven su&&liers 'o su&&or' 'he 50-hour-+ork+eek hus ar, abou' )!H $om&lian$e has been a$hieved Ano'her area o im&rovemen' is more 'ime o or +orkers A&&le has seen a )H $om&lian$e +i'h 'his rule rule ?i'h o$used eor's on 'he s'akeholders, A&&le is able 'o make 'he +orkIlie balan$e more mana*eable . believe 'his s'ems rom A&&le/s s'ressin* s'ressin* o e=ui'y in 'he +ork&la$e his a''i'ude $an be b e a''ribu'ed 'o 'he inluen$es o S'eve (ob and 'he $han*e 'o a la''er or*ani>a'ion his means 'here is more 'rans&aren$y in 'he $om&any and more +orkers eel 'heir 'he ir +ork havin* im&a$'s Jan'ian heory s'a'es 'ha' one should a$' ra'ionally +hile makin* business de$isions, res&e$' &eo&le and hel& 'hem make ra'ional de$isions, and 'o do 'hese *ood 'hin*s or 'he a$' 'ha' i' is 'he ri*h' 'hin* 'o do Beore 'he s'ories o 'he even's a' A&&le a$'ories leaked, no one kne+ o 'he horrible even's 'ha' +ere 'akin* &la$e :&&osi'ion 'o A&&le $ould say 'ha' 'hey be*an 'his o&era'ion behind $losed doors and as lon* as 'he &ubli$ had no idea, 'hey $on'inued 'o o&era'e in 'his manner :&&osi'ion +ould say 'ha' A&&le disres&e$'ed 'he em&loyees and ran 'hese &lan's unairly or 'heir o+n .n res&onse, . +ould say 'ha' A&&le has been a+are o 'hese issues sin$e 'he s'ar' i 'heir a$'ory audi's hey sa+ 'he &o'en'ial issues and $learly no'ed need or im&rovemen',
hin*s *o' ou' o hand in 2011 as &rodu$'ion +as a' an all 'ime hi*h . +ould assume ram&ed u& &rodu$'ion $han*ed 'he layou' o A&&le/s issues, no lon*er is se$re$y an issues as s'ories leaked bu' a $lear $han*e in *uidelines and o&era'ions +as needed As su&&ly $hain issues $ame, A&&le $rea'ed a ne+ Su&&lier Kuidelines on'ra$' .' s'a'ed 'he needed +orker hours, 'he *uidelines on ho+ 'o 'rea' +orkers, and s'ri$' rules 'ha' mus' be ollo+ed, o'her+ise A&&le +ould ire 'he su&&lies . . &u' mysel in A&&le/s shoes, . +ould no' kno+ 'he &oin' a' +hi$h 'he issues +ould be$ome 'oo mu$h . eel 'ha' 'he same sor' i 'hin* ha&&ened, +i'h *ood in'en'ions A&&le $arried on rom 200-2011, no' kno+in* +hen and +here +h ere 'o enor$e ne+ &oli$y %erha&s 'hey may have been la'e, bu' 'he a$'ions A&&le 'ook sho+s i's $om&lian$e $o m&lian$e +i'h 'he Jan'ian 'heory, a*ain as s'a'ed beore A&&le is a very uni=ue $ase, and rarely $an a $om&any $om&ly +i'h as many e'hi$al rame+orks as does A&&le balan$in* shareholder vs s'akeholder, e'$ U'ili'arianism is 'he vie+ 'ha' one should do 'hin*s 'o ma8imi>e ma8 imi>e ha&&iness or 'hemselves and or o'hers he mae 'he ha&&iness o some s'akeholders, bu' o all o 'hem $us'omers, su&&liers, em&loyees, e'$ As men'ioned earlier, A&&le is very =ui$k 'o solve 'he &roblem o 'heir &rodu$'s +i'hou' any $onvenien$e 'o 'heir s'akeholders here $us'omers "or e8am&le, +hen i:S E0 +as released, $us'omers +ere an*ered +i'h 'he slo+ do+nload s&eeds and *li'$hes o 'he so'+are ?i'hin ?i'hin 'he ne8' 24 hours h ours A&&le had u&da'ed 'heir so'+are and 'he do+nload s&eeds im&roved drama'i$ally his is a sim&le e8am&le bu' sho+s 'he level 'o +hi$h A&&le main'ains &osi'ive rela'ions +i'h 'heir s'akeholder, in 'his $ase &erha&s 'heir mos' im&or'an' Cir'ue Cir'ue heory deals +i'h 'he diale$'i$ be'+een $ommuni'y and individual, $er'ain behaviors are $ham&ioned o'hers disa&&oin'in*, humans are so$ial bein*s 'hus have 'o &ra$'i$e e'hi$s, A&&le A&&le may have le' 'he &roblems a' "o8$onn es'er or 'oo lon*, +hi$h led 'o losin* 'rus' rom some A&&le $us'omers his is 'o sho+ 'ha' A&&le s'ands u&on a e+ key vir'ues he irs' vir'ue is kee&in* 'he 'rus' o $us'omers Sin$e 'he in$e&'ion o A&&le, .n$ 'he $om&any has been ben' on &rodu$in* 'he hi*hes' =uali'y &rodu$'s Bu' +ha' dieren'ia'es A&&le is 'heir abili'y 'o &rovide a &rodu$' 'ha' is en
sense, sho+in* 'ha' A&&le has no'hin* 'o hide and is o$used on re*ainin* 'he 'rus' o doub'ers here are reasons +hy +h y A&&le/s A&&le/s e'hi$al $ul'ure is +here i' is A&&le a&&lies 'he &rin$i&les o 6ard rus', rus', #eal rus' rus' and Kood rus' rus' 'o &romo'e 'heir $ul'ure A&&le A&&le has buil' 6ard rus', rus', or e8am&le, by re=uirin* a$'ories 'o si*n $on'ra$'s 'ha' *uaran'ee 'ha' 'hey adhere 'o 'he *uidelines se' in &la$e here are no e8$e&'ions his his 'rans&aren$y is one as&e$' o 6ard rus' im&lemen'ed by A&&le 'o+ards buildin* o an e'hi$al $ul'ure 6ere is an e8am&le 'ha' illus'ra'es 'ha' 'here are no e8$e&'ions .n a su&&lier re&or', A&&le had divul*ed 'ha' 'hey had ired a su&&lier in Kuan*don*, hina, be$ause 'hey had em&loyed 4 +orkers under 'he a*e o 15, +i'h ake &a&ers A&&le $au*h' 'his by no' sim&ly havin* a $on'ra$' in &la$e & la$e +i'h 'his su&&lier, bu' also by havin* re*ular audi's 'o enor$e $om&lian$e A&&le has ins'illed #eal rus' rus' sin$e i's in$e&'ion A&&le has al+ays been asso$ia'ed +i'h e8$ellen' &rodu$' =uali'y and *ood re&u'a'ion 'o u&hold Any sli& in =uali'y no+ +ould sho+ u& as a bad 'hin* or A&&le . remember 'he day . *o' my irs' i%hone . +ai'ed or a mon'h or i' 'o arrive be$ause 'here +as su$h a hi*h demand or i' ?hen . o&ened i', . el' i' +as &ere$' .' lived u& 'o my e8&e$'a'ions 'he ease o use, beau'y o 'he &rodu$', and 'he s'a'us 'ha' i' *ave me as i's o+ner No+ le's as'-or+ard as'-or+ard 'o $urren' day i%hone A&&le re$en'ly released released 'he i%hone 5 and i%hone 5 %lus Some &eo&le +ho o+n 'he i%hone 5 %lus ound, 'o 'heir $ons'erna'ion, +hi$h 'he devi$e ben' i 'hey &u' i' in 'heir &o$ke's his ha&&ened in a very small small &er$en'a*e o 'he uni's shi&&ed ;ven 'hen, 'he &ubli$ ou'$ry +as so immedia'e and so hu*e 'ha' 'he 'he A&&le A&&le s'o$k &ri$e ell by 3H in one day his 'ransla'es 'o over 1! Billion o loss loss in marke' $a&i'ali>a'ion7 ?hen $om&anies lead, and no' rea$', 'he 'rus' 'rus' is 'ruly 'ruly 'here his las' &oin' deals dire$'ly +i'h Kood rus' rus' his means 'ha' 'he $om&any $ares abou' e'hi$s and builds a $ul'ure +here e'hi$al &roblems are iden'iied early and solved "or e8am&le, in (une 2014, A&&le ound 'ha' 'ha' i%hone $har*ers in 3 ;uro&ean $oun'ries +ere overhea'in* So 'hey de$ided 'o e8$han*e 'he ae$'ed &o+er ada&'er or a ne+ one learly su$h a re$all means A&&le in$urred a si*nii$an' si*nii$an' $os' in 'erms o 'ime, money and resour$es 6o+ever, or A&&le, 'his mean' $arin* abou' 'he =uali'y o 'he &rodu$' and mee'in* 'he e8&e$'a'ions o 'he users onsiderin* 'he a$'ions A&&le has 'aken +hen a$in* e'hi$al dilemmas, i' has handled 'he si'ua'ions in 'he $orre$' +ay Bein* a leader in 'he 'e$h indus'ry, 'hey are se''in* a *ood e8am&le by $onsiderin* e'hi$s e'hi$s rom an early &oin' By 'ra$kin* su&&lier da'a, 'hey ound &roblems &roa$'ively and i8ed 'hem ;8e$u'ives have $rea'ed an or*ani>a'ion 'ha' is $ollabora'ive $ollabora'ive and innova'ive his has allo+ed more more reedom in 'he $om&any and a *rea'er $ollabora'ion 'o+ards 'he end *oal
?hile A&&le has done mu$h 'o s'ay a' 'he oreron', 'here are s'ill issues a' 'he $om&any
•
• • • •
ondi'ions in a$'ories s'ill needs 'o im&rove number o hours o +ork, a*e o +orkers, ha>ardous $ondi'ions in a$'ories and so on "o$us on =uali'y needs 'o im&rove as +ell 9is&osal o used and dis$arded &rodu$'s and indus'rial +as'e a' 'he a$'ories #edu$in* $arbon oo'&rin' ;'hi$al +a'er and ra+ ma'erials sour$in*
:ne 'hin* 'ha' sur&rises me is 'ha' 'he &eo&le +ho +h o $ri'i$i>e A&&le, do no' 'ake i's si>e in'o a$$oun' o &u' 'hin*s in &ers&e$'ive, le' us analy>e 'he si>e o A&&le A&&le and look or a more obes or e8&oses &ra$'i$es a' A&&le A&&le is likely 'o *e' more a''en'ion his makes i' a bi' harder 'o analy>e anal y>e A&&le/s A&&le/s e'hi$s in a air and e'hi$al +ay7
?orks i'ed
A&&le - Su&&lier #es&onsibili'y #es&onsibili'y Apple - Supplier Responsibility A&&le, 2014 ?eb 02 Nov 2014 9aniels A&&le .n$/s ;'hi$al Su$$ess and hallen*es JSTOR ?eb 02 Nov 2014 h''&IIdanielse'hi$sm*'unmeduI&dIA&&leH20ase&d "or', imo'hy L Vision Vision of the Firm: Its Governance Obli!ations an" Aspirations: A A$ademi$ %ub, Te#tboo$ Te#tboo$ on the %thics of Or!ani&ation Or!ani&ation S' %aul, MN ?es' A$ademi$ 2014 %rin' 6a+'horne, "ran A&&le@s A&&allin* ;'hi$s The 'uffin!ton (ost he6uin*'on%os'$om, 0! (uly 2012 ?eb ?eb 02 Nov No v 2014 (eries, 9un$an .s A&&le leanin* u& .'s A$' on Labour #i*h'sD The Guar"ian he Kuardian, ! Mar 2014 ?eb ?eb 2 Nov 2014 Lo+ensohn, (osh A&&le@s 2013 by 'he Numbers 1!0M .%hones, 1M .%ads - N; )*%T N;, 2E :$' 2013 ?eb 02 Nov 2014
M$ormi$k, #i$h A&&le laims %ro*ress on Undera*e ;m&loymen' and onli$' Ma'erials The Ver!e he Cer*e, 13 "eb 2014 ?eb 02 Nov 2014 Mi'$hell, (on A&&le "ires Manua$'urer "or "akin* 9o$umen's 9o$u men's "or Undera*e ?orkers Rea"+rite, 23 (an 2013 ?eb ?eb 02 Nov 2014 Moore, Mal$om A&&le @a''a$kin* %roblems@ a' .'s "a$'ories in hin a The Tele!raph ele*ra&h ele*ra&h Media Krou&, 2 (an 2012 2012 ?eb ?eb 02 Nov 2014
