CSU Vision
CSU Mission
Transforming lives by Educating for the BEST
CSU is committed to transform the lives of people and communities through high quality instruction and innovative research, development, production and extension
CSU Core Values Competent Self-disciplined Universally-adept
.
Republic of the Philippines Cagayan State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Carig Sur, Tuguegarao Tuguegarao City
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Industrial Chemistry (CHEM 50) First Semester 2017 – 2018
Course Topic:
Methods of Essential Oil Extraction
Course Activity:
Laboratory Activity No. 2
Name of Students:
Allauigan, Maria Louiza Victoria A. Capili, Rochelle A. Doquilo, Kimberly C. Omnes, Preciously U. Palay, Kryztle Candice A. Tamma, John Joseph
Program:
BS ChE
Year Level:
3rd
Date Submitted:
December 21, 2017
Instructor:
Engr. LEONARD AGANA
Date Checked: ________ Checked: ________
Rating: ________
Table of contents I.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 III. Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 IV. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Extraction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 V. Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 VII. Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 VIII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I.
Introduction Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from natural sources. They could also be termed as volatile oils, ethereal oils and aertherolea. They are classified into alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and acetones, esters and ethers and hydrocarbons. Each of these oils are made up of a wide variety of functional chemical constituents that give each oil its unique aroma and beneficial properties. They had poor solubility to water. They are mainly used as additives or main components for perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, food and drink flavoring, and scent addition to household products. They have been used for a thousand of years in various cultures for medicinal and health purposes. Their anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties make them more beneficial. Sources could be from seeds, woods, barks, berries, flowers, resins, leaves, peel, rhizome and roots. Extraction of essentials could be extracted in many ways including expression, distillation and solvent extraction.
II.
Objectives Extract oils from plants using cold press, solvent extraction, and water distillation.
III.
Review of Related Literature Different kinds of methods in extracting essential oils tend to have different results. On a research conducted on shea butter oil shown existence of differences in physical, chemical and sensory properties via solvent and traditional extraction methods (TEM). Solvent method extracted a higher percentage yield of oil and saponification while TEM showed a higher quality of sensory attributes.(Ikya, Umenger and Iorbee) During the extraction of essential oils in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) using three types of hydrodistillation: water distillation, water and stream distillation, and direct steam distillation, the physical and internal composition of the oils are affected. (ResearchGate) Essential oils from different extraction process have different uses or significance. Essential oils, extracted using liquid carbon dioxide from solvent extraction, which possess aroma that are similar to their raw materials are oftentimes used as ingredient for fragrances and additives for food products, because they may not be considered as true essential oils. (Can Baser and Buchbauer) Some of the extraction processes had been used for thousands of years. The availability of tools, stones or wooden tools used for extracting essential oils, needed resulted to the practice of expression without involvement of heat before the introduction of distillation process. (Can Baser and Buchbauer)
1
IV.
Methodology A. Materials Plant material Distilled water 95% Ethanol Tap water Erlenmeyer flask Beaker Vial or equivalent container with cover B. Extraction process
Separatory set-up Distilling apparatus Metal spoon/cotton swab Scissor/cutter
B1. Essential oil Extraction using Water Distillation a. Sample preparation 1. Reduce the size of the sample by cutting or grating. 2. Weigh 100 grams of the sample. 3. Place the sample into the distilling still. 4. Add tap water until the level of the flask is half full. b. Assembling the distilling apparatus 1. Place the distilling still into the hot plate. 2. Clamp the neck of the distilling still into the iron stand. 3. Attach the vapor column into the iron stand. 4. Clamp also the vapor column into the iron stand. 5. Attach the condenser into the vapor column. 6. Connect the water supply into the condenser. (Note: Ensure that water is flowing into the condenser.) 7. Place an Erlenmeyer flask at the outlet of the condenser. c. Distilling process 1. Set the hot plate to medium heat. 2. Leave the set-up for one hour. d. Separation Process 1. Attach the hook base of the separatory funnel (liquid-liquid exractor) into the iron stand. 2. Pour distillate that was collected from the Erlenmeyer flask into a separatory funnel. 3. Turn the funnel upside-down. 4. Allow the funnel to rest into the hook for one minute. 5. Drain the water (hydrosol) into an Erlenmeyer flask by opening the stopcock of the funnel. 6. Close the stopcock if the oil layer reaches it. 7. Drain the oil into a vial or closed container.
2
B2. Cold Press Method 1. Press the plant material until liquid appears at the surface of the plant. 2. Scrap the oil using metal spoon or cotton swab. 3. Drain the oil into a vial or closed container.
B3. Solvent extraction a. Extraction Process 1. Place the sample in a glass container with cover. 2. Add 95% ethanol until the sample is submerged. 3. Close the container. 4. Leave the set-up for an hour. b. Separation Process 1. Drain the liquid extract from the glass container. 2. Pour liquid extract into the distilling still. 3. Distill for one hour. 4. Store the liquid from the distilling still into a closed container. (Note: The liquid is a mixture of ethanol, water, and essential oil. For enhanced separation process. 5. Pour the liquid from the distilling still into a separatory funnel. 6. Add distilled water into the extractor until half full. 7. Turn the set-up upside-down. 8. Let the set-up stand for 1 minute. 9. Open the stopcock and drain the aqueous phase into an Erlenmeyer flask. 10. Measure the density of the aqueous solution. 11. Repeat step 6 to 10 until the density of the aqueous solution remains constant. 12. Store the oil in a clean, dry, and closed container. V.
Results and Discussion A. Water Distillation The extraction of oil in this method requires a lot of energy and effort for the cooling water should continuously flow in the condenser. The water flows fast and you have to refill from time to time. Overall, the method takes a long time to extract but the product is good. The extracted oil from the distillation process possesses the best quality. B. Cold Press Method This process is the hardest but the cheapest way to extract the oil. In this experiment, this method yields the least amount of oil for the plant material source was too dry. It is cheapest for what you only need id the plant material, a spoon, and a cotton swab. 3
C. Solvent Extraction In this experiment, the extraction of oil by a solvent gives the largest volume of product. The process was easy but it also requires a lot of time for you still have to distill decanted liquid after soaking the plant material in the solvent.
VI.
Conclusion There are many different ways to extract oils from a plant material. These processes also yields different qualities and quantities of products. Therefore the method to be used depends on the properties of the product desired.
VII.
Documentation
Figure 7.1.Cutting Cutting eucalyptus Figure 7.1. thethe eucalyptus leaves thinstrips. strips. leaves into into thin
Figure Cuttingthe thepandan pandan leaves Figure 7.2. 7.2. Cutting leaves into strips. into thin thin strips.
4
Figure 7.3. 7.3. Distillation process for for Figure Distillation process eucalyptus. Eucalyptus.
Figure 7.4.Solvent Solvent extraction process Figure 7.4. extraction process for for Pandan. pandan.
Figure 7.5.Cold Solvent Figure 7.5. pressextraction method forprocess suha. for Pandan. VIII.
References Ikya, J., Umenger L., and Iorbee, A. (2013). Retrieved from Http://scialert.net/fulltext/%3Fdoi%3Djfrs.2013.1.12%26org%3D11&ved=2ahUKEwi145T8oJLYAh VOQLwLHU6dDKQQFjABegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw1ajyi3H8BuH1ncsF0g5Spn Research Gate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html%3Fid%3D59cb739848954c425870e01b%2 53A543138110738432%254015065605624532&ved=&usg=AOvVaw2ZBV9gp_lfR1M0wl1xZODHüsnü Can Baser, K. and Buchbauer, G. (2012). Retrieved from https://ttngmai.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/handbookofessentialoil.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiZssObnJ LYAhVJxrwKHdJTCqMQFjAAegQICRAB&isg=AOvVaw27GzvAhj6h8Fgc8wRm37pe
5
