- Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Precipitation Formation n1 The Bergeron process:
a) can take place in cool clouds, but not cold clouds.
b) is most common in the Tropics.
c) is dependent on the growth of ice crystals.
d) is not dependent on changes in vapor pressure. ES 1C03 - Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Forms of Precipitation
n2 ______________ forms as individual water vapor molecules are deposited upon existing ice crystals
a) Hail
b) Sleet and freezing rain
c) Rain
d) Snow Question 3 ___________ occurs when the ground is frozen and the lowest air layer is also below freezing, after after having gone through warm air just above.
a) Snow
b) Hail
c) Freezing rain
d) Rain ES 1C03 - Lecture 10 - Precipitation - Snow and Ice
n4 What controls the length of snow cover in Canada?
a) Spring temperature
b) Moisture sources
c) Winter temperature
d) Relative Humidity ES 1C03 – Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Acidification
n5 As a result of measures to control acid-deposition in North America, over the last 20 years, emissions of sulfur dioxide have been
a) steady
b) going through a cycle of constant increases and decreases
c) increasing
d) reduced ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance – Hydrologic Cycle
n6 Water resides the shortest in:
a) Seas
b) Atmosphere
c) Glaciers
d) Lakes and reservoirs Question 7 Vapor and cloud droplets in the atmosphere make up only ______% of the hydrosphere.
a) 0.001
b) 1
c) 50
d) 10 ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance – Rivers
n8 Which of the following is a direction towards the headwaters of a river?
a) Downstream
b) Mouth
c) Upstream
d) Confluence ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance - Water Balance Equation
n9 Which other process may account for ΔST in the water balance equation, in addition to soil moisture?
a) Ocean water
b) Water in clouds
c) Precipitation
d) Lake storage Question 10 At which of these locations would you expect to measure the highest PE?
a) Ottawa, Ontario
b) Phoenix, Arizona
c) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
d) Berkeley, California ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft
n 11 The Coriolis force increases as you move towards the:
a) increases
b) surface
c) equator
d) poles Question 12 Which of the following is not an effect of friction?
a) slows airflow
b) increases the Coriolis Effect
c) causes airflow to cross isobars rather than run parallel to them
d) none of the above ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds and Pressure Gradient
n 13 A land breeze results from:
a) the warm air that develops over the land.
b) radiation cooling over land creates a reversal of the thermally-driven winds, developing a land breeze.
c) Santa Ana winds.
d) high pressure. ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds at the Surface
n 14 Sea breezes:
a) result from the fact that water both warms and cools more slowly than land.
b) require a surface region of high pressure inland.
c) are usually less intense than land breezes.
d) occur when the temperature at the seashore is higher than that inland. ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds and Pressure: Charts
n 15 What does the spacing of the height contours indicate on an isobaric weather chart?
a) The magnitude of the pressure gradient force
b) The magnitude of the centripetal force c) The magnitude of the frictional force
d) The magnitude of the Coriolis force ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Equatorial Circulation
n 16 This is NOT a part of the Hadley cell:
a) subtropical highs.
b) trade winds.
c) mid-latitude westerlies
d) ITCZ. ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - General Circulation
n 17
n 18
The three-cell model of atmospheric circulation:
a) gives a good approximation of what actually happens over the entire globe.
b) is better at explaining the ITCZ than at explaining the frequency of easterlies in subpolar latitudes.
c) does not address what happens at the poles.
d) is not significantly better than the Hadley model. ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Midlatitude Circulation
Surface winds spiraling out of the south polar high and towards the Equator come under the influence of the Coriolis force and form the ________________.
a) Intertropical convergence zone
b) polar front
c) polar cell
d) polar easterlies ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Winds aloft
n 19 The large pressure gradient aloft leads to stronger ______________ compared to the surface.
a) Coriolis force
b) centripetal force
c) frictional force
d) winds ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation - Long-Range Transport
n 20 The Inuit people are at greatest risk of exposure to persistent organic pollutants because in their ecosystems the Inuit people are functioning as
a) primary producers. b) secondary consumers.
c) decomposers and detritus feeders.
d) primary consumers.
11/20
– Lecture 10 – Precipitation – Precipitation Formation n1 When saturation occurs below 0 degrees Centigrade:
a) dew forms.
b) frost forms.
c) the relative humidity becomes undefined.
d) nothing forms. Moisture becomes inert. ES 1C03 – Lecture 10 – Precipitation – Forms of Precipitation
n2 The shape of a raindrop:
a) remains constant throughout the journey from cloud to ground. b) is initially that of a tear.
c) is not affected by drag.
d) flattens out on the bottom as it falls. Question 3 Rainshowers:
a) typically come from cumuliform clouds.
b) usually have their origin in orographic lifting.
c) are, by definition, periods of rain that last for at least one hour.
d) have only one size of raindrop. ES 1C03 – Lecture 10 – Precipitation – Snow and Ice
n4 Which of the following is a form of ground ice that is structure-forming?
a) Hydrolaccolith
b) Reticulated ice
c) Pingo
d) Articulated ice ES 1C03 – Lecture 10 – Precipitation – Acidification
n5 Acid precipitation is likely to have the greatest economic impact on humans in North America through
a) dieoffs of agricultural crops.
b) adverse health effects caused by direct contact.
c) adverse health effects caused by mobilization of toxic elements.
d) dieoffs of forests and aquatic ecosystems. ES 1C03 – Lecture 11 – Water Balance – Hydrologic Cycle
n6 Which type of water eventually becomes groundwater?
a) Deep groundwater
b) Hygroscopic water
c) Capillary water
d) Gravitational water Question 7 The ____________ is known as pathways of active movement of water between the ocean, atmosphere, and land surface.
a) evaporation cycle
b) hydrologic cycle
c) condensation cycle
d) deposition cycle ES 1C03 – Lecture 11 – Water Balance – Rivers
n8 Which of the following is a direction towards a river discharges into the ocean?
a) Confluence
b) Downstream
c) Upstream
d) Mouth ES 1C03 – Lecture 11 – Water Balance – Water Balance Equation
n9 At which of these locations would you expect to measure the lowest PE?
a) Miami, Florida
b) Santa Fe, New Mexico c) St John’s, Newfoundland
New Orleans, Louisiana d)
Question 10 Which of these locations has on average the highest annual potential evapotranspiration, in North America?
a) Florida
b) Wyoming
c) North Dakota
d) Alberta ES 1C03 – Lecture 12 – Winds – The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft
n 11 In the Northern hemisphere, winds aloft blow __________ around an anticyclone.
a) fast
b) clockwise
c) slow
d) counterclockwise Question 12
The Coriolis force would be strongest on a(n):
a) supersonic jet.
b) flock of Canada geese migrating north.
c) alien spaceship the size of New York City that is flying above a north-bound freeway at the speed of tra
d) baseball pitcher’s 100 mile-per-hour fastball. ES 1C03 – Lecture 12 – Winds – Winds and Pressure Gradient
n 13 A breeze that brings cool air off the water is also called a:
a) land breeze
b) mountain breeze
c) sea breeze
d) valley breeze ES 1C03 – Lecture 12 – Winds – Winds at the Surface
n 14 Wind systems are generated by:
a) the movements of ocean currents.
b) different pressures in different places.
c) the drag on the atmosphere caused by the earth’s rotation.
d) the interaction of the atmosphere with the charged particles of the solar wind. ES 1C03 – Lecture 12 – Winds – Winds and Pressure: Charts
n 15 Which of the following describes the relation on an upper-level chart, between air temperature and pressure?
a) Normally changing air temperature is associated with low pressure
b) Normally constant air temperature is associated with low pressure
c) Normally warm air is associated with high pressure
d) Normally cold air is associated with high pressure ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation – Equatorial Circulation
n 16 As air descends in the poleward branch of the Hadley cell, it produces a __________________.
a) polar front
b) trade winds
c) Intertropical convergence zone
d) subtropical high pressure belt ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation – General Circulation
n 17 The ITCZ shifts ___________ in the northern hemisphere’s winter.
a) Tropic of Capricorn
b) north
c) south
d) far east ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation – Midlatitude Circulation
n 18 The _________ is boundary between cold polar air masses and warm tropical air masses.
a) trade wind
b) Intertropical convergence zone
c) polar front
d) subtropical high pressure belt ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation – Winds aloft
n 19 The two major jet streams that impact weather in the northern hemisphere are the:
a) the sub-tropical jet stream and the low-level jet stream.
b) polar jet stream and the low-level jet stream.
c) polar jet stream and the sub-tropical jet stream.
d) None of the above. Jet streams are not significant to northern hemisphere weather. ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation – Long-Range Transport
n 20
The intended pathway of pesticides in the environment is shown across the top of the picture, while the actual pathways are shown across the bottom. What does this picture represent?
a) biological magnification
b) mobility of persistent toxicants c) persistence
d) bioaccumulation
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- Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Precipitation Formation n1 Raindrops fall because:
a) they become large enough that gravity can pull them out of the sky.
b) they are large compared to atmospheric molecules.
c) they roll down isentropic surfaces and can't be stopped.
d) they are small compared to atmospheric molecules. ES 1C03 - Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Forms of Precipitation
n2 Ice crystal growth rates are enhanced by which of the following?
a) deposition of water vapor to ice alone
b) riming
c) aggregation
d) all of the above Question 3 The largest form of precipitation is:
a) drizzle.
b) graupel.
c) rain.
d) snow.
e) hail. ES 1C03 - Lecture 10 - Precipitation - Snow and Ice
n4
n5
Which of these processes has the strongest influence on snowfall, in Western North America?
a) Lower elevation
b) Air from the Atlantic Ocean
c) Air from the Gulf of Mexico
d) Orographic uplift ES 1C03 – Lecture 10 – Precipitation - Acidification
Unlike naturally occurring sources of acid precipitation, anthropogenic sources of acid precipitation
a) occur at higher levels of pH.
b) result in the extended release of sulfur dioxide.
c) result in the extended release of radon gas.
d) result in the extended release of ground-level ozone. ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance – Hydrologic Cycle
n6 The residence time of water in the atmosphere is about:
a) 100 days
b) 12 hours
c) 10 days
d) 1 day Question 7 What is interflow?
a) Water that moves along the land surface and reaches a lake
b) Water that moves along the land surface and reaches a river
c) Water that seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater
d) Water that seeps just below the land surface and reaches a river ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance – Rivers
n8 Which of the following is the point on the map where a river discharges into the ocean?
a) Mouth
b) Confluence
c) Upstream
d) Downstream ES 1C03 - Lecture 11 - Water Balance - Water Balance Equation
n9 In which type of climate does the soil-water balance equation often work poorly?
a) Tropical, dry
b) Polar, sub-freezing
c) Tropical, wet
d) Mid-latitude, moderate Question 10
Which system is able to incorporate soil moisture in its measurement of PE, at a given location?
a) Evaporimeter
b) Evaporation pan
c) Lysimeter
d) Agrometer ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft
n 11 The effect of friction on air:
a) increases the Coriolis force.
b) increases with height.
c) is relevant only within the planetary boundary layer.
d) increases wind speed. Question 12 This prevents wind from following the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient force:
a) interaction with the solar wind.
b) friction with the ground.
c) the Coriolis effect.
d) the earth's magnetic field. ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds and Pressure Gradient
n 13 A land breeze often occurs:
a) always
b) at sunrise
c) at day
d) at night ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds at the Surface
n 14
n 15
A valley breeze:
a) is stronger in low ranges of hills than in high mountain ranges.
b) causes air to flow downward.
c) occurs at night.
d) has more in common with a sea breeze than with a land breeze. ES 1C03 - Lecture 12 – Winds - Winds and Pressure: Charts
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the pressure gradient force?
a) It points from high to low pressure in the Northern Hemisphere.
b) It points from high pressure to low pressure at the equator.
c) It points from high to low pressure in the Southern Hemisphere.
d) It points from high pressure to high pressure at the equator. ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Equatorial Circulation
n 16 The ITCZ:
a) forms the boundary between the Ferrel and polar cells.
b) receives a lot of rain.
c) is where trade winds originate.
d) is an area of high pressure. ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - General Circulation
n 17 The Ferrel Cell is associated with the:
a) tropics
b) poles
c) mid-latitudes
d) high-latitudes ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Midlatitude Circulation
n 18 Semi-permanent pressure cells:
a) have no impact on major weather patterns.
b) stay in one place.
c) maintain the same intensity year-round.
d) can change substantially from summer to winter. ES 1C03 - Lecture 13 - Atmospheric Circulation - Winds aloft
n 19 The ____________ occurs only in the summer season and is limited to a northern hemisphere location over Southeast Asia, India, and Africa, when the ITCZ is shifted north of the Equator.
a) tropical easterly jet stream
b) polar-front jet stream
c) geostrophic winds
d) subtropical jet stream ES 1C03 – Lecture 13 – Atmospheric Circulation - Long-Range Transport
n 20 The long range transport of air pollutants is the transport of atmospheric pollutants within a moving air mass for a distance:
a) over 1 kilometre
b) over 100 kilometres
c) over 10 kilometres
d) below 100 kilometres
14/20
Overa
