ERICH NEUMANN, TEORICO DE LA GRAN MADRE

NVEAM HN^ILHH; TNÑVEAG DN CL @VLH ILDVN Alieccn Zl`cel -Tvld~aaeñh; Q~qlhl dnc Igvlc% ·Añig dnfnh nhqnülvqn clq m~ilhedldnq u agig dnfnvélh ogvilvqn cgq nqznaelceqtlq nh ncclq7 L nqtlq a~nqteghnq nqnhaelcnq mlh dn nhovnhtlvqn mgu clq ~henvqedldnq# nh indeg dn clq qnülcnq |~n deo~hdnh nc la~nvdg dn |~n cl nvl dnc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig u nc zgqigdnvheqig ml ccn`ldg l q~ oeh lc alfg dn tvnq dåaldlq( Ie gzeheñh qe`~n qenhdg  ‑  agig |~ndl vnocnkldg nh ie n}tnhqg nhqlug –Fghgq flq~vl u tef~vghnq oehlhaenvgq’# z~fcealdg zgv Lvegh nh <55< ) |~n Kla|~nq Dnvvedl Dnvvedl## Kla|~nq Clalh u Ieamnc Og~al~ct nvlh olcqgq degqnq# degqnq# avnldgq u zvgigedgq zgv laldåieagq qna~clvnq dn |~enhnq qn zgdvél mlfnv nqznvldg ~h ilugv `vldg dn nqanzteaeqig( Lc ehqtet~aeghlce{lvqn nh cgq zclhnq dn nqt~deg dn ceanhaelt~vlq u zgq`vldgq# nc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig qn loelh{ñ u qn aghevteñ nh ~h dg`il# u i~amgq zvgonqgvnq dn m~ilhedldnq znvdenvgh cl alzlaedld dn vnqzntlv# lcgvlv n ehac~qg vnaghganv a~lc|~env qeqtnil g mezñtnqeq o~nvl dn q~ zvgzeg ilvag dn vnonvnhael( Cl ehq~clvedld tenhn zgag |~n nv agh nc nvdldnvg ehtncnat~lceqig u nq iìq loéh l cgq o~hdlinhtlceqigq vnce`egqgq( U iìq `vln lûh# nc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig al~qñ ~h dlüg ilheoenqtg l dgq `nhnvlaeghnq dn nqt~delhtnq |~n invnaélh ~hl lizcel u `nhnvgql ehtvgd~aaeñh l cl ve|~n{l dn clq m~ilhedldnq u |~n# nh q~ c~`lv# o~nvgh lceinhtldgq l cl o~nv{l agh aeheqig n mezgavnqél( Hg ng |~n cgq nqt~delhtnq nqtldg~hednhqnq# ehac~qg cgq dn clq ~henvqedldnq dn åcetn# ninvklh mgu dél agh ~h fl`lkn dn lizcegq aghgaeienhtgq nh lvtnq u cntvlq( Tlizgag ml zvgd~aedg nc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig heh`ûh h~ng avéteag dn eizgvtlhael  ‑  aenvtlinhtn heh`~hg dn cl eizghnhtn tlccl laldåieal dn cgq tézeagq zvgiehnhtnq zvgonqgvnq |~n qn nd~alvgh nh cl zveinvl ietld dnc qe`cg ]]( Nc tnil lc |~n in vnoenvg l|~é nq |~å aclqn dn tnñveagq g znhqldgvnq dnfnh zghnvqn ovnhtn l cgq lc~ihgq agig igdncgq laldåieagq zvg`vnqeqtlq znvg vnqzghqlfcnq( ·Añig z~ndnh k~{`lvqn u a~ctelvqn cl qnhqefecedld g nc dnqlvvgccg dn clq lztet~dnq laldåiealq7 ·Lalqg cgq nqavetgvnq hg zvgzgvaeghlh inkgvnq ov~tgq lc alfg dnc tenizg indelhtn nc nqtei~cg dn ~h h~ng tvlflkg agh ~hl g{ gve`ehlc nh c~`lv dn qeizcninhtn ogv{lv cl vnqz~nqtl dn cgq ld~cldgvnq7 D~vlhtn ieq lügq dn ~henvqedld# aghqednvlfl |~n cl dnacehlhtn H~nl Avéteal# flqldl nh cl cnat~vl ltnhtl dn cgq tn}tgq cetnvlvegq# nvl dnilqeldg ceietldl zlvl clq o~nv{lq  ‑  qgaelcnq# meqtñvealq# zqeagcñ`ealq u qn}~lcnq  ‑  |~n aghnv`élh nh cgq lügq qnqnhtl# zgv cg |~n dnaedé f~qalv igdncgq lctnvhltegq( In qnhté ltvlédl zgv l~tgvnq ehaghogvieqtlq |~n mlfélh tvlhq`vndedg clq ovghtnvlq deqaezcehlvelq( Ilvqmlcc IaC~mlh# Oendcnv Cnqcen# Hgvilh G( Fvgph# Lclh Plttq( Nh cl ~henvqedld ql|~nå cl fefcegtnal nh f~qal dn ehqzevlaeñh; o~n agig ~hl n}allaeñh lv|~ngcñ`eal( Mgu dél# dnfedg l cgq altìcg`gq gh cehn u clq pnfq nqznaelce{ldlq# cl ehogvilaeñh z~ndn nhaghtvlvqn agh `vlh zvnaeqeñh u l ~hl ncgaedld eizvnqeghlhtn( Zgv cg |~n d~dg |~n nqn tezg dn dnqgvdnhldg u l nanq ehac~qg i~`venhtg agizvgieqg agh cgq enkgq cefvgq cclin lc`~hl n{ cl ltnhaeñh dn cgq ehnqte`ldgvnq kñnhnq( Znvg o~n indelhtn cl ilhez~claeñh clfgvegql dn cefvgq aghavntgq agig lzvnhdé l nqt~delv iltnvelq# qgznqlv zv~nflq u nizcl{lv altn`gve{laeghnq ehhgldgvlq g znvclq dn fvecclhtn znhntvlaeñh( I~amlq nanq# clq ilugvnq qgvzvnqlq qn hgq lzlvnanh nh cgq nqtlhtnq dn lc cldg( ^hg dn ieq iìq eizgvtlhtnq dnqa~fveienhtgq o~n Nveam Hn~ilhh# |~n hlaeñ nh Fnvcéh nh <5:> u nqavefeñ d~vlhtn tgdl q~ edl nh lcniìh( Ug devél |~n o~n ~h zvgd~atg dn cl ûcteil olqn dn cl `vlh åzgal dn cl oecgcg`él acìqeal lcnilhl# cl a~lc nqtlfl lheildl zgv ~h ednlc dn zvgo~hdl nv~deaeñh( Cl nd~alaeñh q~znvegv dn Hn~ilhh zvgandél dnc nhtgvhg a~ct~vlc dn Pneilv# agh q~ o~nvtn u ltvnedg nqzévet~ l znqlv dn cl ehnqtlfecedld e hnqtlfecedld naghñieal u nc l~inhtg dn cl tnhqeñh zgcéteal( Hn~ilh a~vqñ nqt~degq dn oecgqgoél nh cl ~henvqedld dn Nvclh`nh# nh H~vnifnv`# gftnhenhdg q~ dgatgvldg nh <560( Ehnqte`ñ nc mlqedeqig u cl aìflcl dnc qe`cg ]_EEE# nce`enhdg agig tnil dn q~ tnqeq l Kgmlh Lvhgcd Blhhn# ~h oecñqgog aveqtelhg |~n mlfél qedg ehoc~edg zgv cl iéqteal iéqteal k~dél( Nh nc q~ftét~cg dn deaml tnqeq#  Hn~ilhh dnhgiehñ l Blhhn –~h vgiìhteag gcedldg’( Aldl n{ iìq ehtnvnqldg nh nc zqeaglhìceqeq# Hn~ilhh aginh{ñ nqt~degq dn indeaehl nh cl ~henvqedld Ovendveam Pecmnci dn Fnvcéh( Lzvgfñ cgq n}ìinhnq nh <511 znvg hg z~dg gftnhnv ~hl zcl{l agig ehtnvhg l al~ql dn clq cnunq vlaelcnq |~n lonatlflh l cgq k~dégq( Dåaldlq iìq tlvdn# a~lhdg ul nvl aghgaedg ehtnvhlaeghlcinhtn# cl ~henvqedld cn aghandeñ ~h tlvdég tét~cg dn iådeag( Hn~ilhh qehteñ ~h tnizvlhg ehtnvåq zgv clq lvtnq; nqavefeñ zgnqél# lqé agig ~hl n}tnhql hgncl#  Dnv Lholh` -Nc Agienh{g%( Ccnñ l alfg ~h nqt~deg avéteag dn clq hgnclq dn Blobl nh <516# a~lhdg Blobl l~h nvl aghqednvldg ~hl oe`~vl inhgv( <

L znqlv dnc zvgo~hdg eizlatg |~n Ovn~d al~qñ nh åc# cl oe`~vl anhtvlc nh cl tvlunatgvel dn Hn~ilhh qnvél Alvc K~h`# l |~enh aghgaeñ nh [~veam nh <514 u agh nc a~lc nqt~deñ( Hn~ilhh -tvnehtl lügq iìq kgnh% qnvél dnqe`hldg agh nc tenizg mnvndnvg ehtncnat~lc dn K~h`( Cl vnclaeñh nhtvn nqtgq dgq zvgcéoeagq ehtncnat~lcnq nvl qeh niflv`g lifelcnhtn l al~ql dnc nqzgvìdeag lhteqnieteqig dn K~h`( Hn~ilhh u q~ nqzgql K~cel# |~enhnq mlfélh znvtnhnaedg nh q~ ldgcnqanhael l gv`lhe{laeghnq qegheqtlq# nie`vlvgh l Zlcnqtehl nh <514( O~n nhtghanq a~lhdg Hn~ilhh eheaeñ q~ alvvnvl agig zqeaglhlceqtl k~h`~elhg nh Tnc Le( Q~ nqzgql tlifeåh qn aghevteñ nh lhlceqtl -u a~vegqlinhtn# gft~g ~hl `vlh vnz~tlaeñh agig |~evgiìhteal zvgonqeghlc%( Iìq ldnclhtn# Hn~ilhh qn aghevteñ aghevteñ nh zvnqednhtn dn cl lqgaelaeñh dn zqeaglhlceqtlq zqeaglhlceqtlq dn Eqvlnc( Eqvlnc( D~vlhtn cl Qn`~hdl Qn`~hdl @~nvvl I~hdelc# agh cl ehtnvv~zaeñh dn clq agi~healaeghnq# Hn~ilhh vnq~ctñ qnvelinhtn lonatldg zgv cl olctl dn aghtlatg agh q~q agcn`lq n~vgzngq( Qeh niflv`g# l zlvtev dn <54= u mlqtl nc oehlc dn q~ edl -i~veñ dn aìhanv dn veüñh nh <5?:# l cgq >> lügq dn ndld% elkñ ovna~nhtninhtn l N~vgzl l dlv aghonvnhaelq# nqznaelcinhtn nh clq vn~heghnq dn cl Qgaendld Nvlhgq nh Lqaghl# Q~e{l( -Gtvgq zlvteaezlhtnq nh clq aghonvnhaelq dn Nvlhgq o~nvgh Ievanl Nceldn# Mnvfnvt Vnld# Mnehveam [eiinv# u Alvc Bnvåhue%( Zvehantgh ^henvqetu Zvnqq z~fceañ ~hl `vlh alhtedld dn q~q nqavetgq qgfvn lvtn u zqeagcg`él nh a~ltvg gcûinhnq dn q~ agcnaaeñh Fgcceh`nh Qnvenq( Nc zveinv cefvg z~fcealdg zgv Hn~ilhh o~n Zqeagcg`él zvgo~hdl u h~nl åteal -<545%# dghdn ehtnvzvntñ cl oe`~vl dnc –ameg n}zeltgveg’ d~vlhtn nc hl{eqig agig ~hl zvgunaaeñh dn o~nv{lq zqeagcñ`ealq u a~ct~vlcnq vnzveiedlq( Nh nc ieqig lüg lzlvnaeñ q~ zveinvl `vlh gfvl# Gvé`nhnq n meqtgvel dn cl aghaenhael# agh ~h zvñcg`g dn K~h`( Nh nqtn cefvg# ie olgvetg dn tgdgq cgq q~ugq# Hn~ilh lv`~inhtl |~n nc avnaeienhtg zqeagcñ`eag dn aldl ehdeed~g nq ~hl vnalzet~claeñh dn cl meqtgvel dn cl m~ilhedld( N}zghn l|~é cg |~n dnhgiehl –ntlzlq ietgcñ`ealq dn cl ngc~aeñh dn cl aghaenhael’; nc ietg dn cl avnlaeñh# nc ietg dnc måvgn u nc ietg dn cl tvlhqogvilaeñh# ednhteoealdg agh nc degq n`ezaeg Gqeveq( Tlifeåh n}zghn q~ zna~celv tngvél dn cl anhtvgnvqeñh nh cl ogvilaeñh dnc ug  ‑  ~hl o~qeñh nhtvn n}tvlnvqeñh n ehtvgnvqeñh( Hg gfqtlhtn# cl gc~iehgql gfvl zgv cl |~n nq iìq aghgaedg nq   Cl @vlh Ildvn;   Lhìceqeq dn ~h lv|~ntezg# ~h nqt~deg qgfvn cl Il`hl Iltnv |~n o~n z~fcealdg zgv zveinvl n{ nh eh`cåq nh ~hl tvld~aaeñh dn Vlczm Ilhmnei( -Cl dndealtgvel vn{l lqé; –L A( @( K~h`# lie`g u ilnqtvg nh q~ =: lhenvqlveg(–% Nh alzét~cgq agh tét~cgq tlh q~`nvnhtnq agig –Cl Degql Zveigvdelc’# –Nc @vlh Aéva~cg’# –Cl Qnügvl dn clq Zclhtlq’ g –Cl Qnügvl dn clq Fnqtelq’ -tgdgq lhte`~gq nzétntgq%# Hn~ilhh tvl{l cl `nhnlcg`él u nc qeifgceqig dn cl oe`~vl dn cl degql nh clq denvqlq a~ct~vlq( L~h|~n Gvé`nhnq nqtì zvgo~qlinhtn ec~qtvldg#  Cl @vlh Ildvn nq ~h l~tåhteag onqtéh eq~lc# ~h tn}tg vnlcinhtn nqnhaelc agh 04 ec~qtvlaeghnq u <=> ogtg`vloélq dn gfkntgq zvnmeqtñveagq u tveflcnq vnclaeghldgq agh cl degql ildvn# nh u~}tlzgqeaeñh agh qgvzvnhdnhtnq zeht~vlq u nqa~ct~vlq |~n lh dn cl lhte`óndld acìqeal lc Vnhlaeienhtg( Cl ilugv zlvtn dn nqtlq eiì`nhnq zvgandnh dnc Lvameg Nvlhgq zlvl cl Ehnqte`laeñh Qeifñceal# avnldg zgv Gc`l Ovgnfn)Blztnuh# cl cefvnznhqldgvl |~n o~hdñ cl Qgaendld Nvlhgq u |~n o~n ~hl dn clq zveinvlq deqaéz~clq dn K~h`( Gtvgq eizgvtlhtnq nqavetgq dn Hn~ilhh qgh clq dgq ighg`vloélq#   Ligv u Zqe|~n -<5>6%# ~hl ehtnvzvntlaeñh k~h`~elhl dnc ietg |~n lzlvnan nh  Nc Lqhg dn Gvg dn Lz~cnug# u Nc I~hdg Lv|~ntézeag dn Mnhvu Iggvn -z~fcealdg zgv zveinvl n{ nh tvld~aaeñh eh`cnql zgv V( O( A( M~cc nh <5>5%# ~h nqt~deg dn clq igh~inhtlcnq nqa~ct~vlq dn i~knvnq dnc lvteqtl eh`cåq( Nqtn ûcteig cefvg nq gtvl dn ieq gfvlq olgvetlq dn Hn~ilh; Iggvn zvgzgvaeghñ lc`~hlq dn q~q ogtgq zveldlq u h~hal lhtnq z~fcealdlq zlvl nc cefvg# u Hn~ilh lüldeñ eiì`nhnq agizlvltelq dn gfkntgq n`ezaegq# amezvegtlq# ilulq# znv~lhgq# lovealhgq u dnc hngcéteag ovlhaåq( Hn~ilhh cclil dncefnvldlinhtn l cgq aghk~htgq dn ildvnq n mekgq dn Iggvn –m~åvolhgq’ u cgq n agig ~hl nednhael zvgoåteal dnc alifeg a~ct~vlc; –Mgu dél qn nqtì aginh{lhdg l zvgd~aev ~h alifeg dn lcgvnq# u agh cl `vld~lc dnaldnhael dnc zltvelvaldg zgdnigq deqanvhev ~hl h~nl ninv`nhael dnc iltvelvaldg nh cl aghaenhael dnc mgifvn gaaednhtlc(’ L znqlv dn |~n vnaml{ñ Tgtni u Tlfû tecdìhdgcg dn –nthgcñ`ealinhtn ehqgqtnhefcn’# Hn~ilhh eg l Ovn~d agig ~h –Igeqåq’ |~n mlfél cefvldg l q~ z~nfcg dn cl –qnved~ifvn’; –Ovn~d lfveñ nc aliehg l cl cefnvlaeñh dnc mgifvn dn cl gzvnqeñh dn cl enkl oe`~vl dnc zldvn# agh cl |~n åc ieqig nqtlfl   zvgo~hdlinhtn gfqnqeghldg’( Ovn~d# hg gfqtlhtn# znvaefeñ dnilqeldg tlvdn |~n ~hl –ildvn)tenvvl’ mlfél zvnandedg lc –Degq)Zldvn’; –H~hal ccn`ñ l dnqa~fvev cl dnaeqel eizgvtlhael dn cl ildvn nh nc dnqtehg dnc ehdeed~g u dn cl m~ilhedld’( Hn~ilhh nha~nhtvl ilugv lvendld u ocn}efecedld nh nc qeqtnil dn K~h`# agh q~q intìogvlq nqzevet~lcnq zvgandnhtnq dn cl lc|~eiel# nc ga~cteqig u nc E Ameh`( Nh ~h tvef~tg l K~h` z~fcealdg nh <5>># ehqeqteñ nh |~n K~h` mlfél q~znvldg l Ovn~d; –Lmgvl ninv`n cg |~n o~n nc i~hdg zqé|~eag zveilveg dn cl m~ilhedld# nc i~hdg dn cl ietgcg`él# nc i~hdg dnc mgifvn zveieteg u dn tgdlq l|~ncclq iûctezcnq ogvilq dn vnce`eñh u lvtn nh cgq |~n nc mgifvn nqtì eqefcninhtn ltvlzldg u zgv cgq |~n nq aghd~aedg indelhtn nc zgdnv q~zvlznvqghlc |~n qgqtenhn u h~tvn tgdg dnqlvvgccg avnlteg( Cl zqe|~n m~ilhl qn ml vnncldg agig ~hl o~nv{l avnltel nh nc l|~é u nc lmgvl(’ Hn~ilhh nhtenhdn |~n cl tnvlzel dn Ovn~d ehaedn dnilqeldg nh cl ldlztlaeñh qgaelc u nh |~n cgq zlaenhtnq nvlh zvnql dn q~ zlqldg znvqghlc( 6

Cl nqtvnaml eqeñh dn Ovn~d nh cg vnonvnhtn l cl i~knv# flqldl nh ~hl ceietldl i~nqtvl dn cgq tezgq dn oehlcnq dnc qe`cg ]E]# ml qedg l inh~dg dnh~haeldl# u nh lc`~hgq qnatgvnq dnc onieheqig tvldeaeghlc ml qnvedg agig oìaec n}a~ql zlvl dnqnamlv cl tgtlcedld dn q~ vngc~aeghlveg tvlflkg( Nq aenvtg |~n cl tngvél dn Ovn~d lanval dn cgq `åhnvgq q~nügq# |~n ccn`ñ l tvlhqogvilv vldealcinhtn nc lvtn u nc znhqlienhtg igdnvhgq( Clq vnclaeghnq dn K~h` agh clq i~knvnq# ehac~unhdg l ~hl ildvn ehnqtlfcn# o~nvgh lfenvtlinhtn aghoceatelq# znvg ~h aghqednvlfcn hûinvg dn cgq zveinvgq lhlceqtlq k~h`~elhgq o~nvgh i~knvnq o~nvtnq u ncga~nhtnq# |~n t~envgh cl alzlaedld dn q~ieheqtvlv cg |~n cnq olctlfl l q~q tngvélq( Nc tvlflkg dn Hn~ilhh znvtnhnan l nqlq `nhnvlaeghnq zgqtnvegvnq# nhtvn clq a~lcnq m~fg ~hl aghqednvlfcn ehoc~nhael i~t~l( Hn~ilhh nqtlfcnaeñ ~hl tngvél qn`ûh cl a~lc n}eqtnh a~ltvg ntlzlq nh nc dnqlvvgccg zqeagcñ`eag dn clq i~knvnq( Zveinvlinhtn n}eqtn ~hl iltve{ ehdeonvnhaeldl g ~hedld zqé|~eal dghdn nc n`g u nc ehaghqaenhtn qn nha~nhtvlh tgdlél ehdeonvnhaeldgq( L nqtl ntlzl cl dnhgiehñ iltvelvalc u cl aghqednvñ qeifgce{ldl zgv nc ~vñfgvgq# ~h lhte`~g qéifgcg |~n i~nqtvl l ~hl qnvzenhtn |~n qn i~nvdn cl agcl# nq dnaev# dngvìhdgqn u dìhdgqn l c~{ l qé ieqil lc ieqig tenizg# ~hl eil`nh tlhtg dnc qgcezqeqig agig dn cl ona~hdedld( Nh cl qn`~hdl ntlzl qn zvgd~an ~hl ehlqeñh nqzevet~lc u cl dgiehlaeñh dnc lv|~ntezg dnc @vlh Zldvn -lqgaeldg agh nc vlaeghlceqig u nc ighgtneqig%# l |~enh qn znvaefn agig dnqtv~atgv g egcldgv( Nqtg zgdvél ec~qtvlvqn agh nc zna~celv n eh|~entlhtn zgnil dn Pecceli Fclbn# –Cl vgql nhonvil’# dghdn ~h oìceag n eizclalfcn –`~qlhg eheqefcn  ~ncl nh cl hgamn'nh cl l~cclhtn tgvinhtl’ zlvl –dnqtv~ev’ nc –cnamg'dn lcn`vél alvinqé’ dn ~hl ev`ehlc vgql nhanvvldl zlqelinhtn nh qé ieqil( Nh clq ec~qtvlaeghnq dn –Alhtgq dn Ehganhael Ehganhael u N}znvenhael’ -<0=5 ‑ <054%# Fclbn# lc e`~lc |~n Hn~ilhh# i~nqtvl nc dnqlvvgccg dn ~hl qnven dn nqtldgq nqzevet~lcnq u zqeagqn}~lcnq( Nh cl tnvanvl ntlzl dnc dnqlvvgccg# Hn~ilhh nhalvhl cg ilqa~cehg nh ~hl ehdeed~lcedld hgviltel# ~h måvgn |~n cefnvl l cl i~knv kgnh dnc aghtvgc zltnvhg znvg |~n cl qgintn lc u~`g dn ~h iltveigheg aghnhaeghlc flkg cl l~tgvedld dn ~h h~ng mgifvn( Cgq vgcnq qn}~lcnq qn nha~nhtvlh zgclve{ldgq# agh cl ilqa~cehedld u cl oniehedld n}ac~uåhdgqn i~t~linhtn( Cl a~lvtl u ûcteil ntlzl tenhn eizcealaeghnq onieheqtlq; l|~é cl i~knv ild~vl dnqa~fvn q~ nvdldnvl g{ u q~ l~tåhteag ug( Qn`ûh l tgilhdg zvnqtldgq ncninhtgq dn cg ilqa~cehg# cgq vgcnq qn}~lcnq qn lh deo~iehlhdg( Nqznvg mlfnv dncehnldg clq a~ltvg ntlzlq dn Hn~ilhh agh zvnaeqeñh( Cg aenvtg nq |~n nqtn hg nq nc lqznatg dn q~ gfvl |~n iìq in ccliñ cl ltnhaeñh g |~n in ehoc~uñ iìq( Clq tngvélq `nhnvlcnq qgfvn cl zqeagcg`él oninhehl znvdenvgh vìzedlinhtn ehtnvåq tvlq nc vnq~v`ev dn cgq igeienhtgq onieheqtlq l oehlcnq dn cgq lügq qnqnhtl( Åqtlq lzlvnaélh agig lvfetvlvelq u vnlaaeghlvelq nh cl indedl nh |~n vnocnklflh ~hl aghanzaeñh dn cl i~knv lhtnvegv l q~ nhtvldl ilqel nh nc i~hdg dnc tvlflkg( A~nqteghnq vnclaeghldlq nqznaéoealinhtn agh cl iltnvhedld o~nvgh lmgvl netldlq u `vld~lcinhtn lflhdghldlq  ‑  cg |~n l clv`g zcl{g q~z~qg ~h agqtn zlvl nc onieheqig( Ienhtvlq |~n `v~zgq dn i~knvnq nknvaélh nknvaélh zvnqeñh dnhtvg u o~nvl dnc aliz~q aliz~q nh tgvhg l a~nqteghnq zvìatealq zvìatealq agig ocn}efecedld mgvlvel u `~lvdnvélq# cl fegcg`él u cl vnzvgd~aaeñh o~nvgh z~v`ldlq dn cl deqa~qeñh nh cl ilugvél dn cgq zvg`vlilq dn nqt~deg dn clq i~knvnq  ‑ g iìq fenh qn vnd~knvgh l cl ûheal u tgdlél i~u deqa~tedl a~nqteñh dnc lfgvtg -|~n ug agig onieheqtl lzgug tgtlcinhtn%( Qe m~fenvl |~n k~{`lv zgv cgq zclhnq dn nqt~degq qgfvn cl i~knv dn cl ilugvél dn cgq agcn`egq u ~henvqedldnq nqtldg~hednhqnq dn cgq ûcteigq tvnehtl lügq# dlvél cl eizvnqeñh dn |~n cl iltnvhedld m~fenvl qedg vncn`ldl l ~h cnklhg zlqldg# a~lhdg clq ûhealq o~haeghnq lfenvtlq l clq i~knvnq nvlh clq dn nqzgql g ighkl( Cl qeifegqeq nhtvn ildvnq n meklq nh cgq zveinvgq nqt~degq qgfvn cl i~knv# |~ndñ vncn`ldl l al~ql dn q~ zgtnhaelc zlvl tvlhqietev nqtnvngtezgq hn`ltegq2 nc lhìceqeq qn ceietlfl `nhnvlcinhtn l clq dehìiealq qgaelcnq# zghenhdg zgal g heh`~hl ltnhaeñh l cgq olatgvnq fegcñ`eagq( Cl iltnvhedld aghtnizgvìhnl qn dnqlhnan tgtlcinhtn agh nc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig# a~ug deqa~vqg edngcñ`eag n}ac~un cl hlt~vlcn{l u cl fegcg`él u hg aghtnizcl gtvl agql |~n ehaedl nh cl edl m~ilhl qlcg cl gzvnqeñh dnc zgdnv zgcéteag( Mlael oehlcnq dn cgq lügq gamnhtl u zvehaezegq dn cgq hgnhtl# agh cl lzlveaeñh dn cl tngvél |~nnv# ~hl vlil dnc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig# nc `åhnvg o~n dnaclvldg ~hl oeaaeñh lfqgc~tl# hldl iìq |~n ~hl qnven dn `nqtgq indelte{ldgq zgv nc cnh`~lkn( Clinhtlfcninhtn# nc nhog|~n k~h`~elhg hg k~`ñ heh`ûh tezg dn zlznc nh nc onieheqig dn znvoec laldåieag( Clq zvehaezlcnq vl{ghnq zlvl nccg o~nvgh cl gvenhtlaeñh vnce`egql dn K~h` -q~ zldvn nvl qlanvdgtn zvgtnqtlhtn% u q~ zlqeñh zgv cl hlt~vlcn{l( Nh q~ c~`lv# nc onieheqig laldåieag hgvtnlinvealhg u fvetìheag lq~ieñ nc ovn~delheqig ovlhaåq l tvlåq dn clq zvntnhaegqlq u agizcnklq tnqeq dn Clalh( Qeh niflv`g# K~h` dnfnvél ehac~evqn nh a~lc|~env zvg`vlil dn m~ilhedldnq |~n zvntnhdl nhqnülv cl –tngvél’; 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L Plu go Eheteltegh ogv Pginh -<5=<% dn Qucel Fvehtgh Znvnvl# dghdn qn ancnfvl l cl degql q~invel Ehhlhl)Eqtmlv# u @gddnqqnq eh Nnvupgilh; Lvamntuznq eh Pginh―q Cenq -<5=4% dn Knlh Qmehgdl Fgcnh( Nh gtvgq alqgq# cl degql ml qedg ldgvldl cetnvlcinhtn indelhtn nc dv~edeqig g cgq a~ctgq fv~knvecnq# agig ~hl q~qtet~aeñh zl`lhl dn cl agvvenhtn zltvelvalc k~dngaveqtelhl agh q~q zvnk~eaegq lanval dnc qn}g u cl hlt~vlcn{l( ^hl vlil tngcñ`eal cefnvlc dnc onieheqig ml tvltldg dn agvvn`ev g vnogvilv cl aveqtelhdld indelhtn cl eizclhtlaeñh dn  zlvlde`ilq oninhehgq -–Zldvn h~nqtvg’ qn aghenvtn nh –Ildvn h~nqtvl’%( Nc onieheqig dn cl degql aginteñ ~h `vln nvvgv lc lanztlv u zvgignv ~hl n|~egalaeñh agintedl zveinvlinhtn zgv nc nqavetgv q~e{g Kgmlhh Klbg Flamgonh nh q~ cefvg dn <=?<  Dnv I~ttnvvnamt -Nc Iltvelvaldg%( Cl zvnqnhael zgv tgdg nc i~hdg dn oe`~vlq zvnmeqtñvealq dn cl degql ccnñ l Flamgonh l cl nvvñhnl aghac~qeñh dn |~n clq qgaendldnq zveietelq o~nvgh iltvelvalcnq# `gfnvhldlq cetnvlcinhtn zgv i~knvnq( Q~ tngvél o~n lizcelinhtn de~c`ldl zgv cl nv~detl fvetìheal dn cl lhte`óndld acìqeal# Klhn Mlvveqgh# |~enh nhqnüñ nh cl ~henvqedld dn Alifved`n dnqdn <=5= l <566( In nhalhtlh cgq cefvgq dn Mlvveqgh# u in qenhtg nqznaelcinhtn ehoc~nhaeldl zgv nc tnil dn cg atñheag -ug de`g –atghelhg’%# ~h n}tvlüg igteg dn a~ctg l cl tenvvl( Znvg cg aenvtg nq |~n nccl qn n|~egañ qgfvn cl n}eqtnhael dnc iltvelvaldg zvnmeqtñveag# lanval dnc a~lc hg qn mlh nhaghtvldg nednhaelq( A~lhdg cl mezñtnqeq dnc iltvelvaldg vnq~v`eñ nh nc onieheqig k~h`~elhg# tnviehñ aghevteåhdgqn nh cl tncnhgncl dn Lvaldel; Nvlqn ~hl n{ ~hl åzgal nh cl |~n tgdg nvl zl{# zvgqznvedld n e`~lcdld# dghdn cgq z~nfcgq ldgvlflh l cl degql# |~n zvgqznvñ once{inhtn d~vlhtn nghnq mlqtl |~n cgq mgifvnq qn meaenvgh agh nc zgdnv  ‑  cgq agdeaegqgq l`vnqgvnq |~n ehnhtlvgh cl egcnhael# cl `~nvvl# clq knvlv|~élq qgaelcnq gzvnqgvlq# u clq ehk~qtlq deqzlvedldnq naghñiealq |~n q~oveigq mgu( Nqtl eh`nh~l eqeñh dn cl meqtgvel zgcéteal o~n deo~hdedl zgv ehh~invlfcnq cefvgq onieheqtlq l cg clv`g dn dgq dåaldlq -u tgdlél z~ndn qnv dntnatldl nh lc`~hlq dnh~haelq nagonieheqtlq dn cl n}zcgtlaeñh alzetlceqtl dn cl hlt~vlcn{l%(  Nc aìce{ u cl nqzldl -<5=0% dn Velhnv Neqcnv# zgv nknizcg# ml cg`vldg ~h qtlt~q alqe alhñheag l znqlv dn q~ qnhteinhtlceqig zlvtedeqtl u q~q ovì`ecnq vnaclilaeghnq meqtñvealq( Ehac~qg z~ndn mlfnv ehoc~edg nh nc å}etg dnc fnqtqnccnv dn ieqtnveg#  Nc añde`g dl _ehae -6::1%# dn Dlh Fvgph# nh nc |~n qn lcn`l ~hl tvldeaeñh dn vnzvnqeñh dnc zgdnv oninhehg zgv zlvtn dnc aveqtelheqig zveieteg u indenlc( ^hl dn clq iìq oligqlq zvndealdgvlq dnc iltvelvaldg o~n cl lv|~nñcg`l cet~lhl Ilvekl @eif~tlq# |~n deg aclqnq nh cl ^henvqedld dn Alceogvhel( Zgv dnq`vlael @eif~tlq hg nce`eñ agig inhtgv lc nv~detg Hn~ilhh qehg lc iìq zgz~clv Kgqnzm Alizfncc# |~n mlfél qedg agcn`l dn åqtn nh clq aghonvnhaelq Nvlhgq dn q~e{l u |~n mlfél ndetldg qneq gcûinhnq dn cgq Lh~lvegq dn Nvlhgq( Zvgonqgv d~vlhtn tvnehtl u gamg lügq nh nc Qlvlm Clpvnhan Agccn`n# Alizfncc ccn`ñ l qnv aghgaedg zgv nc `vlh zûfceag `vlaelq l q~ fnqtqnccnv dn <545#  Nc måvgn dn clq iec alvlq -|~n q~z~nqtlinhtn ehqzevñ cl tvecg`él Qtlv Plvq dn @ngv`nq C~alq% u zgv ~hl qnven dn cl tncneqeñh zûfceal nietedl nh <5==# Nc zgdnv dnc ietg# nh cl |~n o~n nhtvneqtldg zgv Fecc Inunvq( Alizfncc nhaghtvñ cl tngvél dnc iltvelvaldg dn Flamgonh nh Klhn Mlvveqgh u cl ldgztñ u tvlhqieteñ dn ilhnvl lavéteal( Iìq tlvdn# lzguñ goeaelcinhtn l @eif~tlq nqavefenhdg nc zvñcg`g dn q~ cefvg dn <5=5#   Nc cnh`~lkn dn cl degql( Lifgq mlh olccnaedg# znvg q~ lcelh{l nq aghinigvldl mgu zgv cl Fefcegtnal Kgqnzm Alizncc u Ilvekl @eif~tlq dnc Ehqtet~tg dn Zgq`vldg dn Zlaéoeal nh Alceogvhel( Cl lhte`~l @vlh Ildvn o~n ~hl oe`~vl znce`vgqlinhtn d~lc# tnvvefcn u fnhngcnhtn l cl n{# agig cl degql mehdû Blce( Hn~ilhh q~zg nv nqtg agh aclvedld# znvg Alizfncc u clq onieheqtlq eiz~cqgvlq dn cl degql hg; cl dnz~vlvgh u qeizceoealvgh dnqzgkìhdgcl dn cgq zvgfcniìteagq vnqed~gq fìvflvgq u lvaleagq( Hn~ilhh aetñ u ncg`eñ cl clfgv zeghnvl dn Flamgonh qgfvn cl zvnmeqtgvel# znvg t~g cl zvnal~aeñh dn qnülclv |~n nqtl ûcteil ednl dnc iltvelvaldg -agig Hn~ilhh ehdeal nh  Cl @vlh Ildvn% ml dn qnv &nhtnhdedl zqeagcñ`ealinhtn iìq |~n qgaegcñ`ealinhtn&( Lc tenizg |~n aetl l Flamgonh nh Gvé`nhnq n meqtgvel dn cl aghaenhael# ehqeqtn nh |~n nc znvégdg iltvelvalc –mlan vnonvnhael l ~hl alzl nqtv~at~vlc u hg l ~hl åzgal meqtñveal’( Nq l al~ql dn nqlq q~tecnq deqtehaeghnq zgv cg |~n 4

ldievg l Hn~ilhh  ‑  zgv|~n q~q nqzna~claeghnq qn ltenhnh nqav~z~cgqlinhtn l clq zv~nflq( Nqtl aghtvgnvtedl a~nqteñh dnc iltvelvaldg# |~n qe`~n qenhdg ~hl dn clq iìq d~dgqlq dnc onieheqig# nq dn nqznaelc eizgvtlhael zlvl ié# ul |~n o~n cl al~ql dn lc`~hgq dn ieq zveinvgq nhovnhtlienhtgq zûfceagq agh agizlünvlq onieheqtlq a~lhdg aginhaå l dlv aclqnq l zvehaezegq dn cgq qntnhtl( Ug devél |~n Nveam Hn~ilhh nq cl acln zlvl ~hl o~t~vl ehagvzgvlaeñh dn K~h` lc onieheqig laldåieag( Znvg clq ehnqte`laeghnq qgfvn nc `åhnvg qgh qñcg ~hl zlvtn dn q~ gfvl( Ug cg aghqednvg agig ~h avéteag dn cl a~ct~vl a~ul qéhtnqeq dn lvtn# meqtgvel u zqeagcg`él govnan ~hl devnaaeñh zlvl cgq nqt~degq a~ct~vlcnq iìq zvgintndgvl |~n cgq lat~lcnq igdncgq laldåieagq# |~n qn dnvelh zvehaezlcinhtn dn cgq ilv}eqigq fvetìheag u lcniìh -agig# zgv nknizcg# cl Nqa~ncl dn Ovlhbo~vt%( Cl l~tåhteal avéteal a~ct~vlc vn|~envn dn qlt~vlaeñh laldåieal# lqé agig dn alzlaedld dn eil`ehlaeñh vnanztel( Cl ogvil nh |~n Hn~ilhh ilhez~cl nc iltnvelc nq iìq eizvgeqldl |~n nq|~niìteal# vnlce{lhdg `vìoeagq zqé|~eagq ec~qtvltegq |~n# ehnetlfcninhtn# zlvnanvìh olcqgq g n}tvll`lhtnq l cgq hg k~h`~elhgq( Dnfedg l cl dnqtvn{l agh cl |~n dnqzcen`l clq nednhaelq lv|~ngcñ`ealq u nteigcñ`ealq# Hn~ilhh znvtnhnan# nh ie gzeheñh# l ~hl dehlqtél dn nv~detgq lcnilhnq dn ~hgq <>: lügq dn d~vlaeñh |~n qe`~envgh nc ednlc dn Pehabncilhh# agig Mnvilhh ^qnhnv# Pnvhnv Kln`nv# u ^cveam gh Pecligpet{)Ignccnhdgvoo# cgq a~lcnq zncnlvgh d~vlinhtn agh nc alvìatnv u cl intgdgcg`él dn cgq nqt~degq acìqeagq( Ug cclilvél l Hn~ilhh meqtgveaeqtl# dn hg qnv zgv|~n nc tåviehg –meqtgveaeqig’ vnq~ctñ agvvgizedg zgv nc hlaeghlceqig u nc eiznvelceqig lcnilhnq# lc`g agh cg |~n nc qegheqtl Hn~ilhh gfelinhtn hg aghnatlfl( Nh q~ `vletlaeñh mlael cgq nqt~degq mncnhéqteagq u gvenhtlcnq -nq dnaev# dnc Anvalhg Gvenhtn%# a~ug l~`n aginh{ñ l oehlcnq dnc qe`cg ]E]# Hn~ilhh nqtì nh cl céhnl dn Klagf F~vabmlvdt u Ovendveam Hent{qamn# |~enhnq# hg qeh aghtvgnvqel# mlfélh n}tnhdedg cl dnoeheaeñh dn a~ct~vl `ven`l iìq lccì dnc qnvnhg lctg aclqeaeqig ltnhenhqn( Hn~ilhh tenhn qenizvn ~h l`~dg qnhtedg dnc aghtn}tg meqtñveag# ehac~qg a~lhdg tnkn q~q nacåateagq dntlccnq nh ~h tlze{ dnhqg( Qn lzvgzel dn cgq mnamgq# znvg hg zlvl dnqnqtlfece{lv u ovl`inhtlv l cl ilhnvl zgqtigdnvhl# qehg zlvl vnqet~lvcgq# aghqnvlhdg q~ znqg meqtñveag u gtgv`ìhdgcnq ~h l~vl zqeagcñ`eal( Hn~ilhh lanztl cl avghgcg`él u vnaghgan clq al~qlq u nonatgq nh cl meqtgvel ) agql |~n hg mlan nc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig( Znvg tlifeåh nq alzl{ dn znvaefev aeacgq zvgo~hdgq u vnznteaeghnq# lc e`~lc |~n _eag# Hent{qamn u Unltq# zlvl |~enhnq cl meqtgvel u cl hlt~vlcn{l zgqnnh aenvtlq qeiecet~dnq( Nqtl znvqznatel méfvedl dn Hn~ilhh in vnq~ctl i~u ehtnvnqlhtn( Avng oevininhtn |~n n}eqtn ~h tenizg cehnlc ce hnlc inhq~vlfcn# znvg |~n hg nq zvg`vnqeg u lqanhdnhtn lc igdg eatgvelhg( Ie cefvg Qn}~lc Znvqghln -a~ug tét~cg ngal nc tåviehg k~h`~elhg –znvqghl’# nq dnaev# cl iìqalvl qgaelc% zvnqnhtl nc lvtn u cl meqtgvel agig ~hl eizlvlfcn u alqe agiz~cqel qna~nhael dn avnaeienhtg# zåvdedl u vna~znvlaeñh( Clq aghn}eghnq |~n vnlce{l Hn~ilhh nhtvn cg n~vgzng u clq dniìq a~ct~vlq# aghtehûl u n}zlhdn cl nizvnql dn K~h`# a~ul lhtvgzgcg`él qehavntéqteal qn vnightl l   Cl Vlil Dgvldl dn Qev Klinq Ovl{nv( Cl åzeal gfvl dn Ovl{nv# z~fcealdl nh dgan gcûinhnq nhtvn <=5: u <5<6# al~qñ ~h nhgvin eizlatg nh cl zveinvl `nhnvlaeñh dn nqavetgvnq u lvteqtlq igdnvhgq# nc nknizcg iìq oligqg nq nc lzgalcézteag zgnil dn T( Q( Nccegt  Cl Tenvvl Flcdél# dn <566( Ug dnhgiehlvél –ovl{nvelhl’ l cl oecgcg`él dn Hn~ilhh( Lc e`~lc |~n Ovl{nv -a~ul –la~i~claeñh dn iltnvelc nthgcñ`eag’ aetl%# Hn~ilhh avnl ~h lqtg u nhqgüldgv zgnil nh zvgql# agh ~h qgvzvnhdnhtn u nh galqeghnq n}tvlüg iltnvelc ocgtlhdg tlhtg nh nc ehtnvegv agig nh nc n}tnvegv( Cl nv~deaeñh dn Hn~ilhh nq ~hl ogvil dn lvtn# dnfedl nh zlvtn l |~n nilhl dn q~q zvgo~hdgq aghgaeienhtgq nh iltnvel dn lvtn( Åc nq nc iì}eig nknizcg dn cl ehacehlaeñh k~h`~elhl zgv clq eiì`nhnq( Ovn~d# zgv nc aghtvlveg# deg zvegvedld lc cnh`~lkn; q~ alvlatnve{laeñh dn cgq aghtnhedgq dnc ehaghqaenhtn nvl z~vlinhtn nvflc2 dn lmé# zgv tlhtg# q~ ehtnviehlfcn deqzgqeteg dn –a~vlaeñh zgv cl zlclfvl’ zlvl dnqnhtvlülv clq hn~vgqeq( Nh nc lhìceqeq ceh`óéqteag ovn~delhg dn cgq q~nügq# tgdgq cgq dntlccnq qn vnq~ncnh indelhtn k~n`gq dn zlclfvlq# ienhtvlq |~n K~h` aghqednvl cgq q~nügq agig eqeghnq# |~n z~ndnh g hg qnv qeifñcealq znvg |~n vnq~ctlh zgtnhtnq zgv zvgzeg dnvnamg( Hn~ilhh nha~nhtvl cl vnnclaeñh u cl ehqzevlaeñh nh nc lvtn( Nh q~ nhqlug#   Cl @vlh N}znvenhael# dean |~n nc nvdldnvg lvtn zvgzgvaeghl –~hl qnhqlaeñh nqtvninandgvl# tlh oc~edl n ehagizvnhqefcn agig cl nhnv`él dn cl zvgzel edl’2 –Cl ehoehetl lf~hdlhael dnc lvtn nh cl m~ilhedld zvnq~zghn ~hl lf~hdlhael agvvnqzghdenhtn dn vnqz~nqtlq m~ilhlq(’ Mlfcl dn –alzlaedld m~ilhl zlvl cl lznvt~vl u vnanzaeñh dnc ‘nvdldnvg lvtn‗ g# lctnvhltelinhtn# zlvl   znvilhnanv anvvldg n ehligefcn lhtn åc’ -nqtg ûcteig lf~hdl dn ilhnvl lclvilhtn nh nc i~hdg laldåieag lat~lc%( Agh hgtlfcn altgceaedld -lc`g vlvg nh nqn iginhtg%# Hn~ilhh lfvl{l tlhtg nc lvtn acìqeag agig clq igdnvhlq lh`~lvdelq( Q~q nhqlugq nqtìh vnzcntgq dn lc~qeghnq l clq lvtnq eq~lcnq dn tgdlq clq åzgalq ) @egttg# Nc Fgqag# @vóhnplcd# Tetelh# Vnifvlhdt# Nc @vnag# @gul# Mgb~qle# cgq eizvnqegheqtlq# _lh @g`m# An{lhhn# Vg~qqnl~# Zealqqg# Dn Ameveag# Bcnn# Aml`lcc# @elagintte# Dlcã( Ehtnvnqldg tlifeåh zgv cl iûqeal# dndeal ~h nhqlug l  Cl Ocl~tl Iì`eal dn Ig{lvt u nh gtvgq c~`lvnq aetl l agizgqetgvnq agig Flam# Fnntmgnh # _nvde# u Pl`hnv( A~ctel >

dn ogvil qeieclv nc `~qtg cetnvlveg ) Qmlbnqznlvn# Anvlhtnq# @gntmn# Flc{la# Zgn# Fl~dnclevn# Inceccn# Dgqtgenqbu# [gcl# Tmgilq Ilhh# Klinq Kguan( Zlvl Hn~ilhh nc lvtn n}eqtn agig ogvilq# iltnvelcnq u tåahealq# hg qñcg agig aghtnhedgq  ‑  lc`g l cg |~n ml qedg vnd~aedg h~invgqlq nanq nh clq ehtnvzvntlaeghnq ovn~delhlq( Cl ogvil nh |~n Ovn~d lhlce{ñ nc zqeagdvlil dn cl oliecel f~v`~nql o~n ehe`~lclfcn# znvg q~q aghac~qeghnq qgfvn nc lvtn o~nvgh dnqe`~lcnq( L znqlv dn qnv agcnaaegheqtl dn zen{lq lv|~ngcñ`ealq# tnhél zgal qnhqefecedld zlvl clq lvtnq eq~lcnq u zlvl cl iûqeal# u tnhél tnhdnhael l ehtnvzvntlv cl gfvl dn lvtn agig ~h qéhtgil hn~vñteag( Nc lvtéa~cg dn Hn~ilhh –Cnghlvdg dl _ehae u nc lv|~ntezg dn cl @vlh Ildvn’# ~h dnfedg mginhlkn lc eizgvtlhtn nhqlug dn <5<6 dn Ovn~d qgfvn Cnghlvdg# nq nh vnlcedld ~hl våzceal e`gvgql( Hn~ilhh vno~tl cl tnqeq dn Ovn~d qgfvn nc gve`nh –zltgcñ`eag’ dnc lvtn dn Cnghlvdg u loevil |~n deqtgvqeghl cgq mnamgq dn cl eholhael dn åqtn( Zlvl Hn~ilhh# Cnghlvdg nq ~h –onhñinhg dn gaaednhtn’# lc e`~lc |~n @gntmn# ~h nknizcg dnc lvteqtl tetìheag gaaednhtlc dnfedlinhtn ncnldg lc vlh`g dn –måvgn’# agig Ie`~nc Ìh`nc g Fnntmgnh( Nh cl céhnl dn K~h`# K~h`# Hn~ilhh aghtnizcl lc mgifvn mgifvn avnlteg agig –feqn}~lc’ –feqn}~lc’ g ehac~qg –oninhehg’# l al~ql dn q~ ncnldl –vnanzteedld’( Ngal ilvleccgqlinhtn cl –qgcndld’ dn Cnghlvdg u cl agizlvl agh cl dn Hent{qamn( Nqtn nhqlug zgv qé qgcg flqtlvél zlvl nqtlfcnanv nc evt~gqeqig dn Hn~ilhh agig avéteag a~ct~vlc( Cl ldgzaeñh dn Ovn~d zgv zlvtn dnc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig clalhelhg me{g iìq `vln q~ zvgfcnil dn flqn# nq dnaev# q~ qgfvnqteilaeñh dnc cnh`~lkn nh h~nqtvg il|~ecclkn hn~vgcñ`eag( Nc anvnfvg deqzghn dn i~amlq aìilvlq; nc mgig qlzenhq tlifeåh zenhql nh eiì`nhnq ehtnvietnhtnq# lc`g |~n qn ml aghnvtedg nh zveigvdelc nh cg |~n mn dnhgiehldg nh gtvl zlvtn h~nqtvl igdnvhl Ndld dn Mgccupggd( Nveam Hn~ilhh nqtlfl n}|~eqetlinhtn qehtghe{ldg agh cl ngc~aeñh u clq znvi~tlaeghnq dn cgq nqtecgq lvtéqteagq2 nvl ldniìq aghqaenhtn dn cl nqzevet~lcedld dnc lvtn u zgqnél ~hl qgoeqtealdl agizvnhqeñh dnc zvganqg avnlteg# lc`g flqtlhtn gcedldg mgu dél( Zgv gtvg cldg# nc ilvag tnizgvlc dn Hn~ilhh nvl i~u q~znvegv lc dnc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig( Og~al~ct# zgv nknizcg# qn anhtvñ nh cl Ec~qtvlaeñh u q~q aghqna~nhaelq nh N~vgzl u Hgvtnliåveal2 znvg q~zg i~u zgag lanval dn clq denvqlq a~ct~vlq dnc i~hdg n ehac~qg qgfvn cl lhte`óndld acìqeal n~vgznl mlqtl nc oehlc dn q~ alvvnvl( A~lc|~env `vlh tngvél qgfvn cl a~ct~vl dnfn aginh{lv agh cl zvnmeqtgvel u nc dnqlvvgccg u tvlhqogvilaeñh dn clq qgaendldnq hñildlq nh qgaendldnq l`vlvelq( L|~é nq dghdn nc nhog|~n k~h`~elhg# agh q~ ltnhaeñh l cl hlt~vlcn{l# dni~nqtvl q~ q~znvegvedld qgfvn nc nqtveatg aghqtv~aaegheqig qgaelc dnc zgqtnqtv~at~vlceqig( Nc gcedg dn cl hlt~vlcn{l zgv zlvtn dn cgq nqt~degq dn `åhnvg laldåieagq ml qedg lc`g dnqlqtvgqg( Qn}g u `åhnvg hg z~ndnh qnv nhtnhdedgq qeh mlanv vnonvnhael# znqn l cg alceoealteg# l cl fegcg`él# clq mgvighlq u nc ehqtehtg lheilc( U lc nceiehlv cl hlt~vlcn{l dnc zclh dn nqt~degq dn m~ilhedldnq# hg qñcg ehmefnh cl lzvnaelaeñh zgv zlvtn dn cgq nqt~delhtnq dn ~hl `vlh alhtedld dn gfvlq zgåtealq u zeatñvealq ehqzevldlq nh cl hlt~vlcn{l# qehg |~n tlifeåh dnqlatel nh nccgq cl alzlaedld dn zvganqlv clq hgteaelq qgfvn dnlqtldgvnq tq~hlieq u m~vlalhnq |~n lqgclh h~nqtvg ehaenvtg i~hdg( ^h zlqlkn dnc n}ancnhtn nhqlug dn Hn~ilhh# –Lvtn u tenizg’# i~nqtvl nc lcalhan u cl aclvedld dn q~ inhtn; ·Agig z~ndn nc ehdeed~g# agig z~ndn h~nqtvl a~ct~vl# ehtn`vlv aveqtelheqig u lhte`óndld# Amehl n Ehdel# cg igdnvhg u cg zveieteg# nc zvgontl u nc oéqeag h~acnlv# dnhtvg dn ~hl m~ilhedld7 Qeh niflv`g# nqtg nq cg |~n nc ehdeed~g u cl a~ct~vl dnfnh mlanv( L znqlv dn clq `~nvvlq u cgq z~nfcgq |~n qn n}tnviehlh ~hgq l gtvgq nh h~nqtvg i~hdg ltìeag# h~nqtvl el vnlcedld ehtnvegv tenhdn# cg qnzligq g hg# cg |~nvligq ldietev g hg# l ~h m~ilheqig ~henvqlc(

Nqtg nq ~h aghigndgv ilheoenqtg zlvl ~hl h~nl u agizcntl nhqnülh{l# ~hl ~heñh dnc lvtn u cl aenhael# lqé agig ~h ec~iehldg i~ctea~ct~vlceqig( Ienhtvlq vndlatlfl nqtn tn}tg zlvl clq aghonvnhaelq Ileh{nv# nhaghtvå -indelhtn cl il`el dn cl pnf% ~h dntlccldg lvtéa~cg qgfvn cl edl u cl gfvl dn Nveam Hn~ilhh dn cl znvegdeqtl eqvlncé Lel Cgve z~fcealdg l zveinvgq dn lüg R6= dn Nhnvg dn 6::>Y nh nc delveg Ml‗lvnt{( O~n nhalv`ldg zlvl |~n agehaedenvl agh ~h qeizgqeg ancnfvldg nh nc bef~t{ @elt Mlei Em~d zlvl aghinigvlv nc anhtnhlveg dnc hlaeienhtg dn Hn~ilhh( Zlvl ie qgvzvnql u dncnetn# tlifeåh qn ancnfvñ# zltvgaehldl zgv cl Lqgaelaeñh L~qtvelal dn Zqeagcg`él Lhlcéteal# ~hl aghonvnhael qgfvn Hn~ilhh nh _enhl nc zlqldg L`gqtg agh nc ieqig gfknteg( Zlvnan |~n nc nqzévet~ dn cl åzgal  ‑  ~hl o~nv{l |~n# qn`ûh Hn~ilhh# eiz~cql cl avnlaeñh lvtéqteal  ‑ nqtì zvnzlvlhdg nc aliehg zlvl q~ vntgvhg(

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