This is to certify that AN!AM BHAR"AVA o VIII Sem o ;B.A.$$.B< has prepared and submitted the project report enclosed with under my direct and close supervision that this is a bonafide piece of wor done by him. !t has not been submitted to any other university or it has it been published at any time earlier.
MS. KANIKA DHAKA
Si0n-tu+e
ACKNO&$ED"EMENT
! tae this opportunity to e"press our humble gratitude and personal regards to MS. KANIKA DHAKA for inspiring me and guiding me during the course of this project wor and also for her
cooperation and guidance from time to time during the course of this project wor on the topic.
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RESEARCH METHODO$O"% Aims -nd Ob=e>ti?es:
The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of the topic “ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONTENTS” forming a concrete informative capsule of the same with an insight
into its relevance in #lternative 3ispute %esolution.
Rese-+> !'-n
The researchers have followed 3octrinal method.
S>o@e -nd $imit-tions:
!n this project the researcher has tried to include different aspects pertaining to the concept of /egotiation is basis of all #3% methods special attention is also provided on #lternative 3ispute %esolution4 basis of object of /egotiation is the basis of all #3% methods4 impact of judicial pronouncements on /egotiation is the basis of all #3% methods and lastly conclusion. . Sou+>es o D-t-:
The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project5 •
Case Study
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6ebsites
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Case Laws
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0oos
Metod o &+itin0 -nd Mode o Cit-tion:
The method of writing followed in the course of this research project is primarily analytical. The researcher has followed $niform method of citation throughout the course of this research project.
ABSTRACT
The environment is defined as the whole physical and biological system surrounding man and other organisms along with various factors influencing them. The factors are soil4 air4 water4 light4 temperature etc. These are called #biotic factors. 0esides the abiotic factors4 the environment is very much influenced by biotic factors which include all forms of life lie plants4 animals4 microorganisms etc. +an is thus an inseparable part of the environment. +an and Environment have very close relationship with each other. The social life of man is affected by environment. This is the reason for various types of social and cultural activities around the world. The hilly people have different life styles than people in the plain area. Similarly people around the world differ in their food4 cloth4 festivals etc. #ll these are influenced by the factors around him.
CHA!TER 1 : ( INTRODCTION
Environmental law has come into e"istence as a result of confrontation with serious problem concerning environment. !n response to environmental problems4 Law sees to protect and promote environment. !t is designed to prevent and control environment pollution. Environment protection and its preservation is today the concern for all. Environment is the one of the clearest e"amples that all human activities are on this earth interconnected. Today7s society interaction with nature is so e"tensive that environmental 8uestion has assumed all proportions affecting all humanity. Environmental destruction and pollution has seriously threatened human life4 health and livelihood. Thus there has been s thrust on the protection of environment protection the world over. !f 8uality of life is to be assured that to the present generations is to be saved to environment.
CHA!TER 3 : ( MEANIN" O# ENVIRONMENT
1enerally speaing environment means surroundings. The concept is relative to whatever object it is which surrounded. Thus4 it includes anything. !n this conn ection 9Environment is everything not for me: by Einstein. *owever a specific meaning is to given to environment which covers the physical surroundings that are common to all of us. !n this sense environment include air4 space4 water4 land4 plants and wildlife. +eaning of environment under Section -a of Environment protection #ct (;<5 Environment includes water4 air land and the inter5relationship which e"its among and between water4 air and land and human beings and other living creatures4 plants4 micro5organisms and property.
CHA!TER *: (
IM!ORTANCE O# ENVIRONMENT
Environment is very essential in every aspect of life. #ll the living beings are depend upon the environment. #ll the components re8uired for survival of living organisms are gained through environment. #ir4 water4soil4food etc. %e8uired for survival are ac8uired through the environment. #ll the development of living creatures are done in environment. *u man beings utili=es the natural resources for development of civili=ation of human beings. >or standardi=e the 8uality of human life4 man use the environment in different sectors of development activities. Plant and animals are also depend upon the environment.Therefore4all the pros such as servival4reprodution4growth and development etc. ?f living organisms are done un der the environment. *uman beings and living beings are product of every environment. # good environment helps all around development of one7s personality and a bad inhabits its development. / umerous benefits which result from preservation of environment include a general improvement in the standard health of population the possibility of restoring streams water to their original beneficial state and rendering them fit as source of water supply and maintenance of clean and healthy surroundings which could then offer attractive recreational facilities.
CHA!TER 4 :(
ENVIRONMENT DE"RADATION
Environmental degradation is the disintegration of the earth or deterioration of the environment through consumption of assets4 for e"ample4 air4 water and soil@ the destruction of environments and the eradication of wildlife. !t is characteri=ed as an y change or aggravation to nature7s turf seen to be pernicious or undesirable. Ecolog ical effect or degradation is created by the consolidation of an effectively substantial and e"panding human populace4 constantly e"panding monetary development or per capita fortune and the application of asset e"hausting and polluting technology. !t occurs when earth7s natural resources are depleted and environment is compromised in the form of e"tinction of species4 pollution in air4 water and soil4 and rapid growth in population. Environmental degradation is one of the largest threats that are being looed at in the world today. The $nited /ations !nternational Strategy for 3isaster %eduction characteri=es environmental degradation as the lessening of the limit of the earth to meet social and environmental destinations4 and needs. Environmental degradation can happen in a number of ways. #t the point when environments are wreced or common assets are e"hausted4 the environment is considered to be corrupted and harmed. There are a number of different techni8ues that are being used to prevent this4 including environmental resource protection and general protection efforts. Environmental surroundings get to be divided when technological advancement splits up areas of land. Some e"amples of this can include streets which may slice through woods or e ven trails which wind through prairies. 6hile it may not sound all terrible on the surface4 there are bad results. The biggest of these results are felt by particular animal and plant groups4 the vast majority of which are specific for their bio5region or need a large area in order to mae sure that their genetic lines are ept intact.
CHA!TER 5 : ( CASES O# ENVIRONMENT DE"RADATION Some environmental life species re8uire substantial areas to help provide food 4 living space4 and other different assets. These creatures are called area specific. #t the point when the biome is divided4 the vast patches of living space don7t e"ist anymore. !t gets to be more troublesome for the wildlife to get the assets they need in order to survive. The environment goes on4 even though the animals and plant life are not there to help sustain it properly. 1. $-nd Distu+b-n>e: # more basic cause of environmental degradation is land damage.
/umerous weedy plant species4 for e"ample4 garlic mustard4 are both foreign and obtrusive. # rupture in theenvironmental surroundings provides for them a chance to start growing and spreading. These plants can assume control over nature4 eliminating the local greenery. The result is territory with a solitary predominant plant which doesn7t give satisfactory food assets to all the environmental life. 6hole environments can be destroyed because of these invasive species. 3. !o''ution: Pollution4 in whatever form4 whether it is air4 water4 land or noise is harmful for the
environment. #ir pollution pollutes the air that we breathe which causes health issues. 6ater pollution degrades the 8uality of water that we use for drining purposes. Land pollution results in degradation of earth7s surface as a result of human activities. /oise pollution can cause irreparable damage to our ears when e"posed to continuous large sounds lie honing of vehicles on a busy road or machines producing large noise in a factory or a mill. *. O?e+@o@u'-tion: %apid population growth puts strain on natural resources which results in
degradation of our environment. +ortality rate has gone down due to better medical facilities which has resulted in increased lifespan. +ore population simple means more demand for food4 clothes and shelter. ,ou need more space to grow food and provide homes to millions of people. This results in deforestation which is another factor of environmental degradation. 4. $-ndi''s: Landfills pollute the environment and destroy the beauty of the city. Landfills come
within the city due the large amount of waste that gets generated by households4 industries4 factories and hospitals. Landfills pose a great ris to the health of the environment and the people
who live there. Landfills produce foul smell when burned and cause huge environmental degradation. 5. Deo+est-tion: 3eforestation is the cutting down of trees to mae way for more homes and
industries. %apid growth in population and urban sprawl are two of the major causes of deforestation. #part from that4 use of forest land for agriculture4 animal gra=ing4 harvest for fuel wood and logging are some of the other causes of deforestation. 3eforestation contributes to global warming as decreased forest si=e puts carbon bac into the environment. 6: N-tu+-' C-uses: Things lie avalanches4 8uaes4 tidal waves4 storms4 and wildfires can
totally crush nearby animal and plant groups to the point where they can no longer survive in those areas. This can either come to fruition through ph ysical demolition as the result of a specific disaster4 or by the long term degradation of assets by the presentation of an obtrusive foreign species to the environment. The latter fre8uently happens after tidal waves4 when reptiles and bugs are washed ashore. ?f course4 humans aren7t totally to blame for this whole thing. Earth itself causes ecological issues4 as well. 6hile environmental degradation is most normally connected with the things that people do4 the truth of the matter is that the environment is always changing. 6ith or without the effect of human e"ercises4 a few biological systems degrade to the point where they can7t help the life that is supposed to live there.
CHA!TER 6 : ( E##ECTS O# ENVIRONMENT DE"RADATION
1. Im@->t on Hum-n He-'t: *uman health might be at the receiving end as a result of the
environmental degradation. #reas e"posed to to"ic air pollutants can cause respiratory problems lie pneumonia and asthma. +illions of people are nown to have died of due to indirect effects of air pollution. 3. $oss o Biodi?e+sity: 0iodiversity is important for maintaining balance of the ecosystem in
the form of combating pollution4 restoring nutrients4 protecting water sources and stabili=ing climate. 3eforestation4 global warming4 overpopulation and pollution are few of the major causes for loss of biodiversity. *. Oone $-ye+ De@'etion: ?=one layer is responsible for protecting earth from harmful
ultraviolet rays. The presence of chlorofluorocarbons4 hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is causing the o=one layer to deplete. #s it will deplete4 it will emit harmful radiations bac to the earth. 4. $oss o+ Tou+ism Indust+y: The deterioration of environment can be a huge setbac for
tourism industry that rely on tourists for their daily livelihood. Environmental damage in the form of loss of green cover4 loss of biodiversity4 huge landfills4 increased air and water pollution can be a big turn off for most of the tourists. 5. E>onomi> Im@->t: The huge cost that a country may have to borne due to environmental
degradation can have big economic impact in terms of restoration of green co ver4 cleaning up of
landfills and protection of endangered species. The economic impact can also be in terms of loss of tourism industry.
C*#PTE% A B5 E/2!%?/+E/T PE%CEPT!?/
(. ECOS%STEM: ( #n ecosystem includes all of the living things &plants4 animals and organisms' in a given area4 interacting with each other4 and also with their non 5living environments &weather4 earth4 sun4 soil4 climate4 atmosphere'. !n an ecosystem4 each organism has its own niche or role to play. Consider a small puddle at the bac of your home. !n it4 you may find all sorts of living things4 from microorganisms to insects and plants. These may depend on non 5living things lie water4 sunlight4 turbulence in the puddle4 temperature4 atmospheric pressure and even nutrients in the water for life. -. ECO$O"%: 5 Ecology is the science which deals with inter5relationships between the various organisms and with physical environment. D. BIOS!HEREB5 the biosphere4 &from 1ree bios life4 sphaira4 sphere' is the layer of the planet Earth where life e"ists. This layer ranges from heights of up to ten ilometres above sea level4 used by some birds in flight4 to depths of the ocean such as the Puerto %ico trench4 at more than < ilometres deep. These are the e"tremes@ however4 in general the layer of the Earth containing life is thinB the upper atmosphere has little o"ygen and very low temperatures4 while ocean depths greater than ())) m are dar and cold. !n fact4 it has been said that the biosphere is lie the peel in relation to the si=e of an apple.
C*#PTE% < B 5 C?/CL$S!?/
6e conclude that environment is the most important part in our life it creates dovelopmet. The environment is defined as the whole ph ysical and biological system surrounding man and other organisms along with various factors influencing them. The factors are soil4 air4 water4 light4 temperature etc. These are called #biotic factors. 0esides the abiotic factors4 the environment is very much influenced by biotic factors which include all forms of life lie plants4 animals4 microorganisms etc. +an is thus an inseparable part of the environment. +an and Environment have very close relationship with each other. The social life of man is affected by environment. This is the reason for various types of social and cultural activities around the world. The hilly people have
different life styles than people in the plain area. Similarly people around the world differ in their food4 cloth4 festivals etc. #ll these are influenced by the factors around him.
