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“Ground Water Management in India”
Submitted to: Mr. Abhisekh Kumar Assistant Faculty Faculty of Law
Submitted by: Permanika Chuckal VIIth Semester !1"#
Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University
ACKNOWLEDGMENT I woul$ like to e%&ress my s&ecial a&&reciation an$ thanks to my a$'isor Mr.Abhisekh kumar ( who ha'e been a tremen$ous mentor for me. I woul$ like to thank you for encoura)in) my research( a$'ice for the research has been &riceless. I woul$ e%ten$ my thanks to the *ni'ersity Authorities( for &ro'i$in) me with is o&&ortunity to submit my &ro+ect. I am in$ebte$ to all those who ha'e hel&e$ me in $e'elo&in) this &ro+ect for their su))estion an$ )ui$ance.
Permanika Chuckal !1"#
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Table of Contents Serial -o. o&ic
Pa)e -o.
1.
Intro$uction
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Si)nificance of 0roun$water Mana)ement
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0roun$water Mana)ement in In$ia
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Ma+or Issues
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A&&roaches to 0roun$water Mana)ement
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Strate)ies of )roun$water Mana)ement
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Limitations of e%istin) a&&roaches
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2
Conclusion
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4iblio)ra&hy
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Ground Water Management: Need or Sustainable !""roa#$%Introdu#tion& 0roun$water constitutes about 235 of the total fresh water resources in the &lanet. 4ut in recent years( $ue to o'er e%&loitation of )roun$ water an$ erratic nature of monsoon( there has been $e&letion of )roun$ water across the worl$. 6e&letion of )roun$ water has reache$ to the e%tent that it is 'irtually im&ossible to )et the water table back. 7'en thou)h there is a &ossibility of rechar)e of water from the other areas( the &rocess is 'ery slow an$ may take one year to re&lenish one meter. In 'iew of this mana)ement of )roun$ water has become one of the most si)nificant issues in recent times. A$$e$ to it( there are also en'ironmental &roblems such as a8ua for minin)( salt water intrusion( stream base flow re$uction etc. For se'eral reasons the efficient mana)ement of )roun$ water resources throu)h market mechanism has become $ifficult. A)ainst this conte%t the &resent article attem&ts to analy9e the nee$ for sustainable )roun$ water mana)ement in In$ia. he article also briefly $iscusses the conce&t of sustainable )roun$ water mana)ement( factors affectin) )roun$ water a'ailability( $ifferent a&&roaches towar$s $e'elo&in) an$ usin) a'ailable )roun$ water with out a$'ersely affectin) the hy$ro:)eolo)ical balance. Further( the &a&er hi)hli)hts strate)ies for sustainable )roun$water mana)ement( inclu$in) $e'elo&ment of a8uifers( rainwater har'estin) an$ artificial rechar)e metho$s. he article offers some rele'ant &olicy recommen$ations for sustainable )roun$water mana)ement in In$ia.
Significance of Groundwater Management Sub:Surface water( or )roun$water( is fresh water locate$ in the &ore s&ace of soil an$ 1 rocks. It is also water that is flowin) within a8uifers below the water table . It has been estimate$ that out of about "3! billion cubic meter of water that see&s into the soil( about /,! billion cubic meter remains in the to& soil layers( an$ &ro$uces soil moisture which is essential for )rowth of 'e)etation. he remainin) ,! billion cubic meters &ercolates into the &orus strata an$ re&resents the actual enrichment of un$er)roun$ water. ;ut of this the water that can be e%tracte$ economically is only about ## cubic billion meters. hus sustainable )roun$water mana)ement &lays si)nificant role in o'erall $e'elo&ment of a country. 0roun$water is the &rimary source of water for $rinkin) an$ irri)ation. It is a uni8ue resource( wi$ely a'ailable( &ro'i$in) security a)ainst $rou)hts an$ yet closely linke$ to surface water resources an$ the hy$rolo)ical cycle. Its reliable su&&ly( uniform 8uality an$ tem&erature( relati'e turbi$ity an$ &ollution free( minimal e'a&oration losses( an$ low cost of $e'elo&ment are attributes makin) )roun$water more attracti'e when com&are$ to other sources.
www.wiki&e$ia.or) =last 'isite$ on #th;ctober !1#>
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le$ to e'er more $eman$s on the worl$?s )roun$water resources an$ in many countries there are alrea$y si)nificant im&acts $ue to ina$e8uately:re)ulate$ )roun$water &um&in) an$@or from &ollution $ue to ina$e8uate mana)ement. 7s&ecially in $e'elo&in) countries( these tren$s can lea$ to lar)e socioeconomic costs( often for the &oor . ith ra&i$ )rowth in &o&ulation( urbani9ation( in$ustriali9ation an$ com&etition for economic $e'elo&ment( )roun$water resource has become 'ulnerable to $e&letion an$ $e)ra$ation. Mana)ement of this 'aluable resource is $etermine$ by its accessibility an$ utili9ability in terms of 8uantity an$ 8uality. 6ue to imbalance between $eman$ an$ a'ailability( mana)ement a&&roaches are facin) 'arious ethical $ilemmas. For an effecti'e( efficient an$ sustainable )roun$water resources $e'elo&ment an$ mana)ement( the &lanners an$ $ecision makers ha'e future challen)es to assess the ine%tricable lo)ical linka)es between water &olicies an$ ethical consi$eration. 0roun$ water bein) a hi$$en resource is often $e'elo&e$ without &ro&er un$erstan$in) of its occurrence in time an$ s&ace. hus )roun$ water mana)ement on scientific lines is the key for sustainability of this 'ital resource.
Groundwater Management in ndia! Ma"or ssues 0roun$ water an$ its &ro&er use assume )reat si)nificance for a country like In$ia. *nfortunately there is no accurate sur'ey of )roun$ water resources but( accor$in) to the estimate of -ational Commission for Commission on A)riculture( In$ia?s )roun$water resources woul$ be about ,!! million hectare meters or about 1! times the annual &reci&itation. he annual e%&loitable &otential is &ut at /# million hectare meters. ith the intro$uction of the new a)ricultural strate)y in the early 13!s( there was an increasin) use of tube:wells. hou)h in 13!( only one &er cent of the net irri)ate$ lan$ recei'e$ tube:well irri)ation( by 1322 about "5 of the net irri)ate$ area )ot the benefit of tube:well irri)ation. 4y !!1( $eman$s for in$ustrial water also raise$ about 1#1 billion liters &er $ay. he )o'ernment initiati'es to &o&ulari9e $ee& bore wells for )ettin) more water has lea$ to water tables to )o $own an$. At the same time there was not much interest an$ initiati'e in fa'or of rechar)in) the )roun$water. 0roun$water bein) a $ynamic an$ re&lenisable resource has to be estimate$ &rimarily base$ on the com&onent of annual rechar)e which coul$ be sub+ecte$ to $e'elo&ment by means of suitable structures an$ which coul$ be $e&en$ on the hy$ro:)eolo)ical an$ climatic con$itions. In In$ia( $ata on )roun$ water le'els are not wi$ely &ublishe$ or ma$e a'ailable outsi$e )o'ernment or)ani9ations. 7%traction an$ rechar)e estimates are also unreliable. As a result( $iscussions on )roun$ water $e&letion are always base$ on unrealistic $ata. Bowe'er( it is a fact that fallin) water tables an$ $e&letion of economically accessible )roun$ water reser'es ha'e serious socio:economic conse8uences in an a)rarian country like In$ia. Com&etition between rural an$ urban users is increasin) an$ lea$s to conflict o'er )roun$ water usa)e. Fallin) water tables also increase $i'ision amon) communities. Poor farmers are force$ to aban$on irri)ation as fallin) water tables limit access to those who can affor$ to $ee&en wells. 6ee& wells nee$ more electricity an$ thus lea$ to
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increase in ener)y relate$ economic cost also. More o'er $e&letion of water tables will &ose a threat to foo$ security. Assure$ irri)ation is im&ortant for foo$ &ro$uction. As water tables $ecline( &oor farmers fin$ it $ifficult to meet the hu)e ener)y re8uirement for $ee&enin) wells which ultimately lea$ to $ecline in foo$ &ro$uction. herefore it is nee$less to &oint out there is an ur)ent nee$ for conser'ation of this 'ital resource for the &reser'ation of en'ironmental security an$ sustainable a)ricultural $e'elo&ment.
A##roac$es to groundwater Management he issue of )roun$water mana)ement is multi$imensional( relate$ to reliable assessment of a'ailable water( its su&&ly an$ sco&e for au)mentation( $istribution( reuse@recyclin)( its e%istin) $e&letion( &ollution( an$ its &rotection from $e&le tion an$ $e)ra$ation. Bowe'er( like surface water resource mana)ement( not much concerte$ efforts ha'e been ma$e for mana)ement of the hi$$en com&le% un$er)roun$ water resources. he two )enerally acce&table a&&roaches towar$s )roun$water mana)ement are the followin) '"timal yield: his metho$ allows for the $eliberate short:term controlle$ use of stora)e between rechar)e e'ents. (ontrolled over e)"loitation: his a&&roach reco)ni9es that some &ermanent $e&letion in stora)e may be necessary to &romote socioeconomic $e'elo&ment where rechar)e is 'ery limite$. he mana)ement o&tions of )roun$water in urban areas are )enerally base$ on the &atterns of )roun$water use( an$ the res&onsibility remains lar)ely with munici&al su&&ly utilities( as well as with in$i'i$uals. Dural users )enerally abstract )roun$water themsel'es throu)h wells that they own an$ control. Bowe'er( lar)e:scale( &ublicly fun$e$ tube:well $e'elo&ment ten$ to be su&&ly $ri'enE le)al an$ re)ulatory &ro'isions at national le'el cannot be &olice$ a$e8uatelyE an$( enhancement of in$irect rechar)e may work for shallow )roun$water circulation( but reco'ery of $ee&er systems re8uires , so&histicate$ in+ection an$ alternati'e sources of hi)h:8uality water . From amon) these characteristics( two broa$ ty&es of mana)ement a&&roaches for )roun$water emer)e =i> a&&roaches encom&assin) tools such as &ower &ricin)( subsi$ies for efficient technolo)ies( economic &olicies that $iscoura)e water intensi'e cro&s( etc. an$ =ii> a&&roaches $ealin) with s&ecific a8uifers on the basis of comman$ an$ control mana)ement throu)h a resource re)ulator. hiche'er a&&roach is a$o&te$( the $e'elo&ment an$ mana)ement of these resources must be base$ on an a$e8uate knowle$)e of a clear a))re)ate status@situation of )roun$water a8uifer system an$ its re&lenishment. In the conte%t of the im&act of climate 'ariability an$ s&atial 'ariability in $rou)ht( two ma+or )a&s in )roun$water mana)ement emer)e( with si)nificant im&lications for sustainable $e'elo&ment =i> inability to co&e with the acceleration of $e)ra$ation of )roun$water systems by o'er:abstraction( an$ effecti'e resource $e&letion
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P.S.6atta( 0roun$water 7thics for its sustainability( Current Science( Se&tember( !!#.
throu)h 8uality chan)es =&ollution( salinity>( an$ =ii> failure to resol'e com&etition for / )roun$water an$ a8uifer ser'ices between sectoral uses an$ en'ironmental e%ternalities .
Strategies of Groundwater Management *n$erstan$in) the im&ortance of )roun$water resources an$ the )rowin) $eman$ for it makes it im&ertinent to search for effecti'e strate)ies for mana)in) the )roun$water. For an effecti'e su&&ly si$e mana)ement( it is essential to ha'e full knowle$)e of hy$ro: )eolo)ical controls that )o'ern the yiel$ an$ beha'ior of )roun$ water le'els un$er abstraction stress( the interaction of surface an$ )roun$ water in res&ect of ri'er base flow an$ chan)es in flow an$ rechar)e $ates $ue to their e%&loitation. 0roun$ water mana)ement &olicies there fore will nee$ to a$$ress a multitu$e of issues inclu$in) Mana)ement of su&&lies to im&ro'e water a'ailability in time an$ s&ace Mana)ement of $eman$s inclu$in) efficiency of water use( sectoral interaction with economic acti'ities etc. 4alancin) com&etin) $eman$s an$ &reser'ation of the inte)rity of water $e&en$ent eco system. In $eman$ si$e mana)ement socio economic $imension &lays an im&ortant role in'ol'in) mana)in) the users of water an$ lan$. Mere re)ulatory inter'entions like water ri)hts an$ &ermits an$ economic tools of water &ricin) etc cannot be successful unless the $ifferent user )rou&s are fully in'ol'e$. For effecti'e mana)ement of )roun$water resources there is a nee$ to create awareness amon) the $ifferent water user )rou&s an$ workout area s&ecific &lans for sustainable $e'elo&ment. hus )roun$ water mana)ement not only re8uires &ro&er assessment of a'ailable resources an$ un$erstan$in) of interconnection between surface an$ )roun$water system( but also actions re8uire$ for &ro&er resource allocation an$ &re'ention of the a$'erse effects of uncontrolle$ $e'elo&ment of )roun$ # water resources . Sustainable $e'elo&ment an$ mana)ement of )roun$water re8uires the followin) strate)ies *+ S#ientii# Develo"ment o Ground water Scientific $e'elo&ment of )roun$ water in'ol'es a &ro&er un$erstan$in) of the local )roun$water a'ailability( its beha'ior an$ $eman$ centric $e'elo&ment with scientific &lannin). he nee$ for scientific $e'elo&ment of )roun$water un$er $ifferent hy$ro: )eolo)ical con$itions in'ol'es the followin) elements De%elo#ment of Dee# a&uifers! In many &arts of the country $ee& a8uifers are not fully utili9e$ or $e'elo&e$ which lea$ to un$er utili9ation of a'ailable )roun$water resources. his un$er utili9ation from $ee& a8uifers in some of the states inclu$in) Baryana( *.P an$ Pun+ab( has resulte$ in a near sta)nant con$ition at $e&ths an$ &ro'i$e$ the necessary time factor for the $eterioration in 8uality of )roun$ water. It is e'i$ent that the $ee&er a8uifers in allu'ial areas are not fully $e'elo&e$ in u&&er reaches an$ the unutili9e$ )roun$water in confine$ a8uifers ultimately is lost to the saline a8uifers / #
Ibi$. 6r. Saleem Domani( 0roun$ water Mana)ementA key for sustainability( C7SS &a&ers( !!#.
a$+acent to the basin boun$ary. his $e'elo&ment of $ee& a8uifers is im&ortant for $e'elo&ment an$ mana)ement of )roun$water for sustainable use. De%elo#ment of ground water in non' de%elo#ed areas! Policy makers often &ay attention to the re)ions where )roun$water $e'elo&ment has )reat &otential an$ ne)lect other areas with hi$$en &otential. In In$ia( the eastern an$ northeastern re)ion is yet to $e'elo& )roun$water &ro&erly. -aturally( small farmers fin$ it $ifficult to increase a)ricultural &ro$uction $ue to non a'ailability of water. here is wi$e sco&e for $e'elo&ment of )roun$water in these areas which often faces floo$s $urin) rainy seasons . De%elo#ment of (lood #lain a&uifers! Floo$ &lains are )oo$ reser'oirs of )roun$ water. hus sustainable mana)ement of floo$ &lain a8uifers offers e%cellent sco&e for its $e'elo&ment an$ a$$itional re8uirement of water. he $e'elo&ment of )roun$water in
A&art from these $e'elo&ment of )roun$water in coastal areas also nee$s to be a$$resse$ for the &ro&er utili9ation of water resources. . !rtii#ial ,e#$arge o Groundwater Another effecti'e strate)y is au)mentation of a'ailable )roun$water resources throu)h rain water har'estin) an$ artificial rechar)e. It is estimate$ that annually about ,./4CM of sur&lus surface runoff can be rechar)e$ to au)ment the )roun$ water. In rural areas(
Ibi$. ibi$. 2 6r. Saleem Domani( 0roun$ water Mana)ementA key for sustainability( C7SS &a&ers( !!# "
techni8ues of artificial rechar)e by mo$ification of natural mo'ement of water throu)h suitable ci'il structures like Percolation tanks( Check $ams( -ala 4un$s( 0ully Plu)s etc. ha'e been foun$ feasible. he roof to& rainwater har'estin) structure is also feasible both 3 by au)mentin) the )roun$water stora)e as well as by storin) it in s&ecially built tanks . -+ ,egulation o groundwater Develo"ment
;ne of the im&ortant strate)ies for sustainable mana)ement of )roun$water is re)ulation of )roun$water $e'elo&ment in critical areas. ;'er $e'elo&ment of )roun$water resources is increasin)ly bein) reco)ni9e$ as a ma+or &roblem. he ten$ency towar$s o'er $e'elo&ment of )roun$water resources is roote$ in the ra&i$ s&rea$ of ener)i9e$ &um&in) technolo)ies( resource characteristics( $emo)ra&hic shifts an$ )o'ernment &olicies. here is 'ery little efforts to check the o'er e%&loitation an$ re)ulation of )roun$ water resource. At &resent the only actual mana)ement is by limitin) -A4AD6 fun$s in blocks classifie$ as )rey an$ $ark. 0u+arat has &asse$ a )roun$ water mana)ement Act for re)ulatin) an$ controllin) use of )roun$water. Bowe'er it is not easy to im&lement the le)islations with out &eo&les su&&ort an$ awareness creation. .+ /nsuring water or agri#ulture
he ma+or challen)e is &ro&er &rioriti9ation of water resource allocation without affectin) the water tables an$ a)ricultural &ro$ucti'ity. hus any sustainable strate)y shoul$ rely on the assessment of the actual water to be allotte$ for $omestic use( a)riculture an$ maintainin) eco system balance. More s&ecifically( it shoul$ focus on a cost effecti'e analysis of usin) water for $ifferent use( a$e&t an$ im&ro'er water &ro$ucti'ity( irri)ation efficiency an$ &ost har'est &rocessin). Some of the effecti'e a&&roaches( which can be a&&licable in In$ia( inclu$e
1. 7ncoura)e the non:sensiti'e )roun$ water users to switch from e%&loitation of hi)h 8uality a8uifer to ba$ 8uality )roun$water for ma+or )roun$water use. . Destrict with$rawal of abstraction ri)hts from in$ustries that ha'e not installe$ water:efficient technolo)ies. ,. Pro'i$e subsi$ies for im&ro'in) the efficiency of irri)ation water use in &eri: urban areas in e%chan)e for )roun$water abstraction ri)hts. .+ ($e#0ing (ontamination o Ground Water
here is ur)ent nee$ to check the contamination le'el of )roun$water the )roun$water &rotection from &ollution can be ensure$ by se'eral ways inclu$in) 1. Pre&arin) 'ulnerability ma&s( base$ on $istribution of tra'el times( chemical &arameters( ty&es of to&soil( sub soil an$ lan$ use. . 6elineatin) an$ &rioriti9in) areas of hi)h )roun$water 'ulnerability for main sewera)e e%tension. ,. Locatin) of lan$fill facilities to areas of low )roun$ water 'ulnerability 3
ibi$.
/. Destrictin) resi$ential $e'elo&ment ser'e$ by incitin) sanitation #. Destrictin) the $is&osal of in$ustrial $ischar)es to the )roun$ in 'ulnerable areas throu)h intro$uction of $ischar)e &ermits an$ a&&ro&riate char)in) to encoura)e recyclin) an$ re$uction.
Limitations of E)isting A##roac$es hou)h there e%ists 'arious strate)ies for sustainable mana)ement of )roun$water resources( it often fails to create any &ositi'e im&act on the sustainable use $ue to number of reasons. 6ue to absence of any &ricin) mechanism an$ strict re)ulation( in$iscriminate )roun$water e%&loitation( its wasteful utili9ation an$ lan$ $is&osal of wastes continue$. Desearch on )roun$ water use in socio: economic conte%t bein) relati'ely small( the hi)hly technical knowle$)e of the a8uifer systems is of relati'ely little use for &ractical mana)ement &ur&ose. Most of the hy$ro:)eolo)ical an$ )roun$wa ter $e'elo&ment research has been fra)mente$( technocratic an$ relates to )roun$water flow an$ reme$iation. For &ractical mana)ement &ractices( it is im&ertinent to e%amine &eo&les in$i)enous a$a&ti'e strate)ies( climate chan)e res&onse etc. Bowe'er in the &resent scenario less attention has been &ai$ to these areas. For 'aluation of )roun$water( key elements that may be necessary to consi$er are =i> he strate)ic 'alue of )roun$water locate$ near Ghi)h:'alue uses such as urban or &rime a)ricultural areas( as o&&ose$ to a8uifers locate$ in less strate)ic locations an$ =ii> a8uifers with hi)h:8uality water that is not 'ulnerable to &ollution an$ the ty&es of uses.
Need for Sustainable A##roac$*Conclusion+ st
Foo$ security an$ en'ironmental security are the &rinci&al )lobal issues of 1 century. 6es&ite the &henomenal a$'ances ma$e in a)ricultural technolo)y( there are se'eral re)ions of the country where foo$ &ro$uction has either not ke&t &lace with the increase in &o&ulation or has barely ke&t &ace with the increase in &o&ulation. Althou)h sta)nation an$ $ecline in a)ricultural &ro$uction can be $ue to &olitical an$ social reasons( $e)ra$ation of soil an$ water resources an$ lack of a&&ro&riate technolo)y to a$$ress the basic issue of resource mobili9ation an$ mana)ement may be the &rimary factors res&onsible for low a)ricultural &ro$ucti'ity. ater scarcity an$ &oor water 8uality are ma+or concern in numerous countries( which mainly $e&en$ on a)riculture for li'elihoo$ of the &eo&le. Fresh water a'ailability is alrea$y a ma+or factor in sustainable use of resources. he water scarcity is further accentuate$ by )roun$ an$ surface water &ollution. *-6P warns that worl$ soils an$ lan$ resources ha'e an im&ortant im&act on the &otential risk of enhance$ )reen house effect. So it is im&ertinent to n ote that sustainable water mana)ement &lays a &i'otal role in foo$ security an$ en'ironmental security in the &resent era characteri9e$ b y increasin) conflicts o'er water resources. he 'arious strate)ies on )roun$ water mana)ement clearly shows that successful mana)ement of )roun$water nee$s an inter$isci&linary an$ holistic a&&roach
incor&oratin) all stakehol$ers( technocrats( hy$ro:)eolo)ical con $itions( local s&ecific en'ironmental issues( in$i)enous metho$s of water conser'ation an$ usa)e etc. o make )roun$water mana)ement sustainable there shoul$ be effecti'e &olicy framework consi$erin) all the multi$imensional as&ects of the issues of water scarcity an$ o'er e%&loitation. here is a nee$ for &ro&er le)islation to make rainwater har'estin) man$atory to &ublic an$ &ri'ate buil$in)s es&ecially in urban areas. Secon$ly( there shoul$ be awareness creation about the si)nificance of rechar)in) )roun$ water amon) &ublic throu)h 'arious me$ia. hir$ly( all users of water shoul$ con$uct a water au$it to see how water can be sa'e$ an$ use$. Fourthly( waste water can be effecti'ely recycle$ an$ reuse$ in facilitatin) ecolo)ical acti'ities. Finally any scheme will not succee$ in sustainin) scarce resources unless the &eo&le an$ the local )o'ernments are moti'ate$ an$ traine$. ith community &artici&ation an$ a$o&tin) locally a'ailable techni8ues water conser'in) structures can transform the li'es of millions. hus takin) into account all the constraints relate$ to &ro&er mana)ement an$ &rotection of )roun$ water source 'is:H:'is the action nee$e$ to be taken at $ifferent le'els( a multi&ron)e$ inte)rate$ a&&roach with a well concei'e$ mi% of &rofessional( technical a$ministrati'e an$ le)al ste&s an$ community &artici&ation woul$ &ay the way for achie'in) the nee$ for layin) a stron) ecolo)ical foun$ation for ensurin) sustainable mana)ement of )roun$ water resources.
,ibliogra#$ebsites 1. www.wiki&e$ia.or)( last 'isite$ on #th ;ctober !1# . www.worl$bank.or)@)roun$water ( last 'isite$ on #th ;ctober !1#>
4ooks@Articles 1. P.S.6atta( 0roun$water 7thics for its sustainability( Current Science( Se&tember( !!# . 6r. Saleem Domani( 0roun$ water Mana)ementA key for sustainability( C7SS &a&ers( !!# ,. Velayutham( M.( In 50 Years of Natural Resource Management Research =e$s Sin)h( 0. 4. an$ Sharma( 4. D.>( In$ian Council of A)ricultural Desearch( -ew 6elhi( ,. he Citi9ens Fifth De&ort State of In$ias 7n'ironment( Part:II Statistical 6atabase =e$s A)arwal( A.( -arain( S. an$ Sen( S.>( Centre for Science an$ 7n'ironment( -ew 6elhi( 1333. /. Procee$in)s of the Seminar on Artificial Dechar)e of 0roun$water( 6ecember( 1332( Central 0roun$ ater 4oar$( Ministry of ater Desources( -ew 6elhi( 1332. #. Chan$rakumar an$ Mukun$an( ater Desource Mana)ement( Saru& Sons( !!.
