ENVIGADO DE PISO - CONSTRUCCION EN MADERA -.docx

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE CHILE, INACAP SEDE VALPARAÍSO ALPARAÍSO

ENVIGADO DE PISO

CRISTOBAL ESCOBAR GRANDELA  JAVIERA  JAVIERA GARRIDO GARRIDO GAJARDO ROMULO SAAVEDRA

2016

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE CHILE, INACAP SEDE VALPARAÍSO ALPARAÍSO

ENVIGADO DE PISO

CRISTOBAL ESCOBAR GRANDELA  JAVIERA  JAVIERA GARRIDO GARRIDO GAJARDO ROMULO SAAVEDRA GUZMAN

Prof!or" C#r$!%$&' Mor&(! C#o)*&+

2016

ÍNDICE GENERAL

ÍNDICE GENERAL........................ GENERAL........................................... .............................................................. ..................................................... .......... iii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS................. FIGURAS..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ................................... .................. v CAPÍTULO CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN.................................. INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................... ............................................. ............ 6 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTULO II: DEFINICIONES...................... DEFINICIONES.......................................... ........................................ ....................................... ................... 7 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTULO III: PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO..................... CONSTRUCTIVO............................................................. ........................................ 8 3.1. Entr!"#$ %#ri&#nt'($ %#ri&#nt'($ (n !"(r................................................... !"(r........................................................ .....8 8 3.1.1. Vi)$....................... Vi)$........................................... ....................................... ....................................... ..................................... ................. 8 3.1.*. Vi) !($tr......................................................................................+ 3.1.3. C"(n(t$.......................... C"(n(t$.............................................. ........................................ ....................................... ......................... ...... + 3.1.,. Cr-(t$...........................................................................................1/ 3.1.0. Fri$#.............................. ri$#.................................................. ........................................ .............................................. ............................ .. 1/ 3.*. Entr!"#$ Entr!"#$ %#ri&#nt'($ r)i"#$....................................... r)i"#$.............................................................11 ......................11 3.*.1. Ri#$tr$ "( !"(r.............................. !"(r................................................. ....................................... .......................... ......11 11 3.*.*. 2-n%# !(t'i#............................. !(t'i#................................................. .................................................. .............................. 1* 3.*.3. Ent4'"# "i)#n'.......................... "i)#n'.............................................. ................................................. ............................. 1* 3.*.,. R(v($ti!i(nt# R(v($ti!i(nt# #n t4'(r#$....................................................... t4'(r#$.............................................................. ....... 13 3.3. V(nti'i5n V(nti'i5n "( '#$ (ntr!"#$........................................ (ntr!"#$................................................................ ........................ 1, 3.,. E$#ti''$ (n (ntr!"#$ %#ri&#nt' %#ri&#nt'($........................ ($............................................ ............................ ........10 10 3.0. V#'"i&#$ (n (ntr!"#$ %#ri&#nt'($............................... %#ri&#nt'($....................................................16 .....................16 3.0. E!'!($  C#n(i#n($.................... C#n(i#n($........................................ ..................................................... ................................. 17 3.0.1. Ent4'"-r.................................... Ent4'"-r........................................................ ......................................... .............................. ......... 18 3.0.*. 9("i !"(r............................ !"(r................................................ ........................................ ................................... ............... 18 3.0.3. R("i(nt(....................... R("i(nt(........................................... ............................................................ ................................................ ........ 18 3.0.,. R# ;it(r............................ ;it(r............................................... ............................................... ....................................... ........... 18 3.6. P(r<#ri#n($ (n '#$ ('(!(nt#$ %#ri&#nt'($.......................................... %#ri&#nt'($.......................................... 18 3.6.1. C#rt($............................ C#rt($................................................ ....................................... ........................................ ............................ ....... 18 CAPÍTULO CAPÍTULO IV: IV: CONTROL DE CALIDAD....................... CALIDAD........................................... ....................................... ...................... ...1+ 1+ CAPÍTULO CAPÍTULO =I=: CONCLUSIÓN.............. CONCLUSIÓN.................................. ........................................ ......................................... ....................... ..*0 *0 3

ÍNDICE DE IGURAS

,

No-.r P$'& Fi)-r II>1? E$tr-t-r$

Co'%'$/o

%#ri&#nt'($@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@8 Fi)-r III>*? Vi)$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @..@.8 Fi)-r III>3? Vi)

!($tr

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@@+ Fi)-r

III>,?

C"(n(t$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@.....@.1/ Fi)-r III>0? Cr-(t$




@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..

@@@@@@@@@@@.@.@..11 Fi)-r III>6? Ri#$tr$

"(

!"(r@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@@..@@.1* Fi)-r III>7? 2-n%#

!(t'i#

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@.1* Fi)-r III>8? Ent4'"#

"i)#n'

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.13 Fi)-r III>+? R(v($ti!i(nt#

#n

t4'(r#$.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.1, Fi)-r III>1/? V(nti'i5n

"(

'#$

(ntr!"#$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.

@@@@@@@@@@@@..10 Fi)-r III>11? E$#ti''$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. @@@@@..10 Fi)-r III>1*? V#'"i&#$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. @@@.16 Fi)-r III>13? E!'!($



@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.17

0

#n(i#n($

Fi)-r III>1,? P(r<#ri#n($



#rt($

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.1+ Fi)-r

IV>10?

Entr!"#

"(

i$#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..*/ Fi)-r IV>16?

Pi(&$ "( !"(r "i$-($t$ (n <#r! n#r!'? "( $(i5n

$i!i'r  '$

vi)$

$(-n"ri$

"('

(ntr(i$#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..* 1 Fi)-r IV>17? Ri#$tr$ !t(ri'i&"$ (n (' (r!(tr# "( ' 't<#r! n'"  <-n"i5n

#ntin-@@@@@@@@@@.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.*1

6

CAPÍTULO I" INTRODUCCIÓN L $#'-i5n "( i$# ($t <4ri" #n (ntr!"#$ "( !"(r i!r()n" "( * 6  * , B-( $#n "#$  vi)$ rini'($ "( * 6. S#n <#rr"#$ #r $- rt( in<(ri#r #n -n !(!4rn i!(r!(4'( t(' i!(r!(4'( "(n#!in" t<(tn B-( (vit <-)$ tr!i$  r#v(( "( i$'i5n "( %-!("". En (' '! "( ($t( i$# $( in$t' -n i$'nt( tr!i# "( 'n !in(r' $it(r!? v'in"#$( "( '#$ '-'#$ tr!i#$ in"i"#$ #r ' n#r!? $();n &#n 'i!ti r #n$()-ir (' -!'i!i(nt# "( i$'i5n tr!i. L rt( $-(ri#r "( '#$ i$#$ ($t %(% #n t4'(r# #ntr%"# ($tr-t-r' "( 18!! "( ($($#r? #n t(r!ini5n $-(ri' (n #'i$t(r vitrint( r i$#$. C" -ni"" "( i$# ($ r(<4ri" (n t''(r  ''(v"  #4r r $(r #n(t"  '#$ ##$ %#r!i)5n # i'#t(.

7

CAPÍTULO II" DEINICIONES

Vi)$: E'(!(nt# ($tr-t-r' 'in('>%#ri&#nt' # in'in"# B-( ($ $#'iit" #r ($# r#i#? $#4r(r) "( vi(nt#? ni(v(? !#nt(? (t.? ' -' tr4 rini'!(nt(  (i5n  #rt(.

Vi) !($tr: Vi) rini' $#4r( ' -' $( # "ir(t # in"ir(t!(nt( #tr#$ ('(!(nt#$ ($tr-t-r'($. 8

Vi) "( i$#: Vi) B-( (n #n-nt# #n #tr$ #n<#r!n (' (ntr!"# "( i$# "(' ri!(r niv(' "( -n ("ii5n.

Vi) "( (ntr(i$#: Vi)$ B-( #n<#r!n (' (ntr!"# B-( $(r "#$ niv('($ "( -n #n$tr-i5n  B-( v r(v($ti" #r !4$ r$.

Vi) "( i('#: L$ B-( $(rn (' ($i# %4it4'( "(' ($i# "( (ntr(t(%#.

Enint"# "( i('#: Li$t#n("# B-( $irv( "( 4$( r ' #'#i5n "(' r(v($ti!i(nt# "( i('#.

Fri$#: Pi(& %#ri&#nt' B-( r(!t (' (ntr!"# %#ri&#nt' #r (' '"# (t(ri#r.

 H4'5n: Pi(& ($tr-t-r' "i)#n' ,0 # 6/ B-( -n( -n (ntr!"# %#ri&#nt' #n -n# v(rti' r ri)i"i&r # "i$!in-ir ' '-& "( -n (ntr!"#.

+

C4(&': Pi(& B-( r(i4( '$ vi)$ B-( $( #rtn r "r $# ' %-(# "( ($'(r # ($#ti''.

Fi)-r II>1? E$tr-t-r$ %#ri&#nt'($.

P).8

CAPÍTULO III" PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO 313 E'%r&-&/o! #or$4o'%&(! ' -&/r& 3.1.1. Vi)$ C#n$tit-(n '#$ (ntr!"#$ %#ri&#nt'($? "i$tni "(t(r!in" #r !t(ri' "(' i$# 4$( J# vi!(nt#? #r $#'iiti#n($ "( r)  #r $-$ r#i$ ($-"r$. S(i5n r(tn)-'r: $- !#r "i!(n$i5n $i(!r( "(4( B-("r (n (' (( v(rti'. S( -("(n r #n 'v#$? (rn#$ # i(&$ !(t'i$. L#$ (nvi)"#$

1/

"( i$# n#r!'!(nt( $( #'#n  ,/ !$ # 0/ !$? (n !4i# '#$ (nvi)"#$ "( i('# "((n"( (n <-ni5n "( r(v($ti!i(nt#  (' (nint"#.

Fi)-r III>*? Vi)$.

P).8

3.1.*. Vi) !($tr Di$tni (ntr( !($tr$ "" #r ' '-& !i! B-( -("(n $'vr '$ vi)$ "(' (ntr!"# "( i$# # "( i('#. D((n"( "( '$ r)$  "i$#ni4i'i"" "( $(i#n($  'r)#$ "( !"(r? r '-($ !#r($ -("(n $(r '!in"$? r!"$ # r(ti-'"$. S-$ ##$  i#n($ "(4(n $(r 4i(n r($-('t$ r (vitr "($'&!i(nt#$? t#r$i#n($ - #tr#$ "(<(t#$. S( -ti'i&n #n(i#n($ !("int( ('(!(nt#$ !(t'i#$ (!#tr"#$ (n (' %#r!i)5n B-( 4r(n ' i(&? "(!$ "( ('tr# # $(rr ' !"(r "(' %#r!i)5n.

11

Fi)-r III>3? Vi) !($tr.

P).+

3.1.3. C"(n(t$ E$t$ (vitn ' t#r$i5n  n"(# "( (ntr!"#$ "( vi)$? $( #'#n (ntr( '$ vi)$  -("(n $(r "( ' !i$! $(i5n $i(!r( B-( ($tn r(v($ti"$ #r -n r. Si ($tn r(v($ti"$ #r "#$ r$ "(4(n $(r !(n#r($  ' 't-r "( vi)$ r (r!itir ir(i5n. Pr ' v(nti'i5n "( ' "(n(t "(4( ir 'in("  ' rt( in<(ri#r "( ' vi). E$t $i $( -$ #!# 4$( "( i$#? "(4( ir (n nt# $-(ri#r r <i'itr i5n? ($ "(ir? v(nti'i5n in<(ri#r. D( t#"$ <#r!$ -("(n ir (n 'n( # 't(rn"$.

1*

Fi)-r III>,? C"(n(t$.

P).1/

3.1.,. Cr-(t$ S#n ('(!(nt#$ r(t#$ B-( $( #'#n (n "i)#n' (ntr( vi)$  B-( -!'(n ' !i$! <-ni5n B-( '$ "(n(t$. Un "( '$ v(nt$ !$ r('(vnt($ ($ B-( (r!it(n $i(!r( ' ir(i5n "( '#$ i$#$. S( -$ (n (ntr!"#$ "( '-($ !#r($ # #n $(i#n($ "( vi)$ 't$. 3.1.0. Fri$# Pr $i$t(! #n$tr-tiv# K't<#r! $( r(B-i(r( 'vr (n (' (tr(!# "( '$ vi)$(n -n i(& (r(n"i-'r B-( '$ -n. Evit (' v#'!i(nt# "( '$ vi)$  (' #ntt# "( $-$ 4(&$ #n ' int(r(ri(. D ##  ' $#'(r in<(ri#r "(' t4iB-( # t(%-!4r(.

13

Fi)-r III>0? Cr-(t$ 
P).11

323 E'%r&-&/o! #or$4o'%&(! r5$/o! C#'4#rn #n ' <-ni5n ($tr-t-r' "( #n-nt#? (n ("ii#$ #n ($tr-t-r "( !"(r? ($tn #n$tit-i"#$ #!# '$ r)i"$ B-( trn$!it(n '#$ ($<-(r&#$ %#ri&#nt'($  '#$ t4iB-($? i'r($  #'-!n$. S( "(4( t(n(r r($(nt( B-( '#$ i'r($ n# r($i$t(n (!-(?  !(n#$ B-( #n$tit-n 5rti#$ r)i"#$ (n #!4ini5n #n vi)$. 3.*.1. Ri#$tr$ "( !"(r S#n i(&$ "i)#n'($ "( i)-' "i!(n$i5n B-( '$ vi)$? #'#"$ (ntr( ($t$  '$ "(n(t$. D(4(n 'vr$( # (rnr$(  ' vi)? "(!$ "( "i$tri4-ir$( "( r(<(r(ni (n t#"#$ '#$ 4#r"($. En ')-n#$ $#$ $( r(B-i(r( r(<#r&r t#"# (' (ntr(i$#.

1,

Fi)-r III>6? Ri#$tr$ "( !"(r.

P).1*

3.*.*. 2-n%# !(t'i# E$ -n int "( (r# )'vni&"# B-( $( 'v $#4r( (' (ntr!"#? $i(!r( "i)#n'  (n !4#$ $(nti"#$. S( "(4(n r('i&r 'v"$ (n " vi) r !(#rr $- i5n? $i!'i (' r#($# #n$tr-tiv#  "i$!in-( (' -$# "( !"(r. E$t( "(4( ir (n (' (ntr# "( '$ vi)$ # (n -n 'n# r(4"# "( '$ vi)$.

Fi)-r III>7? 2-n%# !(t'i#.

P).1*

3.*.3. Ent4'"# "i)#n' Pr B-( -!' -n <-ni5n ($tr-t-r'? (' (nt4'"# "(4( t(n(r -n ($($#r "( */ !! r (nvi)"#$ #n $(ri5n "( ,/ !$. E' n%# !ni!# "( '$ t4'$ "(4( $(r "( 6 r r#"-ir -n r($i$t(ni (t4'(. L#$ 'v#$

10

"i$tni"#$ "(' 4#r"( in# v(($ (' "i!(tr# "(' 'v#. L $-(ri( $irv( #!# 4$( r vi!(nt# "(nitiv#.

Fi)-r III>8? Ent4'"# "i)#n'.

P).13

3.*.,. R(v($ti!i(nt# #n t4'(r#$ S( -("( -$r t4'(r# "( 4r? "( rt-'$ # #ntr%"#$. Di$tri4-i5n (n (' t#t' "(' (ntr!"#? $( "(4(n %(r #ini"ir -nt$ #n ');n ## "( vi) # "(n(t. L$ -ni#n($ "(4(n ir 't(rn"$ r (vitr -nt$ #ntin-$ (n !4#$ $(nti"#$. N# $( r(#!i(n"n '$ -ni#n($ #ntin-$ "( !$ "( 0 !t$ (n -'B-i(r "ir(i5n. S( "(4( n&r #n t#rni''#$ # 'v#$? (' "i$tni!i(nt# (ntr( '#$ 'v#$ # t#rni''#$ "(4( $(r "i(& v(($ (' ($($#r "( ' ' (n '#$ 4#r"($  v(int( v(($ (n (' int(ri#r. S(

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16

Fi)-r III>+? R(v($ti!i(nt# #n t4'(r#$.

P).1,

33 V'%$(&$7' / (o! '%r&-&/o! L !r 4# (' (ntr!"# "(' ri!(r i$# "(4( B-("r v(nti'". En $# "( $#4r(i!i(nt# (ri<ri# "(4( in'-ir$( tr#n(r r v(nti'i5n trn$v(r$' #n $(i5n !ni! "( */ !M #r " !(tr# 'in(' # 1J*// "(' r( "( i$#. S( "(4(n r#t()(r tr#n(r$ #n r(i''$ r (vitr in$(t#$  r#("#r($? "(!$ "( -n 't-r "(-" r (vitr (ntr" "( )-.

17

Fi)-r III>1/? V(nti'i5n "( '#$ (ntr!"#$.

P).10

383 E!o%$((&! ' '%r&-&/o! #or$4o'%&(! E$ n(($ri# #rtr vi)$ r "r $#  ($'(r$? %i!(n($ - #tr#$ ('(!(nt#$ v(rti'($. Pr#($#: C#'#r vi) !($tr 4# (nvi)"#? B-( ''(vrn 4(&' n# ($tr-t-r' r #r 4(&$. U4ir 4(&'  niv(' "(' (nvi)"# "#n"( $( #n '$ vi)$ #rt"$ B-( $( 'vn #r ' 4(&. Vi)$ (ri!(tr'($  4(&'($ -("(n $(r r(<#r&"#$. S( -("(n r(<#r&r #n #n(i#n($ !(t'i$ # i(&$ "( !"(r.

18

Fi)-r III>11? E$#ti''$.

P).10

393 Vo(&/$4o! ' '%r&-&/o! #or$4o'%&(! D(4(n #n$i"(rr$( #!# -n r#'#n)i5n "( ' ($tr-t-r int(ri#r? ' '#n)it-" "((n"(r "( ' r($i$t(ni "( '$ vi)$ -$"$  "( '#$ ($<-(r&#$ B-( $( r#"-&n. E' v#'"i&# -("( $(r (n (' $(nti"# r'('# # (r(n"i-'r ' (nvi)"# rini'. L#$ 4'#n($ ti(n(n (' !i$!# r#("i!i(nt#? in'-(n"# r(4( r (vitr )-. C-n"# (' v#'"i&# ($ !#r B-( ' r($i$t(ni "( vi) $( -$r 4'5n.  T!4in $( "(4( r(v((r rr#$tr!i(nt# %#ri&#nt' (n v#'"i&#$ r#n-ni"#$.

1+

Fi)-r III>1*? V#'"i&#$.

P).16

393 E-*&(-! + Co':$o'! L#$ (!'!($ "(4(n "(r$( r(<(r(nt(!(nt( $#4r( ##$ int(r!("i#$? t4iB-($ # vi)$  -("(n $(r "( t#(? tr$'"$ # (n$!4'"$. S( r(B-i(r( !-% r(i$i5n (n '#$ #rt($ r "r #ntin-i""  ' trn$!i$i5n "( ($<-(r&# r (vitr #n(ntri5n "( <ti). I"('!(nt(  (( $#4r( (' ##? $in# "i$tnir$( "(' ##  "( ' '-& 'i4r( '-)r "( !#!(nt# (t#r n-'#. S( -("(n -$r $#n"$ # !n$-'$ t!4in "(#rtiv#$. */

Fi)-r III>13? E!'!($  #n(i#n($.

P).17

3.0.1. Ent4'"-r P(r!it( !(#r $i(nt# "( ' vi) $#4r( (' ##. E$ -n #rt( ti# !("i !"(r "# #n (rn#$? 'v#$? "%($iv#$ J# tr-)#$ B-( t#!n (B-(#$ ($<-(r&#$ "( #rt(. 3.0.*. 9("i !"(r U$# "( vi)$ "( !$ "( ,0 !! "( ($($#r. Si!i'r  ' (nt4'"-r ((-t" (n v(rti'. S( "(4(n -$r "%($iv#$  (rn#$ r (vitr $(ri#n($.

*1

3.0.3. R("i(nt( A!4$ vi)$ r-&"$? (r# $( "(4( %(r -n K"i(nt( "( #n(i5n. A"(!$ $( "(4(n in'-ir "#$ -$ r !(#r -$t(. 3.0.,. R# ;it(r S(i5n r($i$t(nt( "(' #rt( ($ !(n#r B-( ' nt(ri#r  ($ #!;n!(nt( !' ((-t"#. 363 Prfor&$o'! ' (o! (-'%o! #or$4o'%&(! E' "i!(tr# "( '$ (r<#ri#n($ n# #"r $(r !#r  1J0 "( ' vi) %J0 # 3* !!? -'B-i(r $( (' v'#r !(n#r. S( "(4( ((-tr (n (' (( (ntr' "( ' vi)   "i$tni !ni! (ntr( (''$ i)-'  ' 't-r "( ' vi)  (n -n tr!# "( tr($ v(($ ' 't-r #!# !i!# "(' ##. 3.6.1. C#rt($ Pr#<-n"i"" n# !#r  1J0 "( ' 't-r "( ' vi) # 3* !! $( "(4( #n$i"(rr (' v'#r !(n#r. C-n"# n#$ (n#ntr!#$ #n !$ "( -n #rt( $( "(4( $(rr #!# !ni!# -n 't-r  n# (("(r ,0/ !! "(' ##. L#$ #rt($ !$ r#<-n"#$ i!'in -!(ntr 't-r "( vi). Pr rt(<t#$ $nitri#$ ($ r(#!(n"4'( B-( '#$ "($)($ $( r#"-&n (n $(nti"# r'('#  '$ vi)$.

**

Fi)-r III>1,? P(r<#ri#n($  #rt($.

P).1+

CAPÍTULO IV" CONTROL DE CALIDAD V(rir vi$-'!(nt( ' r($(ni "( "(<#r!i#n($ # "(<(t#$ n-"#$? )ri(t$? !n%$? 4#'$#n($ "( r($in? nt#$ !-(rt#$? ($? (ntr( #tr#$ n#t#ri!(nt( <-(r "( ($(ii5n r (' )r"# "( ' !"(r. En $# "( "-"$ r#("(r  rtr ' !"(r  r('i&r -n !-($tr(# r %(B-(r (' niv(' "( 'i"" "(' r#"-t# #rr($#n"(ni #n (' )r"# ($tr-t-r' G>* # $-(ri#r? ($t4'(i"# (n ' NC% 1*/7 # C>16 "( '$ii5n !(ni? nt($ "( $(ti5n # r(%&#. Pr'('!(nt( v(rir ' #n#r"ni "(' #nt(ni"# "( %-!("" C.. "( ' !"(r. Pr (''#? !-($tr(r '(t#ri!(nt( 3  0 i(&$ "(' '#t( ''(t r v(rir B-( (' #nt(ni"# "( %-!("" C.. Q18* r '$ !"(r$ (!'("$ (n '$ ($tr-t-r$  "( 1*1 r '$ !"(r$ (!'("$ (n t(r!ini#n($? t'($ #!# !r#$ "( -(rt$  v(ntn$? !#'"-r$. Pr ' !"(r i!r()n"? (' #ntr#' #n$i$t( (n ' v(rii5n "(' #nt(ni"# "( %-!("" C.. "( " i(&? in$(i5n vi$-' "( r(t(ni5n "( $'. En $# "( "-"$ $( "(4( $#'iitr -n (n$(  '4#rt#ri# ($(i'i&"# r $- #n$tti5n. S( "(4( %(B-(r -n #rr(t# i'!i(nt#  (n&-n%"# %$t $- r#($!i(nt#. L $#'-i5n "( (nvi)"# i$# "( !"(r ($t #n<#r!" #r -n (ntr!"# "( vi)$ -ni"$ (ntr( $? ($ "( #n<#r!r -n "i
"(' n'"# (n <#r! (r!n(nt(  $()-r  ' <-n"i5n $('(i#n"?  $( ##$ "( %#r!i)5n # <-n"i5n #rri"? # -n #!4ini5n "( !4$. E$t 't<#r! $( #4ti(n( in$t'n"# (nvi)"#$ (n <#r! (r(n"i-'r (ntr( '$ vi)$ !($tr$ r(v($ti"$ #r !4$ r$ #n '$ ($tr-t-r'($ ( in#r#rn"# ' nti""  ti# "( i$'i5n "(-".

Fi)-r IV>10? Entr!"# "( i$#.

P).*/

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CAPÍTULO ;I;" CONCLUSIÓN E' #ntr#' "( 'i""? ($ (' r#($# Tni# B-( $( "(4( r('i&r (n <#r! '(t#ri nt($? "-rnt(  "($-$  '#$ !t(ri'($? !n# "( #4r? (B-i#$? %(rr!i(nt$  !(t#"#'#) "( tr4#. A $- v(& "(4(!#$ #ntr#'r (n <#r! '(t#ri  -n "(t(r!in" rti" "#n"( $( "(4(r i"(ntir 'r!(nt(? B-i(n (<(t-5 ' (rtii5n? n#tn"# <(%? %#r  #4$(rvi#n($ r('i&"$? #4(t# )(n(rr -n $()-i!i(nt#  ($ rti" ''!"
9n# "( O4r.  Ti(!#  r#)r!. C#$t#$ r($--($t#$. An'i$i$ "( r(i#$ -nitri#$. Si$t(! "( 'n C%(W 'i$t. S()-ri"" 9("i# !4i(nt(.

E' #ntr#' "( 'i"" r -n (nvi)"# "( i$# 4$i!(nt( #n$i$t( (n $-(rvi$r #4r$ "( #n$tr-i5n? r('i&r r(#rt($  #ntr#'r vn($ "( #4r$ "( -(r"#  ($(ii#n($ tni$? in$(i#nr  v(rir '#$ r!(tr#$ "( 'i""  !("i"$ "( $()-ri"". A"(!$ "( niv('($? ($t"# "( ' !"(r? ($-"r? -nt# "( -ni5n? "i$tri4-i5n? n'(. Un r#)r! "( 'i""? "( -n ($trt()i "( 'i"" $()-r B-( (' $i$t(! #r)ni&i#n'

#n$tr-t#r?

$-(rvi$i5n?

-t#ri""($?

#!-ni""?

r#v(("#r($ ($t %i(n"# " v(& !(#r '#$ r#($#$ r '#)rr '#$ #4(tiv#$.

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