Wlk vbkws kxprksskg bd tlbs prkskdthtb`d hrk tlk vbkws `n tlk hutl`r hdg g` d`t dkeksshrbfy rknfket tlk vbkws `r p`fbebks `n tlk Hsbhd Gkvkf`pckdt Ohda Bdstbtutk (HGOB), tlk Hsbhd Gkvkf`pckdt Ohda (HGO), bts O`hrg `n Gbrket`rs, `r tlk m`vkrdckdts tlky rkprkskdt. HGOB g`ks d`t muhrhdtkk tlk heeurhey `n tlk ghth bdefugkg bd tlbs phpkr hdg heekpts d` rksp`dsbobfbty n`r hdy e`dskqukdeks `n tlkbr usk. Wkrcbd`f`my uskg chy d`t dkeksshrbfy ok e`dsbstkdt wbtl HGO `nnbebhf tkrcs.
Ulrkyhs Y. Olhrufk, Wktsu` Abg`a`r` Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kmb`dhf Yfhddbdm [dbt Gkphrtckdt `n [rohd `n [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm [dbvkrsbty `n W`ay` `n W`ay`
Bdtr`guetb`d
?.Gbrket Knnkets | _kguekg Wrhvkf tbck | Bdtkmrhtkg Wrhdsp`rt | Uthtb`d: H e`ddket`r | 5.Bdgbrket Knnkets | _kmb`dhf | [rohd | Uthtb`d | 7.Het`rs hdg E``rgbdhtb`d
;.Y`tkdtbhf Bcpfbehtb`ds n`r Bdgbh
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
?
Mf`ohf LUF E`rrbg`r Uthtbstbes hs `d 8st Nko ?98<
?999
8<99
8>99
8799 C A d8?99 b l t m d8999 k F r ` g b r r <99 ` E
>99
799
?99
9 8 2>9
82= 9
82< 9
8 22 9
? 9 99
? 98 9
? 9? 9
? 95 9
?9 79
? 9; 9
? 9> 9
Rkhr `n `n E`cckdekckdt E`cckdekckdt H[UW_HFBH
H[UW_BH
OHL_HBD hdg XHWH_
OKFMB[C
O_HZBF
ELBDH
EZKEL _KY[OFBE
GKDCH_A
KMRYW
KUW@DBH, FHW^BH, FBWL[HDBH (_hbf Ohb Ohbtbe tbeh) h)
EHDHGH N_HDEK N_H DEK
MK_CHDR
BDGBH
BDG@DKUBH
B_HD
BWHFR
JHYHD
AHZHALUWHD
CHFHRUBH hdg UBDMHY@_K
CK\BE@
C@_@EE@
D@_]HR
Y@FHDG
Y@_W[MHF
_[UUBH
UH[GB H_HOBH
U@[WL HN_BEH
U@[WL A@_KH
UYHBD
U]KGKD
U]BWZK_FHDG
WHB]HD’ELBDH
WLHBFHDG
WLK DKWLK_FHDGU
[DBWKG ABDMG@C
[UH
^BKWDHC
W[_AKR
(Ghth U`urek: [BE)
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
5
@pkrhtb`dhf Upkkg ^s Rkhr `n `n E`cckdekckdt E`cckdekckdt
7;9
(Kxefusbvk/Kfkvhtkg/Gkgbehtkg typk E`rrbg`rs )
799
5;9 r L599 / C A d b g?;9 k k p U f h ?99 d ` b t h r k p8;9 @
(E`rrbg`rs tlht hrk Kxbstbdm hdg [pmrhgkg `r Gkgbehtkg)
(Cbdb’Ulbdahdskd E`rrbg`rs) 899
(E`rrbg`rs bd [rohd Hrkh)
;9
9 82> 9
8 2= 9
82 <9
8 22 9
?99 9
? 98 9
? 9? 9
?95 9
? 979
? 9 ;9
?9 > 9
Rkhr `n `n E`cckdekckdt E`cckdekckdt H[UW_HFBH ELBDH MK_CHDR AHZHALUWHD Y@_W[MHF U]KGKD [DBWKG ABDMG@C
H[UW_BH EZKEL _KY[OFBE BDGBH CHFHRUBH hdg UBDMHY@_K _[UUBH U]BWZK_FHDG [UH
OHL_HBD hdg XHWH_ GKDCH_A BDG@DKUBH CK\BE@ UH[GB H_HOBH WHB]HD’ELBDH ^BKWDHC
OKFMB[C KMRYW B_HD C@_@EE@ U@[WL HN_BEH WLHBFHDG
O_HZBF KUW@DBH, FHW^BH, FBWL[HDBH (_hbf Ohb Ohbtbe tbeh) h) BWHFR D@_]HR U@[WL A@_KH WLK DKWLK_FHDGU
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
EHDHGH N_HDEK N_H DEK JHYHD Y@FHDG UYHBD W[_AKR
(Ghth U`urek: [BE) 7
Elr`d`f`my `n `n LUF LUF E`rrbg`rs Bd @pkrhtb`d hs `d 8st Nko ?98< ?999
8<99
8>99
8799 C A8?99 d b l t m d8999 k F r ` g b r r <99 ` E
>99
799
?99
9 8 2>9
8 2= 9
8 2<9
822 9
? 9 99
? 98 9
? 9? 9
Rkhr `n `n E`cckdekckdt E`cckdekckdt
H[U W_ W_BH
OKFMB[ C
EL BD BD H
N _H _HD EK EK
MK_CHDR
BWHFR
JHYHD
Y@FHDG
U @[ @[WL A @_ @_ KH KH
U YH YH BD BD
U ]B ]B WZ WZ K_ K_ FH FH DG DG
W HB HB ]H ]H D’ELBDH
WLK D KW KW LK LK _F _F HD HD GU GU
W [_ [_ AK AK R
[ DB DB WK WK G A BD BD MG MG @C @C
[ UH UH
(Ghth U`urek: [BE) Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
;
>99
;;7
;5;
;8;
;9;
;89
;99
778.=
7?=
787.8
529
529
57;
5>9
599
599
?<; ?;;
?85 8== 8;9
8 ;9
877
85;
8?9
>9 h a h s @ d b l U ` y a ` W
h t h a h L h a h s @ d b l U
’
’
’
9
d ` y F s b r h Y
’
’
Jhphd
Nrhdek
k d m ` f ` E t r u n a d h r N
’
Mkrchdy
Gb st sth de de k
799
88;
89;
89;
>9
>9
s k f p h D k c ` _
’
Bthfy
k f f b v k U g b r g h C
’
Uphbd
W bc bck bd Cbds (E`dvkdtb`dhf _hbf)
h d u t s f b a s K c f ` l a e ` t U
’
Uwkgkd
?99
8<9
8>;
88= 29
d h s u O f u ` k U
` p a ` C f u ` k U
’
’
U`utl A`rkh
m d u b s l ` h A b k p b h W
’
Whbwhd
g h o g k c l H b h o c u C
899
9
’
Bdgbh
Wbck bd Cbdutks (Lbml’Upkkg _hbf)
•
_kguekg trhvkf tbck bcphets `d tlk c`ghf slhrk `n rhbfwhys `n rhbfwhys bd trhdsp`rt chrakt
•
Elhdmk `n C`gk `n C`gk El`bek (Ghth U`urek: E`dvkdtb`dhf rhbf tbck: ^hrb`us, Lbml’spkkg _hbf tbck: Hutl`r) Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
>
•
•
•
Bt bs bcp`rthdt t` rkckcokr tlht LU_ bs `dfy hd kfkckdt `n h `n h t`thf Wrhdsp`rt systkc bd hd [rohd Hrkh Bdtkmrhtkg Wrhdsp`rt bs d`t `dfy okdknbebhf t` tlk ebtbks out hfs` tlk ebtbks hdg t`wds bd tlk surr`udgbdm rkmb`d Bt bs gksbrhofk tlht hd urohd rkmb`d ok fbdakg t` h dktw`ra `n LU_ `n LU_ fbda, wbtl rkmb`dhf skrvbeks `pkrhtbdm bd lhrc`dy lhrc`dy wbtl LU_ tlr`uml: •
•
•
Ukhcfkss E`ddketb`ds : _kguebdm Wrhdsnkr tbck : Okttkr g``r’g``r tbck Wbck’Whofk chtelbdm : Bderkhskg Nrkqukdey : Lbmlkr knnbebkdey `n tlk `n tlk e`cpfktk systkc
Wypks `n Bdtkmrhtb`ds: `n Bdtkmrhtb`ds: •
LU_’Hbrp`rt
•
LU_’E`dvkdtb`dhf _hbfwhys Uystkc & Kxprkss ousks
•
LU_’[rohd Wrhdsp`rt Dktw`ras
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W`ay` W`ay`
=
•
Wlk rhbfwhy sthtb`d bs h d`gk wlbel supp`rts tlk trhdsnkr oktwkkd c`gks.
•
Bd h LU_ sthtb`d: Wlk bgkhf sthtk bs n`r skhcfkss trhdsnkr.
•
•
Wlk gksbmd `n tlk `n tlk Uthtb`d sl`ufg rkguek ‖Wrhdsnkr _ksbsthdek–1 gknbdkg oy hff p`ssbofk trhdsnkr r`utks (C. Rbd (?98;)) W` kdhofk tlk trhdsnkr h rhbfwhy sthtb`d cust pr`vbgk: •
•
•
•
•
Ukeurk Heekss F`hgbdm hdg sthdgbdm ohy n`r hff c`gks `n trhdsp`rts `n trhdsp`rts t` st`p `r phra Uphtbhf `rbkdthtb`d n`r phsskdmkrs ]hbtbdm hrkhs hdg Bdn`rchtb`d supp`rt Wbeaktbdm, f`st hdg n`udg kte.
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
<
•
LU_ elhdmks tlk Hos`futk hdg _kfhtbvk Heekssbobfbty `n gbnnkrkdt `n gbnnkrkdt ebtbks
•
LU_ elhdmks bd rkfhtbvk heekssbobfbty `n ekdtkrs, `n ekdtkrs, LU_ hfs` bdnfukdeks tlk : •
•
H mrkhtkr gkvkf`pckdt mhp bs `oskrvkg oktwkkd e`ddketkg hdg tlk ude`ddketkg sthtb`ds: •
•
•
•
El`bek `n f`ehtb`d `n f`ehtb`d n`r bdgbvbguhfs hdg n`r nbrcs
Y`pufhtb`d Kcpf`yckdt hdg fho`r n`rek Ke`d`cbe hetbvbtbks: •
W`urbsc
•
Ousbdkss & Ad`wfkgmk’Bdtkdsbvk ke`d`cy
•
]l`fkshfk hdg _kthbf
_kgbstrboutb`d hdg rkf`ehtb`d hf`dm tlk LU_ E`rrbg`r •
•
“Upbff`vkr‒ Knnket “Utrhw‒ `r “Oheawhsl‒ Knnket
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
2
•
_ke`dstruetb`d `n [rohd `n [rohd’_kmb`dhf systkc hdg gydhcbes •
E`ccutkr LU_ hdg dkw Cktr`p`fbthd hrkh •
•
Dkw Cktr`p`fbthd Yr`ekss: U`ck cktr`p`fbthd hetbvbtbks chy rkf`ehtk hdg thak `d h c`rk suo’urohd r`fk e`cphrkg t` trhgbtb`dhf r`fk, wlbel bs c`rk p`fhrbzkg t`whrgs skrvbdm bts surr`udgbdm rkmb`d.
F`dm gbsthdek LU_ ehd fbda h Nudetb`dhf _kmb`d •
Ke`d`cbe bdtkmrhtb`d hf`dm tlk e`rrbg`r bd tlk sl`rt, ckgbuc hdg f`dm tkrc: •
Ul`rt Wkrc : Bdtkmrhtb`d `n rkmb`dhf `n rkmb`dhf Fho`r & E`cckrebhf Chrakts
•
Ckgbuc Wkrc: _kf`ehtb`d `n L`uskl`fgs `n L`uskl`fgs hdg Nbrcs hf`dm tlk E`rrbg`r
•
F`dm Wkrc: E`ufg e`cpfktkfy kv`fvk bd t` h dkw trhvkf phttkrd
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
89
F`ehtb`d `n Uthtb`d Wypk `n Gkvkf`pckdt `n Gkvkf`pckdt n`r Uthtb`d
Dkw/Kxbstbdm/ Bdtkmrhtkg
Dkw
Dkw
Dkw
Heekssbobfbty
F`w
F`w
Ehr/ Uuourohd ’ E`ccutkr _hbf/Nkkgkr Ukrvbek
Ehr/Nkkgkr Ukrvbek
Wypk `n p`ssbofk `n p`ssbofk Fhdg Gkvkf`pckdt
Dkw’W`wdslbp gkpkdgbdm `d tlk gbsthdek nr`c ef`skst EOG
Dkw W`wd, Bdgustrbhf, W`urbsc f`ehtb`d
Lbml wbtl tkdgkdey t` n`rc urohd Uuo’Ekdtrk
Lbml wbtl tkdgkdey t` n`rc urohd Uuo’Ekdtrk
W`urbsc, Bdgustrbhf, E`cckrebhf, Dkw rksbgkdtbhf t`wdslbps
E`cckrebhf, Dkw rksbgkdtbhf t`wdslbps, Fkbsurk
Wypks `n Bdvkstckdts `n Bdvkstckdts bt chy httrhet
’
Fkbsurk & W`urbsc
Uthakl`fgkrs
_hbfwhy @pkrht`r + Fhdg`wdkr
_hbfwhy @pkrht`r + Fhdg`wdkr + Gkvkf`pkr
Kxhcpfks nr`c JHYHD
’
Yr`p`skg Uthtb`ds bd BDGBH
^brhr
_hbfwhy @pkrht`r + _hbfwhy@pkrht`r/s + Fhdg`wdkr + Gkvkf`pkr + Fhdg`wdkr + Gkvkf`pkr + F`ehf o`gy Bdvkst`rs + F`ehf o`gy
Mbnu’Lhslbch
Ulbd’R`a`lhch
^hpb
Dhgbhg, Hdhdg, Olhruel
Ulbd’@shah, Uhaughbrh Wlhdk, Uurht, Obfbc`rh, O`bshr
Dkw/Kxbstbdm/ Bdtkmrhtkg
Kxbstbdm/ Bdtkmrhtkg
Yuofbe/Ehr/Nkkgkr Ukrvbek/Cktr`
Yuofbe/E`ccutkr _hbf/F_W
Lbml [rohd _kdkwhf /_kgkvkf`pckdtpr`jkets /_kgkvkf`pckdt pr`jkets Hetbvbtbks hss`ebhtkgt` tlk ef`skst EOG (Chbdthbdbdm Bdgustrbhf Ke`f`my) _hbfwhy @pkrht`r/s + Fhdg`wdkr + Bdvkst`rs + F`ehf o`gy + Yrbvhtk `rmhdbzhtb`ds Ulbdhmhwh
Uhohrchtb
Dkw
Cktr`/F_W/]hfahobfbty
Lbml [rohd _kdkwhf /_kgkvkf`pckdt pr`jkets
F`w
Ad`wfkgmk’Bdd`vhtb`d ohskg hetbvbtbks
F`ehfbzhtb`d `n Nbrcs, `n Nbrcs, Dkw _kskhrel Nhebfbtbks
_hbfwhy @pkrht`r/s + Fhdg`wdkr + Bdvkst`rs + F`ehf o`gy + Yrbvhtk `rmhdbzhtb`ds
_hbfwhy@pkrht`r/s + Bdvkst`rs + F`ehf o`gy + Yrbvhtk `rmhdbzhtb`ds `rmhdbzhtb`ds
W`ay`, Dhm`yh, Ay`t`, Ukdghb
’
Hlckghohg, ^hr`ghrh
Ohdgrh OAE
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
88
•
L`w sl`ufg wk gknbdk h Uthtb`d hrkh0
E`dekpt n`r AW\ sthtb`d Hrkh Gkvkf`pckdt (U`urek: Uelutz (822<), Fhtkr hghptkg oy Y`f, Y. C. J. (?99?). )
Heekssbobfbty t` hdg nr`c tlk LU_ sthtb`d
F`ehtb`d p`tkdtbhf Oubfgbdm gkdsbty Gkvkf`pckdt gydhcbe
(U`urek: A@WB _kp`rt)
Yrbchry gkvkf`pckdt z`dk
Uke`dghry gkvkf`pckdt z`dk
Wkrtbhry gkvkf`pckdt z`dk
Gbrket ;―89 cbd `d n``t `r oy skhcfkss trhdsp`rt
Bdgbrket 68; cbd, oy e`cpfkckdthry trhdsp`rt c`gks (bdefugbdm trhvkf hdg trhdsnkr tbck)
Bdgbrket 48; cbd, oy e`cpfkckdthry trhdsp`rt c`gks (bdefugbdm trhvkf hdg trhdsnkr tbck)
F`ehtb`d n`r lbml’mrhgk (bdtkr)dhtb`dhf nudetb`ds
Uke`dghry f`ehtb`d n`r lbml’mrhgk nudetb`ds. Upkebhfbzkg nudetb`ds rkfhtkg t` spkebnbe f`ehtb`d (efustkr)
^hrbkty `n nudetb`ds `n nudetb`ds gkpkdgbdm `d spkebnbe f`ehtb`d nhet`rs
^kry lbml
Lbml
Gkpkdgs `d spkebnbe sbtuhtb`d
^kry lbml
Lbml
C`gkst
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
(U`urek: Uelutz (822<))
8?
F`ehtb`d
U`urek
Gknbdbtb`d
Gknbdkg sthtb`d hrkhs ohskg `d trhdsp`rt fhdg usk nkhturks Uthtb`d hs D@GK hdg YFHEK D@GK: h (p`tkdtbhf) e`ddketb`d t` skvkrhf `n tlk `n tlk chtkrbhf hdg bcchtkrbhf nf`ws tlht erkhtk vhfuk bd tlk eurrkdt ‗ bdn`rchtb`dhf (Ehstkffs,82<2) c`gk `n gkvkf`pckdt. `n gkvkf`pckdt. YFHEK: hd hrkh `n tlk `n tlk ebty tlht bs pkrchdkdtfy hdg tkcp`rhrbfy bdlhobtkg1 h gkdsk hdg gbvkrsk e`dmf`ckrhtb`d `n usks hdg n`rcs heeucufhtkg tlr`uml tbck tlht chy `r chy d`t slhrk bd tlk fbnk `n tlk `n tlk d`gk. •
Okrt`fbdb (822>)
•
]ufnl`rst (?995)
Wlk bdtkrhetb`ds oktwkkd fhdg usk bd sthtb`d surr`udgbdms, usk `n sthtb`d `n sthtb`d oubfgbdms, trhdsp`rt bdtkre`ddketb`d quhfbty hdg rhbf trhdsp`rt gkchdg.
Ykka hdg F`uw (?99<)
E`cobdhtb`d `n n`ur `n n`ur gbsebpfbdhry hppr`helks: E`ddket`r: h oubft kdvbr`dckdt e`ddketbdm tlk vhrb`us trhdsp`rthtb`d c`gks. Wrhdsp`rthtb`d d`gk: h d`gk elhrhetkrbzkg oy bts lbkrhrelbehf p`sbtb`d wbtlbd tlk trhdsp`rthtb`d dktw`ras bt bs fbdakg t`. Ckktbdm pfhek: h c`gkrd chraktpfhek wlkrk pk`pfk hrk e`dnr`dtkg wbtl urohd fbnk bd hff bts cuftbpfbebty. [rohd ekdtrk: pr`vbgks h sehrek rks`urek `n fhdg `n fhdg tlht hee`cc`ghtks gkdsk hdg cbxkg ’usk gkvkf`pckdts. •
K[_@YK
•
• •
Gknbdkg sthtb`d hrkhs ohskg `d nudetb`ds Nbvk nudetb`ds `n rhbfwhy `n rhbfwhy sthtb`ds nr`c h cuftb’sthakl`fgkr pkrspketbvk: Fbdabdm tlk sthtb`d's ehtelckdt hrkh wbtl tlk trhdsp`rt dktw`ra. Uupp`rtbdm trhdsnkrs oktwkkd c`gks `n trhdsp`rt. `n trhdsp`rt. Nhebfbthtbdm e`cckrebhf usk `n rkhf `n rkhf ksthtk. Yr`vbgbdm puofbe sphek. E`dtrboutbdm t` tlk bgkdtbty `n tlk `n tlk surr`udgbdm hrkh. •
Zkcp (?988)
•
• • •
Juelkfah (?99?)
Wlrkk nudetb`ds nr`c tlk pkrspketbvk `n tlk `n tlk p`tkdtbhf n`r urohd gkvkf`pckdt Yrbchry nudetb`d: bdtkre`ddketbdm cuftbpfk trhdsp`rt c`gks. Uke`dghry nudetb`d: e`cckrebhf, fkbsurk hdg eufturhf hrkhs n`r ckgbuc’sbzkg sthtb`ds. Wkrtbhry nudetb`d: hd bcp`rthdt ebty ekdtrk `r ekdtrk `n e`cckrek `n e`cckrek n`r fhrmk sthtb`ds. • • •
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
85
Bcpr`vkg _hbfwhy @pkrhtb`ds & Ukrvbek
_hbfwhy Bdnrhstrueturk
_bsbdm hdg sthofk _kvkduk (Nhrks)
Hd Hcpfk rkvkduk s`urek chaks bt p`ssbofk t` nudg tlk ohsbe urohd bdnrhstrueturk, bdgustrbhf p`fbey, s`ebhf wkfnhrk p`fbey, eufturhf p`fbey, hdg hff abdgs `n m`vkrdckdt skrvbeks.
Bderkhsbdm [rohd Y`pufhtb`d C`rk Kcpf`yckdt @pp`rtudbtbks Ousbdkssks e`dekdtrhtk bd tlk ebty Fbcbtkg [rohd Uphek
Bcpr`vkg puofbe skrvbeks
Bderkhsbdm Whx _kvkduk
_bsbdm rkhf ksthtk vhfuks
^bm`r`us ke`d`cbe, s`ebhf, eufturhf hetbvbty
Wsut`cu G`b, El.=. _hbfwhy sthtb`d hdg Ebty Gkvkf`pckdt, Kcpbrbehf rkskhrel `n _hbfwhys `n _hbfwhys sthtb`ds hdg Ebtbks. Ahdshb _hbfwhy Hss`ebhtb`d [rohd Wrhdsp`rthtb`d _kskhrel Bdstbtutk, _hbfwhy Uthtb`ds hdg Ebtbks E`ccbttkk, ?99< Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
87
U`urek: LU & Ebty, [BE (?989) Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
8;
Yr`vbsb`d n`r _kmb`dhf hdg F`ehf Yuofbe & Yrbvhtk Wrhdsp`rt
Uthtb`d Gkvkf`pckdt Uelkcks hdg Kdvbsb`dbdm Nuturk Gkvkf`pckdt
Lbml’spkkg Wrhvkf El`bek ohskg `d pr`vbsb`d `n e`dtkdt `n e`dtkdt
Kdvbsb`dbdm tlk nuturk rkqubrkckdts
Hghptkg nr`c LU & Ebty, [BE (?989) Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
8>
Chlhrhsltrh _kmb`dhf hdg W`wd Yfhddbdm Het 82>> ― Wlrkk tbkr pfhddbdm systkc hppr`hel whs bdtr`guekg’ •
•
•
Yrkphrhtb`d `n _kmb`dhf `n _kmb`dhf Yfhd t` e`dtr`f gkvkf`pckdt bd tlk hrkhs `utsbgk tlk jurbsgbetb`d `n tlk `n tlk pfhddbdm hutl`rbty Yrkphrhtb`d `n Gkvkf`pckdt `n Gkvkf`pckdt Yfhds `n tlk `n tlk hrkhs udgkr tlk jurbsgbetb`d tlk jurbsgbetb`d `n pfhddbdm hutl`rbty Yrkphrhtb`d `n W`wd `n W`wd Yfhddbdm Uelkcks bd tlk hrkhs `n gkvkf`pckdt `n gkvkf`pckdt bd tlk ebty
Wlk Mujhrht W`wd Yfhddbdm & [rohd Gkvkf`pckdt Het, 82=> ’ Wlk urohd pfhddbdm bd tlk Uthtk bs h tw` fkvkf pr`ekss. •
•
Ht cher` fkvkf, tlk urohd pfhddbdm bs e`dguetkg bd tlk n`rc `n ebty `n ebty gkvkf`pckdt pfhd, `r sbcpfy h gkvkf`pckdt pfhd n`r tlk kdtbrk ebty hrkh `r tlk gkvkf`pckdt hrkh. Wlk ske`dg fkvkf b.k. cber` fkvkf urohd pfhddbdm bs g`dk, bd tlk n`rc `n h `n h W`wd Yfhddbdm Uelkck, wlbel bs prkphrkg n`r schffkr hrkhs `n tlk `n tlk ebty, akkpbdm bd vbkw tlk dkkgs `n suel `n suel schffkr hrkh.
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
8=
Nrhmckdthtb`d `n fhdg `n fhdg’usk & Wrhdsp`rt p`fbey fkhvks khel Hutl`rbty t` het bd bts `wd bdtkrkst, pkrusbdm p`fbebks tlht wbff chxbcbzk f`ehf pr`pkrty vhfuk, httrhet Lbmlkr’bde`ck rksbgkdts hdg cbdbcbzk tlk ourgkd `n gkchdg `n gkchdg n`r f`ehf puofbe skrvbek.
U`urek: Utkbd.Dh`cb1 Uusschd. J`skpl1 Gbse`dtbdu`us _kmb`ds: Lbml’Upkkg _hbf hdg tlk Fbcbts `n Wrhgbtb`dhf `n Wrhgbtb`dhf M`vkrdhdek1 C.B.W Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
8<
DLU_EF : Dhtb`dhf Lbml Upkkg _hbf E`rp`rhtb`d Fbcbtkg Upkebhf Yurp`sk ^klbefk ksthofbslkg n`r Bcpfkckdthtb`d `n Lbml `n Lbml Upkkg _hbf Yr`jket bd Bdgbh •
Elhffkdmks & Bssuks ht Y`fbey fkvkf: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Y`fbtbehf ]bff Ukfketb`d `n Yr`jket `n Yr`jket E`rrbg`r Ke`d`cbe & Nbdhdebhf ^bhobfbty Fhdg Hequbsbtb`d Y`fbey Nrhckw`ra Ukfketb`d `n Wkeld`f`my `n Wkeld`f`my
Elhffkdmks ht [rohd Yfhddbdm fkvkf: •
H[GH
MG`[G
C`[G
U[GH
^[GH
Uthtb`d f`ehtb`ds Bd tlk ebty e`rk @utsbgk tlk ebty e`rk Bdtkmrhtb`d wbtl `tlkr d`gks Bcpfkckdthtb`d ohskg `d Wrhdsbt `rbkdtkg gkvkf`pckdt • •
• • •
Ht suel Gbshmmrkmht Gbshmmrkmhtk k fkvkf fkvkf e`cpktbtb` e`cpktbtb`d d wbff g`cbdhtk. g`cbdhtk. Khel f`ehf f`ehf m`vkrdckd m`vkrdckdtt wbff g` bts okst t` httrhet rksbgkdts hdg rkvkduk mkdkrhtbdm ousbdkssks wlbfk hv`bgbdm udgksbrhofk fhdg usks hdg f`wkr bde`ck p`pufhtb`d. Wlkrk oy hggbdm t` “_kmb`dhf Bdkquhfbty‒
CG`[G
CC_GH
Bdtkrdhtb`dhf Gkvkf`pckdt hdg _kskhrel Yfhddbdm [dbt | Gkphrtckdt `n `n [rohd [rohd Kdmbdkkrbdm | Wlk [dbvkrsbty `n `n W W`ay`
82
Hlchghohg, 8287 Hlchghohg, ?98=
Wlhda y`u n`r y`ur httkdtb`d ?9
