NGLISH Grammar
AYAZ LATIF SIYAL B.Sc (Agri) honos +92-333-7579719
[email protected]
Special Thanks
INNOVATIVE STUDENTS ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION www.innovativestudents.jimdo.com
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Preface
“English Grammar Made easy” is a small book containing containing the skills and techniques techniques about using English English grammar in correct way and it is written in simple language that a new learner can use this book easily. However, every effort has been made to make this text appropriate but after all we are humans and there is i s possibility of mistakes, errors and omissions However, I shall be thankful if you point out about such mistakes and errors for amend in future. Your cooperation, guidance and abetment will be of very great benefit for me. All suggestions and comments will be welcomed.
I shall also be ready and available for all such guidance and advice for the benefit of young generation
Hyderabad July, 2015
Ayaz Latif Siyal
[email protected] +92-3337579719
Dedication To my Mother
Who is the entire Universe for me…
Contents
Section A Grammatical terms PARTS OF A SENTENCE Sentence o Object o Complement o Clause o Phrase o Parts of speech Nouns o Pronouns o Adjectives o Verbs o Adverbs o Prepositions o Conjunctions o Interjections o
Section B Chart of tenses o
Present
Past Future
o o
Active & Passive Voice Basic rules o Conditional rules o Non-passive rules o Extra rules o
Section C Rules regarding Errors in English Grammar Agreement between Subject & Verb o Errors in using tenses o
Section A
PARTS OF A SENTENCE Sentence A Group of words which gives complete sense. A Group of words having subject and predicate.
Subject A word about which something is said. Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket.
Predict The part of sentence that, gives information about Subject. The predicate is all of the sentence except the subject. Example: The house stands stands on the hill.
Object The word or words that; gives the answer of ‘What’ and ‘Whom’. Example: He watches watches himself himself carefully.
Complement After the verb to be there is no object since the noun which follows refers to the same thing as that which precedes the verb (the subject). The noun following the verb to be is called the complement. Examples: I am a man.
Clause There are two kinds of clauses: principal (or main) clause, and subordinate (or dependent) clause. -Principal Clauses A group of words which includes a subject and a finite verb and makes a complete statement. Examples: I am a man. - Subordinate Clause A group of words which includes a finite or non -finite verb but does not make a statement which stands by itself. Examples: The house, which stands on the hill, is empty.
Phrase A phrase is group of words without a verb. Examples: He went over the sea.
PARTS OF SPEECH NOUN Nouns can be thought of as 'names'; they denote things, people, and abstract ideas. Examples: My name is Bilawal Bilawal
A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Example, theater is a common noun;
A proper noun is the name of a particular one. Example: English Grammar Made Easy Book
A concrete noun names a thing that can seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. Example: script and villain
An abstract noun names an idea, ide a, feeling, quality, or characteristic. Example: excitement and dishonesty are abstract nouns. A collective noun is a word that names a group of people or things, such as crew.
Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: One student had an interesting suggestion. (Singular nouns) A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: Several students had interesting suggestions. (Plural nouns)
PRONOUS A pronoun is used to replace or instead of noun or more nouns. Example: Bilawal used my pencil; he needs it to write a report.
Types of Pronouns Personal: I, me, mine, my / you, your / he, him, his / she, her / we, our, us / they, them, their / it... Indefinite (not specific): all, any, anyone, each, either, everyone, few, many...
Interrogative ( ask questions): what? which? who?, whom?, whose?... Demonstrative (point out): this, that, these, those... Reflexive (reflect back): myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves... Relative (link dependent clauses): that, which, who, whoever, whom, whose...
ADJECTIVE An Adjective modifies; or describes the attributes, a noun or pronoun. Adjectives and adverbs are words you can use to modify, to describe or add meaning to other words.
VERB Show an action or say something. Where there is Verb there is Subject. State of doing, state of being. Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket. Bilawal is my friend.
Kinds of verb 1) Helping Verb: Support the main verb. 2) Main verb: backbone of the sentence.
Helping Verb -Present form: -Past form: -Past participle: -Continuous form:
1st form 2nd form 3rd form 4th form
Main Verb (two kinds) 1) Regular Verb: 2nd – 3 – 3rd ( d, ed) Play – Play – Played Played – – Played Played – – Playing Playing 2) Irregular verb: (3 types) Type A: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Same Put-Put-Put
- Write - Wrote - Written - Writing
Type B: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Different Good-Batter-Best Type C: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) any two same Bring-Brought-Brought
ADVERB Adverbs can tell us how something is done, when it is done, and where it is done. The adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It describes an action verb. Example: Before next Wednesday, Wednesday, she needed to cash her paycheck.
PREPOSITION Prepositions are the words that indicate location.
CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word or words used to connect sentence parts. Example: Let's start early early in the day before it gets too hot. There are four kinds of conjunctions: -coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions must connect the same parts of speech —two or more nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, or clauses. -correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions join equal elements (parts of speech or phrases). -subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions introduce adverb clauses and signal the relationship between the adverb clause and another clause, usually an independent clause. -conjunctive adverbs Conjunctive adverbs connect two sentences. They explain how the first sentence relates to the second.
INTERJUCTION A word or phrase used to express emotion. Example: Well, where should we start?
Section B
Chart of tenses Present Indefinite: -Verb: 1st Form -H/verb: Do: Plural nouns Does: Singular nouns
Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form) -H/verb: Is (He, She, It, Singular-noun) Am (I) Are (You, They, We, plural-noun)
Perfect: -Verb: 3rd form -H/verb: Has (He, She, It, Singular-noun) Have (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)
Perfect Continuous: -Timing -Verb: 1st form + ing (4 th form) -H/verb: Has been (He, She, It, Singular-noun) Have been (I, We, You, They, plural-noun) Since: exact timing shown For: exact timing doesn’t show.
Past Indefinite: -Verb: Rule1: 2nd form (affirmative only) Rule2: 1st form (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative) -H/verb: Did: (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative)
Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form) -H/verb: Was: (He, She, It, Singular-noun) Were: (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)
Perfect: -Verb: 3rd form -H/verb: Had
Perfect Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4 th form) -H/verb: Had been
Future Indefinite: -Verb: 1st form -H/verb: Will: Shall: I, We
Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form) -H/verb: Will be: Shall be: I, We
Perfect: -Verb: 3rd form -H/verb: Will have Shall have: I, We
Perfect Continuous: -Verb: 1st form + ing (4 th form) -H/verb: Will have been Shall have been: I, We
Active & Passive Pass ive Voice Voice
1) 2) 3) 4)
Basic rules Conditional rules Non-passive rules Extra rules
1) Basic rules: a) Subject + Verb + Object Object + Verb + Subject b) Always use 3rd form. c) Use word ‘by’ d) Subject change e) Object; Singular H/verb Singular f) Object; Singular H/verb Plural
2) Conditional rules: a) b) c) d) e)
if 4th form of Main verb use ‘being’ if 3rd form of main verb use ‘been’ if 2nd form of main verb use ‘was/were’ if 1st form of main verb use ‘Is/Am/Are’ if 1st form + modules use ‘be’
3) Non-Passive rules: a) Be + verb 4 th form b) Been + verb 4 th form c) If interrogative verb
4) Extra rules: a) If negative (sub + H/verb + not) (Object + H/verb + not) b) If interrogative (H/verb + Sub . . . ) (H/verb + Object . . .) c) If double interrogative (I/word + H/verb + sub . . .) (I/word + H/verb + object . . .) d) If double interrogative “Who” Who is playing cricket? By whom cricket is being played? e) If double interrogative “What” What is he writing? What is being written by him? f) If 2 objects ( Direct, Indirect ) Any Object can be use g) If 2 objects ( Direct, Direct ) Both are used h) If modifier Always use in last i) If no object Some thing are used j) If no Subject (A/V P/V ) Someone is used
Section C
Rules regarding Errors in English Grammar Agreement between Subject & Verb
Rule 1: Collective noun: When a collective noun is used collectively verb should be Singular, but when it is Used for its members the verb should be plural.
Rule 2: Neither...Nor, Either...Or, Not only...but also: - Neither he nor I am to go. - Either he or his brothers are to be palmed.
Rule 3: When two nouns or pronouns are joined by as well as: Verb should agree with the first noun or pronoun. - I as well as he am promoted
Rule 4: A lot of: When this phrase is used for a quantity of a thing, Singular verb is used but when it is used for numbers, Plural verb is used - A lot of sugar is wasted. - A lot of suggestions are given.
Rule 5: Everyone, “Anyone”, “Each one” are Followed by a singular verb. - Each one is given notice.
Rule 6: “One of” this phrase taken a singular verb: - One of the boys is injured.
Rule 7: “Many” is followed by a singular verb. - Many a flower is born to die.
Rule 8: “A pair” is taken a singular verb: - A pair of shoes is lost.
Errors in using tenses
Rule1: We always use present indefinite tense when we are referring to universal truth: - He said that Earth revolves round the Sun.
Rule2: Any action which regularly or habitually done. Is written in Present Indefinite tense: - He always tells lies - He generally meets him - I often meet him.
Rule3: Double “Will” is not used in the Sentences: - I will meet you when you come back.
Rule4: If the action is in present we make use of Present Continuous tense: - I am going just now. - He is coming to meet you.
Rule5: When action continues for some time, perfect continuous tense is used. - He has been working since morning. - He has been playing for two hours.
Rule6: If many things are done at same time, same verb is used: - I came, I saw,
Rule7: Past tense must be followed by past tense unless it is a universal truth.
