English Grammar In brief A AU brief --A A A A U A ၀ ၅ A ၀ (၅) 1. Subject+verb (s+v) 2. Subject+verb+complement Subject+verb+complement (s+v+c) 3. Subject+verb+object (s+v+o) 4. Subject+verb+indirect object+ direct object (s+v+i.o, d+o) 5. Subject+verb+object+complement Subject+verb+object+complement (s+v+o+c) (S-Subject/ V-Verb/O-Object/ C-Complement/ I-Indirect/ D-Direct) (၁) s+v boy stands. (၂) s+v+c He is a student . {n} He is clever . {adj} He is here . {adv} He is in the garden . {Phrase} UU A ၀ A A ၀ Compleme Complement nt {C} {C} A {၄} ၄ … 1. Noun {student} 2. djective {clever} 3. dverb {here} 4. Phrase {in the garden} (၃) s+v+o
He kills a mouse. (၄) s+v+i-o/d-o He gives me a book. A A Me a book object a book subject D-O me I-O D-O ( ) I-O ( ) (Direct object) (Indirect object) He gives a book to Mg Hla. A A ဤ၀ Mg Hla (Proper noun) (indirect object) verb ဤ Direct object (၅) s+v+o+c The sun keeps us warm. s
v v
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He gets himself ready. s v o c A He found his box empty. s v o c Government sets the prisoners free. s v o c A U A She pushed the door open. s v o c He painted the door green.
s v o c A A {V} A A A ၀ {၅} Simple Sentence A Simple sentence Verb Sentence A ၀ {၅}A {၅} A Compound/ Complex Sentence Simple Sentence { } Compound Sentence Simple Sentence {၂} {၂} A U We fished all day. We didn’t catch a thing. We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing. We fished all day, but didn’t catch a thing. However, but conjunction Conjunction {၂} 1. Co-ordinating Conjunction. ( ) ) 2. Sub-ordinating Conjunction (A ၀ ၀ ) ) Co-ordinating Conjunction Compound Sentence Subondinating Conjunction Complex Sentence Co-ordinating Conjunction, and / / / / and then A fter that ( ) )
But= Nor= ( / / ….) ….) Or= So= Yet= {but } } Either…or A Neither…nor Not only…but {also/ as well/ too} /ဤ U And … We were talking and laughing. He fell heavily and broken his arm. (ဤ၀ and so A A ) ) Weed the garden and I’ll pay you 5$. UU {၅} Tom is 15 and still sucks his thumb. ၁၅ ၁၅ Co-ordinating Conjunction and A and noun noun adjective adjective verb verb adverb adverb A and ၀{part {part of speech} A ( and ၀ ၀ A ) ) U I have a book{n} and a pencil{n}. A She is beautiful{adj} and clever{adj}. He eats the food quickly{adv} and eagerly{adv}. A A He came home to eat{v} and sleep{v}. A
He finished lunch{n} and went{v} shopping. ဤ ၀ and lunch {n} w ent {v} A went Subject{ } and Subject {He} ဤ၀ nd then/ after that He washed the car and then/ after that {he} polished it. A But/yet He washed the car, but/yet didn’t polish it. A Nor He is not a teacher, nor am I. Or It wasn’t cold or wet. A A A So He couldn’t find his pen, so he wrote in pencil. Either…or He either speaks English, or understands un derstands it. A Neither…nor Neither he nor they are teachers. Not only…but {also/ as well/too} Not only he but also they are not teachers. Not only he but they are not teachers as well/ too. A also also A as well well too A {not only…but also {O} A {C} { C} A A {S} A
but also {S} {S} A {V}A {V}A but also {S} {V} U Not only he but also they are teachers. {but also {S}A {S}A {V} A Not only they but also he is teacher. {but also he {S} {V} {V} } } Not because……………..but because A ……… Sub-ordinating Conjunctions That { } When Wh en { {A A } Where { } While {U } Before { } ntil { A } If { } fter { } Since { } Because, for, as { { } lthough, though { { } nless {… }{U.. }{U.. } A Clause{၀} A A ၀ {Prepositional Phrase} A U In fact, he is incapable of hard work. A A His behaviour hasn’t improved; on the country, it has become worse. A A A Complex Sentence
A {၂} Phrases Phrase Phrase {၃} 1. Noun Phrase 2. djective Phrase 3. dverb Phrase Noun Phrase Noun Phrase ၀ {S} ()) {O} ( )) {C} () ) A {S} N Phrase U{a} The girl= {b} The pretty girl= {c} The pretty girl in the corner= {d} The pretty girl who is standing in the corner= is my sister. A ၀ {S} Noun Phrase () ) A {a} = {b} = {c} A = {d} A = Noun Phrase pretty{adj}, in the corner {propositional Phrase A A adj { } dv Phrase} who is standing {adj Clause} ၀ Who, what, how, whether wh Noun Phrase… I don’t know who to go to for advice. A
ဤ၀ who to go to for advice Know {O} Noun Noun NounAA Noun Phrase She couldn’t think what to do next. U I will ask how to get there. Phrase ၀ Phra Phrase se A A UHave you decided where to go for you holiday? You must learn when to give advice and when to be silent. Phrase {၂} {၃} Phr Phrase ase A Do you know how to do it? She didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. How can you tell which button to press? A U Noun Phrase {O} A {C} {S} How to do it is my problem. A djective Phrase Noun A A {C} Preposition Noun adjective (၀ ) ) A () A U boy in a white shirt is my brother. A ၀ {V} Simple Sentence Phrase Phrase A The girl with black hair in the shop is a student. A With black hair in the shop the girl {n} A dj Phrase
dj Phrase {C}A {C}A / A {S} {S} A UShe is in good health. ( {adj}+ {be}) {be}) Your memory is at fault. t last he was at liberty. We are not yet out of danger. A ( ) dverb Phrase { {V} V} A A ၀ ၀ Sente Sentence nce A A ၀ dj dj A ၀ dvA dvA dv Phrase A A Preposition Noun Preposition Verb dver dverbb Phra Phrase se A A A -1. Direction {D} 2. Mann Manneer A A {M} 3. Place {P} 4. Time Time A {T} 5. Reason Reason or or Purpos Purposee A ( ) {R or P} A A A {၅} {၅} UHe went up to the counter. {D} They play in happiness. {M} It is warm in the house. {P}
A He gets up at six 6 o’clock. {T} ၆ A He lives to work. {R or P} A / A Simple Sentence dv Phrase A dv Phrase (၃) (၄) dv Phrase A UHe goes to school{D} on foot {M} in Sanchaung {P} in the morning {T} to study his lessons {R or P}. ၁ D, D, M, P, T, T, R or or P A A U A ၂ dj Phrase dv Phrase UHe goes to school{adv phrase} in Sanchaung {adj Phrase}. ဤ၀ in Sanchaung ၄ school {n} A dj Phrase () To+V Noun Phrase dv Phrase A A Noun Phrase “ ” dv Phrase “ / ” UMy aim was to help you.{ Noun Phrase} He goes to school to study lessons. {adv phrase} ၀ A adv phrase ၀ A {O}
UI like to read. ဤ၀ to read like {O} Noun Phrase A U -Is it easy for a rich window to find a handsome husband? {adv phrase} A ? ? It was hard for him to live on his small pension. A A A A ၀ ၀ A A A adv phrase “” ” A (၃) CLSE ၀ ၀ ၀ A A {S} {V} ၀ A Clause Clau Clause se A A A (၃) (၃) 1. Noun Clause 2. djective Clause 3. dverb Clause Noun Clause Who, that, what, how, when, where ၀ Noun {S} {O} { O} A {C} dj A A UThat the match will be cancelled is now certain. A (A ၀ Noun Clause {S} ) ) I know that the match will be cancelled.
(A ၀ that Clause {V.T} know that clause {O} {O} that clause Noun Clause that, what UI know that match will be cancelled. I know ၀ The match will be cancelled ၀ A A It is obvious that money does not grow on tree. A ၀ {It is obvious} ၀ A A {C} that clause I am afraid that we’ve sold out of tickets. ( adjective afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry noun clause ) ) A A A Prepositional Phrase the fact that Noun clause UHis love of literature was due to the fact that his mother read poetry to him when he was a child. A A A ၀ prepos prepositi itional onal PhraseA PhraseA cc ccor ordi ding ng to =A A lon longg wit withh = A part from = A s a result result of of = A
By means of = ဤ A A In addition to = n account of = On behalf of = With reference = A Noun Noun Claus Clause eWhether he has signed the contract doesn’t matter. {S} whether (…/ ) A A / I want to know whether/ if he has signed the contract. When he did it {s} is a mystery. A A He said that he was a student. I wonder when he did it. A A I know who you are. When he comes depends on your decision. I don’t know whether he lives. Let me know how he comes back. Direct, Indirect speech A verb ask, tell, say, wonder Noun clause I don’t know what to do. {Noun Phrase} Phras e} I don’t know what he is. {Noun clause}
Clause Phrase djective Clause Who, what, which, whose whose relative Conjunction ၀djective djective A “” A AA Noun The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular. A A ဤ၀ the government {n} {adj} A Clause dj Clause He is the man who/ that lives next door. A This is the photo which/ that shows my house. A He is the man whose car was stolen/ A doctor examined the astronauts who returned from space today. A ၀ This is the house where the windows were broken. A ဤ whose whose of which A It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. A A A The millionaires whose son ran away from home a week ago has made a public appeal. A Noun Verb Verb A Object UThis is the photo that/ which Thazin took.
ဤ ဤ၀ that/which that/which the photo {n} took {v} Object A This is the photo Thazin took. A the photo Thaz Thazin in A that/which This is the cat that/ which I photographed. ph otographed. djective Clause Preposition “” UThe person to whom I complained is the manager. This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. A ဤ The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt. ၀ The Soe Travel gency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened four new branches. ၄- In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still suffers. A ၁၉၈၀ djective clause time place reason A 1984 was the year in which my son was born. ၁၉၈၄ This is the place in which I grew up. A ဤ That’s the reason why he dislikes me. A A -
In which where Why which “” A djective Clause Clause A UIt is the only building which I have ever seen which is made entirely of glass. A A U dverbial Clause dverbial Clause A ၀ A ၀ Verb A ၀ ၀djective djective dverbial Clause Conjunction A Time Place A A Mann Manner er A Reason Clause A A 1. dverbial Clause of Time ဤ Clause A UTell him as soon as he arrives. You didn’t look very well when you got up this morning. A A A A ၀ A A s soon as - … … When Wh en - -AA fter - s- /U s long as - Before - By the the tim timee -A A {when} Duriring Du ng - A A Once -
Since - No sooner than - … … ntil/ till - A Whenever - A A While - U A A A A A Once you’re seen one penguin, you’ve seen them all. A You can keep these records as long as you like. 2. dverbial Clause of Place A Clause You can’t camp where you like these days. days . A Whenever - nywhere - Everywhere - 3. dverbial Clause of manner A A Clause UType this again as I showed you a moment ago. A A A A A A A A s -A / How/ How/ the the way way - A / In that that way way - A / The way in which which - A / In the same way - ဤ A s if - s though - -
She acted as if she were mad. (A A A ဤ ) 4. dverbial Clauses of reason A dverbial Clause U s/because/ since there was very little support, the strike was not successful. A A A A A Seeing that - For - 5. dverbial Clauses of condition A A A dverbial Clause UIf the rain stops, we’ll be able to go for a walk. A A A AA “if” (၃) A A A A A A A A A “if” ဤdverbial Clause A “If” (၃) 1. If+S+Present, S+will+V. If I lose my job, I will go abroad. A 2. If+S+Past, S+Would+V. If I lost my job, I would go abroad. abro ad. A (A A - ) 3. If+S+had+past participle, S+ Would have+past participle. If I had lost my job, I would have gone abroad. A (A A A ) “If” “ ” “” ” A
A (၃) A ၄ A A A A -၁If+should If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back. A 1. If+should ‘if’ Should he call, tell him I’ll ring back. A “ ” ” -၂-၂Imperative+conjunction+clause A / / + +၀ +၀ /A (A A “ “ ” ” ) ) UFail to pay and, they’ll cut off the electricity. Tell us what to do and we’ll get on with it. i t. Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner. A Take a taxi, otherwise you will muss your train. A U -၃-၃If+were to+would If the government were to cut tax, price would tall. A A ( -A A ) ၀ “if” were A Were the government to cut tax, price would fall. {were –if} -၄-၄Had+s+past participle A (၃) if+s+had+past participle ‘if’ A
UHad the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened. A A A A ( -A ) ‘if’ A s long as - ssuming that – Even if – If only – On the condition that – Provided/ providing that – So long as – If not/ unless – Suppose that – Supposing that – What if – Say – If so – In that case – Then - A A ၀ ၀ A What if/ Say he gets home before us and can’t get in? A A A ၀ ? He may be busy, if so, {if that case} I’ll call later. A ‘if ‘if’A ’A A With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow. Give time, they’ll probably agree. A To hear him talk, you’d think he h e was a Prime Minister. ၀ But for his pension, he would starve.
Without your help, I couldn’t have done it. A A In different circumstance, I would have said yes. A A A A A ‘if’ ၀ 6. dverbial clauses of concession A “ ” “ ” although, considering that, though, even though, even if, much as …, while, where as, however much, badly, good, no matter how Clause U lthough I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased that he was having difficulties. A A A ၀ I intend to go to Singapore, even if air fares go up again. U Much as I’d like to help, there isn’t isn ’t a lot I can do. A 7. dverbial clauses of Purpose “ A ” ” so that, in order that, in case, lest and for fear that clause UI’ve arrived early so that I will get a good view. I arrived early so as not to miss anything. A A In case, case, lest, lest, for fear that….. that…..AA “ ” ” A I asked them to ring first lest we were out. A A 8. dverbial Clauses of result
A “A ” ” A ‘so…that, ‘such…that’ clause UHis reactions are so quick that no one can match him. UU A They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. A A 9. dverbial clauses of comparison UU “” “” ” ‘as…as’ more…than’ ‘less…than’ clause UThazin is as beautiful as Diana. He is not so tall as his brother. A His sister is quicker than he. The more you practice the better you get. dverbial Clauses A A A A A A ၀ A (၄) Verb+ing Verb+ing complex sentence sentence ၀ A A A ၀ ၀ A A A “ ” ” ၄ (၁) “ ” {S} {O} {O} Walking is good exercise.
I like reading. (၂) “” {S} UU A (၂) (၂) ing Verb Verb “” ” ၄ dv Phrase UI read the newspaper drinking coffee. ( UU A (၂) ) ) (၃) Verb+ing {S} “” UI saw a boy sitting under a tree. A (sitting a boy sitting ) ) (၄)Be Have Have “ ” ” UBeing so ill, he can’t go back to work yet. A A Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. On+Verb On+Verb+in +ingg ( (AA ) Verb+ing on “ “AA ” ” UOn arriving at Mandalay ir port, he was very happy. A A A In+verb+ing (U ) Verb+ing in “U ” ” U-
In arriving at ir port, he was arrested. U A On in in Verb+ing Verb+ed/en V+3 Verb+en/en ing ၀ ၄ “” “” A (၁) “” Verb+en/en ၄ {O} {O} “” ၄ A UThe system used in this school is very successful. ဤ A A (၂) “” {S} {Cla {Claus use} e}AA {S} “” ” dver dverbb Phras Phrasee A Used as a text, this novel becomes popular. A A ဤ၀A ဤ၀ ၀ A A ဤ ဤ {It} {It}AA A It AA “ ” It {Prono {Pronoun}A un}A “A ” ၁ It A ၀ A A A A That vase is valuable. It’s more than 200 years old.
A {A ၀ ၀}} Loyalty must be earned. It can’t be bought. ၀ {A A } Last night I ran out of petrol. It really taught me a lesson. {A A } You should visit Shan State. It’s not far from Mandalay. ၀ {} ၂ It It ၀ There is a knock at the door. Who is it? It’s the postman. ? A ၃ It It is a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? A ? ၄ It A Subje Subject ctAA A A 1. time 2. weather 3. distance 4. environment 5. situation 6. it since; says; take A A It is 4 o’clock. {time} It is hot. It is raining. {weather} It is 4 miles for my house to Shwe See Gon Pagoda. {distance} It is noisy here. {environment} It is three years since we last met. It says here there was a big fight in Mandalay. It takes 2 hours to get to Monywa. It Sit Situat uation ion (A A A ) It is pleasant to stay here. It is a shame that Town is not here.
It doesn’t matter when we arrive. A A It situation it…who/that/to A U it it Obje Object ctAA I found it difficult to concentrate this book. A A I don’t like it when you shout at me. A (၅) ဤA ၀ A A A A It all began. A Just as… A Just as she thought, Mary made mistake. A A To going to+v I am going to go out. A Would rater, would sooner= A I would rather take tea. Come Come=A =A (၀ (၀ A ) ) Come, let’s start. Look = Look I said I didn’t know. , I don’t like people asking questions. ,
ဤ Look I said I didn’t know ၀ / U / “ ” ” A I wish, if only= I wish ZinZin was here now. If only the sun was shining at the moment. A A A Discourse Markers= A UIt is better then. Discour Discourse se marker markers s A ဤ A Talking about= Regarding= s regards= s far as…as concerned = = s s for for = A {as for you=A } Firstly, Firstly, first of of all, to begin begin with with = A Secondly = A Finally = A For on thing = For anot another her thing thing = A Simila Similarlrlyy = A ll the same = Yet/ but = Still Still = A
On the the other other hand hand = A In partic particular ular = A part from = A With the exception of = A So on and so forth = On the whole = In general = A A s a rule = A In most case, mostly = A A Broadly speaking = Frankly to say = I mean = That That is to to say say = A In other words = ny way, any how = = By the way = I say say!! = A A Incidentally = I think/ I feel = A I suppose = A So to speak, so to say = I sort of/ kind of believe = I’m afraid = ctually, ctually, in fact, fact, as a matter of fact, fact, to tell the the truth =A Hopefully = A True True to = A A A A AA
