ENGLISH GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

Gowtham Concept School

VIII (State) English Grammar

1. THE PARTS OF SPEECH We use words in order to express our thoughts. These words are divided into different classes or kinds according to the purpose for which they are used. The different kinds of words are called PARTS OF SPEECH. They are of eight kinds:1. 2. 3. 4.

Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb

5. 6. 7. 8.

Adverbs Preposition Conjunction Interjection

i) The Noun: - A noun is the name of a person, place, animal or a thing. Eg. man, India, basket. ii) The Pronoun: - which is used instead of a noun in order to avoid its repetition. Eg.I, we, they, you. iii) The Adjective: - which adds something to the meaning of the noun. It qualifies the noun by describing its quality or quantity. Eg. good man, tall boy, long legs, huge ball. iv) The Verb: - A verb is a word used to express an action or state. Eg. Jack laughed, The bell rang, The tree fell, Kolkata is a big city. v) The Adverb: - a word which modifies a verb or an adjective or another adverb. Eg.Jack laughed loudly. The Tree fell suddenly, She is very proud. vi)The Preposition:- A preposition denotes the relationship of a noun or a pronoun with the other objects in the sentence. Eg. On, in, into, of , from, for, to vii) The Conjunction: - which joins words or sentences. Eg. 1) Jack fell down and broke his crown. 2) Two and three make five. viii) The Interjection: - It expresses sudden feelings or emotions. Eg. Oh!, Hi!, Hello!, Hush!.

1



THE NOUN Noun: A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, animal or thing. In short, all naming words are nouns. Classification: - Nouns are classified into five kinds. NOUN

PROPER NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN

COMMON NOUN

MATERIAL NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUN

1. Proper noun: - A proper noun is the name of any particular person ,place or a thing. (‘Proper’ means own. Hence a proper name is a person’s own name.) Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter at the beginning. E.g. Asoka was a wise king. Asoka : - proper noun 2. Common noun: - A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. E.g. Asoka was a great king. King: - common noun 3. Material noun: - The raw material, which we use to produce something and make it into a finished product, is known as material noun. E.g. This table is made of wood. Wood: - material noun 4. Collective noun: - A collective noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole; as – An army ------ a collection of soldiers A fleet ------- a collection of ships or vessels A crowd ------- a collection of people E.g. The French army was defeated at Waterloo. Army: - collective noun 5. Abstract noun: - An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs as: Quality – goodness, kindness, whiteness. Action – laughter, theft, movement. State – childhood, boyhood, youth. E.g. I remember the days of my childhood. Childhood: - abstract noun

2



THE PRONOUN Definition: A word which is used instead of a noun is called a pronoun. (Pronoun means for-a-noun) Classification: - Pronouns are classified into five types. They are: 1. Personal pronoun 2. Relative pronoun 3. Demonstrative pronoun 4. Reflexive pronoun 5. Interrogative pronoun 1. Personal pronoun: - The pronouns which stand for persons are called as personal pronouns. PERSONAL PRONOUN Pronoun

Noun – number

Nominative

Possessive

Accusative

First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

I We You You He, She, It They

My, Mine Our, Ours You, Yours You, Yours His, Her, Hers, Its Their, Theirs

Me Us You You Him, Her, It Them

2. Relative pronoun: - It is used to join two sentences in which the relation is shown to someone. Relative pronouns are who, whose, what, that, which etc., E.g. The person who is standing next to the door is my sister. 3. Demonstrative pronoun: This, that, these and those are called Demonstrative pronouns E.g. This belongs to me. 4. Reflexive pronoun: - The pronouns which are used to (eflect upon the subject itself. So, these pronouns are called as Reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, itself etc., E.g. They hurt themselves. 5. Interrogative pronoun: - The pronouns which ask questions or which are used in question form are called as Interrogative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, what etc., E.g. Whom do you want?

3



THE NOUN EXERCISE – 1.1 I.

Identify the nouns and name their kinds: -

1.

The crowd was very big.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2.

Always speak the truth.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

3.

We all love honesty.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4.

Our class consists of twenty pupils.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

5.

The elephant has great strength.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

6.

Solomon was famous for his wisdom.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

7.

Cleanliness is next to Godliness.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

8.

We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

9.

The class is studying Grammar.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

10.

The Godavari overflows its banks every year.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

11.

A committee of five was appointed.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

12.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

13.

The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

14.

Without health, there is no happiness.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

15.

He gave me a bunch of grapes.

A.

………………………………………………………………………………………… 4



16.

I recognized your voice at once.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

17.

Our team is better than yours.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

18.

Never tell a lie.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

19.

Wisdom is better than strength.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

20.

He sets a high value on his time.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

21.

I believe in his innocence.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

22.

This room is thirty feet in length.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

23.

I often think of the happy days of my childhood.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

24.

The streets of some of the cities are noted for their crookedness.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

25.

What is your verdict, gentleman of jury?

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

THE PRONOUN EXERCISE – 1.1 I.

Pick out the pronoun in the following sentences and name its kind:

1.

Alice was not a bit hurt, but she jumped upon her feet in a moment.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2.

There were doors all around the hall but they were all locked.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

3.

Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4.

“I wish I hadn’t cried so much,” said Alice.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

5



5.

“You are not attending,” said the mouse severely. “What are you thinking of?”

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

6.

“Come back!” The caterpillar called after her. Alice turned and came back again.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

7.

Hari brought his book and laid it on the table.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

8.

Wasim has lost his dog and cannot find it.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

9.

Suresh always stands top in his class as he works hard.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

10.

Rama, you are a lazy boy.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

11.

The camel is a beast of burden. It is used to carry loads.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

12.

The female lion is called a lioness. She has no name.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

13.

The horse fell down and broke its leg.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

14.

Birds build their nests in trees.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

15.

If the thief is caught, he will be punished.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

16.

Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old, he will not depart from it.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

17.

And Nathan said to David, “Thou art the man.”

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

18.

We often deceive ourselves.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

19.

The prisoner hanged himself.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

20.

The pen that you gave me is a good one.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

21.

By whom was this book written? 6



A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

22.

Who did she say was the winner?

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

23.

This is the book which you gave me yesterday.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

24.

These mangoes are not so ripe as the ones which I brought yesterday.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

25.

I hit myself against the wall.

A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative Pronouns: The pronouns ‘who, whom, whose, which that etc.’ which join two sentences refer back to nouns going before them are called Relative pronouns. The noun to which a Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its ‘antecedent’. Relative Pronoun: It is so called because it refers or relates to some noun going before it. FORMS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS The relative Pronoun ‘who’ has different forms. Who ---Nominative Whose ---Possessive Whom ---Objective Who: As a rule, ‘who’ is used for persons only. It may refer to a singular or plural noun Ex: A man who is honest is trusted. The man who is going there is my brother. Whose: It is used when speaking of persons. Ex: We met the woman whose child was hurt. I saw a beggar whose leg was broken. Whom: It is also used in speaking of persons. Ex: This is the friend whom we met last week. Which: It is used for animals and non-living things in general. Ex: The cat which killed the rat belongs to her. The book which I gave you is new. ‘Which’ has the same form of the Nominative, accusative and it has no Genitive case, but ‘whose’ is used as a substitute for ‘which’. 7



Ex: A triangle whose three sides are equal is called right angle triangle. That: It is used for persons and things. Ex: The cat killed the rat that ate the corn. I have lost the watch that you gave me. What: ‘What’ refers to things only. It is used without an antecedent expressed, and is equivalent to‘that which’ (or the thing which) Ex: What has happened is not clear. I say what I mean. He failed in what he attempted. EXAMPLES

WHO 1. 2. 3.

There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my uncle. The man who is standing at the bus stop is my uncle. A blind orphan girl was adopted by a rich couple. She is very lucky. A blind orphan girl who was adopted by a rich couple is very lucky. A girl is carrying the tray. She is my sister. The girl who is carrying the tray is my sister.

WHOM 1. 2. 3.

Here is the man. I met him yesterday. Here is the man whom I met yesterday. This is my cousin. I am speaking of him. This is my cousin whom I am speaking of. There is a boy. I scolded him. There is a boy whom I scolded.

WHOSE 1. 2. 3.

We saw a beggar. His leg was broken. We saw a beggar whose leg was broken. We met Rama. His eyes were blue. We met Rama whose eyes were blue. He is a poet. His works are widely known. He is a poet whose works are widely known.

8



THAT ‘That’ is used only in defining clauses, i.e., restrict, limit or defining the antecedent. 1. 2. 3.

He declared his innocence. He declared that he is innocent. A rolling stone gathers no mass. A stone that is rolling gathers no mass. He built this house. This is the house that he built.

WHICH 1. 2. 3.

I bought a horse recently. It is an Arab. The horse, which I bought recently, is an Arab. The moment is lost. It is lost forever. The moment, which is lost, is lost forever. I heard a song. It pleased me. I heard a song, which pleased me.

EXERCISE Pick out the Pronoun from the following and name its kind: 1.

An old man is standing near the gate. He is my uncle.

A:

______________________________________________________________

2.

A tall boy is running there. He is my friend.

A:

______________________________________________________________

3.

This is the juggler. We saw him last month.

A:

______________________________________________________________

4.

A blind man needs help.

A:

______________________________________________________________

5.

I saw a girl in the park. Her eyes were red.

A:

______________________________________________________________

6.

The criminal used a sharp knife. It was found.

A:

______________________________________________________________

7.

I went to an office. It was very big.

A:

______________________________________________________________

8.

A man hit me yesterday. He was mad.

A:

______________________________________________________________ 9



9.

A nurse is a woman. She looks after the sick people.

A:

______________________________________________________________

10.

I met a man at that gate. He was an old soldier.

A:

______________________________________________________________

11.

I heard a song. It pleased me.

A:

______________________________________________________________

12.

The captain praised Pathan. Pathan’s bowling was very good.

A:

______________________________________________________________

13.

A man stole your horse. I can recognize him.

A:

______________________________________________________________

14.

He found the lost scooter.

A:

______________________________________________________________

15.

She hoped to win the first prize.

A:

______________________________________________________________

16.

Thorpe is a fine swimmer. He has much fun in the water.

A:

______________________________________________________________

17.

These are the boys. I wanted to meet them.

A:

______________________________________________________________

18.

Honest people are trusted.

A:

______________________________________________________________

19.

Hari spoke to a soldier. The soldier’s arm was in a sling.

A:

______________________________________________________________

20.

He said he saw me yesterday. It is a lie.

A:

______________________________________________________________

21.

The bicycle is a new one. Ravi rode it.

A:

______________________________________________________________

22.

He is a police officer. He controls the traffic.

A:

______________________________________________________________

23.

The boy has hurt his leg. He fell off his cycle.

A:

______________________________________________________________

24.

We were talking about a person yesterday. He is walking along the road.

A:

______________________________________________________________ 10



25.

I saw a boy in the hotel. His hair was long.

A:

______________________________________________________________

26.

He is a well-known man. His generosity is the talk of the town.

A:

______________________________________________________________

27.

A man dashed you. He is my brother.

A:

______________________________________________________________

28.

We all despise a cowardly boy. He is one.

A:

______________________________________________________________

29.

The earth is round and we can prove it.

A:

______________________________________________________________

30.

Some people live in glass houses. They should not throw stones at others.

A:

______________________________________________________________

31.

Some people always expect the worst to happen. They are pessimists.

A:

______________________________________________________________

32.

One person will send the first best answer. He will be given a free T.V. set.

A:

______________________________________________________________

33.

John is our servant. He died last night.

A:

______________________________________________________________

34.

He is Gopi. His behaviour is praised by all.

A:

______________________________________________________________

35.

He is a man. His reputation is bad.

A:

______________________________________________________________

36.

This is a black horse. It won the race.

A:

______________________________________________________________

37.

I know a man. He can solve your problem.

A:

______________________________________________________________

38.

You called a person. He is not a trustworthy person.

A:

______________________________________________________________

39.

There is a dog in my house. Its barking gives me headache.

A:

______________________________________________________________

40.

You bought a T.V. It is not functioning well.

A:

______________________________________________________________ 11



THE ADJECTIVE Definition: A noun merely names a thing and it is often necessary to use some other word along with a noun to add something to its meaning. Such a word is called an Adjective. It qualifies a noun or pronoun or adds meaning to the them. E.g.

1. There are five red cows over there. 2. Those good cows give us milk. 3. That big strong man is a soldier. EXERCISE – 1.2

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences: 1.

The ship sustained heavy damage.

2.

I called him several times.

3.

Every dog has its day.

4.

A live ass is better than a dead lion.

5.

Every man has his duties.

6.

Say the same thing twice.

7.

Several persons were present at that time.

8.

He is a man of few words.

9.

Neither party is quite in the right.

10.

What time is it now?

11.

Which pen do you prefer?

12.

The way was long, the wind was cold.

13.

He comes here everyday.

14.

I have not seen him for several days.

15.

There should not be much talk and less work.

16.

Abdul won the second prize.

17.

The child fell down from a great height.

18.

He was absent last week.

19.

He had a glorious death.

20.

A small leak may sink a great ship.

21.

Good wine needs no bush.

22.

I like the little peddler who has a crooked nose.

23.

King Francis was a great king.

24.

My uncle lives in the next house. 12


25.


A cross child is not liked by anyone.

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Tall

Taller

Tallest

Happy

Happier

Happiest

Beautiful

More beautiful

Most beautiful

We use the positive form of the adjective to show that two things or two people are the same in some respect. We use it with “as………….. as”. E.g. Misha is as tall as Radha. We use the comparative form of the adjective to show that two things or two people are different from each other in some respect. We use it with “than”. E.g. Misha is taller than Radha. We use the superlative form of the adjective to compare more than two things or people in some respect. We use it with “The”. E.g. Misha is the tallest of all. EXERCISE – 1.2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given adjectives. (Positive, comparative, superlative) 1.

The whale is the ______________________ animal in the world. (heavy)

2.

My mother is ______________________ than my aunt. (thin)

3.

The Nile is the __________________________ river in Africa. (long)

4.

I think Harry is _________________________ as Bill. (dirty)

5.

He is a Negro and is _______________________ as coal. (black)

6.

This exercise is the __________________________ of all exercises. (easy)

7.

Hari is a ___________________ singer __________________ David. (good)

8.

Do you think Mumbai is ________________________ than Calcutta? (big)

9.

Misha ate __________________ chocolate ___________________ Lila did. (little)

10. Our class room is the _______________________ of all other rooms in the school. (large) 11.

There were _____________________ people in the garden than in the house. (many)

12. Jenny was feeling sick, so she ate __________________ of every one at the party. (little) 13.

Silver is as ______________________ gold. (light)

14.

He is the _____________________ of the two. (tall)

15.

Your knife is _____________________than mine. (sharp) 13



16.

The pen is __________________________than the sword. (mighty)

17.

Bombay is as _______________________ as Delhi. (hot)

18.

He is one the ______________________ friends I have. (good)

19.

Solomon was the _______________________ king. (wise)

20.

A living ass is _________________________ a dead lion. (good)

21.

America is ___________________________than Russia. (advanced)

22.

Raju is the _____________________________ of all boys. (clever)

23.

Sandhya looks as ____________________________ Geeta. (pretty)

24.

This novel is _____________________________ as that novel. (interesting)

25.

Iron is _______________________________ than copper. (useful)

THE VERB Definition: A verb is a word which tells or asserts something about a person or thing. It comes from the Latin word “Verbum” which means an action doing word. It is so called because it is the most important word in the sentence. Classification: Verbs are classified into two types. THE VERB

TRANSITIVE VERB VERB (Action passes from the doer doer itself) to the object)

INTRANSITIVE (Action stops with the

Read these sentences: 1. The boy kicks the ball. 2. The girl laughs loudly. In sentence (1), the action denoted by the verb ‘kicks’ passes over from the doer or subject ‘boy’ to some object ‘ball’. The verb ‘kicks’ therefore is a Transitive verb. (Transitive means passing over). In sentence (2), the action denoted by the verb ‘laughs’ stops with the doer or the subject ‘boy’. The verb ‘laughs’ is therefore is called an Intransitive verb. (Intransitive means not passing over).

14



VERBS – EXERCISE 1.3 Write the other forms of the given verbs:

I. Sl

PRESENT FORM OF VERB

PAST FORM OF VERB

PAST PARTICIPL E

1

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

‘S’ OR ‘ES’ FORM

Given

.

2

Feel

. 3

Drank

. 4

Speaking

. 5

Brings

. 6

Leave

. 7

Sat

. 8

Forgets

. 9

Flew

. 1

Writing

0 . 1

Rang

1 . 1

Come

2 . 1

Becomes

3 15



1

Chosen

4 . 1

Ate

5 . 1

Go

Taking

6 . 1

Suggests

7 . 1

Made

8 . 1

Swept

9 . 2

Teach

0 . 2

Travelling

1 . 2

Says

2 . 2

Kept

3 . 2

Invited 16


2


Throw

5 . 2

Began

6 . 2

Hidden

7 . 2

Daring

8 . 2

Spends

9 . 3

Sleeping

0 . 3

Torn

1 . 3

Died

2 . 3

Raise

3 . 3

Paid

4 . 3

Stood 17



3

Sinking

6 . 3

Shakes

7 . 3

Driving

8 . 3

Bought

9 . 4

Drew

0 . 4

Think

1 . 4

Sent

2 . 4

Learnt

3 . 4

Selling

4 . 4

Bends

5 . 4

Burning 18



4

Taken

7 . 4

Saw

8 . 4

Curse

9 . 5

Met

0 .

EXRERCISE –1.3 verb is

Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and say in each case whether the Transitive or Intransitive. Where the verb is Transitive, name its object:

1.

Satish opened the door.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

2.

She made a doll.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

3.

Mohan saw a snake.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

4.

The boy laughed.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

5.

The water is boiling.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

6.

An old beggar stood by the gate.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

7.

The sun sets in the west.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

8.

The fire burns dimly.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

9.

The fire burnt the house. 19



A:

___________________________________________________________.

10.

He met a beggar-maid.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

11.

The train started immediately.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

12.

The horse fell into the water.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

13.

He seems innocent.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

14.

She became sad.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

15.

She looks guilty.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

16.

The driver stopped the train.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

17.

The train stopped suddenly.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

18.

The sky grew dark.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

19.

The little girl hurt her finger.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

20.

He dropped the ring into the well.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

21.

I found her weeping.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

22.

We waited patiently at the station.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

23.

She cut her hand with a knife.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

24.

The sky looks threatening.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

25.

The cat jumped on the bed.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

THE ADVERB 20



Definition: An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of the verb, an adjective or another adverb. E.g.

1. He came yesterday. 2. The man stood here. 3. That’s very good. 4. Govind reads quite clearly.

EXERCISE – 1.3 Underline the adverb in the following sentences: 1.

How did you enter the house?

2.

She often goes to Ram’s house.

3.

He died peacefully.

4.

Gopal is going down.

5.

The servant works very slowly.

6.

The sea is calm today.

7.

She knows the day when Rama returns.

8.

She knew how the boy broke his leg.

9.

He will certainly come today.

10.

She does not sell flowers here.

11.

I helped him twice.

12.

They can meet daily.

13.

Do it now.

14.

Yes, I think so.

15.

He is undoubtedly great.

16.

Govind reads clearly.

17.

He is well matched.

18.

They should handle glasses carefully.

19.

He did it just for a joke.

20.

Did you try enough?

21.

The Sikhs fought bravely.

22.

My uncle lives abroad.

23.

Listen to me carefully.

24.

He does his work happily. 21


25.


He finished his work yesterday.

22



KINDS OF ADVERBS Adverbs are six in number. THE ADVERB

ADVERB OF MANNER

ADVERB OF PLACE

ADVERB OF TIME

ADVERB OF FREQUENCY

ADVERB OF INTERROGATIVE DEGREE ADVERB

1. Adverb of Manner: It shows how the action is done. It shows the quality or manner in which an action is done. E.g. 1. Mohan acted wisely. 2. She ran fast. 3. The boy rowed well. 2. Adverb of Place: It shows the place where the action is done. E.g. 1. The boys are waiting outside. 2. We looked for her every where. 3. Hither and thither the children ran. 3. Adverb of Time: It denotes the time when the action is done. E.g. 1. Twice the boy struck him. 2. We often talk to ourselves. 3. He seldom comes here. 4. She visited us once. 4. Adverb of Frequency: It shows how often the action is done. E.g. 1. The postman called again. 2. I have told you twice. 3. I have not seen him once. 5. Adverb of Degree: It shows how much or in what degree or to what extent the action is done. E.g. 1. He was very tired. 2. He was somewhat pleased. 3. I am fully prepared. 6. Interrogative Adverb: These adverbs are used for asking questions. E.g. 1. When did he come? 2. Where did he go? 3. How are you today? EXERCISE – 1.3 Pick out the adverbs from the following sentences and name their kind: E.g. 1. Walk forward and then walk back slowly. Forward – Adverb of place, slowly – Adverb of manner. 23



1.

She was dressed all in black.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

2.

Yesterday she wrote the exercise neatly.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

3.

The sun shines every where.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

4.

The smoke rises upward.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

5.

Today you have not done your lessons well.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

6.

He never comes home late.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

7.

I sometimes work very hard.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

8.

The servant has gone downstairs.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

9.

He cannot spell these words correctly.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

10.

The king treated the queen very cruelly.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

11.

She is somewhat better today.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

12.

Your watch is not quite right.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

13.

She came here late today; tell her to come early tomorrow.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

14.

The old woman opened the door of the cage and the bird flew out.

A:

___________________________________________________________. 24



15.

The door opened slowly and the queen walked in.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

16.

All the children shouted suddenly, “The mother is here”.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

17.

I hope you will be soon well.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

18.

He seldom comes here.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

19.

He is old enough to know better.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

20.

Once or twice we have met alone.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

21.

Do not walk so fast.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

22.

His health is worse than before.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

25



23.

He is too shy.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

24.

The railway station is far off.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

25.

Where have you been all these days?

A:

___________________________________________________________.

THE PREPOSITION Definition: A Preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. E.g. 1. The man shot at the tiger. 2. I bought a horse from him. 3. What is this for? Some of the prepositions are at, by, for, from, in, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with, above, across, under, over, between, beyond, according to, on account of, in front of, in favour of, on behalf of, in order to, in place of, with reference to, owing to, instead of, etc.,

EXERCISE – 1.4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Underline the prepositions in the following sentences : Tom agreed with me on that point. She did not agree to my proposal. He acted upon my advice. He is addicted to smoking. He was ashamed of his conduct. I am not afraid of death. Harry is very fond of reading novels. She was very kind to us all. I prefer riding to walking. Be careful about your health. You must take care of your health. The teacher was angry with me for my misconduct. He died of fever. He is proud of his wealth. Ali begged for mercy from the king. The teacher was displeased with me. Sita was born of rich parents. 26


18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.


She takes delight in swimming. I was then busy with my lessons. We were astonished at her rudeness. We all wondered at her success. The people were alarmed at this news. The dog is ever faithful to his master. He is ill with fever. The boy jumped for joy. My book is different from Harry’s. Please excuse me for coming late. The basket is full of flowers. Fill the bottle with hot water. He invited me to dinner. She prays to God daily. He quarreled with me over this point. He is tired of this work. I am satisfied with your statement. He warned me of the danger. He is ignorant of the facts. The accused was charged with murder. He has no pity for poor labourers. Have pity on us. He prevented me from going there. He was rewarded with a medal. She was very anxious about her son’s health. We laughed at her dress. Who rules over England? It is a pleasure to deal with him. At last fortune smiled on him. He is now free from cares. We arrived in Bombay at noon. We arrived at the station just in time. He introduced me to his uncle. EXERCISE – 1.4 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1.

He was born ______________ rich parents.

2.

She begged ______________ help.

3.

We believe ______________ God. 27



4.

The cat sprang ______________ the mouse.

5.

He was killed ______________ a robber.

6.

Corbett was shocked to see the change ______________ Chamari.

7.

Radium is a cure ______________ cancer.

8.

He journeyed all ______________ India.

9.

They helped me ______________ doing the work.

10.

I tried to know more ______________ the boys.

11.

A computer acts ______________ information.

12.

I was ______________ you at La Force.

13.

She broke ______________ tears.

14.

What are you aiming ______________?

15.

Try to cope ______________ the situation.

16.

We have been staying in this house ______________ 1985.

17.

The passenger was hit ______________ a stone ______________ his head.

18.

She tore the paper ______________ pieces.

19.

We don’t go ______________ school ______________ Sundays.

20.

Children are fond ______________ chocolates.

21.

Wait ______________ me ______________ the bus-stop.

22.

Most children remain ______________ school ______________ six __________ sixteen ears.

23.

We walked ______________ the main street from our house.

24.

The van dashed ______________ the lamp-post.

25.

There is no use ______________ arguing ______________ him.

26.

Chess is a good game ______________ children.

28.

The officer got angry ______________ the typist.

29.

I caught the thief ______________ the collar.

30.

My brother writes articles ______________ dailies.

31.

Our car broke ______________ on the way ______________ Bangalore.

32.

How did you come ______________ Ravi?

33.

The Chief Minister ruled ______________ the scheme.

34.

The factory was forced to lay ______________ some workers due to heavy losses.

35.

Winter has set ______________ early this year.

36.

Cheap cloth wears ______________ soon.

37.

Mr. Rao stood ______________ us through thick and thin.

38.

He started __________ six __________ the morning. 28



39.

There is no exception ______________ the rule.

40.

They went home ____________ train.

41.

I have sent ______________ our doctor.

42.

The court ordered that the property must be divided equally ______________ the four brothers.

43.

This flower is different ______________ that flower.

44.

The girl is going to school ______________ foot.

45.

Sugar dissolves ______________ water.

46.

____________ English, he knows Telugu.

47.

Look ____________ the picture ______________ the wall.

48.

I prefer coffee ____________ tea.

49.

The employees called ______________ the strike.

50.

She has been suffering __________ fever __________ Monday last.

THE CONJUNCTION Definition: A Conjunction is a word used to join sentences and words. Classification: Conjunctions are classified into three types. THE CONJUNCTION

CO-ORDINATING

SUB-ORDINATING

CORRELATIVE

CONJUNCTIONS

CONUJUNCTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: They join parts of a sentence that are of the equal order or rank. The chief co-ordinating conjunctions are : - and, or, nor, but, for, also, either – or, neither – or. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions : They join noun clauses, adjective clauses and adverb clauses to other part of a complex sentence. The following are some of the most important subordinating conjunctions: when, while, before, till, until, after, since, where, whether, whence, because, that, lest, if, unless, though, as, than. 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Some conjunctions are used in pairs as: Either – or ………… Either take it or leave it. Neither – or ……….. It is neither useful nor ornamental Both – and ………… We both love him and honour him. 29



Whether – or ………. I don’t care whether you go or stay Not only – but also ……Not only is he foolish but also obstinate. Such Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called as Correlative conjunctions. EXERCISE – 1.4 Fill in the blanks with a suitable conjunction: 1.

Get out ……………… I will kick you out.

2.

He does not study well ……………… he will fail.

3.

He is a millionaire ……………… he is greedy.

4.

Run faster ……………… you will lose the race.

5.

He has lost the purse ……………… he is sad.

6.

He played very well ……………… he lost the game.

7.

I went to the shop ……………… bought a pen.

8.

He disobeyed the prohibitory order ……………… he was arrested.

9.

He knew English ……………… he always spoke in the parliament in Hindi.

10.

Our forests should not be destroyed ……………… they help to bring rain.

11.

He will help you ……………… you go to him.

12.

The child did not stop crying ……………… it got a toy.

13.

We shall sleep inside ……………… it is cold outside.

14.

I could not come ……………… I had some urgent work.

15.

Go away from here ……………… the officer comes.

16.

The film had started ……………… before we got in.

17.

……………… he is old his vision is good.

18.

The accident happened ……………… the train was crossing the bridge.

19.

He was married ……………… he was fourteen.

20.

……………… they heard the bell they ran to the classes.

21.

Our house is neither small ……………… large.

22.

The dacoits ……………… robbed the travellers but also shot two of them.

23.

It is ……………… very hot nor very cold in winter in Hyderabad.

24.

We could not know ……………… the rumour is true or false.

25.

……………… Rama and his brother had their education abroad.

26.

No sooner did the crowd see the police ……………… they started running in all directions.

27.

He not only lost the election ……………… lost the deposit.

28.

I can’t tell you now whether I will be able to come ……………… not.

29.

Both Sunil ……………… his brother have got bikes. 30



30.

The questions were so easy ……………… all the students finished the paper half an hour before the bell.

31.

You are tired ……………… you are working.

32.

Two ……………… two make four.

33.

She is pretty ……………… her sister is ugly.

34.

Trust in God ……………… do the right.

35.

He came late ……………… he was punished.

THE INTERJECTION Definition: An Interjection is a word that expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. Such words are Hello!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Ah! Etc., are called Interjections. Interjections may express: 1. Joy as – Hurrah!, huzza! 2. Grief as – Alas! 3. Surprise as – Ha!, What! 4. Applause as – Bravo! E.g. 1. Hello! What are you doing there? 2. Alas! He is dead. 3. Hurrah! We have won the game. 4. Ah! Have they gone?

Exercise: 1.5 Identify the parts of speech for the underlined words. 1.

We eagerly waited for the new movie.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 2.

I have never seen such a wonderful sight in my life.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 3.

The beautiful woman cried softly.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 4.

The bearded man quietly slipped away.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 5. he room was filled with strong stench of smoke. He carefully looked at every face. A: _____________________________________________________________________ 31


6.


He grasped the bottle firmly and opened with his strong hands.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 7.

When the door finally opened, I felt a gentle pat on my shoulder.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 8.

Nehru’s wife looked at him questioningly. She could see slight embarrassment on his face. A: _____________________________________________________________________ 9.

I looked at him without any enthusiasm.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 10.

He closed his eyes. Suddenly he became a small brown mouse.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 11.

I walked towards the door quietly.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 12.

I realize very well that superstition is confined to India alone.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 13.

I tried frantically to collect my senses. My cold feet were numb.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 14.

The old man told me angrily that he wanted to see my father.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 15.

“Do you have any significant reason for delaying the project?” the manager enquired angrily. A: _____________________________________________________________________ 16.

Ramanujan made several important discoveries in Mathematics.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 17.

History was his most favourite subject at school.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 18.

He put this ideal quite literally into practice.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 19.

She let a gentle smile over her face.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 20.

One day when I was asleep my cousin Mourad came into my room.

A: _____________________________________________________________________ 32



Exercise – 1 Identify the parts of speech of the words underlined. 1.

He kept the fast for a week.

A: ______________________

2.

Don’t boast too much.

A: ______________________

3.

It matters little what he says.

A: ______________________

4.

He has no command over himself.

A: ______________________

5.

Still waters run deep.

A: ______________________

6.

He went after I came.

A: ______________________

7.

Please call me early.

A: ______________________

8.

It is a long since we met.

A: ______________________

9.

Do not speak so loud.

A: ______________________

10.

The boy is good.

A: ______________________

11.

She is not a doctor.

A: ______________________

12.

Is that any better?

A: ______________________

13.

He told us about the battle.

A: ______________________

14.

He was only a yard off me.

A: ______________________

15.

Let us move on.

A: ______________________

16.

The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.

A: ______________________

17.

Calcutta is a big city.

A: ______________________

18.

Iron and copper are useful metals.

A: ______________________

19.

He worked the sum quickly.

A: ______________________

20.

There is a cow in the garden.

A: ______________________

21.

I ran fast, but missed the train.

A: ______________________

22.

Two and two make four.

A: ______________________

23.

Hurrah! We have won.

A: ______________________

24.

They arrived soon after.

A: ______________________

25.

John is absent, because he is ill.

A: ______________________

26.

Akbar was a great king.

A: ______________________

27.

There are twenty boys in the class.

A: ______________________

28.

Where did you leave them?

A: ______________________

29.

Sit down and rest a while.

A: ______________________

30.

The Godavary overflows its banks every year.

A: ______________________

31.

It is my pen.

A: ______________________

32.

He gave me a bunch of grapes.

A: ______________________

33.

Never tell a lie.

A: ______________________

34.

I am going to a movie.

A: ______________________ 33



35.

The hand has five fingers.

A: ______________________

36.

Wait here until I come.

A: ______________________

37.

He is a mad man.

A: ______________________

38.

He did not eat any rice.

A: ______________________

39.

The horse runs very quickly.

A: ______________________

40.

He may be at home.

A: ______________________

41.

Alas! He is dead.

A: ______________________

42.

Rama writes well.

A: ______________________

43.

It is a famous story.

A: ______________________

44.

Rama is a hard worker.

A: ______________________

45.

Sruthi works hard.

A: ______________________

46.

The man is poor but honest.

A: ______________________

47.

She must weep or she will die.

A: ______________________

48.

Try again.

A: ______________________

49.

Where is Abdul?

A: ______________________

50.

Her son is in America.

A: ______________________

Exercise – 2 Identify the parts of speech of the words underlined. 1. He lives next door.

Ans. ___________________

2. He places his chair next to her.

Ans. ___________________

3. Who came next?

Ans. ___________________

4. All men are mortal.

Ans. ___________________

5. We must all die some day or the other.

Ans. ___________________

6. The house was all destroyed by fire.

Ans. ___________________

7. We lost our all in the floods.

Ans. ___________________

8. A beggar was standing before the gate.

Ans. ___________________

9. I never saw him before.

Ans. ___________________

10. The train had started before I reached the station.

Ans. ___________________

11. The woman still lives in the old house.

Ans. ___________________

12. Still waters run deep.

Ans. ___________________

13. Their cries could be heard in the still of the night.

Ans. ___________________

14. They stoned him to death.

Ans. ___________________

15. Stone walls do not make a prison.

Ans. ___________________

16. It is a heavy stone.

Ans. ___________________

17. She talks too much.

Ans. ___________________

18. There is much sense in what he says.

Ans. ___________________ 34



19. Much of it is true.

Ans. ___________________

20. Her house is near the temple.

Ans. ___________________

21. Come near and listen.

Ans. ___________________

22. He is a near relation of mine.

Ans. ___________________

23. Who will bell the cat?

Ans. ___________________

24. The church bell rings.

Ans. ___________________

25. This is a holy book.

Ans. ___________________

26. Book this luggage for Madras.

Ans. ___________________

27. Most of the people back him.

Ans. ___________________

28. The dog watches the back door.

Ans. ___________________

29. Come back soon.

Ans. ___________________

30. A square thing does not fit into a round hole.

Ans. ___________________

31. The earth revolves round the Sun.

Ans. ___________________

32. Birds fly round and round.

Ans. ___________________

33. We shall round the lake.

Ans. ___________________

34. I have been waiting here since morning.

Ans. ___________________

35. I have not seen him since.

Ans. ___________________

36. Since you say, so I must believe it.

Ans. ___________________

37. That boat sails.

Ans. ___________________

38. That is my house.

Ans. ___________________

39. I can do that much.

Ans. ___________________

40. He told us that rain had fallen.

Ans. ___________________

41. The man that you were looking for has come.

Ans. ___________________

42. All the boys came running down the hill.

Ans. ___________________

43. Prices have come down.

Ans. ___________________

44. The down train has arrived.

Ans. ___________________

45. There is a little danger in going there.

Ans. ___________________

46. She eats very little.

Ans. ___________________

47. The Sun rises up.

Ans. ___________________

48. The boys went up the hill.

Ans. ___________________

49. The up train is on the platform.

Ans. ___________________

50. What do you want?

Ans. ___________________

*******

35



2. VERBS Irregular verbs (strong verbs):Verbs which form their past tense by means of changing a vowel in their present form and which don’t need any addition like ‘ed’ or ‘d’ are called ‘Irregular verbs’ or’ Strong verbs’. Regular verbs(weak verbs):The verbs which form their past tense by adding ‘ed’ , ‘d’ or ‘t’ to their present form are called ‘Regular verbs’ or ‘ Weak verbs’. REGULAR VERBS( WEAK VERBS) S.No.

V1

V3

1. abolish

abolished

abolished

abolishing

abolishes

2. abscond

absconded

absconded

absconding

absconds

3. abuse

abused

abused

abusing

abuses

4. accelerate

accelerated

accelerated

accelerating

accelerates

5. accept

accepted

accepted

accepting

accepts

6. accompany

accompanied

accompanied

accompanying

accompanies

7. accomplish

accomplished

accomplished

accomplishing

accomplishes

8. accuse

accused

accused

accusing

accuses

9. achieve

achieved

achieved

achieving

achieves

1 acknowledge 0.

acknowledged

acknowledged

acknowledging

acknowledges

1 acquire 1.

acquired

acquired

acquiring

acquires

1 act 2.

acted

acted

acting

acts

1 adapt 3.

adapted

adapted

adapting

adapts

1 add 4.

added

added

adding

adds

1 adjust 5.

adjusted

adjusted

adjusting

adjusts

1 admire 6.

admired

admired

admiring

admires

1 admit 7.

admitted

admitted

admitting

admits

36

V4 (V1+ing)

V5 (V1+’s’ or ‘es’)

V2



1 adopt 8.

adopted

adopted

adopting

adopts

1 advertise 9.

advertised

advertised

advertising

advertises

2 advise 0.

advised

advised

advising

advises

2 affect 1.

affected

affected

affecting

affects

2 afford 2.

afforded

afforded

affording

affords

2 agree 3.

agreed

agreed

agreeing

agrees

2 aim 4.

aimed

aimed

aiming

aims

2 alert 5.

alerted

alerted

alerting

alerts

2 allot 6.

allotted

allotted

allotting

allots

2 allow 7.

allowed

allowed

allowing

allows

2 amaze 8.

amazed

amazed

amazing

amazes

2 amputate 9.

amputated

amputated

amputating

amputates

3 amuse 0.

amused

amused

amusing

amuses

3 analyze 1.

analyzed

analyzed

analyzing

analyzes

3 annotate 2.

annotated

annotated

annotating

annotates

3 announce 3.

announced

announced

announcing

announces

3 annoy 4.

annoyed

annoyed

annoying

annoys

3 answer 5.

answered

answered

answering

answers

3 applaud 6.

applauded

applauded

applauding

applauds

3 apply 7.

applied

applied

applying

applies

37



3 appoint 8.

appointed

appointed

appointing

appoints

3 appreciate 9.

appreciated

appreciated

appreciating

appreciates

4 argue 0.

argued

argued

arguing

argues

4 arrange 1.

arranged

arranged

arranging

arranges

4 arrive 2.

arrived

arrived

arriving

arrives

4 ask 3.

asked

asked

asking

asks

4 associate 4.

associated

associated

associating

associates

4 assume 5.

assumed

assumed

assuming

assumes

4 attack 6.

attacked

attacked

attacking

attacks

4 attempt 7.

attempted

attempted

attempting

attempts

4 attend 8.

attended

attended

attending

attends

4 augment 9.

augmented

augmented

augmenting

augments

5 avoid 0.

avoided

avoided

avoiding

avoids

5 await 1.

awaited

awaited

awaiting

awaits

5 baffle 2.

baffled

baffled

baffling

baffles

5 bargain 3.

bargained

bargained

bargaining

bargains

5 behave 4.

behaved

behaved

behaving

behaves

5 believe 5.

believed

believed

believing

believes

5 bestow 6.

bestowed

bestowed

bestowing

bestows

5 betray 7.

betrayed

betrayed

betraying

betrays

38



5 blame 8.

blamed

blamed

blaming

blames

5 borrow 9.

borrowed

borrowed

borrowing

borrows

6 bulge 0.

bulged

bulged

bulging

bulges

6 burst 1.

burst

burst

bursting

bursts

6 bury 2.

buried

buried

burying

buries

6 calculate 3.

calculated

calculated

calculating

calculates

6 call 4.

called

called

calling

calls

6 cancel 5.

cancelled

cancelled

cancelling

cancels

6 canvas 6.

canvassed

canvassed

canvassing

canvases

6 capture 7.

captured

captured

capturing

captures

6 carry 8.

carried

carried

carrying

carries

6 celebrate 9.

celebrated

celebrated

celebrating

celebrates

7 certify 0.

certified

certified

certifying

certifies

7 challenge 1.

challenged

challenged

challenging

challenges

7 cheat 2.

cheated

cheated

cheating

cheats

7 check 3.

checked

checked

checking

checks

7 circulate 4.

circulated

circulated

circulating

circulates

7 clean 5.

cleaned

cleaned

cleaning

cleans

7 climb 6.

climbed

climbed

climbing

climbs

7 collect 7.

collected

collected

collecting

collects

39



7 combine 8.

combined

combined

combining

combines

7 compare 9.

compared

compared

comparing

compares

8 compel 0.

compelled

compelled

compelling

compels

8 compete 1.

competed

competed

competing

competes

8 complain 2.

complained

complained

complaining

complains

8 concentrate 3.

concentrated

concentrated

concentrating

concentrates

8 conclude 4.

concluded

concluded

concluding

concludes

8 condemn 5.

condemned

condemned

condemning

condemns

8 confuse 6.

confused

confused

confusing

confuses

8 congratulate 7.

congratulated

congratulated

congratulating

congratulates

8 consider 8.

considered

considered

considering

considers

8 console 9.

consoled

consoled

consoling

consoles

9 contend 0.

contended

contended

contending

contends

9 contest 1.

contested

contested

contesting

contests

9 continue 2.

continued

continued

continuing

continues

9 contribute 3.

contributed

contributed

contributing

contributes

9 control 4.

controlled

controlled

controlling

controls

9 convince 5.

convinced

convinced

convincing

convinces

9 cook 6.

cooked

cooked

cooking

cooks

9 crow 7.

crowed, crew

crowed

crowing

crows

40



9 cry 8.

cried

cried

crying

cries

9 cumulate 9.

cumulated

cumulated

cumulating

cumulates

1 curse 0 0.

cursed

cursed

cursing

curses

1 dance 0 1.

danced

danced

dancing

dances

1 dare 0 2.

dared

dared

daring

dares

1 daze 0 3.

dazed

dazed

dazing

dazes

1 deal 0 4.

dealt

dealt

dealing

deals

1 decide 0 5.

decided

decided

deciding

decides

1 defy 0 6.

defied

defied

defying

defies

1 delay 0 7.

delayed

delayed

delaying

delays

1 deny 0 8.

denied

denied

denying

denies

1 depart 0 9.

departed

departed

departing

departs

1 describe 1 0.

described

described

describing

describes

1 destroy 1 1.

destroyed

destroyed

destroying

destroys

1 1

determined

determined

determining

determines

determine

41



1 develop 1 3.

developed

developed

developing

develops

1 die 1 4.

died

died

dying

dies

1 disappoint 1 5.

disappointed

disappointed

disappointing

disappoints

1 discourage 1 6.

discouraged

discouraged

discouraging

discourages

1 discover 1 7.

discovered

discovered

discovering

discovers

1 discuss 1 8.

discussed

discussed

discussing

discusses

1 dispel 1 9.

dispelled

dispelled

dispelling

dispels

1 disturb 2 0.

disturbed

disturbed

disturbing

disturbs

1 divide 2 1.

divided

divided

dividing

divides

1 donate 2 2.

donated

donated

donating

donates

1 drop 2 3.

dropped

dropped

dropping

drops

1 drown 2 4.

drowned

drowned

drowning

drowns

1 dub 2 5.

dubbed

dubbed

dubbing

dubs

1 2

dyed

dyed

dyeing

dyes

dye

42



1 edit 2 7.

edited

edited

editing

edits

1 educate 2 8.

educated

educated

educating

educates

1 encourage 2 9.

encouraged

encouraged

encouraging

encourages

1 ensure 3 0.

ensured

ensured

ensuring

ensures

1 entertain 3 1.

entertained

entertained

entertaining

entertains

1 eradicate 3 2.

eradicated

eradicated

eradicating

eradicates

1 erupt 3 3.

erupted

erupted

erupting

erupts

1 examine 3 4.

examined

examined

examining

examines

1 expect 3 5.

expected

expected

expecting

expects

1 expel 3 6.

expelled

expelled

expelling

expels

1 explain 3 7.

explained

explained

explaining

explains

1 exploit 3 8.

exploited

exploited

exploiting

exploits

1 explore 3 9.

explored

explored

exploring

explores

1 4

exported

exported

exporting

exports

export

43



1 felicitate 4 1.

felicitated

felicitated

felicitating

felicitates

1 fetch 4 2.

fetched

fetched

fetching

fetches

1 finish 4 3.

finished

finished

finishing

finishes

1 finish 4 4.

finished

finished

finishing

finishes

1 flip 4 5.

flipped

flipped

flipping

flips

1 flow 4 6.

flowed

flowed

flowing

flows

1 fluctuate 4 7.

fluctuated

fluctuated

fluctuating

fluctuates

1 follow 4 8.

followed

followed

following

follows

1 frighten 4 9.

frightened

frightened

frightening

frights

1 furl 5 0.

furled

furled

furling

furls

1 gain 5 1.

gained

gained

gaining

gains

1 gasp 5 2.

gasped

gasped

gasping

gasps

1 gather 5 3.

gathered

gathered

gathering

gathers

1 5

grabbed

grabbed

grabbing

grabs

grab

44



1 growl 5 5.

growled

growled

growling

growls

1 grumble 5 6.

grumbled

grumbled

grumbling

grumbles

1 guess 5 7.

guessed

guessed

guessing

guesses

1 guide 5 8.

guided

guided

guiding

guides

1 handle 5 9.

handled

handled

handling

handles

1 harm 6 0.

harmed

harmed

harming

harms

1 haunt 6 1.

haunted

haunted

haunting

haunts

1 heal 6 2.

healed

healed

healing

heals

1 hike 6 3.

hiked

hiked

hiking

hikes

1 hope 6 4.

hoped

hoped

hoping

hopes

1 horrify 6 5.

horrified

horrified

horrifying

horrifies

1 hug 6 6.

hugged

hugged

hugging

hugs

1 impel 6 7.

impelled

impelled

impelling

impels

1 6

implemented

implemented

implementing

implements

implement

45



1 import 6 9.

imported

imported

importing

imports

1 impress 7 0.

impressed

impressed

impressing

impresses

1 imprison 7 1.

imprisoned

imprisoned

imprisoning

imprisons

1 improved 7 2.

improved

improved

improving

improves

1 inaugurate 7 3.

inaugurated

inaugurated

inaugurating

inaugurates

1 increase 7 4.

increased

increased

increasing

increases

1 inculcate 7 5.

inculcated

inculcated

inculcating

inculcates

1 influence 7 6.

influenced

influenced

influencing

influences

1 inform 7 7.

informed

informed

informing

informs

1 initiate 7 8.

initiated

initiated

initiating

initiates

1 inquired 7 9.

inquired

inquired

inquiring

inquires

1 install 8 0.

installed

installed

installing

installs

1 insult 8 1.

insulted

insulted

insulting

insults

1 8

interfered

interfered

interfering

interferes

interfere

46



1 interrupt 8 3.

interrupted

interrupted

interrupting

interrupts

1 introduce 8 4.

introduced

introduced

introducing

introduces

1 invest 8 5.

invested

invested

investing

invests

1 invite 8 6.

invited

invited

inviting

invites

1 invoke 8 7.

invoked

invoked

invoking

invokes

1 irritate 8 8.

irritated

irritated

irritating

irritates

1 jam 8 9.

jammed

jammed

jamming

jams

1 judge 9 0.

judged

judged

judging

judges

1 juggle 9 1.

juggled

juggled

juggling

juggles

1 jump 9 2.

jumped

jumped

jumping

jumps

1 justify 9 3.

justified

justified

justifying

justifies

1 kidnap 9 4.

kidnapped

kidnapped

kidnapping

kidnaps

1 kill 9 5.

killed

killed

killing

kills

1 9

knocked

knocked

knocking

knocks

knock

47



1 laugh 9 7.

laughed

laughed

laughing

laughs

1 launch 9 8.

launched

launched

launching

launches

1 learn 9 9.

learned

learned

learning

learns

2 lend 0 0.

lent

lent

lending

1ents

2 levy 0 1.

levied

levied

levying

levies

2 light 0 2.

lighted

lighted

lighting

lights

2 like 0 3.

liked

liked

liking

likes

2 loiter 0 4.

loitered

loitered

loitering

loiters

2 love 0 5.

loved

loved

loving

loves

2 marry 0 6.

married

married

marrying

marries

2 melt 0 7.

melted

melted

melting

melts

2 mend 0 8.

mended

mended

mending

mends

2 mention 0 9.

mentioned

mentioned

mentioning

mentions

2 1

merged

merged

merging

merges

merge

48



2 modify 1 1.

modified

modified

modifying

modifies

2 munch 1 2.

munched

munched

munching

munches

2 name 1 3.

named

named

naming

names

2 neigh 1 4.

neighed

neighed

neighing

neighs

2 nod 1 5.

nodded

nodded

nodding

nods

2 nominate 1 6.

nominated

nominated

nominating

`nominates

2 notice 1 7.

noticed

noticed

noticing

notices

2 notify 1 8.

notified

notified

notifying

notifies

2 nullify 1 9.

nullified

nullified

nullifying

nullifies

2 number 2 0.

numbered

numbered

numbering

numbers

2 obey 2 1.

obeyed

obeyed

obeying

obeys

2 object 2 2.

objected

objected

objecting

objects

2 obscure 2 3.

obscured

obscured

obscuring

obscures

2 2

obstructed

obstructed

obstructing

obstructs

obstruct

49



2 offend 2 5.

offended

offended

offending

offends

2 omit 2 6.

omitted

omitted

omitting

omits

2 open 2 7.

opened

opened

opening

opens

2 oppose 2 8.

opposed

opposed

opposing

opposes

2 ordain 2 9.

ordained

ordained

ordaining

ordains

2 owe 3 0.

owed

owed

owing

owes

2 pacify 3 1.

pacified

pacified

pacifying

pacifies

2 paint 3 2.

painted

painted

painting

paints

2 perpetuate 3 3.

perpetuated

perpetuated

perpetuating

perpetuates

2 plan 3 4.

planned

planned

planning

plans

2 plant 3 5.

planted

planted

planting

plants

2 play 3 6.

played

played

playing

plays

2 portray 3 7.

portrayed

portrayed

portraying

portrays

2 3

praised

praised

praising

praises

praise

50



2 pray 3 9.

prayed

prayed

playing

plays

2 preserve 4 0.

preserved

preserved

preserving

preserves

2 produce 4 1.

produced

produced

producing

produces

2 promise 4 2.

promised

promised

promising

promises

2 propagate 4 3.

propagated

propagated

propagating

propagates

2 propose 4 4.

proposed

proposed

proposing

proposes

2 protest 4 5.

protested

protested

protesting

protests

2 prove 4 6.

proved

proved

proving

proves

2 publish 4 7.

published

published

publishing

publishes

2 punish 4 8.

punished

punished

punishing

punishes

2 purchase 4 9.

purchased

purchased

purchasing

purchases

2 purify 5 0.

purified

purified

purifying

purifies

2 push 5 1.

pushed

pushed

pushing

pushes

2 5

qualified

qualified

qualifying

qualifies

qualify

51



2 question 5 3.

questioned

questioned

questioning

questions

2 quote 5 4.

quoted

quoted

quoting

quotes

2 raise 5 5.

raised

raised

raising

raises

2 reach 5 6.

reached

reached

reaching

reaches

2 react 5 7.

reacted

reacted

reacting

reacts

2 realize 5 8.

realized

realized

realizing

realizes

2 receive 5 9.

received

received

receiving

receives

2 recognize 6 0.

recognized

recognized

recognizing

recognizes

2 recommend 6 1.

recommended

recommended

recommending

recommends

2 reduce 6 2.

reduced

reduced

reducing

reduces

2 refuse 6 3.

refused

refused

refusing

refuses

2 regret 6 4.

regretted

regretted

regretting

regrets

2 reject 6 5.

rejected

rejected

rejecting

rejects

2 6

relaxed

relaxed

relaxing

relaxes

relax

52



2 release 6 7.

released

released

releasing

releases

2 rely 6 8.

relied

relied

relying

relies

2 remind 6 9.

reminded

reminded

reminding

reminds

2 remit 7 0.

remitted

remitted

remitting

remits

2 remove 7 1.

removed

removed

removing

removes

2 renew 7 2.

renewed

renewed

renewing

renews

2 repeat 7 3.

repeated

repeated

repeating

repeats

2 replace 7 4.

replaced

replaced

replacing

replaces

2 reply 7 5.

replied

replied

replying

replies

2 represent 7 6.

represented

represented

representing

represents

2 request 7 7.

requested

requested

requesting

requests

2 rescue 7 8.

rescued

rescued

rescuing

rescues

2 reside 7 9.

resided

resided

residing

resides

2 8

resigned

resigned

resigning

resigns

resign

53



2 respect 8 1.

respected

respected

respecting

respects

2 rest 8 2.

rested

rested

resting

rests

2 reveal 8 3.

revealed

revealed

revealing

reveals

2 revise 8 4.

revised

revised

revising

revises

2 rush 8 5.

rushed

rushed

rushing

rushes

2 safeguard 8 6.

safeguarded

safeguarded

safeguarding

safeguards

2 satisfy 8 7.

satisfied

satisfied

satisfying

satisfies

2 scold 8 8.

scolded

scolded

scolding

scolds

2 search 8 9.

searched

searched

searching

searches

2 separate 9 0.

separated

separated

separating

separates

2 settle 9 1.

settled

settled

settling

settles

2 sew 9 2.

sewed

sewed

sewing

sews

2 shift 9 3.

shifted

shifted

shifting

shifts

2 9

slapped

slapped

slapping

slaps

slap

54



2 solve 9 5.

solved

solved

solving

solves

2 sow 9 6.

sowed

sowed

sowing

sows

2 specify 9 7.

specified

specified

specifying

specifies

2 spoil 9 8.

spoiled

spoiled

spoiling

spoils

2 start 9 9.

started

started

starting

starts

3 stay 0 0.

stayed

stayed

staying

stays

3 stop 0 1.

stopped

stopped

stopping

stops

3 study 0 2.

studied

studied

studying

studies

3 succeed 0 3.

succeeded

succeeded

succeeding

succeeds

3 suggest 0 4.

suggested

suggested

suggesting

suggests

3 support 0 5.

supported

supported

supporting

supports

3 suppress 0 6.

suppressed

suppressed

suppressing

suppresses

3 surprise 0 7.

surprised

surprised

surprising

surprises

3 0

survived

survived

surviving

survives

survive

55



3 sustain 0 9.

sustained

sustained

sustaining

sustains

3 talk 1 0.

talked

talked

talking

talks

3 threaten 1 1.

threatened

threatened

threatening

threatens

3 tie 1 2.

tied

tied

tying

ties

3 tolerate 1 3.

tolerated

tolerated

tolerating

tolerates

3 touch 1 4.

touched

touched

touching

touches

3 travel 1 5.

travelled

travelled

travelling

travels

3 trust 1 6.

trusted

trusted

trusting

trusts

3 try 1 7.

tried

tried

trying

tries

3 tug 1 8.

tugged

tugged

tugging

tugs

3 twist 1 9.

twisted

twisted

twisting

twists

3 underline 2 0.

underlined

underlined

underlining

underlines

3 unfurl 2 1.

unfurled

unfurled

unfurling

unfurls

3 2

united

united

uniting

unites

unite

56



3 use 2 3.

used

used

using

uses

3 utilize 2 4.

utilized

utilized

utilizing

utilizes

3 vacate 2 5.

vacated

vacated

vacating

vacates

3 vanish 2 6.

vanished

vanished

vanishing

vanishes

3 vary 2 7.

varied

varied

varying

varies

3 verify 2 8.

verified

verified

verifying

verifies

3 vitalize 2 9.

vitalized

vitalized

vitalizing

vitalizes

3 vote 3 0.

voted

voted

voting

votes

3 wait 3 1.

waited

waited

waiting

waits

3 wander 3 2.

wandered

wandered

wandering

wanders

3 want 3 3.

wanted

wanted

wanting

wants

3 warn 3 4.

warned

warned

warning

warns

3 waste 3 5.

wasted

wasted

wasting

wastes

3 3

welcomed

welcomed

welcoming

welcomes

welcome

57



3 weld 3 7.

welded

welded

welding

welds

3 whirl 3 8.

whirled

whirled

whirling

whirls

3 work 3 9.

worked

worked

working

works

3 yawn 4 0.

yawned

yawned

yawning

yawns

3 yield 4 1.

yielded

yielded

yielding

yields

IRREGULAR VERBS We distinguish three types of irregular verbs. TYPE-I All three forms are different as:1 arise arose arisen . 2 awake awoke awaken/awaked . 3 bear(carry) bore borne . 4 bear(produce) bore born . 5 befall befell befallen . 6 beget begot begotten . 7 begin began begun . 8 bite bit bitten . 9 blow blew blown . 1 break broke broken 0 . 1 choose chose chosen 1 . 1 do did done 2 58

arising

arises

awakening

awakens

bearing

bears

bearing

bears

befalling

befalls

begetting

begets

beginning

begins

biting

bites

blowing

blows

breaking

breaks

choosing

chooses

doing

does


1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8


draw

drew

drawn

drawing

draws

drink

drank

drunk

drinking

drinks

drive

drove

driven

driving

drives

eat

ate

eaten

eating

eats

fall

fell

fallen

falling

falls

fly

flew

flown

flying

flies

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forbidding

forbids

forget

forgot

forgotten

forgetting

forgets

forgive

forgave

forgiven

forgiving

forgives

forsake

forsook

forsaken

forsaking

forsakes

freeze

froze

frozen

freezing

freezes

give

gave

given

giving

gives

go

went

gone

going

goes

grow

grew

grown

growing

grows

hide

hid

hidden

hiding

hides

know

knew

known

knowing

knows

59


2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4


lie

lay

lain

lying

lies

mistake

mistook

mistaken

mistaking

mistakes

overcome

overcame

overcome

overcoming

overcomes

ride

rode

ridden

riding

rides

ring

rang

rung

ringing

rings

rise

rose

risen

rising

rises

see

saw

seen

seeing

sees

shake

shook

shaken

shaking

shakes

show

showed

shown

showing

shows

shrink

shrank

shrunk

shrinking

shrinks

sing

sang

sung

singing

sings

sink

sank

sunk

sinking

sinks

slay

slew

slain

slaying

slays

smite

smote

smitten

smiting

smites

speak

spoke

spoken

speaking

speaks

spin

span

spun

spinning

spins

60


4 5 . 4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 5 4 . 5 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 .


spring

sprang

sprung

springing

springs

steal

stole

stolen

stealing

steals

swear

swore

sworn

swearing

swears

swim

swam

swum

swimming

swims

take

took

taken

taking

takes

tear

tore

torn

tearing

tears

throw

threw

thrown

throwing

throws

tread

trod

trodden

treading

treads

undertake

undertook

undertaken

undertaking

undertakes

wake

woke

waken

waking

wakes

wear

wore

worn

wearing

wears

weave

wove

woven

weaving

weaves

write

wrote

written

writing

writes

61



TYPE-II Two of the forms are the same as :5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 6 9. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 7. 7 8. 7 9.

abide

abode

abode

abiding

abides

beat

beat

beaten

beating

beats

become

became

become

becoming

becomes

bend

bent

bent

bending

bends

beseech

besought

besought

beseeching

beseeches

bring

brought

brought

bringing

brings

bleed

bled

bled

bleeding

bleeds

breed

bred

bred

breeding

breeds

build

built

built

building

builds

buy

bought

bought

buying

buys

behold

beheld

beheld

beholding

beholds

catch

caught

caught

catching

catches

come

came

come

coming

comes

creep

crept

crept

creeping

creeps

cling

clung

clung

clinging

clings

deal

dealt

dealt

dealing

deals

dig

dug

dug

digging

digs

feed

fed

fed

feeding

feeds

feel

felt

felt

feeling

feels

fight

fought

fought

fighting

fights

find

found

found

finding

finds

flee

fled

fled

fleeing

flees

62


8 0. 8 1. 8 2. 8 3. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7. 8 8. 8 9. 9 0. 9 1. 9 2. 9 3. 9 4. 9 5. 9 6. 9 7. 9 8. 9 9. 1 0 0. 1 0 1. 1 0


fling

flung

flung

flinging

flings

get

got

got

getting

gets

grind

ground

ground

grinding

grinds

hear

heard

heard

hearing

hears

hold

held

held

holding

holds

keep

kept

kept

keeping

keeps

kneel

knelt

knelt

kneeling

kneels

lay

laid

laid

Laying

lays

lead

led

led

Leading

Leads

leave

left

left

leaving

leaves

lend

lent

lent

lending

Lends

light

lit

lit

lighting

Lights

lose

lost

lost

losing

loses

make

made

made

making

makes

mean

meant

meant

meaning

means

meet

met

met

meeting

meets

pay

paid

paid

paying

pays

run

ran

run

running

runs

say

said

said

saying

says

seek

sought

sought

seeking

seeks

sell

sold

sold

selling

sells

send

sent

sent

sending

sends

shine

shone

shone

shining

shines

63


1 0 3. 1 0 4. 1 0 5. 1 0 6. 1 0 7. 1 0 8. 1 0 9. 1 1 0. 1 1 1. 1 1 2. 1 1 3. 1 1 4. 1 1 5. 1 1 6. 1 1 7. 1 1


sit

sat

sat

sitting

sits

slink

slunk

slunk

slinking

slinks

sleep

slept

slept

sleeping

sleeps

slide

slid

slid

sliding

slides

spell

spelt

spelt

spelling

spells

sling

slung

slung

slinging

slings

spend

spent

spent

spending

spends

speed

sped

sped

speeding

speeds

spit

spat

spat

spiting

spits

stand

stood

stood

standing

stands

stick

stuck

stuck

sticking

sticks

sting

stung

stung

stinging

stings

strike

struck

struck

striking

strikes

sweep

swept

swept

sweeping

sweeps

swing

swung

swung

swinging

swings

teach

taught

taught

teaching

teaches

64


1 1 9. 1 2 0. 1 2 1. 1 2 2. 1 2 3. 1 2 4. 1 2 5. 1 2 6.


tell

told

told

telling

tells

think

thought

thought

thinking

thinks

understand

understood

understood

understanding

understands

win

won

won

winning

wins

wind

wound

wound

winding

winds

wear

wore

wore

wearing

wears

weep

wept

wept

weeping

weeps

wring

wrung

wrung

wringing

wrings

TYPE:- III All three forms are the same as:Sl. 1 2 7 . 1 2 8 . 1 2 9 . 1 3

V1

V2

V3

bet

bet

bet

V4 (V1 + ‘ing’) betting

bid

bid

bid

bidding

bids

burst

burst

burst

bursting

bursts

cast

cast

cast

casting

casts

65

V5 (V1 + ‘s’ or ‘es’) bets


1 3 1 . 1 3 2 . 1 3 3 . 1 3 4 . 1 3 5 . 1 3 6 . 1 3 7 . 1 3 8 . 1 3 9 . 1 4 0 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 2 .


cost

cost

cost

costing

costs

cut

cut

cut

cutting

cuts

hit

hit

hit

hitting

hits

hurt

hurt

hurt

hurting

hurts

let

let

let

letting

lets

put

put

put

putting

puts

rid

rid

rid

riding

rids

read

read

read

reading

reads

set

set

set

setting

sets

shed

shed

shed

shedding

sheds

shut

shut

shut

shutting

shuts

slit

slit

slit

slitting

slits

66


1 4 3 . 1 4 4 . 1 4 5 . 1 4 6 . 1 4 7 .


split

split

split

splitting

splits

spread

spread

spread

spreading

spreads

thrust

thrust

thrust

thrusting

thrusts

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

broadcasting

broadcasts

telecast

telecast

telecast

telecasting

telecasts

EXERCISE –2.1 Write the other forms of the given verbs:S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

V1 ask carry

V2 asked

V3 asked

V4 (V1+ing) asking

V5 (V1+s or es) asks

danced liked reach touching abuse dyeing attends apply invited tried travelling acquired crows flowed abscond analyzed bestowing converse 67


21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.


donates erupts flip grips haunted jam neighs omitting juggled merges levy ordain perpetuated quit purified twist unfurling utilized weld yawns warning yielded certify dye dubs fetched vitalize hugs sew obeys

VERB FORMS

EXERCISE-2.2

Write the other forms of the given verbs: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

V1 cook become

V2

V3

V4 (V1+ing)

V5 (V1+s or es)

dealt finding cut ground fits clung cast light met 68


12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.


runs slink tell teaches tread read broadcast bids learning spills coming writes spun taking split spoil swam weaving knows awake sinking wakes heard smite sleeping costs catches shining dug fed spread getting hang spoken smelt holding wound broadcasts weeping

VERB FORMS - GENERAL EXERCISE – 3 Write the other forms of the given verbs:S.No. V1 V2 V3 1. cook 2.

V4 (V1+ing) adapting 69

V5 (V1+s or es)


3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.


kneel shedding steals drowns shining swam stick painting burst getting lost makes melts standing leave lay fluctuate brings threw undertaking learns dwell leaping steals trod merge hanging lie arise bid juggling wore sits swear abiding lays whirled breaking wets choosing horrify beat apply leading portray paying left 70



50.

comes

* * *

71



3. THE AUXILIARIES Look at these sentences: Gopal has a scooter. They have a car. In these sentences the verbs ‘has’ and ‘have’ express possession. A verb which has a meaning of its own (as in the above sentences) is called a principal verb or a main verb. Now read the following sentences: Gopal has come today. They have visited the zoo. In these sentences the verbs ‘has’ and ‘have’ do not express the idea of possession. They help to form the present perfect tense of the verbs ‘come’ and ‘visit’ respectively. Such helping verbs are called ‘Auxiliaries’. An Auxiliary is a verb used to form tenses, mood, voice etc., of other verbs. The following is the list of auxiliaries: Be, am, is , are, was, were. Do, does, did. Have, has, had. Shall, should, will, would. Can, could, may, might. Must, ought to, need to, dare.

BE (is, am, are, was, were) a) (i) Eg : (ii) Eg: (iii) Eg :

As a principal verb ‘Be’ is used :

with a noun or pronoun identifying or asking about the subject. Paul is a teacher. It is me. with an adjective or a preposition indicating a quality. The world is round. They are of high quality. with a preposition or adverbial participle indicating a place: The book is on the table. He is upstairs. b)

As an auxiliary verb ‘Be’ is used :

(i) Eg:

in the formation of the continuous tenses He is writing. She has been playing.

(ii) Eg:

in the formation of the passive The door was opened. The boy was punished. 72



(iii) Eg:

with an infinitive to indicate a plan or arrangement They are to meet me. They are to be married next week.

(iv) Eg:

with an infinitive to denote command or direction You are to leave atonce. Father says I am to go to market.

HAVE (have, has, had)

Eg :

Eg :

(i) Eg : (ii) Eg :

As a principal verb ‘Have’ is used in the sense of possess, take, experience, receive: John has a scooter. (possess) They have lunch at 11.30 A.M. (take) He has a fever. (experience) I had a letter from my brother : (receive) Have is also used as a causative verb : He had his shoes polished. She had her watch repaired. As an auxiliary verb ‘Have’ is used : in the formation of the present perfect tense : He has come. She has left. They have been working. with the infinitive to indicate obligation : I have to be there by ten O’clock. The astrologer had to leave the village

DO (do, does, did) Eg :

(1) Eg:

(ii) Eg: (iii) Eg:

As a principal verb ‘Do’ is used in the sense of ‘act’. You must do your duty. Do as you are told. As an auxiliary verb ‘Do’ is used : to form the negative and interrogative of the present simple and past simple tenses of non – anomalous verbs. Do they sell rice? Does he work well? We didn’t go to the office on Sundays. He didn’t come yesterday. to avoid repetition of a previous verb Do you know him? Yes I do. to emphasize an assertion He does look sad. I advised him not to go , but he did go.

73



CAN (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg : (iv) Eg :

‘Can’ is used : to express ability : He can lift the box. to express impatience : (when used with a question word) Where can I go ? in the sense of ‘may’ to give permission : You can go now. to express theoretical possibility The watch can be repaired. Can’t is used to express prohibition : You can’t play with time.

COULD (i) Eg : (ii) Eg:

Could is used : as the past tense of can : She could not find her purse. to ask polite questions : Could you take me to the officer ? Could you convey the message to him ?

SHALL (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg :

Shall is used : in the first person. (to express simple futurity) I shall leave for Vijayawada tomorrow. We shall see you again. NOTE : In the present day English ‘will’ is used in all the persons. In the second and third persons to express a command or promise : He shall not enter my office again. (command) You shall get a reward if you get first class. (promise) in the second and third persons to express a threat or determination : You shall be punished for your rude behaviour. (threat) Everything shall be done according to law. (determination)

SHOULD (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg : (iv) Eg : (v) Eg :

Should is used : to express duty : You should tell the truth. We should obey the law. in clauses of condition to express a supposition that may not be true : If they should come, ask them to wait. If it should rain, he will not come. in indirect speech : (as the past tense of shall) He said that the rogue should be punished. after lest Ride carefully lest you should fall. in the expression ‘should like to’ (polite form) I should like to help him. 74



WILL (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg : (iv) Eg : (v) Eg :

Will is used : in the first person to express determination. willingness or promise on the part of the speaker : I will not surrender. (determination) I will carry your books. (willingness) I will try to get you a job in our office. (promise) in the second and third persons to express simple futurity. The bus will leave at 8.30 A.M. He will be back in June. to express a characteristic habit : She will sit for hours watching the television set. He will talk nothing about politics. to express an assumption : This will be the last topic, I suppose. He will be the lawyer, I think. to indicate an invitation or a request : Will you lend me your car ? Will you have coffee ?

WOULD (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg : (iv) Eg : (v) Eg : (vi) Eg : (vii) Eg :

Would is used : to express willingness : He said he would help me. in indirect speech (as the past tense of will) The clerk said that he would do the work. to express a customary action in the past : After dinner the students would sing songs of Gurudev. As a child I would daily request my grandmother to tell me stories. to express a wish : I wish he would go away. with ‘if only’ to express a hopeless wish : If only he would come ! Would you mind lending me your scooter? Would you like to go to the circus? with the subordinate clause expressing improbable condition : If I were the Prime Minister, I would make you Deputy Prime Minister. If I were a king, I would make you a Minister.

MAY (iii) Eg : (ii) Eg :

May is used : to express permission : May I come in? May I go now? To express practical possibility : He may win. 75


(iii) Eg : (iv)


She may agree. to express a wish : May God bless you ! May you live long ! to express a purpose : Eat that you may live.

MIGHT (i) Eg :

Eg : (ii) Eg : Eg :

Might is used : to express necessity, obligation or certainty : You must study that book.(necessity) You must obey the officer’s orders. (obligation) It must be your cycle.( certainty) NOTE : To express necessity in the past time we use ‘had to’ He had to appear for an interview. They had to leave the town. to denote strong determination : I must go to Delhi in summer. I must have my own way. Must n’t expresses a negative obligation or prohibition Cars must n’t be parked here. You mustn’t move out of the house.

OUGHT TO (i) Eg : (ii) Eg :

Ought to is used : to express necessity, duty, and moral obligation : We ought to buy a radio. (necessity) You ought to obey the orders.(duty) We ought to help the needy. (moral obligation) ‘Ought to have’ is used to express a past obligation : You ought to have done that. We ought to have helped him.

NEED (i) Eg : (ii) Eg : (iii) Eg :

Need is used : As a principal verb ‘need’ is used in the sense of ‘require’ : I need your help. We need another player. As an auxiliary verb ‘need’ remains unchanged You need not do it. When referring to past time ‘need’ is followed by the perfect infinitive You need not have waited for her. She need not have lost her temper.

76



DARE (i) Eg : (ii) Eg :

Dare is used : As a principal verb ‘dare’ is used in the sense of face boldly’ : He dared me to swim across the river. He dares you to a fight. As an auxiliary ‘dare’ is commonly used with ‘not’ : She dare not do it. I dare not follow him.

USED (i) Eg : (ii) Eg :

Used is used : to refer to a past habit / to describe what once was. It is followed by the to – infinitive: He used to spend his holidays with his brother. They used to look after their business. ‘To be used’ is used to mean ‘accustomed’ He is used to driving long distances.

‘BE’ AUXILIARIES EXERCISE – 3.1 I.

Fill in the blanks with ‘Be’ auxiliaries:

1.

Mohan says that honesty …........... the best policy.

2.

It …........... good that you have come.

3.

…........... your father at home? I want to meet him.

4.

Where …........... you yesterday?

5.

He said that he …........... very busy.

6.

Mohan said that he …........... in Agra for two years.

7.

I cannot catch the train because I …........... already late.

8.

I couldn’t catch the train because I …........... late.

9.

Deepa …........... too lazy to do her work.

10.

He …........... not telling the truth.

11.

…........... you a vegetarian or a non-vegetarian?

12.

When I went to her house, she …........... watching T.V.

13.

After a long search, the thieves …........... caught.

14.

The house …........... built by the mason.

15.

Jack and Jill …........... a married couple.

16.

…........... she present yesterday?

17.

What have you …........... doing this week?

18.

I …........... writing a detective story.

19.

Caesar …........... stabbed by Brutus. 77


20.


…........... tired, I went to bed early.

‘HAVE’ AUXILIARIES EXERCISE – 3.2 II.

Fill in the blanks with ‘Have’ auxiliaries:

1.

The train had left the station .............. before I arrived.

2.

She. ................been suffering from fever for two days.

3.

................ finished the exercise, I went out to play.

4.

All my friends................joined this college.

5.

A good man and useful citizen ................ passed away.

6.

It ................been a very cold winter.

7.

I................ taken my camera with me.

8.

One of my classmates...............won the first prize in weight lifting

9.

The two brothers...............a good fight for their father’s property.

10.

Either of these fellows...............stolen the watch.

11.

Did you ...............a good sleep last night?

12.

I feel hungry .But I don’t...............anything to eat.

13.

We don’t...............to go to school on Saturdays.

14.

King Dasaratha............... four sons.

15.

............. you got any friends in the town?

16.

Salini.............blue eyes.

17.

If you.............played the flute, I would have sung.

18.

The new teacher.............taught us for six months

19.

I ............. finished my work just now.

20.

He............eaten all the food by the time we returned.

‘DO’ AUXILIARIES EXERCISE – 3.3 III.

Fill in the blanks with ‘do’ auxiliaries:

1.

They...........not work hard.

2.

How...........you go to school everyday? By bus or on foot.

3.

I............ expect this from you. 78



4.

She............not like mangoes.

5.

Where ............you go yesterday?

6.

What ............you do with the money I gave you yesterday?

7.

The works have been ............perfectly well.

8.

Mohan said that he had........... his work very well.

9.

............ forget to write you name on the study material given.

10.

............ you believe him?

11.

He........... smoke but doesn’t admit it.

12.

You............worry about your son. I ‘ll look after him.

13.

............ they take you home last week?

14.

What a stupid thing you have............?

15.

........... your homework regularly.

16.

She. ............not like to be called by her name.

17.

I............ expect your presence here.

18.

Some people.............believe in prophecy.

19.

............ you get my point?

20.

............ she speak French?

EXERCISE – 3.4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate auxiliaries: 1.

If I were rich, I...........help the poor.

2.

Who............tolerate such an insult?

3.

The case is serious. You............consult some good doctor.

4.

You...........to serve your aged parents.

5.

...........I smoke here?

6.

You have finished your work. You ...........go now.

7.

You........... stand united.

8.

We..........forget our duties.

9.

We.........to win the trophy this time.

10.

“.........I come again? No, you needn’t”

11.

We have completed our work...........we go now?

12.

”Who..........answer this question?” said the teacher.

13.

I hope she..........do well in the examination.

14.

He can bowl well, but he..........bat quite as well. 79



15.

He might pass, but he.......... get good marks.

16.

He .......... drive a car when he was ten.

17.

I have brushed my teeth. You...........bring the coffee now.

18.

He said that he...........finish the work in time

19.

Sit down. You...........leave the hall so soon.

20.

The principal is busy. You...........see him just now.

21.

You are not a member of the club. You...........attend its meeting.

22.

He...........smoke but does not admit.

23.

I know that he..........beat my brother yesterday.

24.

You..........worry about your son. I ...........help him in every way.

25.

...........We love our country? Of course we...........

26.

You ...........to work very hard this year.

27.

You...........do it if he does not help you.

28.

I think you...........succeed if you try.

29.

We...........hurry; we are very late.

30.

I’m afraid I ...........tell you that. It is a secret.

31.

Help! He ...........he drowned, if no one save him.

32.

My grandmother ...........to tell us amusing stories after dinner.

33.

...........I have a word with you?

34.

You ...........not worry, she won’t get lost.

35.

The world ..........avoid war at all costs.

36.

Your sister loves dolls. You...........to send her some.

37.

He...........not take such a risk.

38.

She ...........weep or she will die.

39.

She...........to play chess before her winner.

40.

Little children...........to be careful when crossing the road.

EXERCISE – 4 Auxiliaries: Choose the correct alternative. 1.

I don’t think I ………………………….………..(shall, should, can) be able to go.

2.

He …………………………………….. (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is compelled.

3.

You ……………………….……….. (should, would, ought) be punctual.

4.

I wish you ………………………………….. (should, would, must) tell me earlier. 80



5.

…………………………………….. (Shall, will, would) I assist you?

6.

…………………………..……….. (Shall, should, would) you please help me with this?

7.

You ……………………………….…….. (ought, should, would) to pay debts.

8.

He said that I…………………………..….. (can, might, should) use his telephone at any time.

9.

Unless you try hard, you ……………………………. (could, can, might) not reach the goal.

10.

He ………………………..….. (need, dare, would) not ask for a rise, for fear of losing his job.

11.

I …………….…….. (needn’t see, needn’t have seen, didn’t need to see) him, so I sent a letter.

12.

……………………………..…….. (Shall, might, could) you show mw the way to station?

13.

To save my life, I ran fast, and ……….…………….. (would, could, was able to) reach safely.

14.

I ………………………….….. (would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now I believe in God.

15.

You ………………………….. (needn’t, mustn’t, won’t) light a match; the room is full of gas.

16.

The Prime Minister ……………..………….. (would, need, is to) make a statement tomorrow.

17.

You ……………………………………..….. (can, could, could have) win, if you run fast.

18.

I was afraid that if I asked him again he …………………………….. (can, may, might) refuse.

19.

She …………………….. (shall, will, dare) sit outside foe hours looking at the passing traffic.

20.

…………………………….……….. (Should, would, shall) you like another cup of coffee?

21.

I wish he ………………….…………….. (should, will, would) not play his wireless so loudly.

22.

I …………………………………….….. (could not, will not, would not) go out, if it rains.

23.

He …………………….……….. (used, is used, was used) to play cricket before his marriage.

24.

…………………………………….. (Shall, will, would) I carry the box into the house for you?

25.

He …………………………….………….. (will, can, might) come, but I should be surprised. 81



Exercise : 5 Auxiliaries & Modals: a)

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word given in the brackets:

1.

…………….. (do, did, done) you need to go?

2.

He ………………….. (had, have, has) a car now.

3.

He ………………….. ( was, is , are) a man.

4.

………………….. (can, may, need) I write him?

5.

………………….. (did, done, do) you know him?

6.

He ………………….. (has, had, have) gone just now.

7.

They ………………….. (had, have, has) done this recently.

8.

They ………………….. (were, are, is) police.

9.

………………….. (shall, should, could) we get another Sachin?

10.

When I saw them, they ………………….. (are, was, were) going.

b)

Rewrite each of these sentences, using a modal verb.

1.

Possibly she isn’t Anil’s sister.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

2.

Perhaps we will go to Shimla next month.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

3.

My sister was able to read the alphabet when she was 15 months old.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

4.

It is necessary that you do not wash the car. (The paint is still wet)

A:

___________________________________________________________.

5.

It is not necessary for you to wash the car.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

6.

I am certain that they have left already.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

7.

Do you allow me to use your phone?

A:

___________________________________________________________.

8.

I was in the habit of using an umbrella when I was young.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

9.

He will probably pass his driving test easily.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

82



10.

Perhaps he forgot about the meeting.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

11.

I suggest visiting the Taj Mahal.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

12. Nobody has answered the phone; perhaps they have gone out. A:

___________________________________________________________.

13.

I am sure he is over seventy.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

14.

It was not necessary for me to meet him but I met him.

A:

___________________________________________________________.

15.

It was not necessary fro me to meet hi. ( and I didn’t meet him)

A:

___________________________________________________________.

83



4. PREPOSITIONS Definition :- A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show what one person or thing has to do with another person or thing. It denotes the relation between a noun or a pronoun and the other part of the sentence. Eg:- There is a book on the table. The word ‘on’ shows the relation between two things ‘book’ and ‘table’. The noun or the pronoun which is placed after the preposition is called its object. Kinds of prepositions :At, by for, from, in, of, on, up, to with, out, through, above, across, along, amidst, among, before, below, beside, between, inside, outside, within, without etc., are said to be prepositions. Uses of prepositions :At :- denotes a certain time, place of work etc. He gets up at five O’ clock. I met him at the market. Smith works at the public library. The train arrived at 9.45 AM He stayed at Apsara Hotel. In:- indicates time, place, names of certain places, passengers should be in time for the train. The horse ran the distance in two minutes. He lives in America. Most people like to live in cities. John works in a bank. On:- denotes specific day, date, cause ,condition etc., Indira Gandhi was born on November 19th, 1917. My brother reached London on Sunday. He is on duty. He acted on my advice. They came here on Friday afternoon. By:- used in the passive voice, denotes means of travel, latest time, reason etc., The snake was killed by him. Came and sit by me. She goes to school by bus. The work would be finished by Monday. We were irritated by her actions. Of:- used to express cause, relief, relation, express a measure. She died of fever. The thief was accused of theft. Can I have a glass of water ? Are you aware of the risks ? He is one of my old friends. 84



For:- to show the lapse of time, express purpose, cause etc. We are waiting for the train to arrive. It rained fro three hours. He shouted for help. Its for this reason he came here. He left for Hyderabad yesterday. To:- indicates things in motion, direction, decision etc., He ran to school Let us go to the park. I prefer tea to coffee. He wishes to go for a walk everyday. I accompanied my friend to the bus stop. Towards:- indicates direction He walked towards the bus stop. He ran towards the poles. Along:- indicates direction He walked along the road. Against:- denotes opposition of same land. One should not act against the orders. The work was done against the orders of the Principal. With:- indicates the agent of an action. He cut the tree with an axe. HE Completed the task with great difficulty. Beside:- means by side of He sat beside his friend. He put the pen beside the book. Besides:- means something in addition to Besides being a teacher, she is a lecture. He has many problems besides this. Between:- refers to two persons or things. The ball was placed between the two poles. Bob sat between Mary any jim . Among:- refer to more than two persons or things :The boys quarreled among themselves. The property was distributed equally among the brothers. Since:- indicates a point of time. They have been living this house since ten years. I have known him since 1970. 85



EXERCISE – 4.1 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions 1.

He lives ______ Hyderabad.

2.

It has been raining ______ morning.

3.

She ordered tow cups ______ coffee.

4.

Ravana was killed ______ Rama.

5.

______ the morning, the children go to school.

6.

The king ______ Nepal was on a visit to India.

7.

The lion sprang ______ the cow.

8.

I found him leaning ______ the chair.

9.

It had a small kitchen garden ______ the back.

10.

I told him ______ his face that he could not pass.

11.

I have learned this lesson word ______ word.

12.

Kashmir is a bone of connection ______ India and Pakistan.

13.

Please open your hook ______ page twenty.

14.

I saw him sitting ______ the minister.

15.

Our friends have not been here ______ long.

16.

Cigarette smoking is injurious ______ health.

17.

Translate this passage from English ______ Hindi.

18.

Let’s study the action ______ the heart.

19.

Sachin has six fingers ______ the left.

20.

It has been raining cats and dogs ______ Monday.

21.

It is half part ten ______ my watch.

22.

The tired traveler was sitting ______ the shade of the tree.

23.

OUR examination begins ______ Monday.

24.

The lamp fell and was broken ______ pieces.

25.

He cut the apple ______ a new knife.

26.

Sneha was admitted ______ the tenths class.

27.

The children are fond ______ sweets.

28.

The girl is related ______ the teacher.

29.

My father is angry ______ me.

30.

Road well ______ you answer the question.

31.

Our head master has been working in this school ______ ten years.

32.

The brothers divided the property ______ themselves after their father’s death. 86



33.

Our principal usually comes ______ first bell.

34.

I have a pen ______ the table.

35.

Mokamen Ghat was infested ______ poisonous snakes.

36.

Your method is different ______ (than, from)

37.

The train is ______ (in, on) Time

38.

He is true ______ (to, with) his friends.

39.

Distribute the mangoes ______ (among, between) the students.

40.

She comes ______ (of, from) a noble family.

41.

The soldiers marched ______ (in, into) the courtyard.

42.

He congratulated me ______ (for, on) my success.

43.

She was struck ______ (with , by) lightly.

44.

He is not ______ (at, in) home just now.

45.

We had to write the paper ______ (in, with) ink.

46.

The boy is suffering ______ (by, with, from, of) fever.

47.

The bag is red ______ colour. (on, by, with in)

48.

His defective eyesight prevented him ______ enjoying sports. (in, for, from, to)

49.

The thief was armed ______ a big stick. (with, by, on, to)

50.

He jumped ______ joy (with, in)

Study Hour

Exercise : 4.2

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions 1.

I met a beggar …………………….……. the way.

2.

I was surprised ………………………… his failure.

3.

I am not acquainted ………………………….. her.

4.

Be kind ……………………….….. the poor.

5.

I warned him ……………………….…….. the danger.

6.

I have no taste …………………………. music.

7.

Her face is familiar ………………….. me.

8.

He is always in need ……………………..…. money.

9.

She is very fond …………………………….. chocolates.

10.

She agreed …………………………..……. my proposal.

11.

We deeply sympathized ………………….……….. her.

12.

I will not hide the truth ………………………..……. you.

13.

We waited …………………..………… the train. 87



14.

He is sure ………………………..…… success.

15.

I relied ………………………… the information you gave me.

16.

He protected me ………………………… the danger.

17.

He complained ………………….….. me ……………….……. the Headmaster.

18.

He is now free ……………………….. pain.

19.

We were provided ……………………….……… ink, pen and paper.

20.

I am preparing ………………………..…… the exam.

21.

She does not care ……………………….…. any one.

22.

I am curious ……………………………… know it.

23.

The dog is faithful ……………………………….. his master.

24.

I congratulated him ………………………. his success.

25.

I am late by ………………..……. 10 minutes.

26.

Beware ……………………….… mad dogs.

27.

I prefer milk ……………………… tea.

28.

Has she recovered …………………..………….. illness?

29.

Satish is good ………………………………… English.

30.

He introduced me ………………………………. his uncle.

Study Hour

Exercise: 4.3

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: 1.

The teacher was displeased ………………..……….. me.

2.

The basket is full …………………………. flowers.

3.

She prays ………………………..…. God daily.

4.

He is busy …………………….…… his work.

5.

He is addicted ………………..……….. smoking.

6.

Have faith ……………………..… God.

7.

He is negligent ………………..………….his work.

8.

He insisted …………………..…… going there.

9.

I am prepared …………………..…….. the worst.

10.

Bala depends ………………………… your help.

11.

My pen is superior ……………….………….. yours.

12.

We were grieved …………………..………… hear this.

13.

He has no pity ………………………… the poor.

14.

The accused was charged ………………..………….. murder. 88



15.

She was very anxious …………………………….. her son’s health.

16.

He is poor …………………………….…. Mathematics.

17.

She is obedient …………………..………… her parents.

18.

I listened …………………….….. what he said.

19.

He is famous ……………….…….. his kindness.

20.

Are you tired ………………………. waiting?

21.

We believe ………………………….…… God.

22.

Can you translate this Telugu paragraph …………………….…….. English?

23.

He was killed …………………………… a robber.

24.

The mad dog ran …………………..…….. the road.

25.

There is no cure ………………….….. laziness.

26.

The girl goes to school …………………………….. foot.

27.

Tobacco is any form is injurious …………………..……. health.

28.

This flower is different ……………………………….. that flower.

29.

She tore the paper ………………………..… pieces.

30.

The cat sprang ………………………….. the rat.

Exercise: 6 Prepositions: Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions: 1. The policeman is ______________ duty. 2. I met a beggar ______________ the way. 3. Father is ______________ home. 4. I was talking ______________ my friend. 5. He died ______________ plague. 6. She is proud ______________ her beauty. 7. I was surprised ______________ his failure. 8. I congratulate you ________ your success ______________ the examination. 9. I am not acquainted ______________ her. 10. I agree ______________ you ______________ all points. 11. Be kind ______________ the poor. 12. He is married ______________ Rita. 13. I warned him ______________ the danger. 14. Beware ______________ mad dogs. 15. He is famous ______________ his learning. 16. He is related ______________ me. 17. She laughed ______________ my face. 18. I have no taste ______________ music. 19. I am sorry ______________ my mistake. 89


20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.


Her face is familiar ______________ me. He is always in need ______________ money. She is very fond ______________ sweets. This pen differs ______________ that. I prefer milk ______________ tea. She agreed ______________ my proposal. We deeply sympathized ______________ her. She acted ______________ my advice. The hall was full ______________ people. I am obliged ______________ you ______________ your kindness. She insisted ______________ going there.

Exercise:7 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1.

This building comprises ____________ sixty rooms.

2.

He is busy ____________ his work.

3.

The passengers are cautioned ____________ pickpockets.

4.

The officer is quite popular ____________ his juniors.

5.

Please send ____________a doctor.

6.

His skills come ____________ practice.

7.

He left ____________ the conference.

8.

Sita is taller than Geetha ____________ two inches.

9.

There is a cow ____________ the field.

10.

The mother lulled the baby ____________ sleep.

11.

He left school ____________ the age of 15.

12.

He is famous all ____________ the world.

13.

The sun hid ____________ the clouds.

14.

He invited me ____________ dinner.

15.

He has not been here ____________ Monday.

16.

The book was written ____________ me.

17.

Put your books ____________ the table.

18.

They were driving ____________ full speed.

19.

I take coffee ____________ milk.

20.

He is a man ____________ great character.

21.

She spends her time ____________ reading books.

22.

She has been writing ____________ two hours. 90



23.

The office works ____________ 10.00 and 5.00.

24.

He hails ____________ a noble family

25.

Don’t go out ____________ the rain.

26.

Don’t look ____________ me like that.

27.

I am angry ____________ his behaviour.

28.

Distribute the sweets ____________ you four.

29.

Please listen ____________ me.

30.

He is proud ____________ his riches.

31.

I complained ____________ him.

32.

He is fond ____________ sweets.

33.

The cat is ____________ the table.

34.

I sat ____________ Raghu and Krishna.

35.

My house is ____________ the temple.

36.

Here is the watch you asked ____________.

37.

What are you thinking ____________?

38.

That is the boy I was speaking ____________

39.

In case ____________ need, call me.

40.

A little girl sat ____________ the shadow.

41.

I prefer coffee ____________ tea.

42.

I am not familiar ____________ this.

43.

Come away ____________ there.

44.

She plucked the flowers ____________ the tree.

45.

The dog ran ____________ the road.

* * *

91



5. THE ARTICLE ‘A’ or ‘An’ and ‘The’ are called articles. They are essentially adjectives, determiners. Where is an indefinite article used ? Note:- ‘A’ or ‘An’ is used before a singular countable noun. ‘A’ or ‘An’ implies ‘one’. The use of the indefinite article depends on the spoken form of the word and not on the written form. ‘A’ is used before a consonant sound : Eg: - a boy, a red sari, a pen, a chair, a pond, a bus , a girl, a town. ‘An’ is used before a vowel sound : Eg: - an egg, an umbrella, an eagle, an inkpot, an apple, an orange. We also use indefinite article ‘A’a. Eg:

before a word beginning with a vowel but giving the sound of a consonant. 1. He gave me a one rupee note. 2. I saw a one – legged man. Here we get ‘v’ sound 3. This is a one-way road. 4. It will be completed within a year. 5. She is a university student 6. It is a useful book 7. He is a European.

b. c. d.

to show that something is same. Eg:- 1. Birds of a feather flock together 2. Two of a trade seldom agree. In the sense of ‘every’. Eg: - 1. Apples cost Rs. 70/- a dozen 2. A pen earns him a profit of one rupee (every pen) When a proper noun is used in the sense of common noun Eg: - 1. A Daniel (a wise judge) comes to judgement.

f.

to show a certain quantity :a lot of, a great deal of , a couple of,

g.

In exclamations What a pity ! What a fine day !

1. 2.

Here we get the sound of ‘YU’.

THE USE OF ‘AN’ Used before a word which starts with a consonant but has a vowel sound. Eg:- an hour, an honourable man. Used before abbreviation that begin with a consonant but has a vowel sound. Eg:- an M.A. student, an S.P., an M.L.A. 92


1.


USAGE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’ The is used before the nouns which are specific, unique, or only one of its kind. Eg: - The sun, the moon, the earth

2.

When we are speaking of a particular person or thing or one already referred to 1. The pen which I want was not available b) The book you mentioned was out of print.

3.

Used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, islands, gulfs, deserts, canals, plains, seasons etc. Eg: The Ganga, The Red Sea, The Bay of Bengal, The Himalayas, The Sahara, The Rainy Season.

4.

Before holy books : Eg:- The Rmayana, The Bible, The KOran Note:- If the authors name is indicated ‘the’ is omitted. Eg:- Valmiki’s Ramayana

5.

Before Newspapers. Eg:- The Hindu, The D.C.

6.

Before Superlative degree Eg:- This is the best movie I ‘ve ever seen He is the noblest of all.

7.

With most of the common time expressions Eg: - WE expect him to reach in the morning.

8.

Before a noun, which becomes definite as a result of being mentioned again. Eg: - Once upon a time there lived a king. The king had four sons.

9.

before comparatives when they are repeated (more ……. less) Eg:- The deeper the well the cooler the water is. The less you work, the less you get. The higher you go, the cooler it is. The more one has, the more one wants.

10.

before the names of public buildings, institutions Eg:- The Tajmahal, The University of London, The Nehru Zoological park.

11. Before the names of peoples (nations) families and Adjectives formed from proper nouns as Eg: - The English Language, The Hindus, The Buddists, The Turkish tobacco 12.

Before a common noun, to give it meaning of an Abstract Noun; as Eg:- 1. He felt the patriot in his heart. (the patriotic spirit or feeling) 2. At last the mother in her was thoroughly aroused. (the motherly feeling) 93



13.

Before ordinals : Ex:- The fifteenth of August, The first of January.

14.

Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an Adjective or by a phrase or a clause used as an Adjective. Eg: - The immortal Shakespeare The great Ceasar.

Omission of Article : ‘The’ 1. Article is not used before common nouns used in the widest sense. Man is mortal. Woman is delicate hearted. 2.

Before proper nouns Mumbai is a big city. Soloman was a wise ruler.

3.

Before abstract nouns used in general sense as Honestyis the best policy. He loved wisdom and virtue. Before material nouns : Gold is a precious metal. Bench is made of wood.

4.

Exercise – 5.1 Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. 1.

_____________ cow is __________ animal.

2.

___________ eye has _________ lid.

3.

______________ ornament is made of gold.

4.

__________ sword is made of steel.

5.

___________ fly is ____________ insect.

6.

_______________ owl is _____________ bird.

7.

She returned after _____________ hour.

8.

Misha is ____________ tallest girl in the class.

9.

________ sun rises in _______ east.

10.

I saw ___________ one-eyed man.

11.

He is ______ man who can do it.

12.

_______ Bible is _______ sacred book of ________ Christians.

13.

Raju is ________ honest boy.

14.

She wrote _________ essay.

15.

I waited for you for _________ hour.

16.

I heard __________ loud noise. 94



17.

Jack and Jill went up ___________ hill.

18.

The game came to ____________ end.

19.

Newton was ____________ great scientist.

20.

He was ______ best judge of horses.

21.

_____________ umbrella is _________useful thing.

22.

She is ____________ American.

23.

_______________ Taj express is late today.

24.

_____________ gardener is watering _________ plants.

25.

Please give me _____________ apple.

26.

I go for ______ walk in _______ evenings.

27.

Horse is _________ noble animal.

28.

She is __________ cleverest girl in our class.

29.

________________ rich should help __________ poor.

30.

Look at ____________ black board.

31.

He gave me ______ one-rupee note.

32.

Shut _____ door but open ___________ window.

33.

What ______ stupid girl she is!

34.

I saw ______ ox grazing in _______ field.

35.

There are twelve months in _________ year.

36.

_______________ Germans are defeated by __________ English.

37.

___________ train was ___________ hour late.

38.

Kamala is ___________ idle girl.

39.

________ iron box is heavy.

40.

English is __________ easy language.

41.

_________ Himalayas are _______ highest mountains in _______world.

42.

She is _________ old woman of ninety.

43.

He is _______________ cleverest boy in ______ class.

44.

He is ___________ Indian but his wife is ___________ American.

45.

______________ Ramayana is ________ holy book of _______ Hindus.

46.

She has ______________ ugly face.

47.

Srilanka is ____________ island.

48.

_______________ honest man is __________ noblest work of God.

49.

___________ earth moves round ____________ sun.

50.

____________ Europoean came to see me yesterday.

95



Exercise – 5.2 Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. 1.

He is ___________ most courageous man I have ever seen.

2.

I first met her _______ year ago.

3.

This is ____________ oldest house in the village.

4.

I shall return in __________ hour.

5.

______________ rose is _____________ loveliest of all flowers.

6.

_____________ aeroplane flies in _________ sky.

7.

____________ Ganges is _________ sacred river.

8.

I saw ____________ ass grazing in _____________ garden.

9.

Have _______ inkpot with you?

10.

__________ Alps cannot be easily climbed.

11.

We found _________ empty box.

12.

He bought _______ ox and ______ buffalo.

13.

We saw __________ Englishman riding on __________ elephant.

14.

___________ boy with _________ red coat is my cousin.

15.

We saw ________ ugly woman and _____________ foolish man.

16.

Delhi is _________ capital of India.

17.

French is ____________ easy language.

18.

Copper is _________ useful metal.

19.

Let us discuss ________ matter seriously.

20.

John is _________ American, but James is _______ European.

21.

_____________ Ramayana is ________ epic.

22.

He can play ___________ flute well.

23.

Gold is ____________ precious metal.

24.

_________ cow is __________ useful animal.

25.

He is as stupid as _________ owl.

26.

The children found _____ egg in _________ nest.

27.

_____________ Andamans are ______ group of islands.

28.

He is eating _________ ice-cream.

29.

Twelve inches make ________ foot.

30.

___________ Bible is ___________ holy book.

31.

Honesty is __________ best policy.

32.

_________ lion is _________ king of beasts.

33.

He is not ________________ honourable man. 96



34.

She is ____________ untidy girl.

35.

March is _____________ third month of _________ year.

36.

____________ Himalayas lie to _________ north of India.

37.

I saw _________ one-eyed beggar in _________ street.

38.

Sanjay is __________ laziest boy in _________ class.

39.

___________ Nile is a long river.

40.

He has been suffering for ___________ last two days.

41.

__________ poor are becoming poorer.

42.

______ higher you go _______ cooler it gets.

43.

______________ monkey is _____________ mischievous animal.

44.

_________ writing of that man is good.

45.

Krishna went to ________ rescue of Arjuna.

46.

This is ____________ only medicine available here.

47.

The girl is ____________ orphan.

48.

He called me from __________ distance.

49.

I waited for him for ________ hour and _________ half.

50.

This is _______________ unfortunate incident.

Exercise: 8 Articles: Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. 1.

The earth is __________ planet.

2.

Do you see __________ blue sky?

3.

Allaudin has __________wonderful lamp.

4.

French is __________easy language.

5.

The world is __________happy place.

6.

Sanskrit is __________difficult language.

7.

John got __________ best prize.

8.

__________ government passed __________ order.

9.

__________ Mr. Shyam calls you over the phone.

10.

__________ poor are becoming poorer.

11.

__________ hand writing of that man is very good.

12.

Tomorrow will be ___________ holiday.

13.

I saw __________ elephant in ___________ zoo.

14.

Is there ____________ hospital in this place?

15.

__________ dog is __________ faithful animal.

16.

My brother has __________ few friends. 97



17.

What __________ pretty girl!

18.

Kalidasa is __________ Shakespeare of India.

19.

__________ doctor belongs to __________ noble family.

20.

The Mahabharata is __________ epic.

21.

This is __________ boy who won the match.

22.

Mussolini is __________ Hitler of Italy.

23.

I looked at him for __________ few minutes.

24.

She reads __________ Gita.

25.

He is __________ idiot.

26.

__________ cow is __________ useful animal.

27.

He is __________ angry man.

28.

__________ Taj is __________ heritage monument.

29.

__________ Indian can easily befriend __________ European.

30.

He went to __________ hospital to see his uncle.

31.

He met with _____________ accident.

32.

Man is __________ social animal.

33.

There is __________ orange in __________ basket.

34.

Tomorrow will be __________ holiday.

35.

We play tennis in __________ evening.

36.

Copper is __________ useful metal.

37.

__________ car in that showroom is beautiful.

38.

What __________ lovely building!

39.

__________ more you give __________ more he wants.

40.

He called me from __________ distance.

41.

One evening __________ beggar came to my door.

42.

I found __________ one-rupee coin.

43.

__________ apple __________ day keeps __________ doctor away.

44.

Asia is __________ continent.

45.

My wife is __________ M.A.

46.

He is late by __________ hour.

47.

I joined in __________ University.

48.

This is __________ unfortunate incident.

49.

Rome was not built in __________ day.

50.

She knew __________ lot of things. 98



Exercise:9 Articles:

Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1.

Peaches are sold by __________ dozen.

2.

The doctor said that it was __________ hopeless case.

3.

__________ Hindu is __________ oldest newspaper in India.

4.

__________ poem is very interesting.

5.

I saw __________ police officer.

6.

This is __________ University.

7.

I first met him __________ year ago.

8.

I like jam on __________ piece of bread.

9.

__________ friend in need is __________ friend indeed.

10.

How blue __________ sky looks!

11.

Rustum is __________ young Parsee.

12.

Sachin is __________ Don Bradman of Jndia.

13.

Rama has come without __________ umbrella.

14.

They formed __________ union.

15.

The Pacific is __________ ocean.

16.

__________ Titanic was a big ship.

17.

__________ cow is worshipped in India.

18.

__________ Andamans are in __________ Bay of Bengal.

19.

They do not do it as __________ rule.

20.

Raju joined in __________ university.

21.

Benaras is a __________ city.

22.

What __________ grand sight!

23.

__________ lion is __________ king of beasts.

24.

At first, __________ infant mewls and pukes in __________ nurse’s arms.

25.

__________ stitch in time saves nine.

26.

There is __________ ox under the tree.

27.

He is __________ man of great wealth.

28.

Everyone respects __________ honest man.

29.

This is __________ best game.

30.

__________ Pluto is the smallest planet.

31.

__________ dog is __________ faithful animal.

32.

Speak __________ truth. 99



33.

Priya is __________ cleverest girl in the class.

34.

They work as __________ unit.

35.

I joined __________ union.

36.

He is __________ most cunning man.

37.

There is __________ lion in __________ zoo.

38.

__________ moon is a satellite.

39.

I like to leave in __________ open air.

40.

__________ rich ought to help __________ poor.

41.

__________ boy who is walking there, is my friend.

42.

India is __________ noble land.

43.

He is famous all over __________ world.

44.

__________ sky is blue.

45.

__________ sea is deep.

46.

__________ man you wanted is over there.

47.

Prabhu Deva is __________ Michael Jackson of India.

48.

I ate __________ apple.

49.

__________ hour has 60 minutes.

50.

__________ gift that you gave me is very valuable.

* * *

100



6. THE SENTENCE When we speak or write anything, we use some words. We generally use these words in groups. E.g. An apple is a fruit. Definition: - A group of words which makes complete sense is called a Sentence. A sentence always begins with a capital letter. Kinds of sentences: THE SENTENCE

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

1. Declarative sentence: - A statement is called a declarative sentence or an assertive sentence. E.g. 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. The school re-opens on 12th June. 3. He is a good cricketer. 2. Imperative sentence: A sentence that is represented in a polite manner or in the form of a request, command, order, wish etc., is called an imperative sentence. E.g. Requests: 1. Please lend me your book. 2. Will you please get me a glass of water? 3. Please keep the class neat and tidy. Commands: 1. Stop talking. 2. Close the door. 3. Be quiet. Orders: 1. Make two cups of tea. 2. Complete the given work by evening. 3. All of you must come to school in full uniform. 3. Exclamatory sentence: - A sentence that expresses sudden or strong feelings of joy, sorrow, happiness, anger or sympathy is called an exclamatory sentence. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamatory mark (!). E.g. 1. How cold the night is! 2. How beautiful the flower is! 3. What a pitiable deed indeed! 4. Interrogative sentence: - A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. An Interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?). E.g. 1. Where do you live? 101



2. Why is the child crying? 3. What is the price of this watch? 4. When do you go to bed? The “Wh” words are what, why, where, when, who, whose, whom and how. Verbal questions: - Verbal questions are those which are formed by using auxiliary verbs or helping verbs. These questions also end with a question mark (?). E.g. 1. Have you heard the news of her death? 2. Can he drive the point home? 3. Were you present at the meeting yesterday? EXERCISE – 6.1 I. 1.

State whether the following sentences are Declarative, Imperative, Exclamatory or Interrogative:When does the coffee house re-open? [ ]

2.

The match starts at 9 o’clock.

[

]

3.

Please pay heed to my request.

[

]

4.

Here comes the bus!

[

]

5.

Honey is sweet.

[

]

6.

Have you finished the given work?

[

]

7.

What a strange event!

[

]

8.

My watch keeps good time.

[

]

9.

Did she speak the truth?

[

]

10.

Why have you acted so foolishly?

[

]

11.

Please keep your surroundings neat and clean.

[

]

12.

Enter by the left door.

[

]

13.

Many people gathered at the accident spot.

[

]

14.

Why are you making such a lot of noise?

[

]

15.

What a stupid thing have you done!

[

]

16.

There is little truth in his evidence.

[

]

17.

We should keep our promises.

[

]

18.

We ought to love our parents.

[

]

19.

It was an unforgettable event indeed.

[

]

20.

How beautifully she sings!

[

]

21.

Has she gone to the market?

[

]

22.

Life is not a bed of roses.

[

]

102



23.

Never defy your parents.

[

]

24.

Why is she always late to class?

[

]

25.

What a pity!

[

]

EXERCISE – 6.1 Interchange of sentences from affirmative to negative. I.

Change the following sentences into the Negative form without changing the meaning:

1.

He is as brave as a lion.

Ans

…………………………………………………..

2.

He is richer than me.

Ans

…………………………………………………….

3.

This gate is sometimes closed.

Ans

……………………………………………………

4.

Only a fool would behave in such a way.

Ans

……………………………………………………

5.

Few men could have done better in the circumstances.

Ans

…………………………………………………..

6.

He tried every plan.

Ans

………………………………………………….

7.

Few men are cruel to a beggar.

Ans

………………………………………………….

8.

He is the richest man in the city.

Ans

…………………………………………………

9.

She gave us little reward.

Ans

………………………………………………….

10.

You are quite as foolish as he is.

Ans

………………………………………………….

11.

Kumar is the strongest boy in the class.

Ans

…………………………………………………..

12.

As soon as the thief saw the policeman, he ran away.

Ans

…………………………………………………….

13.

Only a fool would say such a thing.

Ans

……………………………………………………. 103



14.

There is always some lightning when it thunders.

Ans

………………………………………………………

15.

As soon as the teacher entered the room, every boy was silent.

Ans

………………………………………………………

EXERCISE – 6.1 From negative to affirmative II.

Change the following sentences in the Affirmative form without changing the meaning.

1.

There is no smoke without fire.

Ans

………………………………………………………………………….

2.

He did not know much of the matter.

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………

3.

There was no one present who did not criticize her conduct.

Ans`

………………………………………………………………………………..

4.

He promised never to tell lies again.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………….

5.

I shall never forget your kindness.

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………..

6.

No one can deny that he has done his best.

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………….

7.

Sarojini is not so clever as Binadini.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………

8.

There is nobody who believes in her honesty.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………

9.

He was not a bit tired when he reached home.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………

10.

No one but a coward would fail to do his duty.

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………….

11.

No sooner did he come out of the court than the enemies fell on him.

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………….

12.

No sooner did they reach the play ground than it began to rain.

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………..

13.

I wish it would not be very hot.

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………… 104



14.

He did not live many years in India.

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………….

15.

God will not forget the cry of the humble.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………..

EXERCISE – 6.2 Interrogative to assertive III.

Transform the following questions into the Assertive form:

1.

Is there anything greater than love?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………..

2.

Who does not love his country?

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………..

3.

When can her glory fade?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………….

4.

Why to waste time in reading novels?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………….

5.

Can a tiger change its nature?

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………

6.

Was he not a rogue to do such a deed?

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………..

7.

Can you gather grapes from thorns?

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………..

8.

Shall we ever see her again?

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

Are we born simply to eat?

Ans

………………………………………………………………………………….

10.

Can we ever see those happy days?

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

11.

Who can become rich by adopting dishonest means?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………………

12.

Is there anything better than a busy life?

Ans

…………………………………..............................................................................

13.

Could we do anything without your help?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………………. 105



14.

Was that an example to be followed?

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

15.

Where in the world will you find a fairer building than the TajMahal?

Ans

……………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE – 6.2 Interchange of interrogative to assertive or vice versa 1.

Isn’t wisdom much better than riches ?

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

I never asked you to do it.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

Is there any sense in doing that ?

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Everyone knows that two and two make four.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

That is not the way a gentleman should behave.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Can any man serve God and Mammon ?

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

Is it in any way useful to preach religion to a hungry man ?

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

Is this the kind of dress a young lady should wear ?

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

A leopard can not change its spots.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

It doesn’t profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

Everyone knows the leopard.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

We cannot gather groups from thorns and figs from thistles.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….

106



Exercise: 10 Kinds of Sentences: Change the given sentences as directed. 1.

Are you a doctor?

( Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 2.

You are a girl.

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 3.

It is a beautiful scene.

(Exclamatory)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 4.

I shot an arrow into the air.

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 5.

Will she go to a movie?

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 6.

He was greater than Akbar.

(Negative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 7.

When can their glory fade?

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 8.

What a sight it was!

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 9.

This is not the kind of dress to wear in school.

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 10. I am not the criminal.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 11. What a delicious meal!

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 12. It is a horrible night.

(Exclamatory)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 13. He reads newspaper every morning.

(Negative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 14. He went to school yesterday.

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 15. Shall I ever get those happy days?

(Assertive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 107



16. That man showed us some ancient coins.

(Negative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 17. It is a very tall building.

(Exclamatory)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 18. He is going.

(Negative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 19. He is greater than I.

(Negative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 20. I am not a little tired.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 21. We did not find the road very bad.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 22. There is no smoke without fire.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 23. Were they going?

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 24. The two brothers are not unlike each other.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 25. What a piece of work man is!

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 26. Night is very beautiful.

(Exclamatory)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 27. Who does not know the owl?

(Affirmative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 28. He has stolen the money.

(Interrogative)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 29. He is not a good man.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________. 30. Nobody was absent.

(Positive)

A: ___________________________________________________________.

108



Exercise: 11 Transform the following sentences as directed: 1. Were we fools to do it? (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Who can run the race? (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. It is a beautiful city. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. He fought bravely. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. How brightly the moon shines! (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. What a wonderful creation this is! (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. None can dare to do it. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. Can I take it as a challenge? (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. He shifted his camp to the sea – side. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. He faced the lion bravely. (Into Exclamatory) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. She is very poor. (Into Exclamatory) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. Can anyone dream of such a situation? (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13. He died of heart attack. (Into Exclamatory) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14. He passed on the ball to the next. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15. None can dare to speak to him. (Into Interrogative) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16. When can he achieve the target? (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 17. Oh! That I were a child again. (Into Assertive) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18. Tajmahal is a beautiful monument. (Into Exclamatory) Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 109



7. QUESTION TAGS 1.

Read the following sentences : (a) It’s not a brilliant publication, is it? (b) You know him, don’t you? (c) They will accompany you, won’t they? Notice that these sentences are not questions, but each one is accompanied by a tag with a question mark at the end. The words in bold type in the above sentences are questiontags. All sentence types, except interrogatives, can be accompanied by question-tags. • A tag reverses the subject-verb order of the main clause. He walks to office, doesn’t he? • A tag is generally negative if the main clause is positive and vice-versa. You are happy, aren’t you? You aren’t happy, are you? • Response to a tag is always ‘yes’ or ‘no’. • A tag is normally used to seek confirmation of the point made in the statement. II.

Add question-tags to each of the following. Use correct punctuation marks. (a) Children like sweets, _______________________ (b) They are joining us here, _______________________ (c) You’ll contact him, _______________________ (d) You like the way it is done, _______________________ (e) He wouldn’t want it, _______________________ (f) Your sisters have trained you in music, _______________________ (g) Your cousin went to college last year, _______________________ (h) When we reached, they had finished dinner, _______________________ (i) You shouldn’t speak loudly, _______________________ (j) I don’t have to do it, _______________________ III. Look at the following imperative sentences and the accompanying tags. • Shut the door, will you? can you? can’t you? could you? • Sit down, will you? won’t you? can you? can’t you? could you? Imperatives allow for a wide choice of tags. The speaker’s intention as well as the context determines which tag is to be used with an imperative sentences. IV. Add suitable tags to the following sentences. Use correct punctuation marks. 1. How gracefully she sings!, _______________________ 110



2. 3. 4. 5.

Cool down, _______________________ He must do it, _______________________ They ought to be punished, _______________________ Come here, _______________________ A ‘Question Tag’ – is generally used when we want the listener to what we have said. E.g. 1. Peter works hard, doesn’t he? 2. He doesn’t like reading books, does he? Note: When the statement is positive, the tag is negative. When the statement is negative, the tag is positive. Some more examples: 1. You are coming tomorrow, aren’t you? 2. You know her well, don’t you? 3. She will visit us tomorrow, won’t she? 4. She didn’t lie to us, did she? 5. He hasn’t finished his work yet, has he?

Exercise: 7.1 Add appropriate question tags: 1.

They haven’t come, __________________?

2.

You are free, __________________?

3.

Your sister is cooking well, __________________?

4.

She hasn’t come yet, __________________?

5.

Gopi has broken the glass, __________________?

6.

You don’t like him, __________________?

7.

It is raining, __________________?

8.

Sita did it, __________________?

9.

Kishore will come, __________________?

10.

He hadn’t passed the exam, __________________?

11.

He didn’t paint it himself, __________________?

12.

We have sold the house, __________________?

13.

Let’s go to the picture, __________________?

14.

Some of us didn’t go to play cricket, __________________?

15.

None of the clerks had come, __________________?

16.

The boy will do it, __________________? 111

confirm



17.

I am a boy, __________________?

18.

He would like to play, __________________?

19.

They could lift the box, __________________?

20.

She can do it, __________________?

21.

They are playing well, __________________?

22.

He watches a film everyday, __________________?

23.

I did the work, __________________?

24.

You must clear it, __________________?

25.

Some of you open the door, __________________?

26.

I am playing chess, __________________?

27.

He is not drawing the picture, __________________?

28.

Let’s discuss the matter, __________________?

29.

It is not cold, __________________?

30.

It didn’t sound alright, __________________?

31.

You could not do me the favour, __________________?

32.

Today is Sunday, __________________?

33.

Nothing will work, __________________?

34.

You could lend me some money, __________________?

35.

Don’t make a noise, __________________?

36.

He was here yesterday, __________________?

37.

I am a student, __________________?

38.

I am not a magician, __________________?

39.

Rani has never drunk coffee, __________________?

40.

Two roads did diverge in a yellow wood, __________________?

41.

I didn’t take the other road, __________________?

42.

We know him, __________________?

43.

We don’t know him, __________________?

44.

I shall do it, __________________?

45.

He will be there before six, __________________?

46.

It won’t be a good thing, __________________?

47.

They will appreciate good food, __________________?

48.

I have invited you, __________________?

49.

It isn’t time to leave, __________________?

50.

Ganesh can write as fast as you speak, __________________? 112



Exercise: 7.2 I Add the suitable question tag. 1.

He came early this morning,………………………?

2.

She swims well, ……………………………?

3.

I ran very quickly, ……………………..……?

4.

Ravi accepted the gift, …………………………?

5.

Snow covered the houses, ……………………….……?

6.

He finished the work in time, ………………….………?

7.

You teach English, …………………..………?

8.

He didn’t come, ……………………..……?

9.

He drinks too much, ……………………………?

10.

We got home very late, …………………………?

11.

Boys don’t like to wash, ……………….…………?

12.

George left for Mumbai,……………….…………?

13.

Viswanath plays chess very well, …………….……………?

14.

Her rudeness vexes me, ………………..………?

15.

Anil reads French fluently, ………………..…………?

16.

Your dog barks at passing scooters, …………………………?

17.

The post office doesn’t work on Sundays, …………………………?

18.

Children enjoy listening to music, …………………..………?

19.

This medicine tastes bitter, ……………………………?

20.

Your sister cooks well, ……………………..……?

21.

This bottle contains milk, ………………….…………?

22.

You love your parents, ………………….……?

23.

We didn’t wait, …………………………?

24.

We go now, …………………….……?

25.

You knew that before, …………………….……?

26.

His decisions surprise me, …………………….………?

27.

Padma broke the jug, …………………..………?

28.

We keep the butter here, …………………………?

29.

All of us like ice creams, ……………………………?

30.

People speak English all over the world, …………………..………?

31.

Marconi invented the wireless, ……………….…………?

32.

All the boys laughed at the poor beggar, ………………..…………? 113



33.

The flowers smell sweet, …………………..……?

34.

She deposited the money in the bank, ……………………………?

35.

The managers grant permission, …………………..………?

36.

Few students ask questions,…………………..……?

37.

Gandhiji preached Non-Violence, ……………………………?

38.

The post man delivers the letters, …………………………?

39.

The principal issued me the conduct certificate, …………………..………?

40.

He offered them a nice job,……………………..………?

Exercise: 7.3 Question tags:

Fill in the blanks with appropriate question tags.

1.

They went late, _______________________?

2.

Let’s help him, _______________________?

3.

Please send the book, __________________?

4.

We should not be crazy, ________________?

5.

Everything is right, ___________________?

6.

I am not a girl, _______________________?

7.

He has done the crime, ________________?

8.

He can solve the problem, _____________________?

9.

He should make his presence felt, _____________________?

10.

He goes for walk everyday, ______________________?

11.

You aren’t busy, _____________________?

12.

He doesn’t work hard, ________________?

13.

They have not come yet, ______________?

14.

I am right, _________________________?

15.

Wait a minute, ______________________?

16.

He is good, _______________________?

17.

They will meet me tomorrow, ___________________?

18.

There is park, ______________________?

19.

Have some more rice, _______________?

20.

Somebody has called me, __________________?

21.

You were not busy then, __________________?

22.

They called me early, ______________________?

23.

You always lie, _____________________?

24.

He is honest, _______________________? 114



25.

The tiger does not eat grass, ____________________?

26.

I didn’t hurt you, ______________?

27.

You are not going out, ______________?

28.

She will not come, ______________?

29.

Venu came late, ______________?

30.

I shall not do it, ___________________?

31.

It wasn’t cool there, ___________________?

32.

I never rebuke you, __________________?

33.

I am not in your way, ___________________?

34.

They refused my admission, ___________________?

35.

He looks dishonest, ____________________?

36.

I won the election, _____________________?

37.

It was very ugly, ___________________?

38.

They had finished the game, ____________________?

39.

They would steal the money, ____________________?

40.

Let’s go to the beach, ____________________?

41.

There is a mosque in that street, ___________________?

42.

There are some girls in your class, ____________________?

43.

Tom wasn’t there, ____________________?

44.

We understood the joke, ___________________?

45.

Hari was late, ______________?

46.

The apples aren’t good, ______________?

47.

I don’t know French, ______________?

48.

We should not drop him, ______________?

49.

He is very kind, ______________?

50.

He left for Delhi, ______________?

EXERCISE – 12 Add appropriate question tags to the following sentences: 1.

She didn’t come home late, __________________________________

2.

She hasn’t paid her fees, __________________________________

3.

A farmer is an important person,_______________________________

4.

He grows food for the country, __________________________________

5.

You have met her before, __________________________________

6.

She doesn’t look well, __________________________________

7.

Mary didn’t pass the examination, _______________________________ 115



8.

They haven’t had tea yet, __________________________________

9.

The girl won the prize, __________________________________

10.

All the students have done well, ________________________________

11.

They didn’t tell lies, __________________________________

12.

We can’t cross the street here, _________________________________

13.

She doesn’t understand English, ________________________________

14.

The horse didn’t win the race, _________________________________

15.

Judges wear wigs, _________________________________

16.

We must serve our country, __________________________________

7.

We ought to help her, __________________________________

18.

Missionaries are devoted persons, ______________________________

19.

She will visit us tomorrow, __________________________________

20.

They have gone to their village today,____________________________

21.

They won’t help us, __________________________________

22.

They couldn’t answer any of the question_________________________

23.

They aren’t clever enough, __________________________________

24.

He wasn’t present at the party, ________________________________

25.

They didn’t know her, __________________________________

26.

The fisherman caught nothing, _________________________________

27.

She speaks French, __________________________________

28.

They could go early if they wanted, _____________________________

29.

She went home early, __________________________________

30.

We must leave soon, __________________________________

31.

She doesn’t speak English, __________________________________

32.

She hasn’t come yet, __________________________________

33.

We must not be impatient, __________________________________

34.

Jack and Jill didn’t pass, __________________________________

35.

They won’t attend the meeting, ________________________________

36.

He usually comes home late, _______________________________

37.

She came early this morning, __________________________________

38.

I will see her tonight, __________________________________

39.

We had to finish our home work quickly.__________________________

40.

She shouldn’t tell lies, __________________________________

41.

Let us go for the party, ________________________________ 116



EXERCISE – 13 1.

They were tired, ----------------------?

2.

She answered all the questions, ----------------------?

3.

You can speak Hindi, ----------------------?

4.

They have not any T.V. set, ----------------------?

5.

It was a cold day, ----------------------?

6.

He won’t pass this year, ----------------------?

7.

I am not late, ----------------------?

8.

You are not well today, ----------------------?

9.

Sita sings well, ----------------------?

10.

She is not here now, ----------------------?

11.

He came late, ----------------------?

12.

They didn’t score any goal, ----------------------?

13.

It won’t rain, ----------------------?

14.

They grow all our food, ----------------------?

15.

Children love to eat ice creams, ----------------------?

16.

We need not wait, ----------------------?

17.

He is a very important person, ----------------------?

18.

He works hard for us, ----------------------?

19.

He has a strong body, ----------------------?

20.

They were poor, ----------------------?

21.

They will help us, ----------------------?

22.

The children were not noisy, ----------------------?

23.

It is a fine morning, ----------------------?

24.

You will help us, ----------------------?

25.

They didn’t help you, ----------------------? 117



26.

They call you, ----------------------?

27.

They are not going, ----------------------?

28.

He doesn’t keep a buffalo, ----------------------?

29.

He has not any radio set in his hut, ----------------------?

30.

They don’t go to school, ----------------------?

31.

He doesn’t quarrel with anyone, ----------------------?

32.

We can’t live without food, ----------------------?

33.

You didn’t come yesterday, ----------------------?

34.

They were not present there, ----------------------?

35.

It was not fine, ----------------------?

36.

His children haven’t any fine clothes, ----------------------?

37.

She will help us, ----------------------?

38.

He won’t come to school tomorrow, ----------------------?

39.

They have played the match, ----------------------?

40.

They helped their friend, ----------------------?

41.

They didn’t score three goals, ----------------------?

42.

There was a large crowd, ----------------------?

43.

It rained yesterday, ----------------------?

44.

He often goes there, ----------------------?

45.

They could help you, ----------------------?

46.

You shouldn’t do this, ----------------------?

47.

The sun had already set, ----------------------?

48.

A strong wind blew across the meadow, ----------------------?

49.

The moon shines bright, ----------------------?

50.

She doesn’t like cold weather, ----------------------?

51.

Birds fly, ----------------------?

* * * 118



8. TENSES Introduction: The verb in a sentence expresses an action or event or a state. It also tells whether an action took place in the past or whether it is taking place now or whether it will take place in future. Thus the verb shows the time of action by certain forms it takes. These forms are called the tense forms of the verb. Mainly there are three tenses. They are; 1. 2. 3.

Present Tense, Past Tense and Future Tense.

The different forms of Tenses :

Present

Tenses

Past

Future

I.

Present Tense. Present Tense consists of four subdivisions, which are; 1. Simple Present Tense, 2. Present Continuous Tense 3. Present Perfect Tense, and 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

. 1.

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Simple Present Tense: [Sub + V1 (-s or –es] Sub V1 I study We study You study He/She/It studies They study Manoj studies

119



Uses: a) To express a daily or a habitual action; Eg: 1. She drinks milk daily. 2. He gets up at 5 everyday. 3. College begins at 10 o’ Clock. 4. He goes to the temple daily. 5. They do exercise every morning. b) To express a universal truth or a general fact; Eg: 1. Water boils at 1000C. 2. The Sun rises in the east. 3. Cows give us milk. 4. The Earth moves round the sun. 5. Man is mortal. c) To express a planned future action; Eg: 1. The match starts at 5 P.M. 2. The President of the US visits India next month. 3. The train leaves at 5.20 A.M. 4. We leave for Hyderabad at 8.30 next Sunday 5. The Prime Minister arrives in Vijayawada at 3 P.M. on Wednesday. d) Some verbs like see, smell, love, like, seem, want, need, believe, taste, wish etc are usually expressed in simple present form. Eg: 1. This mango tastes sweet. 2. She wants to get her watch repaired. 3. I wish you all the best. 4. They believe in God. e) With the adverbs like usually, generally, daily, every, occasionally etc. Eg: 1. I play tennis daily. 2. Usually she doesn’t tell a lie. 3. The Olympic games take place every four years. Note: In simple present tense, when the subject is third person singular, (such as he, she it, or any other singular nouns), we have to add –s, or –es to the verb. Eg: 2.

He drinks tea every morning. Manu does her homework daily. Present Continuous Tense. [Sub +is/am/are + V1 + ing] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj

is/am/are am are are is are is

120

V1 + ing studying studying studying studying studying studying



Uses: a) To express an action going on at the time of speaking; Eg: 1. She is singing now. 2. The boys are playing hockey. 3. The leaves are falling to the ground. 4. The students are doing their homework. b) For a temporary action which may not be happening at the time of speaking; Eg: 1. I am reading “The Trojan War.” (but I am not reading at this moment) 2. He is verifying the accounts. 3. They are constructing a bridge. c) To express an action which is already planned to take place in near future; Eg: 1. We are going to cinema tonight. 2. My uncle is arriving tomorrow. 3. They are leaving for Delhi in the evening. d) With the words like now, at present, at this moment, look, see Etc. Eg: 1. Look, how the bird is flying. 2. He is doing his studies at present. 3. See Your friend is coming. 4. It is raining now. 3.

Present Perfect Tense. [ Sub + have/has + V3] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj

have/has have have have has have has

V3 studied studied studied studied studied studied

Uses: a) To express past actions whose time is not mentioned or not definite; Eg: 1. We have got freedom. 2. I have never known him to be angry. 3. Have you read “Gulliver’s Travels?” 4. Mr. Peter has been to USA. b) To express completed activities in the immediate past (with just, just now) Eg: 1. He has just gone out. 2. Ravi has just had his dinner. 3. The train has just arrived. 4. They have come just now. c) With the adverbs like, already, till now, yet, so far, just, today, this week, ever, never etc. Eg: 1. I haven’t seen him this week. 121



2. She has already completed her work. 3. Have you ever seen a lion? Note: In Present Perfect Tense, We use ‘has’ if the subject is third person, singular (such as he, she, it or any singular nouns) and ‘have’ for all other subjects. Eg: 1. Sona has danced well. 2. You have crossed all your limits. 4. Present Perfect Continuous. [Sub + have/has + been + V1 + ing] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj

have/has have have have has have has

Been been been been been been been


Uses: a) To express an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing. Eg: 1. He has been sleeping for three hours. 2. They have been building a bridge for several months. 3. You have been playing since morning. 4. I have been working here since 1998. b) With the phrases like for and since. Eg: 1. It has been raining since yesterday. 2. They have been waiting for three hours. 3. Maria has been learning English for two years. Note: In Present Perfect Continuous Tense, We use ‘for’ to indicate a period of time and ‘since’, to indicate a point of time.

Point of time 1. Years in figures (Ex: 2001, 2005) 2. Names of days. (Monday, Friday) 3. Names of months ( January, June) 4. Names of festivals (Dasara, Independence day) 5. Particular dates. (7th April) 6. Particular time. (2 0’ clock)

Period of time 1. Years in period. (4 years) 2. Months, days and hours in period. (4 months, 5 days, 8 hours)

II.

Past Tense: Past Tense consists of four subdivisions. They are; 1. Simple Past Tense, 2. Past Continuous Tense, 3. Past Perfect Tense, and 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 122


1.


Simple Past Tense [ Sub + V2] Sub V2 I studied We studied You studied He/She/It studied They studied Manoj studied

Uses: a) To express an action completed in the past. It is usually expressed with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time. Eg: 1. I went to see him yesterday. 2. She left the school last year. 3. Ravi was absent last week. 4. He got his hair cut yesterday. b) With the words like last, yesterday, ago, in 1965, before etc. Eg: 1. I received his letter before a week. 2. India got freedom in 1947. 3. The steamer sailed yesterday. Note: We use simple past tense (sub + V2) only if past time of action is given . If the time is not mentioned or not definite we should use Present Perfect Tense. (sub+have/has+V3) Eg: 1. We have got freedom (present perfect tense) 2. We got freedom in 1947. (simple past tense) 2.

Past Continuous Tense [Sub + was/were + V1 + ing] Sub was/were V1 + ing I was studying We were studying You were studying He/She/It was studying They were studying Manoj was studying

Uses: a)

To express an action which was going on at some time in the past. The time may or may not be mentioned. Eg: 1. We were listening to the radio all evening. 2. It was getting darker. 3. Ann fell asleep while she was reading.

b)

Past Continuous Tense and Simple Past Tense are used together when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action in the past. The longer action is expressed in Past Continuous Tense and the new action in Simple Past Tense. Eg: 1. I was walking home when I met Dev. 2. The doorbell rang while she was reading. 3. Kiran was watching television when we arrived. 4. It was raining when I got up. 5. Madhu phoned while we were having dinner. 123



3. Past Perfect Tense [Sub + had + V3] Sub Had I had We had You had He/She/It had They had Manoj had

V3 Studied studied studied studied studied studied

Uses: a)

4.

If two actions happened in the past, the action which happened earlier than the other is expressed in past perfect tense. The second action is expressed in simple Past Tense. Eg: 1. Before the doctor arrived the patient had already died. 2. When I reached the station the train had already left. 3. I didn’t know who she was. I had never seen her before. 4. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. 5. Rahul had just got home when I phoned. Past Perfect Continuous [Sub + had + been + V1 + ing] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj

Had had had had had had had

been been been been been been been


Uses: a) To express an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued upto that time. Eg: 1. When Mr. Ravi came to the school in 1998, Mr. Krishna had been teaching there for five years. 2. I had been waiting an hour when you came to see me. 3. We had been playing for half an hour when it started to raining. 4. When I got home, Neetu had been watching T.V. for two hours. III. Future Tense: Future Tense also consists of four subdivisions. They are – 1. Simple Future Tense. 2. Future Continuous Tense. 3. Future Perfect Tense, and 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense. 1. Simple Future Tense. [Sub + will/shall + V1] Sub will/ shall V1 I shall study We shall study You will study He/She/It will study They will study Manoj will study 124



Uses: a) To express some future action or event. Eg: 1. I shall go to Lucknow next week. 2. He will come here on Sunday. 3. When will you get your exam results? 4. When she returns; she will find a lot of changes here. b) To talk about things which we cannot control. It expresses a future fact; Eg: 1. I shall be twelve next week. 2. It will be Diwali in a week. 3. We will know our exam results in May. c) To express an action which we think or believe, will happen in the future. Eg: 1. I think India will win the match. 2. I am sure Helen will get a first class. 3. I believe God will save me from all the troubles. 2. Future Continuous Tense: (Sub + will/shall + be + V1 + ing] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj

will/shall shall shall will will will will

be be be be be be be


Uses: a) To express an action that will be continuing at some point in future. Eg: 1. We shall be sleeping then. 2. This time tomorrow they will be watching the cricket match. 3. The girls will be singing then. 4. I suppose it will be raining when we start. 3.

Future Perfect Tense: [Sub + will/shall + have + V3] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj


have have have have have have have

V3 studied studied studied studied studied studied

Uses: a) To express an action that will be completed by a certain time in future. Eg: 1. He will have left before you go to see him. 2. By the end of this month, I will have worked here for five years. 3. The film will already have started by the time we reach the theatre. 4. Phone me after 8o’ clock. I will have finished dinner by then.

125



4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: [ Sub + shall/will + have + been + V 1+ ing] Sub I We You He/She/It They Manoj


have have have have have have have

been been been been been been been

V1+ ing studying studying studying studying studying studying

Uses: a) To express an action which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future, Eg: 1. By next month, we will have been living here of six years. 2. I will have been teaching for twenty years next July. 3. We shall have been playing for three hours when you come there. 4. They will have been making preparations for the marriage for two months. Tense Presen t

Simple Sub + Verb Eg: He writes

Past

Sub+verb He wrote

Future

Sub+shall/will+ verb He will write

Continuous Sub+ is/are/am + Verb+ing Eg: He is studying Sub+was/were+ verb+ing He was writing Sub+shall/will+be +verb+ing He will be writing

Perfect Sub+has/have + past participle He has written Sub+had+past participle He had written Sub+shall/will+ have+past participle He will have written

Perfect Continuous Sub+has/have +been+verb+ing He has been writing Sub+had+been+ verb+ing He had been writing Sub+shall/will+ have+been+verb+ing He will have been writing

Exercise: 8.1 Complete the sentences using the ‘Simple Present’ of the verbs given in bracket. 1. Margaret ______________four languages. (speak). 2. Water _____________at 100 degrees celsius (boil). 3. My job is very interesting. I ___________ a lot of people. (meet). 4. In Britain, the banks usually ___________at 9.30 in the morning.(open). 5. Food is expensive. It ________ a lot of money. (cost). 6. He often __________ to my house. (come) 7. It ___________ a lot in the month of October. (rain) 8. He _______________ many bank accounts. (have) 9. He usually __________ in the first row. (sit) 10. We ________________ a lot of different things in our free time. (do) 11. I __________________a shower everyday. (have) 126



12. A molecule of water _______________two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. (have) 13. Julie _______________(not/drink) tea very often. 14. Excuse me,_______________ you _____________English? (do/speak) 15. I always _______________ something different. (do) 16. Liars are the people who ________________the truth.(not/tell) 17. Where _______________from? (Martin/come) 18. The teacher __________ the difficult points regularly. (explain) 19. Bad driving ________________many accidents.(cause) 20. I don’t often_____________coffee. (drink) 21. Here __________the bus! (come) 22. They ________________ a mill in this town. (have) 23. Vegetarians _____________meat. (not/eat) 24. “What ________________(you/do)?” I ______________ an electrician. (be) 25. An atheist ________________ in God. (not/believe) 26. The examinations _________________next Monday. (begin) 27. The telephone bell, sometimes, _____________thirty times a day. (ring) 28. Our teacher seldom _________________ (sit) when she ______________ (teach). 29. Where _______________ to spend your holidays this winter? (you/go) 30. Mr.Joy generally __________________ his work at night. (do)

EXERCISE 8.2 Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Present or Present Continuous Tense. 01.

Mr. Chaterjee......................... (write) a novel. He ............................. (expect) to complete it by the end of this month.

02.

It...........................(rain ). Take an umbrella with you.

03.

It seldom .......................... (rain ) here in February.

04.

The clerk ....................... ..….(type) the letter still. He usually…… ….................... (finish ) his work quickly but today he .............................(seem) to be a bit slow.

05.

Mr.Das rarely ............................(wear) a tie, but today he..........................(wear) one.

06.

Someone ..........................(knock). Go and open the door.

07.

Father..........................(look) into some important papers. Don't disturb him.

08.

Mother..........................(make) tea. It will be ready in five minutes.

09.

I............................(learn ) driving these days.

10.

My scooter........................(give) a lot of trouble these days. 127



11.

The child has got up and…………...................(cry).Perhaps he……....................(want) milk.

12.

This house ......................... ( belong ) to Mr. Raj. He …..................... ( build) another one in the next street.

13.

Who ...........................( make) that funny noise?

14.

This tin ........................(contain) eight litres of oil.

15.

Usually I ......................... (read) at night, but today I............................ (read) now.

16.

She ..........................(wear) a sweater this morning.

17.

It.........................(rain ). Take an umbrella with you.

18.

I.........................(have) a new sari. I bought it yesterday.

19.

My husband will see you in an hour. He ….......................( have) lunch at the moment.

20.

He ......................... (love) her, but she .......................... (hate) him.

21.

There are some birds that..........................(migrate) every year.

22.

A vegetarian is a person who never……......................(eat) meat.

23.

They ..........................(do) something at the moment.

24.

It.......................(rain ) everyday in this country.

25.

I........................(remember) his face. He used to live near our house.

26.

He is very fat. He ………................. (weigh)90kg.

27.

That child ..........................(cry). It can't find its mother.

28.

Thank you for explaining the tenses. Now I ............................( know) them.

29.

An honest man always ............................(tell) the truth.

30.

Mr. Johnson …………..................(go) to the office in his car every morning.

EXERCISE 8.3 Fill in the blanks with 'For' or 'Since'. 01.

We have been fishing ..................... two months.

02.

I have been working in this office …..................... a month.

03.

That man has been standing here .......................... six o' clock.

04.

The kettle has been boiling ....................... a quarter of an hour.

05.

I have been using this machine ........................ twelve years.

06.

I have been trying to open this door...................... forty-five minutes.

07.

The police have been looking for him ....................... four days.

08.

They have been quarrelling ever....................... they got married.

09.

We have been waiting ...................... half an hour.

10.

It has been raining ......................... 6 0’ clock. 128



EXERCISE 8.4 Use the verbs given in brackets in simple past or past continuous. 01.

He ........................ (go) to school when I .......................... (meet) him.

02.

It.........................(rain ) heavily last night.

03.

Where did you stay while it............................(rain )?

04.

I .........................(see) a black cat as I ..........................(come) out of my house.

05.

As they ........................(shout), I……..................(tell) them to be silent.

06.

I...........................(fall) from the bicycle as I …….......................(go) down the slope.

07.

I .........................(go) out side while it...........................(rain).

08.

I....................... (think) of my friend while I ...................... (drive).

09.

I......................(sleep) when the accident.......................(happen).

10.

He ........................ (drive) at 90 kms. when the tyre …......................... (get )flat.

11.

I......................... (reach ) home at midnight.

12.

I.......................(run ) when the arrow .........................( hit) me.

13.

The hunter.......................... ( walk ) along the forest. Suddenly he ......................... ( see ) a cobra in front of him.

14.

Who......................(talk) to you when I..........................( pass) you at the bus stop?

15.

While the boys………...................(play) the match, it suddenly........................(start) raining.

16.

When I ......................... ( knock ) at the headmaster's room, he .......................... speak ) to someone on the phone.

17.

The thieves........................(divide) the money when a quarrel….......................(break out) between them.

18.

What ........................... (go on) in your house when my son .................................. ( call) you last night?

19.

As he........................( cross) the road, a bus........................( knock) him down.

20.

When we.......................( go) to see them last night, they…….................... (play) cards.

21.

I ........................( buy) a bicycle yesterday.

22.

He........................( see) this film in Calcutta last week.

23.

I........................(get) Anil's letter last week. I.........................( not reply) to it already.

24.

I......................(bring) my shirt from the tailor. I........................( not try) them on yet.

25.

Three prisoners.........................(escape) from the jail last week. The police........................(not catch) them on yet.

26.

It.........................(rain) a month ago. It.........................(not rain) since then.

27.

He doesn't know me. He ......................... (never see) me.

28.

My uncle .......................... (visit) me a few days ago. 129

(



29.

I ....................... .(see) two films this week. I........................(see) only one film last week.

30.

Mr.Das......................... (just leave ) the city.

31.

He ........................ (hurt) his leg. He can't play.

32.

He ....................... (fail) in the exam three times so far.

33.

I........................ (empty) the bottle. Here it is.

34.

It...................... (stop) raining. We can go out.

35.

We...................... (go) to the theatre last evening.

36.

We...................... (come) to this house in 1980 and.......................(live) here ever since.

37.

It......................... (rain) everyday this week.

38.

The accident..........................(occur) at 10.30 this morning.

39.

Mr. Chaterjee is writing a novel. He ...........................(write ) five hundred pages already.

40.

I.................. (type) all the letters. But I.......................( not post) them yet.

EXERCISE 8.5 Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Past or Present Perfect Tense. 01.

I..............................( correct) your exercises. You can take back your books.

02.

We first...........................(meet) a month ago. We..............................(meet) several times since then.

03.

We ............................( spend ) all our money. So we shall have to walk home.

04.

Shakespeare ........................... (live) from 1564 to 1616.

05.

The postman ............................ (not come) yet.

06.

We ............................(tell) you already that we cannot do what you ask.

07.

She.......................... (go) out at 10. She........................... (not return ) yet.

08.

Mr. Ramesh is not in the house. He ................................(go) to visit some friends.

09.

Several books on that subject...........................( appear) during the present year.

10.

The train ....................... (just arrive).

EXERCISE 8.5 Use the verbs given in brackets in Simple Past or Past Perfect. 01.

The patient…………….................. ( die) even before they ............................... (call) for the doctor.

02.

The fire ......................... ( spread ) to the neighbouring villages before we .............................(control) it. 130



03.

When he............................... (enter) the bus he ....................... (realize) that he ........................ (forget) to take money with him.

04.

When I....................... (reach ) the post office, it......................... (close) already.

05.

When I ........................ (go) to hospital my friend ........................... (get) discharged already.

06.

The boys ....................... (feel) tired because they .......................... (walk) 10Kms.

07.

The match .......................... ( begin ) before we .......................... (reach ) the stadium.

08.

His mother........................ (feel) that her lungs .......................... (get) damaged.

09.

I.......................... ( do)the exercises after I .......................... (explain).

10.

She.......................(open) the door after I......................... ( knock) twice.

11.

She.........................(inform) me that she.........................(do) the work already.

12.

The boy ....................... ( be ) under the impression that he ......................... (pay) the fees already.

13.

He ........................ (hand) in his answer paper when he ......................... (look) through his answers twice.

14.

By half time our school team ....................... (score) two goals.

15.

Mr. Das ........................ (work) in a private school before he ......................... (join) government service.

16.

By mid day, the climbers ........................( reach ) a spot only a hundred feet below the peak.

17.

We .........................(expect) two hundred members to attend the meeting, but only a hundred ......................... (turn) up.

18.

Jamil........................(hope) to get a first class. But he only .........................(get) a second.

19.

The young boy ............................. (wonder) what.......................... (happen ) to his coat.

20.

When he ..................................... ( reach ) his house, he ........................ ( find ) that someone ........................... (steal) all the costly things

EXERCISE - 14 Use the suitable form of the verbs given in brackets. 01.

They ........................... (live ) in Calcutta for ten years.

02.

At the moment, the baby ........................( play) in the garden.

03.

He .........................(take) bath when the telephone rang.

04.

I........................(tell) you already to work hard.

05.

He always ........................ (remember) that honesty is the best policy.

06.

He .......................(leave ) his house when I called on him.

07.

He always .........................( believe) that love is stronger than hatred. 131



08.

He told me that his father........................(go) to office half an hour before.

09.

I.......................(wash ) my hands when the telephone rang.

10.

It is high time that you ........................ (start) working hard.

11.

Ram ........................ ( pass) the post office on his way to school everyday.

12.

He .........................(watch ) TV when I came in.

13.

He ........................(tell) me that he had never met you.

14.

He .......................(read ) since this morning.

15.

If you promise to work hard I ......................... ( allow) you to go home this week.

16.

The doctor.......................( arrive) before I came.

17.

Suresh……………………. (be) only five years old when his father died.

18.

I was doing the last sum when the bell........................ (ring ).

19.

They left Mumbai only after they .......................(see) the Trimurthi.

20.

My brother......................... (go) to school since we came here five years ago.

21.

We hope that you ........................ ( give ) your support.

22.

My brother........................(just write) a letter to our uncle.

23.

Let us hurry, otherwise we .......................(never get) to the station in time.

24.

The doctor came an hour after the ambulance ........................( arrive).

25.

If it......................(rain ) we shall not go out.

26.

I cannot play in the match as I ......................... (injure) my leg.

27.

It........................... (rain) since 10 am.

28.

The earth ........................ (move) round the sun.

29.

My friends....................... (see) the PM yesterday.

30.

I......................... (send ) him only one letter upto now.

31.

I shall telephone you when he ........................ (come) back.

32.

It started to rain while we ........................( plan ) to play.

33.

Can I have some milk before I ..........................( go) to bed?

34.

He ........................ (fall) asleep while he was driving.

35.

I am sure I ........................ (see ) him last night.

36.

He .......................( have ) a mill in this town.

37.

He ........................(work) here for the last five years.

38.

He thanked me for what I.......................(do).

39.

I .......................( hear) some strange noise.

40.

I ....................... (read) for half an hour when the lights suddenly went off. EXERCISE - 15 132



Tenses: Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verb. 1.

When I _____________ (cross) the road, I saw a big accident.

2.

He _____________ (post) the letter just now.

3.

The great patriot _____________ (die) in 1948.

4.

The train _____________ (leave) the platform before I went to the station.

5.

If you invite me, I _____________ (come) to the party.

6.

By next Friday, we _____________ (complete) the topic.

7.

Look! it _____________ (rain).

8.

The sun _____________ (rise) in the east.

9.

They _____________ (live) here for ten years.

10.

See! how the bird _____________ (fly) in the sky.

11.

He will phone when he _____________ (come) back.

12.

I _____________ (suffer) from fever for three days.

13.

He often _____________ (go) to theatre to see pictures.

14.

The novelist _____________ (finish) the novel by August 2007.

15.

Don’t make a noise, the child _____________ (sleep).

16.

I _____________ (write) a story last week.

17.

The boys _____________ (finish) the exercise by this evening.

18.

English _____________ (be) spoken allover the world.

19.

I _____________ (not, remember) his address.

20.

She _____________ (cook) when her husband came in.

21.

It _____________ (rain) since 9’O clock.

22.

She _____________ (drink) milk everyday.

23.

I _____________ (use to) walk two kilometers when I was young.

24.

He _____________ (study) for the last two hours.

25.

All the boys _____________ (be) present yesterday.

26.

I _____________ (do) this so far.

27.

They _____________ (leave) for Paris yesterday.

28.

We can’t go out as it _____________ (rain) now.

29.

Last year, we _____________ (build) a new house.

30.

I _____________ (study) when the bell rang.

133



EXERCISE - 15 Correct the following sentences. 01.

I did not write the letter yet. …………………………………………………………….

02.

I did not hear from her for a month. ……………………………………………………………,

03.

I live in Chennai since 1999. …………………………………………………………….

04.

Colombus has discovered America. ……………………………………………………………..

05.

I have written a letter to him yesterday. ……………………………………………………………..

06.

The train left before we reached the station. ………………………………………………………………

07.

He was fasting for six days when the doctor came. ……………………………………………………………..

08.

He will reach home before the sun will set. ……………………………………………………………..

09.

In old times magicians abused their power. ……………………………………………………………..

10.

The servant has not answered when I called. ……………………………………………………………..

11.

He had gone to Chennai last week. ……………………………………………………………… 134


12.


She is taking her dinner when I saw her. ………………………………………………………………

13.

I waited for her since 9 o' clock. ………………………………………………………………..

14.

She will reach the station before the train will go. ……………………………………………………………….

15.

Stephonson has invented the steam engine. ……………………………………………………………….

16.

I left Bihar before the earthquake occured. …………………………………………………………………

17.

He had been born in 1930. …………………………………………………………………..

18.

When I finished my work I shall take rest. …………………………………………………………………….

19.

I was reading this book for six days before you arrived. ……………………………………………………………………

20.

When I went there I found that the lion has disappeared. …………………………………………………………………….

* * *

135



9. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Voice: Voice is that form of a verb which shows what is denoted by the subject. Whether ‘subject does something or something is done to the subject’. There are two kinds of Voices. They are: 1. Active Voice and 2. Passive Voice I Active Voice: A verb is in the Active voice when its form shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject does something. In other words, is the doer of the action. Ex: Rama killed Ravana. II Passive Voice: A verb is in the Passive voice when its form shows that something is done to the subject. Ex: Ravana was killed by Rama. RULES FOR CHANGING VOICE There are five rules to be followed when changing Active voice into Passive voice. 1. The object in the A.V becomes the subject in the P.V. 2. Suitable ‘Be’ form must be used. 3. V3 (Past Participle) of the verb is used. 4. Generally the preposition ‘by’ follows. (Sometimes: to, in, at or with) 5.

The verbs ‘know’ and ‘marry’ take the preposition ‘to’ The verbs ‘please’ and ‘satisfy’ take the preposition ‘with’ The verb ‘surprise’ takes the preposition ‘at’

6.

Subject in the A.V. becomes the object in the P.V. These are the rules to be followed.

Note: Only Transitive verbs have the Passive form. Ex: 1. Cats kill rats. Rats are killed by the cats. 2. The sun rises in the east. (Here the action is not passed. Therefore there is no Passive voice for this sentence.) Note the changing of the voice: Active Voice I write a letter. I am writing a letter. I have written a letter. I wrote a letter. I was writing a letter. I had written by me. I will write a letter. I will have written a letter.

Passive Voice A letter is written by me. A letter is being written by me. A letter has been written by me. A letter was written by me. A letter was being written by me. A letter had been written by me. A letter will be written by me. A letter will have been written by me. 136


1. Present Tense


Active passive voice – structure 2. Past Tense

3. Future Tense

1.1. Simple Present:

2.1. Simple past:

3.1. Simple Future :

A.V - V1 P.V - is/ am/ are + V3 Eg: - He writes novels (A.V) Novels are written by him (P.V)

A.V - V2 P.V – was/were + V3 Eg: He wrote novels (A.V) Novels were written by him (P.V)

A.V - will/Shall + V1 P.V - will/shall + V3 Eg:He will write novels (A.V) Novels will be written by me (P.V)

1.2. Present Continuous:

2.2. Past continuous:

3.2. Future continuous:

A.V - is/am/ are + V1+ing P.V - is/ am /are + being + V3 Eg: He is writing novels (A.V) Novels are being written by him (P.V)

A.V - was/ were + V1 + ing P.V – was/ were = being + V3 Eg: He was writing novels (A.V) Novels were being written by him (P.V)

A.V - will/shall+be +V1+ing No passive form Eg: He will be writing novels (A.V)

1.3. Present perfect Tense:

2.3. Past perfect:

3.3. Future perfect:

A.V . Has/ have + V3 P.V. has/ have + been + V3 Eg: He has written novels (A.V) Novels have been written by him (P.V)

A.V - had + V3 P.V - had + been + V3 Eg: He had written novels (A.V) Novels had been written by him (P.V)

A.V. –will/shall + have +V3 P.V. – have+been+V3 Eg: He will have written novels (A.V) Novels will have been written by him (P.V)

1.4. Present perfect continuous:

2.4. Past Perfect continuous:

3.4. Future Perfect continuous:

A.V. – has/have +been+V1+ing No Passive From Eg: He has been writing novels (A.V)

A.V - had+been+V1+ing No Passive From Eg: He had been writing novels (A.V)

A.V. - will/shall+have+been+V1+ing No Passive From Eg: He will have been writing novels.

Note: A.V = Active voice,

P.V = Passive Voice 137



SIMPLE PRESENT ................ + am / is/ are +V3 + by + .......................... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 17. 18.

I eat mangoes. Mangoes are eaten by me. He plays chess. Chess is played by him. He sees films. Films are seen by him. I teach English. English is taught by me. I do my homework. My homework is done by me. Sita reads the poems. Poems are read by Sita. All love him. He is loved by all. He scolds me. I am scolded by him. She plucks flowers. Flowers are plucked by her. I don’t like her. She is not liked by me. People speak English allover the world. English is spoken allover the world by the people. Bees make honey. Honey is made by bees. Does she sell rice? Is rice sold by her? Do you recite a poem? Is the poem recited by you? Do you like sweets? Are the sweets liked by you? Does she watch movies? Are the movies watched by her?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS .............. + am / is / are + V3 + by + .................. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He is writing a novel. A novel is being written by him. She is beating a dog. A dog is being beaten by her. They are building a house. A house is being built by them. They are pulling down the old house. The old house is being pulled down by them. The are preparing the material. 138


6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.


The material is being prepared by them. He is teaching us grammar. You are being taught grammar by me. The boys are laughing at the beggar. The beggar is being laughed at by the boys. I am playing cricket. Cricket is being played by me. Rani is milking the cow. The cow is being milked by Rani. Priya is singing a song. A song is being sung by Priya. The boys are making the kites. The kites are being made by the boys. They are throwing the stones at the birds. The stones are being thrown at the birds by them. She is winding the watch. The watch is being wound by her. Are you drawing a picture? Is a picture drawn by you? Is she making dolls? Are the dolls being made by her? Is she making mistakes? Are the mistakes being made by her? Are they catching the goods? Are the goods being caught by them?

PRESENT PERFECT ........... + has / have + been + V3 + by + ................ 1.

Ravi has written a letter. A letter has been written by Ravi. 2. The farmer has ploughed the field. The field has been ploughed by the farmer. 3. I have not bought a car. A car has not been bought by me. 4. She has invited me. I have been invited by her. 5. The police have caught the thieves. The thieves have been caught by the police. 6. He has solved all the problems. All the problems have been solved by him. 7. I have completed the work. The work has been completed by me. 8. Someone has stolen my pen. My pen has been stolen. 9. He has written many poems. Many poems have been written by him. 10. They have painted the door green. 139



The door has been painted green by them. 11. Gopi has posted many of the invitations. Many of the invitations have been posted by Gopi. 12. Have you spent all the money? Has all the money been spent by you? 13. What have you done? What has been done by you? 14. Have you read this story? Has this story been read by you?

SIMPLE PAST ........... + was / were + V3 + by + ................ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

She wrote a letter. A letter was written by her. He caught the thief. The thief was caught by him. A mad dog bit my sister. My sister was bitten by a mad dog. Every child carried a bag. A bag was carried by every child. We laughed at the beggar. The beggar was laughed at by us. The farmer killed the snake. The snake was killed by the farmer. The discovery surprised all. All were surprised by the discovery. We built two houses. Two houses were built by us. She kept us wait. We were kept wait by her. We sent them back. They were sent back by us. Nobody told him. He was told by nobody. She broke the window. The window was broken by her. He hit the dog with a stick. A snake was hit by him with a stick. An English man almost always accompanied me. I was almost always accompanied by an English man. Aanand wrote a poem on the renunciation of Buddha. A poem on the renunciation of Buddha was written by Aanand What questions did the examiner set? What questions were set by the examiner? Did Tagore write Geetangali? Was Geetangali written by Tagore? Did the noise frighten you? Were you frightened by the noise? 140



19. Did you do this? Was this done by you? 20. Did she call you? Were you called by her? 21. What did they taught you? What were you taught by them? 22. Did you throw the paper? Was the paper thrown by you? 23. Did they give suggestions? Were the suggestions given by them?

PAST CONTINUOUS ........... + was / were + being + V3 + by + ................ 1.

They were planting the trees. The trees were being planted by them. 2. The players were practicing cricket. Cricket was being practiced by the players. 3. The gardener was cutting the plants. The plants were being cut by the gardener. 4. John was learning Hindi. Hindi was being learnt by John. 5. The peon was ringing the bell. The bell was being rung by the peon. 6. They were painting the house green. The house was being painted green by them. 7. Pratima was singing a song. A song was being sung by Pratima. 8. They were doing the homework. Homework was being done by them. 9. The government was abolishing the liquor. The liquor was being abolished by the government. 10. Were you drawing a picture? Was the picture being drawn by you? 11. Was he doing any job? Was any job being done by him?

PAST PREFECT ........... + had + been + V3 + by +................ 1. 2. 3. 4.

I had sold the car. The car had been sold by me. You had wasted the money. The money had been wasted by you. He had sung a sweet song. A sweet song had been sung by him. Kalidasa had written many poems. Many poems had been written by Kalidas. 141



5.

I had not fed the poor. The poor had not been fed by me. 6. Someone had rebuked me. I had been rebuked by someone. 7. She had married a handsome man. A handsome man had been married by her. 8. I had done nothing wrong. Nothing wrong had been done by me. 9. The society had expelled him. He had been expelled by the society. 10. Had we taken it? Had it been taken by us?

SIMPLE FUTURE ........... + will / shall + be + V3 + by + ................ 1.

He will do it. It will be done by him. 2. I shall buy a camera. A camera shall be bought by me. 3. You will recite a poem. A poem will be recited by you. 4. The teacher will not forgive me. I will not be forgiven by the teacher. 5. The news will alarm everyone. Everyone will be alarmed by the news. 6. The dog will bark at the stranger. The stranger will be barked at by the dog. 7. I shall punish you. You shall be punished by me. 8. You will send the book tomorrow. The book will be sent tomorrow by you. 9. Everyone will laugh at us. We will be laughed at by everyone. 10. I will convince him. He will be convinced by me. 11. Will she wear a hat? Will a hat be worn by her? 12. Will you give a pen ? Will a pen be given by you?

FUTURE PERFECT ........... + will have / shall have + been + V3 + by + ................ 1. 2. 3.

She will have opened a school. A school will have been opened by her. I shall have painted a picture. A picture will have been painted by me. She will have paid the loan. 142


4. 5.


A loan will have been paid by her. The teacher will have corrected the papers. The papers will have been corrected by the teacher. Will he have taken the permission? Will the permission have been taken by him?

Exercise: 9.1 Change the voice of the following sentences: 1.

The mother manages the house.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2.

He grows rice in his field.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

This pot contains milk.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………... 4.

The rich hate the poor.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

I do not know the reason for his coming.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

My father sends me money every month.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

We manufacture many kinds of engines.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

They make utensils in Chennai.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

I have eaten the apples.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

I am learning a point.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

She has broken the windows.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

The farmers are ploughing their fields.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

The boys are playing cricket.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….

143


15.


The servant has posted the letter.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16.

The farmers have reaped the harvest.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

He has lent me a pen.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

I have not beaten the dog.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

He is reading a book.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

I am drawing a picture.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

We have warned everybody.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 22.

She has received two letters.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

The baby has dropped the glass.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 24.

They are teaching English.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

They are doing up parcels.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

My mother is washing the clothes.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

Hari has invited me to the party.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

We have spent all the money

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….. 29.

He is rebuking me.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

She likes sweets.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….

144



Exercise: 9.2 Change the voice of the following sentences: 1.

I forgave him.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

He watched the sports.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

The officer gave me two files.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

They postponed the match because of rain.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

The murderer hid the knife in the grass.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

My uncle will visit us tomorrow.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

He will rob you.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

The boys will catch the birds.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

You were writing a letter to your friend.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

We had already missed the train.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

We were revising our lessons.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

None of them had seen me.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

The army will have captured the city.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

I did not call you.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

He booked a complaint against me.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16.

The judge dismissed the case.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 145


17.


I brought the baby a doll.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

He sent me two gifts.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

They had opened two offices.

Ans ………………………………………………………………………………… 20.

They had never visited Nepal.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

Our team had won two matches.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 22.

The farmers will have sown the paddy.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

The shopkeeper had already packed the parcel.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 24.

My uncle will pay the school fee.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

My parents will look after me.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

You should learn it.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

You should write the address neatly.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

One cannot please everybody.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 29.

I completed my exercises.

Ans ……………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

The electrician was repairing the switch.

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………….

146



EXERCISE – 9.3 ‘Wh’ – Questions:Change the following sentences into passive voice. 1.

Who bought these?

A:_____________________________________________________. 2.

What does he give?

A:_____________________________________________________. 3.

Who gives this kind of news?

A:_____________________________________________________. 4.

When will you complete it?

A:_____________________________________________________. 5.

What has they done?

A:_____________________________________________________. 6.

Who has theft it?

A:_____________________________________________________. 7.

Who has given you the ticket?

A:_____________________________________________________. 8.

What has been taken by them?

A:_____________________________________________________. 9.

Who did this thing?

A:_____________________________________________________. 10.

Who bought mangoes?

A:_____________________________________________________. 11.

When did you steal that?

A:_____________________________________________________. 12.

What did he expect?

A:_____________________________________________________. 13.

When did they leave you?

A:_____________________________________________________. 14.

Who paid the fee?

A:_____________________________________________________. 15.

Who won the game?

A:_____________________________________________________. 16.

What did she eat? 147



A:_____________________________________________________. 17.

What are they doing?

A:_____________________________________________________. 18.

Who has caught them?

A:_____________________________________________________. 19.

What are they preparing?

A:_____________________________________________________. 20.

Who has sent you back?

A:_____________________________________________________.

EXERCISE – 9.3 ‘Yes / no’ Questions: 1.

Does she eat sweets?

A:_____________________________________________________. 2.

Does he sell the goods?

A:_____________________________________________________. 3.

Do you love your friend?

A:_____________________________________________________. 4.

Do they finish this?

A:_____________________________________________________. 5.

Is she knitting a sweater?

A:_____________________________________________________. 6.

Are you building a house?

A:_____________________________________________________. 7.

Is he milking the cow?

A:_____________________________________________________. 8.

Are they making a noise?

A:_____________________________________________________. 9.

Is she preparing the items?

A:_____________________________________________________. 10.

Are you doing this?

A:_____________________________________________________. 11.

Are the boys playing cricket?

A:_____________________________________________________. 12.

Have you taken the permission? 148



A:_____________________________________________________. 13.

Have you bought the ticket?

A:_____________________________________________________. 14.

Has he opened the new shop?

A:_____________________________________________________. 15.

Has she read this novel?

A:_____________________________________________________. 16.

Has he made the mistake?

A:_____________________________________________________. 17.

Have you lost your cycle?

A:_____________________________________________________. 18.

Did the noise frighten you?

A:_____________________________________________________. 19.

Did Rama call you?

A:_____________________________________________________. 20.

Did you beat the dog?

A:_____________________________________________________.

EXERCISE – 9.4 Change the voice of the following sentences: 1.

Post this letter at once.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 2.

Please help me in my hour of need.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 3.

Lower the boats.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 4.

Send him to school.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 5.

Tell him to leave the room.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 6.

Carry out my orders.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 7.

Kindly do this much for me.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 149


8.


Do not starve the cow.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 9.

Do not hate the poor.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 10.

Let me try this question.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 11.

Do not laugh at others.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 12.

Don’t disturb me.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 13.

Shut the door.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 14.

Obey your parents.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 15.

May God bless him.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 16.

Please enter it in the register.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 17.

Let him be brought here.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 18.

Let me be given back my pet dog.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 19.

Please bring me a glass of water.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 20.

Let the result be declared.

A: ___________________________________________________________.

Exercise:16 Change the voice of the following sentences: 1.

Varun has called his sister a liar.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 2.

Some boys were helping the wounded man.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 3.

Why did your brother write such a letter?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 150


4.


The boy will have finished the work by the evening.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 5.

Did they rebuke you?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 6.

The governor will give away the prize to the winner.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 7.

The recitation pleased the inspector.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 8.

Haven’t I sold my bicycle?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 9.

Do not insult the weak.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 10.

The people regarded him as an imposter and called him a villain.

A___________________________________________________________. 11. He made his wife do the work. A: ___________________________________________________________. 12.

His subordinates have accused him of various offences.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 13.

Shall I ever forget those happy days?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 14.

I saw him cutting the trees.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 15.

The earthquake destroyed the town.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 16.

Will you buy a ticket for me?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 17.

All desire wealth and some acquire it.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 18.

He told me to leave the room.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 19.

They use video for teaching the students.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 20.

Someone has knocked me down.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 151


21.


Everyone was inspired by Gandhiji.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 22.

I refused his admittance.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 23.

Do we believe him?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 24.

Will they have sent the parcel?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 25.

They were going to take a decision on this matter.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 26.

Why did he defraud you?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 27.

We should not have done it.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 28.

Didn’t you call him?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 29.

How can you manage it?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 30.

Was she ringing the bell?

A: ___________________________________________________________.

Exercise :17 Change the voice of the following sentences: 1.

He grows wheat in his field.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 2.

Mohan will meet you at the station.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 3.

Anybody can do it easily.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 4.

One should do one’s duty.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 5.

They called many people for help.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 6.

Two oxen pull the plough. 152



A: ___________________________________________________________. 7.

Where do we find best pearls?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 8.

Will you look after her?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 9.

I gave you a big reward.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 10.

They are singing film songs.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 11.

I have received a parcel just now.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 12.

Has she forgiven you?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 13.

The tailor was sewing your clothes.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 14.

Have I beaten my dog?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 15.

Gopi can paint this picture easily.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 16.

Ashok had never seen a wolf.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 17.

We have warned everybody.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 18.

I will have watered the plants before sunset.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 19.

Lower the boats.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 20.

Do not hate the poor.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 21.

You must put your signature in ink.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 22.

We are giving him all help.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 23.

She was preparing dinner for us. 153



A: ___________________________________________________________. 24.

Does she like coffee?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 25.

Is the peon bringing the jug?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 26.

Are they singing the songs?

A: ___________________________________________________________. 27.

The naughty boys were breaking the windows.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 28.

I handed her a chair.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 29.

Hari has invited me to tea.

A: ___________________________________________________________. 30.

We expect good news.

A: ___________________________________________________________.

* * *

154



10. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH There are two ways in which we may report the words of a speaker. 1. Direct Speech 2. Indirect Speech Direct Speech: When we quote the exact words of the speaker, it is called ‘Direct Speech’. Indirect Speech: However, when we give the substance of his speech in our own words, we use ‘Indirect Speech’. Direct Speech: He says to me, “I am your friend.” Indirect Speech: He says to me that he is my friend. The speaker’s actual words are called the Reported Speech. Reporting Verb: The verb, which introduces the Reported Speech, is called the “Reporting Verb”. He says to me, “I am your friend.” R.V R.S In the above example: Reporting Verb is ‘says’ Reported Speech is ‘I am your brother’. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS Direct Speech: 1. The R.S is enclosed within inverted commas. 2. The R.S is separated from the R.V by a comma. 3. The first letter of the R.S must begin with a capital letter. Indirect Speech: 1. In the Indirect Speech inverted commas are not used. 2. But the R.S is generally introduced by the conjunctions ‘that, if, whether’ and the preposition ‘to.’ 3. The comma, separating the R.S from the R.V is removed and is replaced by ‘that, if, whether and the preposition to.’ NOTE: In changing the Direct Narration into Indirect Narration the “Tense” of the R.V is never changed, although the R.S is changed as by the required sense. RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH While changing Direct into Indirect Speech, the Tense of the verb is changed according to the following rules. Rule: I If the tense of the verb in the R.S is in the Present or Future tense then the tense of the R.S is not changed. E.g. He says, “I am going.” He says that he is going. He will say, “I am going”. He will say that he is going. 155



Rule: II If the R.V is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in the R.S is changed as follows in the Indirect Narration: Simple Present x Simple Past Present Continuous x Past continuous Present Perfect x Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous x Past Perfect Continuous Simple Past x Past Perfect Past Continuous x Past Perfect Continuous Particular Verbs: Shall x should Will x would May x might Can x could Must x had to Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged. Rules for the change of personal pronouns: The persons of the pronouns that occur in the Reported Speech are changed in Indirect speech according to the following rules. Rule : I Pronouns of the first person in the R.S of the Direct Speech form are changed in Indirect Speech into those of the same person as the subject of the R.V. Rule : II Pronoun and the possessive of the second person are changed into those of the same person as that of the noun or pronoun that comes after the R.V. Rule : III The third person is not changed in the Indirect Speech. CHANGE OF WORDS SHOWING NEARNESS Now ___________ Then Come ___________ Go Ago ___________ Before This ___________ That These ___________ Those Thus ___________ So / In that way Here ___________ There Here by ___________ There by Hence ___________ Thence Hither ___________ Thither Today ___________ That day Tonight ____________ that night Tomorrow ___________ The next day Yesterday ___________ The previous day Last night ___________ The previous night Next day ___________ The following day 156



Interrogative Sentences In converting a question to the indirect speech: 1. The R.V is changed to ‘ask’, ‘enquire’ or ‘demand’ 2. ‘Whether’ or ‘If’ is used to introduce the R.S if the question has ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for an answer. 3. Conjunction ‘that’ & Interrogative sign (?) is removed and Assertive form of the sentence is written. Imperative Sentences The Reporting Verb is changed into some verb indicating command, request, entreaty or advice according to the sense. The verb may be selected from the following. Command : tell, order, bid, command etc. Request : ask, request etc. Entreaty: entreat, implore etc. Advice : advice, forbid, exhort, urge etc. Guidelines 1. If there is ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam’ in the direct speech, it will be changed into ‘Respectively’. 2. If there are words like ‘My dear’, ‘dear’, ‘darling’ etc, it will be changed into ‘lovingly’ or ‘affectionately’. 3. If there is a word ‘Hay’, it will be changed into ‘greeted’, it will come in place of ‘said to’. 4. If there are words like ‘good morning’ or ‘good evening’ or ‘good bye’ in the D.S, they will be changed as : ‘Respectfully wished’ or ‘Affectionately bade farewell’. OTHERS 1. Sentences of ‘Let’: He said, “Let us go out.” He suggested to go out. She said, “Let us do it.” She proposed to do it. 2. Sentences of ‘What’ or ‘How’: He said, “What a lovely scene!” He exclaimed that it was a lovely scene. Rules for changing of Personal Pronouns The persons of the pronoun that occur in the R.S are changed in Indirect Speech into those of the same person as the subject of the R.V. Rule: I Pronouns of the “First person” in the R.S of the direct form are changed into those of the same person as the “Subject of the R.V”. I said, “I am ill.” I said that I was ill. Rule: II Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the “Second person” are changed into those that of the “Noun or Pronoun that comes after the R.V”. She said to me, “I am ill.” She told me that she was ill. 157



Rule: III The third person is not changed. Suresh said to Ramesh, “I am ill.” Suresh told Ramesh that he was ill. EXAMPLES Present Tense and Future Tense do not change: Present Tense: 1. He says, “I am your friend.” He says that he is my friend. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Govind says to me, “You are my friend.” Govind says to me that I am his friend. He says, “Tea is ready.” He says that Tea is ready. He says, “The car is going.” He says that the car is going. They say, “Nobody is there.” They say that nobody is there.

Future Tense: 1. He will say, “I am weak”. He will say that he is weak. 2. Rama will say to me, “I am your friend”. Rama will say to me that he is my friend. 3. He will say, “I am going”. He will say that he is going. 4. She will say to me, “ I will be your friend”. She will say to me that she will be my friend. 5. I will say, “I was going”. I will say that I was going. Past Tense: If Universal truth or habitual action is expressed by the Reported Speech, the tense of the verb (Simple Present) must not be changed, even the Reporting Verb is in the Past tense. 1. Mohan said tom me, “Man is mortal”. Mohan said to me that man is mortal. 2.

The teacher said to me, “The sun rises in the east”. The teacher told me that the sun rises in the east.

3.

Kamala said, “Truth is bitter”. Kamala said that truth is bitter.

4.

I said, “The cow gives milk”. I said that the cow gives milk.

5.

She said, “German is easy to learn”. 158



She said that German is easy to learn.

159



If the tense of the Reporting Verb is in the Past tense then the Verb in the Reported Speech is changed as follows: SIMPLE PRESENT X SIMPLE PAST 1. 2. 3.

He said, “I am unwell”. He said that he was unwell. He said, “My pen is lost”. He said that his pen was lost. Anil said, “Rita sins a song”. Anil said that Rita sang a song. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. 2. 3. 4.

2. 3. 4. 5.

PAST CONTINUOUS

He said, “Rama is working hard”. He said that Rama was working hard. He said, “I am preparing for the exam”. He said that that was preparing for the exam. She said, “I am doing nothing”. She said that she was doing nothing. He said, “My daughter is learning French”. He said that his daughter was learning French. PRESENT PERFECT

1.

X

X PAST PERFECT

He said, “Raju has done the work”. He said that Raju had done the work. She said, “I have written the letter”. She said that she had written the letter. He said, “I have posted the letter just now”. He said that he had posted the letter just then. Sita said, “You have stolen my watch”. Sita said that I had stolen her watch. I said, “She has gone”. I said that she had gone.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS X PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. 2. 3.

1.

He said, “It has been raining since morning.” He said that it had been raining since morning. They said, “We have been working since 1990.” They said that they had been working since 1990. He said, “I have been playing since morning.” He said that he had been playing since morning. SIMPLE PAST X PAST PERFECT He said, “Raju returned at afternoon.” He said that Rahu had returned at afternoon. 160


2. 3.


He said, “I came in the evening. He said that had come in the evening. She said, “Sita sang a song.” She said that Sita had sung a song. PAST CONTINUOUS

1. 2. 3.

X

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I said, “She was dancing.” I said that she had been dancing. He said, “All the boys were going.” He said that all the boys had been going. Mohan said, “I was watching T.V.” Mohan said that he had been watching T.V.

PAST PERFECT & PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS REMAIN UNCHANGED: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Kamala said, “Leela had gone home.” Kamala said that Leela had gone home. Pavan said, “I had taught a lesson.” Pavan said that he had taught a lesson. Kiran said, “I had been playing.” Kiran said that he had been playing. He said, “We had been playing cricket.” He said that they had been playing cricket. SHALL – WILL – CAN – MAY

1. 2. 3. 4.

He said, “I shall try to help her.” He said that he should help her. He said, “Rama will come.” He said that Rama would come. I said, “He may pass.” I said that he might pass. She said, “I can do the sum.” She said that she could do the sum. IMPERATIVE SENENCES

“That” is not used here. To + infinitive is used. Positive Commands: 1. The master said to the servant, “Go away.” The master ordered the servant to go away. 2. The teacher said to the boys, “Get away from this room.” The teacher ordered the boys to get away from that room. 3. He said to his servant, “Leave this place now.” He ordered his servant to leave that place then. 4. The manager said to the typist, “Type this letter.” 161


5.


The manager ordered the servant to type that letter. The queen said to her maid, “make my bed.” The queen ordered her maid to make her bed.

Negative Commands: 1. He said to the students, “Don’t make a noise.” He ordered the students not to make a noise. 2. He said to his soldiers, “Don’t loose your faith.” He asked his soldiers not to loose their faith. 3. He said to me, “Don’t waste your time.” He ordered me not to waste my time. Requests: 1. I said to the teacher, “Please explain this question.” I requested the teacher to explain that question. 2. The visitor said to me, “Please take me to the office now.” The visitor requested me to take him to the office then. 3. The rat said to the lion, “Please pardon me for this time.” The rat pleaded the lion to forgive it for that time. 4. My father said to me, “Don’t read this book.” My father advised me not to read that book. 5. I said to Krishna, “Please give me your pen.” I requested Krishna to give me his pen. Wishes: 1. The old man said to him, “May you long live.” The old man wished him that he might live long. 2. The people said, “May the God save the king.” The people wished that the God might save the king. 3. He said to me, “Good morning.” He wished me good morning. 4. He said to me, “Good evening.” He wished me good evening. 5. The father said, “May god pardon the sinners” The father prayed that god might pardon the sinners. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES In Interrogative sentences ‘that’ is removed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

He said to me “Who are you?” He asked me who I was. He said to me “What is your name?” He asked me what my name was. He said to me “How old are you?” He asked me how old I was. I said to you “Where are you going?’ I asked you where you were going. She said to me “What do you want?” She asked me what I wanted. He said to me “When will you come?’ He asked me when I would come. 162


7. 8. 9. 10.


She said “Who is the first man to fly in the space?” She asked who the first man to fly in the space was. She said to him “Whose portrait are you painting?’ She asked him whose portrait he was painting. “Whom do you want to see? She said to me. She asked me whom I wanted to see. He said to her “When does the post-man come everyday?” He asked her when the post-man came everyday. WHETHER / IF

----------

YES / NO

If the question demands yes / no answer then ‘whether / if ‘ is used to introduce the Reported Speech. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Mohan said to me “Do you like tea?” Mohan asked me whether I liked tea. (Or) Mohan asked me if I liked tea. Mohan said to me “Don’t you like tea?” Mohan asked me whether I didn’t like tea. Mohan asked me if I didn’t like tea. He said to me “Did you like him?” He asked me if I had liked him. He said to me “Didn’t you like this?” He asked me whether I hadn’t liked that. He said to me “Don’t you know me?” He asked me if I didn’t know him. She said to me “Can you do this?” She asked me if I could do that. I said to her “Are you married?” I asked her whether she was married. He said to me “Will you let me help you?” He asked me if I would let her help me.

Hurrah! Bravo! Alas! Hark! Oh! Oh God! 1.

2.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES -------Joy -------Applauded or praised -------Sorrow, grief, sad or sadly -------Attention -------Surprised -------Shock, bitterly

He said, “Alas! He is dead.” He exclaimed in grief that he was dead. He exclaimed with sorrow that he was dead. He exclaimed sadly that he was dead. He exclaimed sorrowfully that he was dead. He said, “Hurrah! My friend came.” He exclaimed joyfully that his friend had come. 163


3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.


He said to me, “Bravo you did well;” He applauded me by saying that I had done well. They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” They exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match. Govind said, “Oh god! I lost my purse.” Govind exclaimed bitterly that he had lost his purse. Sita said, “Oh god! I am failed.” Sita exclaimed sadly that she was failed. He said, “How selfish I have been!” He exclaimed that he had been very selfish. She said, “How beautiful the garden is!” She exclaimed that the garden was very beautiful. He said, “What a fool I am!” He exclaimed that he was a great fool. She said, “How tall the building is!” She exclaimed that the building was very tall. Type – 1 Assertive Sentences

1.

Raju said, “I am fine here.”

A.

Raju said that he was fine there.

2.

Raju said “I was fine here.”

A.

Raju said that he had been fine there.

3.

Rakesh said to Venu, “I will be fine there”.

A.

Rakesh told Venu that he would be fine there.

4.

Meena says, “I am watching a movie.”

A.

Meena said that she was watching a movie.

5.

Varun said, “We are playing a match today.”

A.

Varun said that they were playing a match that day.

6.

Mahesh said to Mani, “I have played my part well”.

A.

Mahesh told Mani that he had played his part well.

7.

Anil said to Maneesha, “You have committed an error here.”

A.

Anil told Maneesha that she had committed an error there.

8.

Kamal said to Ramya, “ I have been trying to complete the project.”

A.

Kamal told Ramya that he had been trying to complete the project.

9.

Rathan said, “I did my job well.”

A.

Rathan said that he had done his job well. 164



10.

Rithu said to Karishma, “I was waiting for my friend then.”

A.

Rithu told Karishma that she had been waiting for her friends (then) at that time.

11.

Karina said to Roshan, “I had verified the contents before I submitted the papers.”

A.

Karina told Roshan that she had verified the content before she submitted the papers.

12.

I said to her, “I am writing a poem now.”

A.

I told her that I was writing a poem then.

13.

I said to her, “You have drawn the figure nicely.”

A.

I told her that she had drawn the figure nicely.

14.

I said to her, “He has left the room.”

A.

I told her that he had left the room.

15.

You said to me, “I completed the task yesterday.”

A.

You told me that you had completed the task the previous day.

16.

You said to me, “Your are playing the flute well.”

A.

You told me that I was playing the flute well.

17.

Nithin said to Trisha, “You can take whatever you want.”

A.

Nithin told Trisha that she could take whatever she wanted.

18.

Vineeth said to Suresh, “The Earth revolves round the Sun”.

A.

Vineeth told Suresh that the Earth revolves round the Sun.

19.

He said “Children go to school everyday.”

A.

He said that children go/went to school everyday.

20.

The boy said, “Practice makes man perfect.”

A.

The boy said that practice makes man perfect. Type – 2 Interrogative Sentences

A)

Questions starting with Auxiliary Verbs.

21.

Vijay said, “Do you know his address?”

A.

Vijay asked whether he knew his address.

22.

Vikraman said, “Have you watched Aparichutudu?”

A.

Vikraman asked whether I had watched Aparichutudu.

23.

The teacher said, “Are you preparing well for the exams?”

A.

The teacher asked whether I was preparing well for the exams.

24.

The Policeman said to the man, “Didn’t you steal it from the complex? 165



A.

The policeman interrogated the man if he hadn’t stolen it from the complex.

25.

The man said to the boy, “Can you show me the way to the Railway Station?”

A.

The man asked the boy whether he could show him the way to the Railway Station.

26.

The mother said to the girl, “Have you been doing the same exercise since morning?”

A.

The mother asked the girl whether she had been doing the same exercise since morning.

27.

Manohar said to Sri Lakshmi “Do you love me? Shall I kill you?”

A.

Manohar asked Sri Lakshmi if she would love him or he should kill her.

28.

He asked the child, “Have you taken your meal?”

A.

He asked the child whether it had taken its meal.

29.

The man said to the girl, “Does she colour the figure with crayons or oil colours?”

A.

The man asked the girl whether she coloured the figure with crayons or oil colours.

30.

Rohan said to Anila, “Will you go to Delhi next week?”

A.

Rohan asked Anila whether she would go to Delhi the following week.

31.

Rakshita said to Venki, “Will you be playing the benefit match next Sunday?”

A.

Rakshita asked Venki whether he would be playing the benefit match the following Sunday.

32.

Arthi said to Vamsi, “May I go through the script?

A.

Arthi asked Vamsi whether she might go through the script.

33.

Madhavan said to Mani, “Will it be all right if I take three takes to complete the shot?”

A.

Madhavan asked Mani whether it would be all right if he took three takes to complete the shot.

34.

Shankar said to Sada, “Have you practised the lip movement properly?

A.

Shankar asked Sada whether she had practiced the lip movement properly.

35.

The teacher said to the student, “Are you confident of getting a seat in I.I.T?”

A.

The teacher asked the student whether he was confident of getting a seat in I.I.T.

B.

Questions starting with Wh – Words.

36.

Ameer said to Anand, “Which book do you want?”

A.

Ameer asked Anand which book he wanted.

37.

Hrithik said to Amisha, “What novels have you read this week?”

A.

Hrithik asked Amisha what novels she had read that week.

38.

Chitra said to Patnayak, “Where did you learn classical music? 166



A.

Chitra asked Patnayak where he had learned classical music.

39.

The teacher said to the boy, “Who is the writer of the novel Harry Pottor?”

A.

The teacher asked the boy who was the writer of the novel Harry Pottor.

40.

Nikhil said to Reena, “When did you return from Mumbai?”

A.

Nikhil asked Reena when she had returned from Mumbai.

41.

Vamsi said to Sheela, “When can I meet your parents?”

A.

Vamsi asked Sheela when he could meet her parents.

42.

Ganguly said to the bowlers, “Why have you not been attending the net practice regularly?

A.

Ganguly asked the bowlers why they had not been attending the net practice regularly.

43.

Srikanth said to Sachin, “Where do you get your knees operated?”

A.

Srikanth asked Sachin where he would get his knees operated.

44.

The teacher asked the student, “Why were you absent from the class yesterday?”

A.

The teacher asked the student why he had been absent from the class the previous day.

45.

The girls said to the man, “ How can I reach the examination hall?”

A.

The girl asked the man how she could reach the examination hall.

46.

The man asked the girl, “When will your father return from the office?”

A.

The man asked the girl when her father would return from the office.

47.

The dentist asked the little girl, “How much Chocolate do you eat every day?”

A.

The dentist asked the little girl how much chocolate she ate everyday.

48.

The manager asked the stenographer, “Do you visit Kashmir this year?”

A.

The Manger asked the stenographer whether she would visit Kashmir that year.

49.

He said to the boy, “What is your name?”

A.

He asked the boy what his name is/was.

50.

The teacher said to the students, “Who can answer this question?”

A.

The teacher asked the students who could answer that aquestion. Type – 3 Imperative Sentences

51.

The officer said to the typist, “Type these letters immediately.”

A.

The officer ordered the typist to type those letters immediately.

52.

He said to his colleague, “Check the content before you submit the papers.?”

A.

He advised his colleague to check the content before he/she would submit the papers. 167



53.

The teacher said to the students, “Write brief and accurate answers neatly without mistakes.”

A.

The teacher advised the students to write brief and accurate answers neatly without mistakes.

54.

The teacher said to the students, “Design your answer booklet and make it look beautiful and special.”

A.

The teacher ordered/advised/instructed the students to design their answer booklet and make it look beautiful and special.

55.

The teacher said to the students, “Check the section and question numbers before you return the answer scripts.”

A.

The teacher instructed the students to check the section and question numbers before they return the answer scripts. Type – 4 Exclamatory Sentences

56.

The captain said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”

A.

The Captain exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

57.

He said to her, “Alas! He has lost all his property”.

A.

He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost all his properly.

58.

She said, “Wow! How beautiful the flower is!”

A.

She exclaimed with wonder that it was a beautiful flower.

59.

He said, “Ah! What a big building it is!”

A.

He exclaimed with astonishment that it was a big building.

60.

The culprit said, “Oh! Lord! Take pity and pardon me.”

A.

The culprit prayed to the Lord to take pity and pardon him.

Exercise: 10.1 Speech: Tenses 1.

He said, “I want to finish my exercise today.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2.

I said to my teacher, “I need your help.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

She said, “They were going.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4.

The teacher said, “The school will remain closed tomorrow.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5.

He said to me, “Your are lucky but I am unlucky.” 168



Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6.

My mother said, “I am going to see Mrs. Sharma and will be back in a minute”.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7.

“I met John yesterday”, he said.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8.

The children said to me, “We will go out in the rain.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

They said, “The boy is hiding in the place where we left him.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10.

Kapil said, “Asha was combing her hair.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

11.

I said to the sir, “I am listening to you.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

12.

The clerk said, “I shall finish this work in time.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

13.

He said, “I killed the snake with a stick.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

14.

She said, “I have been working hard these days.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

15.

The parrot said, “A hunter has caught me.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

16.

He said, “I will give her a new frock.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

17.

He said to me, “You can never get my help.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

18.

He said to her, “You will go to Delhi tomorrow.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

19.

The boy said, “I am giving this to you.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

20.

Mohan said, “I will come if I can.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

21.

She said, “This dog can catch the ball.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

22.

Mr. Das said, “We bought a new vase from bazaar.” 169



Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

23.

She said , “I shall leave this place as soon as I can.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

24.

Meena said, “Venu knows my place well.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

25.

I said to you, “I am your friend.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

26.

He said to me, “I will show you the way now.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

27.

I said, “You killed a snake yesterday.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

28.

Rama said, “I have a car.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

29.

Priya said, “I sold my Scooty last month.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

30.

Swathi said, “I am leaving for Chennai today.”

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise: 10.2 Convert the following sentences into Indirect speech: 1.

He said to me “Will you play chess with me?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

He said to me “Do you live in this colony?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

“Did you plan to go away in summer?” he said to her.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

“Don’t you want to start before it gets too dark?” she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

“Were you drawing then?” he said to her.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

“Can you lend me some money?” I said to him.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 170


7.


“Did you read the novel yesterday?” I said to him.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

“Where can I find the English dictionary?” she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

She said to me “Is not your name Appa Rao?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

He said to me “What is it that makes you so much strong?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

“Don’t you know the way home?” she said to me.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

“Have you anything to say, little bird?” Ulysses said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

He said to me “Which way did she go?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

“Are you free this afternoon?” he said to me.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

The conductor said “Why haven’t you bought the ticket for this boy?’

Ans.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

16.

He said to me “Why don’t you consult your doctor?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

She said “Can we get another Ghantasala?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

She said to me “Will you care for this man?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

I said to you “Did you come from Bombay?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

“Are you visiting Araku valley today?” She said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

You said to me “Can you lend me your pen?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 171


22.


I said to her “Can you lend me some money today?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

He said to her “Where did you go last night?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 24.

“When will the next letter come?” she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

He said to him “Are we meeting tomorrow?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

The teacher said “What are the rivers that flow through A.P?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

The stranger said to me “Can you show this address to me?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

The teacher said to me “Why do you draw a blank?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 29.

“Do you really come from China?” he said to her.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

“Who are you sir and what do you want?” I said.

Ans. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise: 10.3 Convert the following sentences into Indirect speech: 1.

“Sit down boys” said the teacher.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

I said to him, “Come again tomorrow.”

Ans …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

“Please help me from starvation”, said the beggar.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

“Bring me a drink or milk”, said the swamy to the villagers.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

“Run away, children” said their Mother.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 172


6.


“Go to the market. Bring me some vegetables and a dozen plantains”, ordered the

master. Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

The Forest Minister said to the people, “Grow more trees and get better life.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

He said to us, “Mind your business”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

He said to the boy, “Go out”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

“Call the witness” said the judge.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

The inspector said to the police, “Stop the man”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

The manager said to the clerks, “Don’t come late”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

The Lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford Dictionary”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

He said to me, “Please wait here”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

Mary’s father said to the Principal, “Please pardon my daughter”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16.

She said, “Let us not waste our time”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

My friend said, “Let us go to the cinema”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

Rama said to Arjun, “Go away”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

He said to her,, “Please wait here till I return”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

Gopal said to me, “Do it thus.” 173



Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 22.

He said, “Alas! Our foes are very strong.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

He said, “Wait until I come.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 24.

He said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel among yourselves when I am dead.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

He said to me, “Alas! He is dead.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

He said, “Let us wait for the award.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

He said to me, “Be careful.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

The boy said to her, “Don’t wait for the bus.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 29.

The teacher said to him, “Don’t read so fast.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

“Don’t ever do this again.”, he said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 31.

“What a pity you didn’t come!” ,she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 32.

The girl said, “How cold it is!”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 33.

John said to his sister, “Don’t wait for me this evening.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34.

He said,”Bravo! You have done well.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 35.

Alice said, “How clever I am!”

Ans. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

174



EXERCISE - 18 1.

He said to me “Will you play chess with me?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

He said to me “Do you live in this colony?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

“Did you plan to go away in summer?” he said to her.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

The Principal said “There will be a holiday tomorrow.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

She said to him,“I don’t believe you.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

She said, “My bag was found.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

The boy says, “I can do it”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

The prince said, “It gives me pleasure to be here this evening.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

“I shall go as soon as it is possible”, she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

“Did you read the novel yesterday? I said to him.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

“Where can I find the English dictionary?” she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

She said to me “Is not your name Sarkaar?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

He said to me “What is it that makes you so much strong?

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

My teacher said, “If you don’t work hard, you will fail.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

I sad, “All are sinners.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 175


16.


He said, “I don’t want to see any of you.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

He said, “Its gilded cage reminds me of my father whom they imprisoned’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

He said, “Alas! Our foes are very strong.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

“Do you really come from China?” he said to her.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

“Who are you sir and what do you want? I said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

He said, “Wait until I come.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 22.

He said, I will never steal again.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

“Don’t you know the way home?” she said to me.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 24. “Have you anything to say, little bird?” Ulysses said. Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

He said to me “Which way did she go?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

The boy said to us, I shall come with you.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

She said, “Even though I come it is against my will.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

He said to his sons, “Don’t quarrel among yourselves when I am dead.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 29.

He said to me, “Hark! I hear some strange sound.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

“Are you free this afternoon?’ he said to me. 176



Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 31.

He said, “let us wait for award.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 32.

The lion said to the fox, “I am weak. My teeth have fallen out. I have no appetite.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 33.

The conductor said “Why haven’t you bought the ticket for this boy?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34.

He said to me “Why don’t you consult your doctor?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 35.

She said “Shall we get another Ghantasala?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 36.

He said to me, “Be careful.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 37.

Mohan said, “I shall meet Sekhar tomorrow.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 38.

The student said, “I am disappointed by my marks.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 39.

Jack said to Aunt Jane, “I will drive you to the station.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 40.

The father said to his son, “The things will be sorted out now.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 41.

The boy said to her, “Don’t wait for the bus.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 42.

She said to me “Will you care for this man?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 43.

I said to you “Did you come from Bombay?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 44.

“Are you visiting Arakuvalley today? She said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 177


45.


Anitha said, “We are late today.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 46.

The boy said, “I have pain in my right leg.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 47.

You said to me “Can you lend me your pen?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 48.

I said to her “Can you lend me some money today?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 49.

He said to her “Where did you go last night?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 50.

The teacher said to him, “Don’t read so fast.”

Ans. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXERCISE - 19 1.

“Don’t ever do this again.” he said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

“When will the next letter come?” she said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

The father said, “My son don’t waste your time”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

The boys said, “How stiff the paper is!”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

He said, “Let me play in your garden”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

He said to me, “Where is the station?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

He said, “God is great”.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

I said to him, “Please lend me your book.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 178


9.


He said, “May God reward your labour.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

The boys said, “Papa forgive us this time.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

He said to me, “Let me study.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

“Do you know Hindi” the teacher asked the boy.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

“Present the witness in the court now”, the Judge said.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

I said to him, “Do you know English?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

“Are you sure this is correct” I said to them.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16.

She said to her mother, “Shall I marry him?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

He said, “Shall I open that window?’

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

He said, “We are in the play ground.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19.

She said, “I am unwell.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

He said to me, “I will meet your father today.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 21.

She said to me, “Your sister met me yesterday.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 22.

My brother said to me, “I took your pen.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23.

The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.” 179



Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 24.

The boy said, “My father went to Guntur.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 25.

Balu said, “I don’t drink coffee.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 26.

I said to him, “Was I giving any trouble there?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 27.

The porter said, “The train will be late today.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 28.

He said to me “Will you help me?”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 29.

He said, “I have been ill since yesterday.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30.

The teacher said, “Be silent in the classroom.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 31.

The teacher said to us “Did you complete the work I gave you yesterday?

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 32.

The doctor said to me, “Your temperature is alright.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 33.

He said, “I don’t want any food.”

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34.

“Please tell me where I can find an application form”, she said to the boy.

Ans. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 35.

She said, “I am living in Delhi.”

Ans. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

* * *

180



11. DEGREES OF COMPARISON Degrees of Comparison: There are three types of Degrees of comparison. Degree means ‘the rank or grade given according to the quality. 1. Positive Degree 2. Comparative Degree 3. Superlative Degree Positive Degree: The Positive Degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simplest form.It is used to denote the mere existence of a some quality of what we speak about. Ex: Rama’s mango is sweet. Comparative Degree: The Comparative degree of an adjective denotes the higher degree of the quality than the positive: and is used when two things or two set of things are compared. Ex: Hari’s mango is sweeter than Rama’s. Superlative Degree: The Superlative Degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of a quality, and is used when more than two things are used. Ex: Govind’s mango is the sweetest of all. Formation of Comparative and Superlative: More Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one form the comparative by adding ‘ _er’ and the Superlative by adding ‘_est’ to the Positive. Positive Sweet Small Tall Kind Young Great Clever Old Tough Thick

Comparative sweeter smaller taller kinder younger greater cleverer older tougher thicker

Superlative sweetest smallest tallest kindest youngest greatest cleverest oldest toughest thickest

When the Positive ends in ‘e’, only ‘-r’ and ‘-st’ are used. Brave braver bravest Fine finer finest White whiter whitest Able abler ablest Wise wiser wisest

181



When the Positive ends in’y’, preceded by a consonant the ‘y’ is changed into ‘i’ before adding ‘- er’or ‘-est’. Happy happier happiest Easy easier easiest Heavy heavier heaviest Merry merrier merriest Wealthy wealthier wealthiest When a Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding ‘-er’ and ‘est’. Red redder reddest Big bigger biggest Hot hotter hottest Thin thinner thinnest Sad sadder saddest Fat fatter fattest Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of those with two, form the comparative by using the Adverb more with the Positive, and the Superlative by using the Adverb ‘most’ with the Positive. Splendid more splendid most splendid Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful Difficult more difficult most difficult Proper more proper most proper Important more important most important Courageous more courageous most courageous Learned more learned most learned Industrious more industrious most industrious Popular more popular most popular Populous more populous most populous Useful more useful most useful Helpful more helpful most helpful Perfect more perfect most perfect Nutritious more nutritious most nutritious Famous more famous most famous Precious more precious most precious Good, well Bad, evil, ill Little Much Many Far Fore In Out Late

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS better best worse worst less, lesser least more most more most farther farthest former foremost, first inner inmost, innermost outer utmost, uppermost later latest, last 182



Model -I Positive :No other country in the world is so great as India. Comparative: India is greater than any other country in the world. Superlative: India is the greatest country in the world. P.D C.D S.D

No other boy in the class is so clever as Raghu. Raghu is cleverer than any other boy in the class. Raghu is the cleverest boy in the class.

P.D C.D S.D

No other girl is so pretty as Rani. Rani is prettier than any other girl in the class. Rani is the prettiest girl in the class.

P.D C.D S.D

No other boxer in the world is so heavy as Tyson. Tyson is heavier than any other boxer in the world. Tyson is the heaviest boxer in the world.

P.D C.D S.D

No other tree in the garden is so old as this . This is the older than any other tree in the garden. This is the oldest tree in the garden

P.D C.D S.D

No other fruit is so sweet as mango. Mango is sweeter than any other fruit . Mango is the sweetest fruit. Model – II

P.D C.D S.D

Very few Indian cities are as big as Chennai. Chennai is bigger than many other cities in India.(Indian cities) Chennai is one of the biggest Indian cities.

P.D C.D S.D

Very few animals are as useful as the cow. The cow is more useful than many other animals. The cow is one of the most useful animals.

P.D C.D S.D

Very few books in English are as good as ‘The Guide’. ‘The Guide’ is better than many other books in English. ‘The Guide’ is one of the best books in English.

P.D C.D S.D

Very few planets are as big as Jupiter. Jupiter is bigger than many other planets. Jupiter is one of the biggest planets.

P.D C.D S.D

Very few persons are as old as Ali. Ali is older than many other persons. Ali is one of the oldest persons. 183



MODEL -III Comparison between two persons or two things.Therefore there will be no Superlative Degree: P.D C.D

I am not so great as he. He is greater than I.

P.D C.D

Kamala is not so wise as Vimala. Vimala is wiser than Kamlaa.

P.D C.D

Sachin does not bowl so fast as Pathan. Pathan bowls faster than Sachin.

MODEL – IV Comparison between two persons or two things. Therefore there will be no Superlative Degree. P.D C.D

Shyamala is at least as good dancer as Leela. Leela is not better dancer than Shyamala.

P.D C.D

Kumar is at least as tall as Ravi. Ravi is not taller than Kumar.

P.D C.D

Girls are at least as clever as boys. Boys are not cleverer than boys Model – V

P.D C.D S.D

Some other buildings are at least as big as this. This is not bigger than some other buildings. This is not the biggest building.

P.D C.D S.D

Some other boys are at least as handsome as Kiran. Kiran is not more handsome than some other boys. Kiran is not the most handsome boy.

P.D C.D S.D

Some other dramatists are at least as popular as Narayan. Narayan is not more popular than some other dramatists. Narayan is not the most popular dramatist.

III. Change the Degree of Comparison, without changing the meaning:1. Some poets are at least as great as Tennyson. Comp : Tennyson is not greater than some other poets. Super:- Tennyson is not the greatest of all poets. 2.

Very few boys are so industries as Latif. Comp:- Latif is more Industrious than many other boys. Super:- Latif is one of the most Industrious of the boys. 184



3.

Super:- Australia is the largest Island in the world. Comp:- Australia is larger than any other Island in the world Posi :- No other Island is as large as Australia in the world.

4.

Comp:- Lead is heavier than other metals. Super:- Lead is the heaviest of all metal. Posi :- No other metal is so heavy as Lead.

5.

Shakesphere is greater than any other English poet. Super:- Shakesphere is the greatest English poet. Posi:- No other poet in English is so great as Shakesphere.

6.

Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest of Indian kings. Comp:- Samudra Gupta was greater than many other Indian kings. Posi:- Very few Indian kings were so great as Samudra Gupta.

7.

The times is the most powerful newspaper in England. Comp:- The times is more powerful than any most other newspaper. Posi:- No other newspaper is so powerful as the times.

8.

A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. (comp) A foolish friend is not as good as a wise enemy. (positive)

9.

David is as wise as Solomon. (positive) Solomon is not wiser than David (comparative) Very few countries are as rich as England. England is richer than many other countries. (comparative)

10.

MODEL – 1 Positive

Comparative

No other – as good as

better than any other

Superlative the best

EXERCISE – 11.1 I.

Change the degree of comparison without changing the meaning:

1.

No other boy in the class is as clever as Ram.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 2.

He is better than any other bowler in the team.

Ans: 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 185



2. ……………………………………………..…………………………………… 3.

Kolkata is the biggest city in India.

Ans:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 4.

No other novel I have ever read is as interesting as this.

Ans: 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 5.

R.K. Narayan is more famous than any other Indian writer.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 6.

Hyderabad is larger than any other city in Andhra Pradesh.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 7.

No other country in the world is as rich as America.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 8.

Lead is the heaviest metal.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 9.

No other flower is as beautiful as Rose.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. ……………………………………

186



10.

Telugu is the easiest subject.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 11.

No other story book is so popular as “The Arabian Nights”.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 12.

This novel is more interesting than any other novel.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 13.

Bhim is the strongest man.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 14.

No other physician is so well known as Dr.Hayer.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 15.

Raghu is cleverer than any other boy in the class.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 16.

No other girl is so pretty as Rani.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 17.

This is the oldest tree in the garden.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187



2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 18.

No other building in the world is as famous as this.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 19.

English is more interesting than any other subject.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 20.

Mango is the sweetest fruit.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 21.

Bombay is the biggest seaport in india.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 22.

Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist of England.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 23.

Riding is the best exercise.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 24.

She is more intelligent than any other girl in the class.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. ……………………………………

188


25.


The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful monument in India.

Ans: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 26.

Gold is more precious than any other metal.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 27.

This is the most useful book on English grammar.

Ans:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………

28.

Milk is the most wholesome drink.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. ……………………………………

MODEL – 2 POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

very few as good as

better than most other

one of the best

EXERCISE – 11.2 II.

Change the degree of comparison without changing the meaning:

1.

Akbar was one of the ablest rulers of India (superlative)

Ans:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. ………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 2.

Very few countries are as rich as Japan. 189


Ans:


1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 3.

Bombay is one of the richest cities in India.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 4.

Manu is more hard working than many other boys in the class.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 5.

Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest Indian kings.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 6.

Very few countries are as rich as England.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 7.

Mohan is cleverer than most other boys in the class.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………8. ‘The Hindu’ is one of the best news papers. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………9. Very few boys are as industrious as Suresh. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………

190


10. Ans:


Sri Lanka is one of the biggest islands in the world.

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………11. Raghu is more intelligent than most other boys in the class. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………12. Very few Indian leaders are so great as Pt. Nehru. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………13. Kalidasa is one of the greatest dramatists. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………14. Napoleon was braver than many other generals. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 15.

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………16. Very few girls in the class are as beautiful as Sita. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………17. The Indus valley civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………18. Very few actresses of India are so talented as Sridevi. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………19. Gold is heavier than many other metals. 191


Ans:


1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………20. Delhi is one of the biggest cities of India. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………21. Very few girls in the class are as tall as Misha. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………22. Mr. Kapoor is one of the best teachers in our school. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………23. Very few countires are as hot as India. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………24. Akbar was wiser than many other Indian kings. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………25. A sunset on the sea is one of the loveliest things in nature. Ans:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………… 26.

Very few warriors of India are as brave as Rana Pratap.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 27.

‘The Arabian Nights’ is one of the most interesting books.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………28. Very few ladies are as multi talented as Latha.

192


Ans:


1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………

MODEL – 3 Positive not so good as

Comparative

Superlative

better than

-------

EXERCISE – 11.3 III.

Change the following degree of comparison without changing the meaning:

1.

Iron is not so heavy as gold.

Ans :…………………………………………………………………..…………………… 2.

Her sister is more beautiful than she.

Ans :…………………………………………………………………..…………………… 3.

Delhi is not so big as Bombay.

Ans:…………………………………………………………………..…………………… 4.

Honey is sweeter than sugar.

Ans :…………………………………………………………………..…………………… 5.

A bird can’t fly as fast as an aeroplane.

Ans:…………………………………………………………………..…………………… 6.

Manohar was stronger than Akhil.

Ans:…………………………………………………………………..………………………… 7.

It is easier to preach than to practice.

Ans : …………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 8.

Abdul bowls faster than Kareem.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 9.

Sita is not as tall as Kamala.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 10.

Sarala are more industrious than Vimala. 193



Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 11.

Ashok is not as strong asAnand.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 12.

It is better to starve than to beg.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 13.

A cock is not as beautiful as a peacock.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 14.

A bee is not as busy as I.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 15.

Delhi is bigger than Ludhiana

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 16.

A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 17.

A dead lion is not so strong as a live ass.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 18.

I work harder than you do.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 19.

This lesson is easier than the last one.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 20.

Kalka is not so cool as Shimla.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 21.

Manu is taller than his sister.

Ans :……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 22.

The elephant is not so weak as the lion.

Ans ……………………………………………………………..……………………………..

194



MODEL - 4 Positive

Comparative

Superlative

at least as good as

not better than

----- -

EXERCISE – 11.3 IV.


1.

Some boys are at least as industrious as Suresh.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………………

2.

He is at least as handsome as Karim.

Ans:

………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

Kumar is at least as tall as Ravi.

Ans:

………………………………………………………………………………….

4.

Girls are at least as clever as boys.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

MODEL – 5 Positive

Comparative

Superlative

some other ------ at least as good as

not better than some other

not the best

EXERCISE – 11.4 V.


1.

Some beans are at least as nutritious as meat.

Ans:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

(positive)

2. …………………………………………………….. ……………………………………

195



2.

Wordsworth is not the greatest poet.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 3.

Karim is not more industrious than some other boys.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 4. Sarojini is not the cleverest girl in the class. Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 5.

Some flowers are atleast as fragrant as the rose.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 6.

She is not more beautiful than some other girls.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 7.

India is not the hottest country.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 8.

Some girls in the class are at least as clever as Shoba.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 9.

Ashok is not better than some other boys in the team.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 196



10.

Some girls in the class are at least as wise as her.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 11.

Shimla is not the coolest hill stations in India.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 12.

Some students in the class are at least as bright as John.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 13.

Sunitha is not prettier than some other girls in the class.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 14.

Some buildings in the world are at least as famous as the Taj.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 15.

Lead is not the heaviest metal.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 16.

Rahul is not the best player.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………

197



17.

Some other girls as at least as wise as she.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 18.

He is not richer than some other men of our town.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 19.

Shimla is not the best hill station.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 20.

Some other boys in the team are at least as good as Tony.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 21.

Rice is not the most nutritious grain.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………… 22.

She is not better than some other doctors in the town.

Ans:

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………

Exercise: 20 Change the degrees of the following sentences. 1.

Lokesh runs faster than Rakesh.

A:________________________________________________________ 2.

The moon shines brighter than the star.

A:________________________________________________________

198


3.


A donkey can not run so fast as a horse.

A:________________________________________________________ 4.

Rajesh is at least as tough as Rahim.

A:________________________________________________________ 5.

I am not duller than he.

A:________________________________________________________ 6.

Very few Indian kings are as famous as Asoka.

A:________________________________________________________ 7.

Ooty is cooler than many other places in India.

A:________________________________________________________ 8.

Latif is one of the most industrious boys.

A:________________________________________________________ 9.

The dog is the most faithful animal.

A:________________________________________________________ 10.

Hyderabad is more populous than many other cities in India.

A:________________________________________________________ 11.

Sachin is the most popular player.

A:________________________________________________________ 12.

No other cricketer hits the ball so hard as Dhoni.

A:________________________________________________________ 13.

Rajasthan is the hottest region in India.

A:________________________________________________________ 14.

Indus valley civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations.

A:________________________________________________________ 15.

Australia is the largest continent in the world.

A:________________________________________________________ 16.

I know him quite as well as you do.

A:________________________________________________________ 17.

You don’t know him better than I do.

A:________________________________________________________ 18.

Preaching is easier than practicing.

A:________________________________________________________ 19.

No other man was so strong as Bhima. 199



A:________________________________________________________ 20.

Some boys are at least as industrious as Suresh.

A:________________________________________________________ 21.

Sachin is the most famous cricketer.

A:________________________________________________________ 22.

Tirupathi is more sacred than many other temples.

A:________________________________________________________ 23.

I am not lazier than he.

A:________________________________________________________ 24.

Srikanth is not the most popular hero.

A:________________________________________________________ 25.

England is richer than any other country in the world.

A:________________________________________________________ 26.

Some other boys are at least as courageous as Rahim.

A:________________________________________________________ 27.

The Ashram is one of the coolest places in India.

A:________________________________________________________ 28.

Vinay is not so handsome as Dheeraj.

A:________________________________________________________ 29.

She is the shortest girl in the class.

A:________________________________________________________ 30.

Navya is at least as clever as Sravya.

A:________________________________________________________

Exercise: 21 Change the degree of the following sentences.:1.

The pen is mightier than the sword.

A:________________________________________________________ 2.

Open rebuke is better than secret love.

A:________________________________________________________ 3.

Gupta was one of the greatest of Indian kings.

A:________________________________________________________

200


4.


A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.

A:________________________________________________________ 5.

Some people have more money than brains.

A:________________________________________________________ 6.

Lead is heavier than any other metal.

A:________________________________________________________ 7.

The tiger is the most ferocious of all animals.

A:________________________________________________________ 8.

Very few metals are as useful as iron.

A:________________________________________________________ 9.

Shakespeare is greater than any other poet in English.

A:________________________________________________________ 10.

India is the largest democratic country in the world.

A:________________________________________________________ 11.

Soya beans are at least as nutritious as meat.

A:________________________________________________________ 12.

Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas.

A:________________________________________________________ 13.

No other drama in Sanskrit is so good as Shakuntala.

A:________________________________________________________ 14.

Tom is the worst boy in the class.

A:________________________________________________________ 15.

Tennyson is not greater than some other poets.

A:________________________________________________________ 16.

Mango is sweeter than pineapple.

A:________________________________________________________ 17.

Silver is more plentiful than gold.

A:________________________________________________________ 18.

This is the most useless of all the books.

A:________________________________________________________ 19.

Very few fruits are as sour as the wild-apple.

A:________________________________________________________ 20.

It is the rarest article.

A:________________________________________________________ 201


21.


No other diamond I have ever seen was so big as this.

A:________________________________________________________ 22.

Some other movie directors are at least as creative as Das.

A:________________________________________________________ 23.

He is not so generous as his brother.

A:________________________________________________________ 24.

This is the most interesting novel I have read.

A:________________________________________________________ 25.

Macbeth is one of the most jealous women.

A:________________________________________________________ 26.

Mike Tyson is the heaviest boxing champion.

A:________________________________________________________ 27.

Very few people in the world are so courteous as the Japanese.

A:________________________________________________________ 28.

Nothing else travels so fast as light.

A:________________________________________________________ 29.

Srilanka is not the largest island in the world.

A:________________________________________________________ 30.

Darjeeling is the most beautiful place I have seen.

A:________________________________________________________

* * *

202



12. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1. 1. 2. 3.

There are three types of If Conditions. They are: Probable Condition, Imaginary Condition and Impossible Condition.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I.

Probable (or) Open Conditional Sentences : Structure (Tense)

Sub. Clause (if-clause)

Main Clause

Sub + V1, ‘s’ form

Sub + shall/will/can/may + V1 (Simple Future)

(Simple Present)

Exercise: 12.1 1.

a) Unless you work hard, you can't get the first rank. b) If you __________________________________

2.

a) Unless all people develop secular out look, there will be no salvation for our country. b) If all people __________________________________

3.

a) Attempt to define wisdom and this agreement ceases. b) If you __________________________________

4.

a) I see him. I shall give him his gift. b) If I __________________________________

5.

a) Heat the ice, it will turn into water. b) If you __________________________________.

6.

a) Unless I have a quiet room, I shall not be able to do any work. b) If I __________________________________.

7.

a) Take another three steps and you touch the bed post. b) If you __________________________________.

8.

a) He must work hard. Then he can get first class. b) If __________________________________.

9.

a) We have to return the horse immediately or else the farmer will find it. b) If __________________________________. 203


10.


a) Waste not, want not. b) If you __________________________________

11.

a) Hurry up. You can catch the last bus. b) If __________________________________.

12.

a) Unless he is physically fit, he won't be recruited. b) If he __________________________________.

13.

a) Unless it rains now, the plants will not get enough water. b) If it __________________________________.

II.

Improbable (or) Imaginary Conditional sentence : Structure (Tense)


Main Clause

Sub + V2

Sub + would/should/could/might + V1

(Simple Past)

(Conditional Past)

Exercise: 12.2 1.

a) If don't have money. So I can not give you a ride. b) If I __________________________________.

2.

a) I don't have a car. So I can not give you a ride. b) If I __________________________________.

3.

a) I don't have time. So I can not accept the job. b) If __________________________________

4.

a) Mala is not here. She will not approve of waht you are doing. b) If Mala __________________________________.

5.

a) I don't think you have enough money so you can not buy this beautiful cycle. b) If you __________________________________.

6.

a) My mother wants to buy a gold chain. But she is not going to the shop. b) If my mother __________________________________.

7.

a) I am not the Prime Minister. I want to help the poor. b) If __________________________________.

8.

a) I am not a bird. I want to fly high in the sky. b) If __________________________________.

204


III.


Impossible (or) Unfulfilled Conditional sentence : Structure (Tense)


Main Clause

Sub + had + V3 (Past Perfect)

Sub + would /could/ might/should+ have + V3 (Conditional Perfect)

Exercise: 12.3 1.

a) They did not prepare enough food. So they got some items from the near by hotel. b) If they __________________________________

2.

a) He wasted his time and he failed. b) If he __________________________________.

3.

a) He did not clean his wind screen and so he was not able to see where we were going. b) If he __________________________________

4.

a) It did not rain and so the crops withered away. b) If it __________________________________

5.

a) He did not ask for my help. So I did not help him. b) If he __________________________________.

6.

a) You did not invite me, so I did not attend your marriage. b) If __________________________________.

7.

a) Renu did not pay examination fee. She was not allowed to write examination. b) If __________________________________

8.

a) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened. b) If __________________________________.

9.

a) She did not carry her driving license. She had to pay a fine. b) If __________________________________.

10.

a) If the doctor came late. The patient died. b) If the doctor __________________________________.

11.

a) He came to the function late. He did not meet the chief guest. b) If he __________________________________.

12.

a) She went late. She would not get a ticket. b) If she __________________________________. 205


13.


a) I was held up in the traffic jam. So I missed the train. b) If I __________________________________.

14.

a) Renu had missed the train. So she could not attend the interview. b) If Renu __________________________________

15.

a) No precautions were taken. So many were killed in the cyclone. b) If __________________________________.

16.

a) You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time. b) If __________________________________.

17.

a) He was not careful, so he could not avoid the accident. b) If he __________________________________.

18.

a) The doctor arrived too late, he could not save the old man. b) If the doctor __________________________________.

19.

a) You did not invite me, so I did not attend your birthday party. b) If you __________________________________.

20.

a) I did not have enough money. So I did not buy the book. b) If I __________________________________.

21.

a) Kavitha did not prepare for the exams. So she failed. b) If Kavitha had __________________________________.

22.

a) Swami did not take the medicines regularly. So he fell ill again. b) If Swami had __________________________________.

23.

a) You were very careless, that is why you failed the test. b) If you __________________________________.

24.

a) You did not come before the office closed, So I could not give you the certificate. b) If you __________________________________.

25.

a) He had not come before the office closed, so I could not give you the certificate. b) If he had __________________________________.

26.

a) They had not prepared enough food. So they had to get some items from the nearly hotel. b) If they __________________________________.

27.

a) You did not have enough sense in you so you made such silly mistakes. 206



b) If you __________________________________. 28.

a) If you had reported as many murder cases as I have, you would have known before hand what line he would take. b) You did not __________________________________.

29.

a) You did not inform me. So I did not wait for you. b) If __________________________________.

30.

a) Arun did not inform me. So I did not wait for you. b) If Arun __________________________________.

31.

a) Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the examination. b) If __________________________________.

32.

a) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened. b) If the gate keeper __________________________________.

33.

a) I did not know that you were in the hospital. I did not visit you. b) If I had __________________________________.

34.

a) He had not known that the river was dangerous, otherwise he would not have tried to swim. b) If he __________________________________.

35.

a) I should have voted for her. But I had no vote. b) If I __________________________________.

36.

a) The captain had not been more careful, his ship had sunk. b) If the captain __________________________________.

37.

a) It had not rained and so the crops had withered away. b) If it __________________________________.

38.

a) It did not rain and so the crops had withered away. b) If __________________________________.

39.

a) I did not see him. I was playing cricket. b) If __________________________________.

207



Exercise - 22 1.

You didn’t approach me. So I didn’t advise you.

A:

______________________________________________________________

2.

He invited me to the function. So I attended to it.

A:

______________________________________________________________

3.

The doctor didn’t come in time. So he could not save the patient.

A:

______________________________________________________________

4.

She didn’t apply for the job. She didn’t get it.

A:

______________________________________________________________

5.

Rama worked hard and won the first prize.

A:

______________________________________________________________

6.

John ran fast and win the race.

A:

______________________________________________________________

7.

She didn’t put her hand up. So the driver didn’t stop the bus.

A:

______________________________________________________________

8.

I didn’t see the movie. So I could not comment on it.

A:

______________________________________________________________

9.

He came before the office closed. He received the application.

A:

______________________________________________________________

10.

I completed my home work. The teacher did not punish me.

A:

______________________________________________________________

11.

She was very slow. So her work was not completed.

A:

______________________________________________________________

12.

Gopi was very careless. So he lost his purse

A:

______________________________________________________________

13.

No precautions were taken. So many were dead.

A:

______________________________________________________________

14.

You were very lazy. So you could not get the promotion.

A:

______________________________________________________________

15.

He was very watchful. He avoided the accident.

A:

______________________________________________________________

16.

My fees was not paid. So I was not allowed to write the examination.

A:

______________________________________________________________

17.

He was very sincere. So he was rewarded. 208



A:

______________________________________________________________

18.

It was raining. So the crops were not failed.

A:

______________________________________________________________

19.

I was not there in time. So I was not selected.

A:

______________________________________________________________

20.

She was very clever. She won the first rank.

A:

______________________________________________________________

Exercise: 23 1.

Unless you read well, you can not get first prize.

A:

______________________________________________________________

2.

Do it now or I will break your head.

A:

______________________________________________________________

3.

The driver saw the signal. So, he stopped the bus.

A:

______________________________________________________________

4.

You had better stop shouting a loud.

A:

______________________________________________________________

5.

She was not my friend. So, I didn’t invite her to the party.

A:

______________________________________________________________

6.

I think you have no money. So, you may not buy this book.

A:

______________________________________________________________

7.

You were not loyal. So they didn’t trust you.

A:

______________________________________________________________

8.

Buy a ticket, otherwise you can not travel by this bus.

A:

______________________________________________________________

9.

She was very beautiful. They selected her Miss India.

A:

______________________________________________________________

10.

You had better stop taking sugar.

A:

______________________________________________________________

11.

I advise you to stop smoking.

A:

______________________________________________________________

12.

I have no cycle. So, I cannot give you a lift.

A:

______________________________________________________________

13.

There was no rain. So, the plants could not survive.

A:

______________________________________________________________ 209



14.

You tried hard and won the game.

A:

______________________________________________________________

15.

He didn’t pay the fee. So, he was not allowed to write the examination.

A:

______________________________________________________________

16.

I have no enough time. So I cannot accept this job.

A:

______________________________________________________________

17.

You have no patience. So, you may not be apt for this job.

A:

______________________________________________________________

18.

He didn’t get the opportunity. So, he couldn’t prove his talent.

A:

______________________________________________________________

19.

I advise you to stop making a noise.

A:

______________________________________________________________

20.

I fed it well. It was healthy.

A:

______________________________________________________________

******

210



13. SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX Simple Sentence: A Simple sentence is one, which has only one subject and one predicate. Ex: The cow gives us milk. Honest man is trusted. To everyone’s surprise, he failed. Compound Sentence: A sentence that has two or more subjects and two or more predicates is called a Compound sentence. Ex: Children went to the park and played there. You can go home or stay back here. I went to Agra, saw the Taj and returned. Complex Sentence: A sentence which has only one Main-clause and one or more Sub-ordinate clauses is called a Complex sentence. Ex: She will do, as she likes. When I saw him, he was going. If you call me, I will come.

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES Simple x Compound A Simple sentence can be converted into a Compound one by enlarging a word or a phrase into a co-ordinate clause. Sim: The teacher punished the boy for his disobedience. Cmpd: The boy was disobedient and so the teacher punished him. Sim: To avoid punishment, he ran away. Cmpd: He wanted to avoid the punishment and so he ran away. Sim: Against the wishes of his family, he left school. Cmpd: He left the school and this was against the wishes of his family. Simple x Complex: A Simple sentence can be converted to a Complex by expanding a word a phrase into a sub-ordinate clause. Sim: With your permission, I will go. Cmlx: If you permit me, I will go. Sim: Cmlx:

On being punished , she wept. When she was punished, she wept.

Sim: Cmlx:

Everywhere I will follow you. Wherever you go, I will follow you. 211

or



Compound x Complex: A Compound sentence can be converted into a Complex by changing a ordinate clause into a sub-ordinate clause. Cmpd: He saw the danger but pressed on. Cmlx: Though he saw the danger, he pressed on. Cmpd: Resist the evil and he will flee from you. Cmlx: If you resist the evil, he evil flee from you. Cmpd: He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard. Cmlx: He worked so hard so that he might win the prize. Cmpd: Do as I tell you or I will break your head. Cmlx: Unless you do as I tell you, I will break your head. Cmpd: You called me, so I am here. Cmlx: As you called me, I am here. Simple

Compound

Complex

In spite of/ Despite

But, Yet, Still

Though / Although/Eventhough

Notwithstanding

But / Yet

Though / Although

Besides

Not only - but also

As well as

Soon after, immediately

No sooner.. than

As soon as

On + verb + ing

And

When

Being / Owing to / On account of

So / And so

As / Since

In case of not, In the event of

Or

If

Too …. To

Very … and so

So …. that

EXAMPLES In spite of

Though, Although

Sim : In spite of his poverty, he is honest. Cmpn: He is poor, but he is honest. Cmlx: Though he is poor, he is honest.

212

But, Yet, Still.

co-



Sim : In spite of his riches, he felt unhappy. Cmpn: He was rich, but he felt unhappy. Cmlx: Though he is rich, he felt unhappy. Sim : In spite of my calling, he gave me no answer. Cmpn: I called him, but he gave me no answer. Cmlx: Although I called him, he gave me no answer. Sim: Despite working hard, he failed. Cmpd: He worked hare, yet he failed. Cmlx: Though he worked hard, he failed. Notwithstanding Though / Although But / Yet Sim: Nothwithstanding his hard work, he did not succeed. Cmpd: He worked hard, yet he did not succeed. Cmlx: Though he worked hard, he did not succeed. Sim: Notwithstanding several efforts, he failed. Cmpd: He made several efforts, but he failed. Cmlx: Although he made several efforts, he failed. Besides As well as Not only ….. but also Sim: Besides robbing the child, he killed her. Cmpn: He not only robbed the child but also killed it. Colx: He robbed the child as well as as killed her. Sim: Com: Cmlx:

Besides educated his nephew, he also set him up in business. He educated his nephew as well as he set up him in business. He educated his nephew as well as set him up in business.

Immediately No sooner …. than As soon as Sim: Immediately after hearing the news, he wrote to me. Cmpd: No sooner did he hear the news than he wrote to me. Cmlx: As soon as he heard the news, he wrote to me. Sim: Immediately after seeing the tiger, they ran away. Cmpd: No sooner did they see the tiger than they ran away. Cmlx: As soon as they saw the tiger, they ran away. Sim: Immediately after the peon ringing the bell, the boys rushed out. Cmpd: No sooner did the peon ring the bell than the boys rushed out. Cmlx: As soon as the peon rang the bell, the boys rushed away. Sim: On seeing the giant, the people fled away immediately. Cmpd: No sooner did the people see the giant than they fled away. Cmlx: As soon as the people saw the giant, they ran away.

213



Verb + ing And Sim: Running at top speed, he got out of breath. Cmpd: he ran at top speed and got out of breath. Cmlx: When he ran at top speed, he got out of breath.

When, as

Sim: Finding himself in difficulty, he went to his friend for help Cmpd: He found himself in difficulty and went to his friend for help. Cmlx: When he finished his exercise, he put away his books. Sim: Seeing the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree. Cmpd: We saw the rain coming on and took shelter under a tree. Cmlx: When we saw the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree. Sim: Feeling cold he lit fire. Cmpd: He felt cold and lit fire. Cmlx: As he felt cold, he lit fire.(when he felt cold, he lit fire) Sim: Feeling out of sorts, he went to bed. Cmpd: He felt out of sorts and went to bed. Cmlx: As he felt out of sorts, he went to bed. Sim: On seeing a snake, he ran away. Cmpd: He saw the snake and ran away. Cmlx: When he saw the snake, he ran away. Being / On account of / As / since Owing to Sim: Being a cripple, he can not ride a horse. Cmpd: He is a cripple and so he can not ride a horse. Cmlx: As he is a cripple, he can not ride a horse.

And so / so

Sim: Being poor, they often suffered great hardship. Cmpd: They were poor and so they often suffered great hardship. Cmlx: Since / as they were poor, they often suffered great hardship. Sim: Being busy with his work, he did not go out. Cmpd: He was busy with his work and so he did not go out. Cmlx: As he was busy with his work, he did not go out. Sim: Owing to drought, the crop is short. Cmpd: There is drought and so the crop is short. Cmlx: As there is drought, the crop is short. Sim: Owing to his illness, he could not go to school. Cmpd: He was ill and therefore he could not go to school. Cmlx: As he was ill, he could not go to school.

214



Sim: Owing to his ill luck, he met with a bad accident. Cmpd: He was unlucky and therefore met with bad accident. Cmlx: As he was unlucky, he met with a bad accident. Sim: On account of his negligence, he was suspended from the job. Cmpd: He was negligent and so he was suspended from the job. Cmlx: As he was negligent, he was suspended from the job. Sim: On account of his hard work, he secured good marks. Cmpd: He worked hard and therefore he secured good marks. Cmlx: Since he worked hard, he secured good marks. In the event of Or If Sim: In the event of such a thing happening, I should take long leave. Cmpd: Let such a thing happen, and then I should take along a leave. Cmlx: If such a thing happens, I would take a long leave. Sim: In the event of its occurring again, you will be punished. Cmpd: This must not occur again, or you will be punished. Cmlx: If it occurs again, you will be punished. Sim: In the case of not paying the bill, you will return the goods. Cmpd: You must pay the bill, or the goods will be returned. Cmlx: If you don’t pay the bill, the goods will be returned. Too … to Very ….. and so Sim: The tea is too hot to drink. Cmpd: The tea is very hot and so it cannot be drunk . Cmlx: The tea is so hot that it cannot be drunk. Sim: The box is too heavy for us to lift. Cmpd: The box is very heavy and we cannot lift it. Cmlx: The box is so heavy that we cannot lift it. Sim: He was too dull to understand. Cmpd: He was very dull and he couldnot understand. Cmlx: He was so dull that he couldnot understand.

215

So ….. that



Exercise - 13.1 Model:I 1.

In spite of

But

Though / Although

In spite of his great strength, he was defeated. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

2.

In spite of his repeated attempts, he failed. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

In spite of escaping several times, he was finally caught. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

In spite of the steamer going down, the crew were saved. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

In spite of being a mere boy, he offered to fight the giant. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

In spite trying hard, he did not succeed. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

In spite of her annoyance, she said nothing. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

In spite his many faults, he was good at heart. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

In spite of his popularity, he cannot be called a good poet. 216



Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

In spite of my continually inviting him, he never came. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

In spite of his poor health, he worked hard. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

In spite of his having failed twice, he tried again. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

13.

In spite of the heat, they marched quickly. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

In spite of my requesting him, he punished me. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

In spite of my entreating him, he shot the dog dead. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Model – II Notwithstanding 1.

But / Yet

Though / Although

Notwithstanding his serious attempts, she did not win. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

He intends to try again notwithstanding his repeated failures. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

Notwithstanding his sincere work, he was not rewarded. 217



Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. Besides 1.

Not only … but also

As well as

Besides writing a letter, he posted. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

Besides making a promise, he kept it too. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

Besides being handsome, he is intelligent. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Besides pitying him, he relieved him. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

5.

Besides not paying the bill, he did not return the goods. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Besides men and women, children were also present. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

Besides a pen, I carried a pencil. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

Besides being a L.I.C agent, he is a chit manager. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 218



Exercise – 13.2 Model: III 1.

Immediately after

No sooner … than

A soon as

On seeing a scorpion, the girls shouted immediately. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

Immediately after taking the tickets, they rushed into to theatre. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

The peon rang the bell, all the boys ran out of classroom immediately. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Immediately after the arrival of the minister, everybody ran towards his car. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

On seeing a tiger, he started running immediately. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Immediately after eating an ice cream, she drank a cool drink. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. V

Being

And so

1.

Being a mere boy, he could not stand the fight.

As (or) since

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

It being a rainy day, they did not go out. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

219



Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

Being a good obedient boy, he worked exceedingly hard at school. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Being quite contended, he never gambled. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

220


5.


Being a conscientious man, he must have done his duty. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Being a teacher, he inculcated the good habits in the students. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

Being unwilling to disappoint his friend, he granted his request. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

Being a king, he looked the welfare of the people. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

Being unable to get much, I accepted little. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

13.

Being rich, he can buy a new car every year. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

Being a father, he looked after the child. 221



Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

Being a clever lad, he soon took good decision. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise – 13.3 Model - IV 1.

Verb + ing

And

As / Since / When

His swords having broken, he was left defenseless. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

Taking of his hat, he jumped into the river. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

Sitting in this tower, the poet gazed at the sea. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Hearing their father’s footsteps, the children remained silence. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Knowing no better, he used inaccurate language. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

7.

Having made no provision for old age, he is very poor. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. 222


8.


Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

Having overslept himself, he missed the train. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

10.

Having read this book carefully, he could tell the story in his own words. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

11.

Having hurt his ankle, Sachin will not be able to play today. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

12.

Having no money with me, I could not give you anything. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

13.

The plague breaking out in the town, the people moved out into the jungle. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

14.

The ink having dried up, I could not write.

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

223


15.


The horse rearing, the rider was thrown down. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

16.

The piper advancing, the children followed. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

17.

The referee having whistled, the game was started. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

18.

Not liking the work, he began it unwillingly. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

19.

The viceroy coming into the hall, everyone rose from his seat. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

20.

His object becoming known, everyone tried to help him. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

21.

My friend having arrived, we went for a walk. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

22.

Seeing the cat, the dog jumped up. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

23.

Slaying his brother, the prince became king. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

24.

His friend having helped me, he is prospering. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

25.

Hearing the footsteps of the teacher, the students kept silence. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

224


In the event of 1.


Or

If

In the event of your absence, you salary will be cut off. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

2.

In case of not functioning well, this T.V. will be exchanged. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

In the event of his winning the battle, he will be crowned. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

4.

In case of not doing well, you will be suspended from the duty. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

5.

In the event of not carrying my orders, you will be punished. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Too … to 1.

Very …. and so

So … that

It is too dark to see. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

2.

It is too difficult to understand. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

The tree was too high to climb. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

4.

It is too hot to handle. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

5.

The glass is too hard to break. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. 225


6.


He was too short to reach it. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

7.

It is too expensive to buy. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

8.

The grapes were too sour to eat. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

It is too cold to go out. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

10.

The jamuns were too sweet to eat. Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise: 24 Change the given Simple sentences into Compound & Complex sentences. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

She must weep to escape death. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

In the event of not being quiet, you will be punished. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

In case of not finishing the work in time, you will be punished. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

On arriving at the foot of hill, he blew his trumpet. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

Be good to be happy. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

To everyone’s surprise, the project failed completely. A:

______________________________________________________________ 226


A: 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.


______________________________________________________________

Besides being beautiful, she is clever. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

The problem was too difficult to solve. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

In the event of not producing the witness, the case will be dismissed. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

Immediately after receiving the telegram, he left in taxi. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

Besides scolding him, he beat him. A:

_____________________________________________________________

A: .

______________________________________________________________

Having stolen a piece of cheese, the crow flew with it to a tree. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

In event of not coming, Syamala will send a letter. A:

_______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

Having lost his teeth,he could not hard food. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

In case of his not running away, they would have killed him. A:

______________________________________________________________

A:

______________________________________________________________

227



Exercise : 25 Simple, Compound & Complex: Change the given sentences as directed. 1.

You must hurry, or you will miss the train.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

As he felt cold, he lit a fire.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

He failed in is first attempt and never tried again.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

Eat few suppers and you will need few medicines.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

The boy was tired and then he went to bed.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

We selected this bike after we had tried several times.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

Although they fought valiantly, they were defeated.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. 228



Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

He succeeded unexpectedly.

(Compound & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

He was too dull to understand.


Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

He was annoyed at being rebuked.


Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

The tiger having fallen, he climbed down the tree.


Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

He was too much excited to hear the reason.


Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

Not only did his father give him the money, but his mother too.(simple & complex) Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16.

We must eat to live.


Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 17.

He found a rupee, and was delighted at his good luck.

(Simple & complex)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 18.

Rama went to school as soon as he finished his meal.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

229



Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

230


19.


As soon as heard the news, he wrote to me.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 20.

He was so ill that he could not walk.

(Simple & compound)

Ans:……………………………………………………………………………………. Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise: 26 Change the given Simple sentences into Compound and Complex sentences. 1.

In spite of its raining, he went out. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2.

Besides robbing the house, they killed the persons in it. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3.

To win first prize, he practiced a lot. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.

Owing to his illness, he couldn’t attend the examination. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

Being busy with my work, I didn’t attend your call. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Notwithstanding my several requests, he suspended me from the job. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….

231


7.


On account of his misbehaviour, he was warned severely. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8.

Having no result, your attempt can hardly be successful. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9.

The servant having brought a lamp, I began my homework. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10.

Finding himself weaker and weaker, he consulted a doctor. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 11.

Having no money with me, I didn’t buy the tickets. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12.

He was praised for his genius. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 13.

In his absence, I spoke to his brother. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14.

The situation is too hot to handle. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. 15.

In spite running to the station, he missed the train. Ans:…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………. * * * 232



14. SPELLINGS PRACTICE -1 Find out the wrongly spelt word and write it correctly in the space provided: 1.

pregnant

competant

assistant

lieuenant

Ans:………….........

2.

luggage

storage

cottage

collage

Ans:………….........

3.

passion

permission

comparision

television

Ans:………….........

4.

velocity

generocity

simplicity

bicycle

Ans:………….........

5.

cyclone

cynical

cympathy

electricity

Ans:………….........

6.

vernacular

thermal

general

cermony

Ans:………….........

7.

collector

character

manager

commandar

Ans:………….........

8.

opponent

cement

comment

commitment

Ans:………….........

9.

statistics

ecenomics

accountancy

nomadic

Ans:………….........

10.

auspicious

autonomous

aukward

authentic

Ans:………….........

11.

accordence

correspondence tendency

dependence

Ans:………….........

12.

pretend

erect

abundance

ambulance

Ans:………….........

13.

beginning

bankrupt

biscit

circle

Ans:………….........

14.

valour

behavoiur

labour

vapour

Ans:………….........

15.

diary

dial

dinamic

toilet

Ans:………….........

16.

chiken

cheque

check

stomach

Ans:………….........

17.

similar

peculiar

familiar

bienniel

Ans:………….........

18.

plenary

planetorium

plateau

platinum

Ans:………….........

19.

pollute

particle

prollogue

prorogue

Ans:………….........

20.

diomond

volcano

vulgar

volunteer

Ans:………….........

21.

triangle

tier

trist

twist

Ans:………….........

22.

ocasion

opaque

oppression

orphan

Ans:………….........

23.

idiom

idiot

idia

imbibe

Ans:………….........

233



24.

instill

inings

integral

inquest

Ans:………….........

25.

regiment

reluctent

ransack

rabbit

Ans:………….........

PRACTICE -2

Find out the wrongly spelt word and write it correctly in the space provided: 1.

buffalo

giraffe

coffee

offence

Ans:………….........

2.

consumer

operator

quarter

bartor

Ans:………….........

3.

access

necessary

account

accidsnt

Ans:………….........

4.

compulsary

treasury

memory

voluntary

Ans:………….........

5.

composition promotion

notorious

vorious

Ans:………….........

6.

territary

supplementary notary

lottery

Ans:………….........

7.

cinema

enimy

twinkle

element

Ans:………….........

8.

millitary

million

dollar

collar

Ans:………….........

9.

irritate

irrigate

mirror

rror

Ans:………….........

10.

legislate

megistrate

rebuke

retreat

Ans:………….........

11.

matriculation legislation

registration

elevation

Ans:………….........

12.

aggression

aggriculture

stubborn

terror

Ans:………….........

13.

vacabulary

vacation

mathematics

magician

Ans:………….........

14.

illistrate

illiterate

illegal

illegitimate Ans:………….........

15.

courage

tourist

stourage

boulder

Ans:………….........

16.

register

transister

poster

barrister

Ans:………….........

17.

seperate

celebrate

prostrate

comrade

Ans:………….........

18.

poisonous

enormous

generous

couragous Ans:………….........

19.

primery

mystery

mastery

history

Ans:………….........

20.

temperary

energy

vertical

sterling

Ans:………….........

21.

postponement transelation

imagination

perpetual

Ans:………….......

234



22.

elementary

emergency

exterior

emerald

Ans:………….......

23.

nusance

nutrient

neurosis

nephew

Ans:………….......

24.

conference

concurrence

confidence

consider

Ans:………….......

25.

account

accomplish

accept

across

Ans:………….......

PRACTICE -3 Find out the wrongly spelt word and write it correctly in the space provided: 1.

employer

superviser

provision

saviour

Ans:………….........

2.

acquire

recquire

enquire

acquit

Ans:………….........

3.

eminent

dominant

relevant

reluctant

Ans:………….........

4.

appraisel

repression

approval

suppression Ans:………….........

5.

beginning

developping

stopping

swimming

Ans:………….........

6.

consent

decent

rescent

crescent

Ans:………….........

7.

religious

curious

mysterious

numerious

Ans:………….........

8.

governer

baker

philosopher

lawyer

Ans:………….........

9.

hammer

grammer

beggar

beggar

Ans:………….........

10.

concive

deceive

reprieve

relieve

Ans:………….........

11.

excellent

expectant

extravagant

relevant

Ans:………….........

12.

generous

monstrous

incredulous

precarous

Ans:………….........

13.

following

narrowing

warnning

rippling

Ans:………….........

14.

appeeal

pleasant

disease

indeed

Ans:………….........

15.

relieve

deceive

believe

receive

Ans:………….........

16.

decesion

noise

toil

position

Ans:………….........

17.

suggestion

creation

positive

permition

Ans:………….........

18.

accept

respect

reject

repeet

Ans:………….........

19.

successful

plentyful

sorrowful

eventful

Ans:………….........

20.

engineer

cashier

auctionear

pioneer

Ans:………….........

21.

instinctive

apprehensive

evative

evasiv

Ans:………….........

22.

expresion

comprehension provision

pretension

Ans:………….........

23.

motorist

economist

comunist

chemist

Ans:………….........

24.

appeal

conceive

relieve

recieve

Ans:………….........

25.

emperer

invader

consumer

designer

Ans:………….........

EXERCISE – 14.1 Find out the wrongly spelt word and write it correctly in the space provided: 235



1.

message

engage

luggage

prestage

Ans:………….......

2.

crucial

social

special

usual

Ans:………….......

3.

exibit

exit

emit

evil

Ans:………….......

4.

tournament government

toleration

usual

Ans:………….......

5.

confushion

parachute

shuttle

Ans:………….......

6.

examination extension

expansion

exalamation Ans:………….......

7.

weight

neighbour

neighther

eighty

Ans:………….......

8.

prayer

lawyer

withdrawyer

blower

Ans:………….......

9.

describe

inscribe

decline

incline

Ans:………….......

10.

appropriate passionate

reciprocate

approach

Ans:………….......

11.

sutable

subordinate

surrounding

suppose

Ans:………….......

12.

singular

sympathy

signal

silly

Ans:………….......

13.

fullstop

safety

paragrapf

fearful

Ans:………….......

14.

agenda

secretary

territory

machinery

Ans:………….......

15.

cinema

imitation

inclusion

inhibition

Ans:………….......

16.

kerchief

curtain

mischief

imbibe

Ans:………….......

17.

prolong

proportionate propaganda

global

Ans:………….......

18.

motion

mention

permition

location

Ans:………….......

19.

varity

clarity

majority

longevity

Ans:………….......

20.

extraordinarytremendous

obvious

glorious

Ans:………….......

21.

notation

enormous

blunder

grinder

Ans:………….......

22.

immense

practice

recognize

promise

Ans:………….......

23.

common

commonder

wonderful

monster

Ans:………….......

24.

constable

portable

responsible

possible

Ans:………….......

25.

preference

appearance

jurisprudence

province

Ans:………….......

26.

leader

servent

messenger

partner

Ans:………….......

27.

ornament

decoration

adornment

lament

Ans:………….......

28.

urgency

curtesy

utter

blunder

Ans:………….......

29.

freedom

random

kingdom

madom

Ans:………….......

30.

harvest

harmony

honorary

panorama

Ans:………….......

31.

interupt

internal

external

oral

Ans:………….........

32.

eradicate

intermidiate

corporate

operate

Ans:………….........

33.

exist

oust

oxigen

odd

Ans:………….........

fashionable

236



34.

numerous

number

nullify

nutral

Ans:………….........

35.

transfer

torture

torent

triumph

Ans:………….........

36.

irregular

irrepairable

irrigation

irreligious

Ans:………….........

37.

fraction

papulation

tabulation

ample

Ans:………….........

38.

difference

official

refference

conference Ans:………….........

39.

rubber

struugel

oppose

pressure

Ans:………….........

40.

announce

annual

dennial

unknown

Ans:………….........

41.

arrest

error

election

collection

Ans:………….......

42.

apology

appropriate

appointment

dissappoint Ans:………….......

43.

bacteria

maleria

bargain

margine

Ans:………….......

44.

canteen

routeen

fourteen

employee

Ans:………….......

45.

economics

ecology

evoke

enimal

Ans:………….......

46.

condone

condole

condem

console

Ans:………….......

47.

assistent

agreement

sentiment

restaurant

Ans:………….......

48.

hesitate

translate

separate

prepare

Ans:………….......

49.

arrogance

experience

audience

reference

Ans:………….......

50.

laugh

faught

cause

guard

Ans:………….......

* * *

237



15. PUNCTUATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I. 1) 2)

II. 1)

2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

Punctuation derived from the Latin punctuation, a point means the right use of putting in points or stops in writing. The following are the principal stops:Full stop or period (.) Comma (,) Semicolon (;) Colon (:) Note of Interrogation (?) Note of Exclamation (!) Other marks in common used are the dash _____l Parentheses ( ); Inverted comas or quotation marks “ ”. Full stop (.) : The full stop represents the greatest pause and separation. It is used :to mark the end of a declarative sentences He is standing there. to mark abbreviations and initials. M.A., M.L.A., A.B.Chari Mr and Mrs. occur without a fullstop, as they have come to be regarded as the full spellings. Comma :- (,) The comma represents the shortest pause, and is used :to separate a series of words in the same construction ; as, England, Italy, France formed an alliance. He lost lands, money, reputation and friends. A comma is generally not placed before the word proceeded by ‘and’ To separate each pair of words connected by and; as we should be devout and humble, cheerful and science.. High and low, rich and poor, wise and foolish, must all die. After a Nominative Absolute, The wind being favourable, the squadron smiled. To mark off a Noun or phrase in Apposition; as Milton, the great English poet was blind. Paul, the apostle, was beheaded in the reign of Nero. To mart off two or more adverbs or adverbial phrases coming together as, the king, having defeated his enemies, returned to his country. To mark off the nominative of address; as O king, I am humble servant. I tell you, madam, I have read it. To separate words, phrases or clauses inserted into the body of a sentence; as she did not, however, succeed in the examination Health is, after all, the most important thing. To avoid the repetition of a verb ; as Shanta is a sinhi ; Tara, a Bengali. Ali received a watch; Hari, a book. He was a Brahmin ; she, a Bajput. To seperate shout co-ordinate clauses of a compound sentence; a the rains descended, and the floods came. I came, I saw, I conqured. 238


10) 11)


To mark off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence; as He said to us, “Wait and watch”. “Exactly so,” said Alice. To separate an Adverbial clause from its Principal clause; as When I was a bachelor , I lived by myself.

III. The Semicolon :The semicolon represents a pause of greater importance than that shown by the comma. It is used :1) To seperate the clauses of compound sentence, when they contain a comma. He was a brave, large-hearted man; and we all honoured. 2) To separate a series of loosely related clauses, Her court was pure ; her life serence. God gave her peace; her land respond. IV. Colon :The colon marks a still more complete pause than that expressed by the semicolon. It is used (often with a dash after it) :1) To introduce a quotation; as ‘Shakespeare says :- “Sweet are the uses of adversity”. 2) Before enumeration, as The three great books are : the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Gita. The principal parts of a verb in English are : present tense, the past tense and the past participle. V. 1) 2)

The note of Interrogation is used, instead of the Full stop, after a direct question; as Have you written your exercise ? But the note of Interrogation is not used after an indirect question.

VI. Note of Exclamation :Note of exclamation is used after Interjections and after phrases and sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish ; as Alas 1 Oh dear ! What a terrible fire this is ! VII. Inverted commas are used to enclose the exact words of a speaker, or a quotation ; as “I would rather die”, he exclaimed, “than join the oppresses of my country.” Single inverted comas (‘’) are used when a quotation is inserted within a quotation . eg:raj said, “Rahul give me ‘the Macbeth”. VIII. The Dash is used :1) To indicate an abrupt stop or change of thought; as, If my husband were alive - but why lament the part ? 2) To resume a scattered subject, Friends, Companions, relatives him.

-

all deserted

IX. The Hyphen - a shorter line than the Dash ( - ) is used to connect the parts of a compound word ; as, passes - by, man - of - war, jack - of - all. 239



2.

It should trades placed at the end of the Ist line & not in the beginning of the second. It is used to bifurcate a word in two lines eg - co - operate.

X.

Parenthesis or double dashes are used to separate from the main part of the sentence a phrase or clause which does not romantically belong to it as the gained from Heaven (it was all he wished) as friend.

XI. 1) 2) 3)

The Apostrophe is used :To show the omission of a letter or letters ; as Don’t, e’er, I’ve, ‘97, Ma’m. To form the plural of letters and figures. For words which end with s we just put an apostrophe after the word but don’t add ‘s’. eg:- Caesar’s cap, Brutus’scaff; cassuis hen . 4) Add two 5’s and four 2’s show possession, after possessive nouns. a) This is Geetha’s book b) Father’s pen etc. Note:- an apostrophe should not be placed after possessive pronoun like hers, his, ours, yours, its etc. eg:- a) This pen is hers. b) that bag is ours. XII. Capital letters :1. To begin a sentence My name is Pranavi. 2) To begin each fresh line of poetry. Twinkle, Twinkle little star How I wonder, what you are ? Up above the world so high. Like a diamond in the sky. 3) To begin all proper nouns and Adjectives derived from them ; as, Delhi, Rama, Africa, African, Shakespeare, Shakespearian. 4) For all nouns and pronouns which indicate the Diety; as The Lord, He is the God. 5) To write the pronoun I and the interjection O. 6) To begin a direct speech. eg:- ‘You are late’ said the teacher, “I know you will be fined”. 7) To begin names of months, days, seasons, titles of books, names of places of particular things, public institutions etc. 8) To begin the names of important historical events. eg:- the reformation, the great war. Insert commas, where necessary : 1. Take it from me he is a Scotsman. 2. Laughing talking playing & singing we reached the canal. 3. A french man Monsieur duporit is learning English. 4. To make a long story short the weary traveller reached home tired thirsty hungry but safe. 5. Before I saw you I had spoken to him. Punctuate 1. When i m dead my dearest sing no ad songs for me. 2. Quick quick cried he let us run away or he will catch us. 240



3. Naine and chiruhas have two types ainas is a doll & children is a car nainas doll is beautiful its hair is long eyes and blue & fingers are round chiruhas car is red its a long car its wheels move smoothly. Once chiruhas said aina please give me your doll then naine said never give it to you. You play with yours chiruhas blood boiled & he broke the toy of hers she inturn distarted his. EXERCISE – 15.1 Rewrite the following sentences using punctuation marks: 1.

john said i am in hurry and can’t spare time

2.

she said hari looks terrible is he ill

3.

large crowds gathered outside the red fort to see queen Elizabeth

4.

india celebrates independence day on 15th august every year

5.

the statue of liberty was presented to the united states of america by the people of france

6.

i am sorry i interrupted you replied the judge please do go with your explanation of the error

7.

oh tom tom his mother would cry what is to become of you i really don’t know

8.

on tuesday the prime minister of afghanistan reaches india

9.

on christmas day uncle george gave smith a ten – shilling note

10.

pathik was furious he cried if you don’t get down this minute i’ll thrash you

11

The teacher cried out angrily what are you doing Manjula.

12.

Please forgive the king the spirits of the forest said to the god.

13.

Oh I wish I had been to Delhi for the Asaid he murmured.

14.

They would bark at somebody else he said I have a way with dogs.

15.

When I said in six months at the least he said. 241



EXERCISE – 15.2 Punctuate uhe following sentences ; 1.

What is that father asked Miranda in wonder

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

2.

Trees help to support mans life by supplying the atmosphere with oxygen which is . essential for life.

Ans:

………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

Give me the slate father he said I will find it out.

Ans

:…………………………………………………………………………..

4.

Spencer the great English poet lived in the time of queen elizabeth.

Ans

…………………………………………………………………………..

5.

Where there is a will there is away.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

6.

I am going to Germany on the first of April this year.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

7.

On new years day we went on a picnic to golconda.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

8.

Hello he said when did you get here.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

9.

He told me however that he was going away soon.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

10.

His mother who is in Bombay is ill.

Ans:

…………………………………………………………………………..

11.

Now it’s my turn to ride I said ride he said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

242


12.


Let me put on some clothes I said all right he said but hurry.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13.

Come quick dear papa the little boy said

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14.

I’ll die if I don’t tell someone he said my stomach is swelling with the secret

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15.

Well don’t just stand there said the king impatiently do something to cover them up

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXERCISE - 27 Use commas, full stops/exclamatory marks/question marks/quotation marks wherever necessary, and rewrite the sentences in the space provided: 1.

Where are you coming from asked Mohan.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

Glad to meet you I said shaking hands with him.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

Believe me I know it I told him.

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

Did you take the name Agnes from her I asked.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

Mother tell me about yourself why you became a nun I asked her again.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

He said I haven’t seen rice for many weeks let me look at it.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

This is all I can afford he said.

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

243


8.


I have an understanding with a horse my cousin Mourad said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9.

I walked ten miles to get here John Byro said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10.

She simply said I couldn’t be mistaken sir.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11.

The funeral Mrs Bates jumped what funeral.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12.

The baby is dead she cired.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13.

Were you waiting for me Schwamm asked.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14.

I am very sorry Schwamm he said sitting up in bed.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15.

The other said you are taking the Kurzbach train are you.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXERCISE - 28 1.

What a freezing cold she said shivering.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

Well done my boy she said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

I said do you want anything else.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

How gracefully she dances the teacher said admiringly.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 244


5.


Alas what shall I do now the old woman cried.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

Isn’t it grand of me she said to me.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

You cannot leave so early my teacher said

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

Good morning sons of my friends the farmer said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9.

Aren’t we late for school I said to my class – mate.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10.

Stop show your driving licence the traffic constable shouted.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11.

Why don’t you come early today mother asked me.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12.

I’m Prabhu from Utnoor I said.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13.

What a pleasant evening shall we go for a walk said Ravi to his friends.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14.

Do your duty the Gita says don’t worry about the results of your actions.

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15.

Pushpalatha said I will see you tomorrow I am not free tomorrow I said to her.

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

****** 245



16. CORRECTION OF ERRORS 1.

We received no informations. We received no information.

2.

Where are my luggages? (Incorrect) Where is my luggage? (Correct) Comment: Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms. Ex: Alphabet, luggage, furniture, paper, news, poetry, machinery, bread, soap, advice, scenery etc.

3.

Mathematics are his favourite subject. (Incorrect) Mathematics is his favourite subject. (Correct)

4.

Measles have broken out in our area. (Incorrect) Measles has broken in our area. (Correct) Comment: Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular. Ex: a) Games & sports: Billiards, gymnastics etc. b) Diseases: Mumps, measles etc. c) Branches of learning: Linguistics, Economics, Physics, Statistics, Mathematics, Politics etc. His spectacles is new. (Incorrect) His spectacles are new. (Correct)

5.

(Incorrect) (Correct)

6.

My friend bought shoe yesterday. My friend bought shoes yesterday. (Correct) Comment: Some nouns are used only as plural. They have no singular forms. Ex: Shoes, shorts, scissors, spectacles, savings, thanks, trousers, tongs, alms, assets, binoculars, liabilities, riches etc.

7.

She bought five dozens apples. (Incorrect) She bought five dozen apples. (Correct) Comment: Words dozen, score, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, etc. do not take plural when preceded by a numeral.

8.

I have two brother-in-laws. (Incorrect) I have two-brothers-in law. (Correct) Comment: Plurals of Compound nouns are formed by adding ‘S’ to the main word. Father-in-law ---Fathers-in-law Sister-in-law ---Sisters-in-law Passer-by ---Passers-by Commander-in-chief----- Commanders-in-chief

9.

The conductor said that there was no place in the compartment. (Incorrect) The conductor said that there was no room in the compartment. Comment: In this context, the proper word is room. It is used to convey the meaning ‘space to occupy’. 246



10.

Jyothi is cousin sister. (Incorrect) Jyothi is my cousin. (Correct)

11.

He is my cousin brother. (Incorrect) He is my cousin. (Correct) Comment: Do not add brother or sister to the word cousin.

12.

Gopal is running sixteen. (Incorrect) Gopal is sixteen. (Correct) Comment: ‘Running’ is not used with age.

13.

There are twenty females in the class. (Incorrect) There are twenty women in the class. (Correct)

14.

Two hundred males attended the meeting. (Incorrect) Two hundred men attended the meting. (Correct) Comment: Men and female are used as nouns but not as adjectives.

15.

This is my friend’s Sarath’s car. (Incorrect) This is my friend Sarath’s car. (Correct) Comment: When two nouns are in apposition ‘S’ is added to the second noun.

16.

That book is your’s, not mine. (Incorrect) That book is yours, not mine. (Correct) Comment: Apostrophe ‘s is not used to pronouns.

17.

I and Gopal went to the exhibition. (Incorrect) Gopal and I went to the exhibition. (Correct)

18.

Both he and you must attend the function. (Incorrect) Both you and he must attend the function. (Correct)

19.

Rani invited you and me to dinner. (Incorrect) Rani invited you and me to dinner. (Correct) Comment: The first person comes last.The second person is placed third.(II, III &I)

20. 21.

22.

Every player must bring their bat. (Incorrect) Every player must bring his bat. (Correct) One must love his parents. (Incorrect) One must love one’s parents. (Correct) Comment: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent. They who have not brought their books should stand up. (Incorrect) Those who have not brought their books should stand up. (Correct) Comment: ‘They’ must not be used as an antecedent to ‘who’ or ‘that’. ‘Those’ is used. 247


23.


The boys enjoyed during the holidays. (Incorrect) The boys enjoyed themselves during the holidays. (Correct) They availed the opportunity. (Incorrect) They availed themselves the opportunity. (Correct) Comment: The verbs ‘enjoy’ and ‘avail’ take a Reflexive pronoun if there is no other object.

24.

Sarala is more taller than her sister. (Incorrect) Sarala is taller than her sister. (Correct)

25.

He is more younger than I. (Incorrect) He is younger than I. (Correct)

26.

Mount Everest is the most highest peak in the world. (Incorrect) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct) Comment: Double Comparative or double Superlative should not be used.

7.

It is the most unique work. (Incorrect) It is a unique work. (Correct) Comment: Some adjectives have no Degrees of Comparison.(Round, perfect, unique, eternal etc.)

28.

Gopal is the cleverest of the two brothers. (Incorrect) Gopal is cleverer of the two brothers. (Correct) Comment: The Superlative Degree is not used when two persons are two things are compared, then comparative Degree is used.

29.

The population of Chennai is greater than Hyderabad. (Incorrect) The population of Chennai is greater than that of Hyderabad. (Correct) Comment: Here the Comparison is between the population.

30.

Raju went to America for farther studies. (Incorrect) Raju went to America for further studies. (Correct)

31.

Let us not walk any further. (Incorrect) Let us not walk for any farher. (Correct) Comment: ‘Further’ refers to something additional and ‘farther’ refers to distance.

32.

Have you heard the last news? (Incorrect) Have you heard the latest news. (Correct)

33.

The umpire is the latest person to leave the ground. (Incorrect) The umpire is the last person to leave the ground. (Correct) Comment: ‘latest’ denotes time and ‘last’ denotes position or order.

34.

Her older brother is an engineer. (Incorrect) Her elder brother is an engineer. (Correct) 248



35.

Neetu is elder than Geeta. (Incorrect) Neetu is older than Geeta. (Correct) Comment: ‘Eldest & elder’ are used to refer to one’s family relations. ‘Older & oldest’ refer to persons and things denote age.

36.

They do not sell fewer than ten bags of rice. (Incorrect) They do not sell less than ten bags of rice. (Correct) Comment: ‘less’ refers to quantity and ‘fewer’ to number.

37.

We were present on both days. (Incorrect) We were present on both the days. (Correct) Comment: When ‘both’ is used as an adjective, it should be followed by ‘the’.

38.

Frank is an European. (Incorrect) Frank is a European. (Correct)

39.

It is an one-rupee note. (Incorrect) It is a one-rupee note. (Correct) Comment: ‘A’is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. The words university, unit, uniform, union, European etc. (Before ‘U’ prolonged sounds)

40.

He is a honest man. (Incorrect) He is an Honest man. (Correct) Comment: ‘An’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound. The words honest, heir, honour, hour etc. with a vowel sound. (‘H’ silent words)

41.

Vijayawada is on Krishna. (Incorrect) Vijayawada is on the Krishna. (Correct)

42.

She reads Mahabaratha. (Incorrect) She reads the Mahabaratha. (Correct) Comment: ‘The ‘ is used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and holy books.

43.

My uncle lives in United Kingdom. (Incorrect) My uncle lives in the United Kingdom. (Correct)

44.

The culprit was sent to Andamans. (Incorrect) The culprit was sent to the Andamans. (Correct) Comment: ‘The’ is used before the names of groups of islands and descriptive names of countries.

45.

The higher you climb colder it gets. (Incorrect) The higher you climb the colder it gets. (Correct) Comment: ‘The’ is used as an Adverb before comparatives.

249


46.


The iron is a useful metal. (Incorrect) Iron is a useful metal. (Correct)

47.

TheDelhi is the capital of India. (Incorrect) Delhi is the capital of India. (Correct)

48.

The honesty is the best policy. (Incorrect) Honesty is the best policy. (Correct) Comment: No article is used before Material, Proper and Abstract nouns.

49.

The man is mortal. (Incorrect) Man is mortal. (Correct) Comment: Article is not used before ‘man’ used in wider sense.

50.

What kind of a man is he? (Incorrect) What kind of man is he? (Correct) Comment: Article is not used before the noun following ‘kind of’.

51.

Mary goes to the church daily. (Incorrect) Mary goes to church daily. (Correct) Comment: No article is used before places visited for primary purpose: School, college, church, market, bed etc.

52.

The secretary and the correspondent is in the office. (Incorrect) The secretary and the correspondent are in the office. (Correct) Comment: When two nouns refer to different persons, ‘the’ is used before both noun, if they refer to the same person, ‘the’ is used for the first person only.

53.

She is taking milk daily. (Incorrect) She takes milk daily. (Correct) Comment: Simple Present is used to express a habit.

54.

They working here since 1990. (Incorrect) They have been working here since 1990. (Correct)

55.

He lives in Tenali for many years. (Incorrect) He has been living in Tenali for many years. (Correct) Comment: The Present Perfect and Present perfect Continuous are used with ‘for’ and ‘since’.

56. 57.

The apple is tasting sweet. (Incorrect) The apple tastes sweet. (Correct) I am having a problem. (Incorrect) I have a problem. (Correct)

250



58.

This book is belonging to me. (Incorrect) This book belongs to me. (Correct) Comment: Some verbs are not used in the continuous tense. Ex: Taste, smell, hear, feel, love, hate, have, own, possess, belong etc.

59.

They have left for Chennai yesterday. (Incorrect) They left for Chennai yesterday. (Correct) Comment: Simple Past is used with words and phrases of past time: Ago, then, at that time, yesterday, last week, last month, last year.

60.

It is time they start. (Incorrect) It is time they started. (Correct) Comment: past tense is used after. It is time’.

61.

I shall inform you when my father will arrive here. (Incorrect) I shall inform you when my father arrives here. (Correct)

62.

Your father will punish you if you will misbehave again. (Incorrect) Your father will punish you if you misbehave again. (Correct) Comment: In clauses of time and condition, the Simple Present is used for a future action.

63.

If I went to Chennai, I would have brought you the book. (Incorrect) If I went to Chennai, I would brought the book. (Correct) Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past tense the verb in the mainclause must be in the perfect conditional clause.

64.

If I had known your arrival, I would meet you. (Incorrect) If I had known your arrival, I would have met you. (Correct) Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past Perfect tense, the verb in the main-clause must be in the perfect conditional tense.

65.

He was late and so he is scolded by the teacher. (Incorrect) He was late and so he was scolded by the teacher. (Correct)

66.

She said that she is going to Chennai. (Incorrect) She said that she was going to Chennai. (Correct) Comment: If the verb in the Min-clause is in the past tense, the verb in the Sub-ordinate clause must also be in the past tense.

67.

Let them lay there. (Incorrect) Let them lie there. (Correct) Comment: ‘Lay’ means to place there. ‘Lie’ means to be in a resting position. (Lay – laid – laid) (Lie _ lay _ lain)

68.

The criminal was hung two days ago. (Incorrect) The criminal was hanged two days ago. (Correct) 251



Comment: ‘Hanged’ means death punishment. (Hang – hanged – hanged) ‘Hung’ means show publicly. (Hang – hung – hung) Ex: The pictures were hung in her room. 69.

I avoid to speak to her. (Incorrect) I avoid speaking her. (Correct)

70.

We can not help to listen her. (Incorrect) We can not help listening her. (Correct) Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verb: Avoid, imagine, enjoy, finish, miss, practice, can’t bear, can’t stand, with a view to, look forward etc.

71.

He wants that I should do it. (Incorrect) He wants me to do it. (Correct)

72.

They ordered me wait. (Incorrect) They ordered me to wait. (Correct) Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verbs: Allow, command, request, wish, want, permit, encourage forbid etc.

73.

I let the boy to go. (Incorrect) I let the boy go. (Correct) Comment: Plain infinitive is used after verbs: Make, let, suggest, bid etc.

74.

When she will solve the problem? (Incorrect) When will she solve the problem? (Correct) Comment: In Interrogative sentences the verb is placed before the subject.

75.

He went to market, is he? (Incorrect) He went to market, didn’t he? (Correct)

76.

77.

78.

79.

They have lost the way, isn’t he? (Incorrect) They have lost the way, haven’t they? (Correct) Comment: A tag question contains a verb and a pronoun. An affirmative statement takes a negative tag. A negative statement takes an affirmative tag. Being it a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Incorrect) It being a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Correct) Comment: The phrase ‘being a hot day’ is left unrelated. It has no subject. The subject of the main-clause is different. So it must have its own subject. He is not superior than you. (Incorrect) He is not superior to you. (Correct) Comment: ‘To’ is used after superior, inferior, inferior, senior, junior elder. He is awaiting for you. (Incorrect) He is awaiting you. (Correct) Comment: Preposition is not used after ‘await’. 252



80.

I ordered for coffee. (Incorrect) I ordered coffee. (Correct)

81.

John married with Mary in the church. (Incorrect) John married Mary in the church. (Correct)

82.

We are discussing about the subject. (Incorrect) We are discussing the subject. (Correct) Comment: Preposition is not used before some verbs: Order, describe, discuss, marry, meet, attend, tell etc.

83.

They entered into the room. (Incorrect) They entered the room. (Correct) Comment: preposition is not used after ‘enter’ in the sense of ‘go’ into.

84.

We consider him as a great leader. (Incorrect) We consider him great leader. (Correct) Comment: ‘As’ is not used after the following verbs in the pattern. Call, consider, elect, select, name etc.,

85.

He sat besides me. (Incorrect) He sat beside me. (Correct) Comment: ‘Beside’ means by the side of. ‘Besides’ means in addition to’.

86.

They will return in this month. (Incorrect) They will return this month. (Correct) Comment: Time expressions beginning with ‘this, that, next, last’ are used without a preposition. The boy goes to college by walk. (Incorrect) The boy goes to college on foot. (Correct) Comment: We go by bus, by train, by air or on foot. Sarala is suffering with fever. (Incorrect) Sarala is suffering from fever. (Correct) They stared to Kurnool. (Incorrect) They started for Kurnool. (Correct)

87. 88. 89. 90.

We got down the bus. (Incorrect) We got down from the bus. (Correct)

91.

Adams is good in English. (Incorrect) Adams is good at English. (Correct)

92.

I agree with your proposal. (Incorrect) I agree to your proposal. (Correct)

93.

They agree to me. (Incorrect) They agree with me. (Correct) Comment: Agree with a person, agree to a thing. 253



94.

Gopal is angry on his brother. (Incorrect) Gopal is angry with his brother. (Correct)

95.

I am angry with her behaviour. (Incorrect) I am angry at her behaviour. (Correct) Comment: Angry with a person, angry at a thing.

96.

She gave a speech. (Incorrect) She made a speech. (Correct)

97.

The chief guest made an interesting lecture. (Incorrect) The chief guest gave an interesting lecture. (Correct) Comment: Make a speech; give a lecture.

98.

The thief ran away lest he will be caught. (Incorrect) The thief ran away lest he should be caught. (Correct)

99.

Though I advised him but he continued to misbehave. (Incorrect) Though I advised him, he continued to misbehave. (Correct)

100.

This book will not only be liked men but also by women. (Incorrect) This book will be liked not only by men but also by women. (Correct)

FURTHER EXAMPLES Referring to Nouns: 1. He doesn’t have a beautiful furniture in his house. (Incorrect) He doesn’t have any beautiful furniture in his house. (Correct) Comment: Furniture, news, luggage, etc. are uncountable nouns. Indefinite article is not used before them. Singular verb is used after them. 2.

The news are interesting today. (Incorrect) The news is interesting today. (Correct)

3.

This premises appears to be attractive. (Incorrect) This premises appear to be attractive. (Correct)

4.

The measles have broken in this area. (Incorrect) The measles has broken in this area. (Correct) Comment: The word ‘premises’ is plural.

5.

The old is generally wiser than the young. (Incorrect) The old are generally wiser than the young. (Correct) Comment: ‘The old man’ is generally singular; but when the noun after the adjective in the Positive degree is preceded by the Definite Article ‘the’, then it is treated as a plural.

6.

The committee are decided upon this matter. (Incorrect) The committee is decided upon this matter. (Correct) 254



Comment: When it is referred to singular body, it is singular; when it refers to the different members, we use the plural. 7.

Daughter-in-laws now-a-days have no love for mother-in-laws. (Incorrect) Daughters-in-law now-a-days have no love for mothers-in-law. (Correct)

8.

My room’s number is at the front-door’s side. (Incorrect) The number of my room is at the side of the front door. (Correct) Comment: As ‘room’ and ‘door’ are lifeless things, they form the Possessive with the help of the preposition ‘of’.

9.

Our ancestors worshipped the nature. (Incorrect) Our ancestors worshipped nature. (Correct) Comment: Nature is uncountable noun.

10.

The scissors is broken. (Incorrect) The scissors are broken. (Correct)

11.

Swift’s Gulliver’s travels are very interesting. (Incorrect) Swift’s Gulliver’s travels is very interesting. (Correct) Comment: It is the name of a book, which is singular.

ON PRONOUNS: 12. They who go by train can go now. (Incorrect) Those who go by train can go now. (Correct) 13.

This is the instrument that told you. (Incorrect) This is the instrument that I told you of. (Correct)

14.

He was the best singer who I ever loved. (Incorrect) He was the best singer whom I ever loved. (Correct)

15.

That is the girl whom we all agree is beautiful. (Incorrect) That is the girl who we all agree is beautiful. (Correct) Comment: ‘Whom’ can be used when it is the object of its clause.

16.

Reddy and myself will come. (Incorrect) Reddy and I will come. (Correct) Comment: Reflexive pronoun by itself can not be the object of a verb.

17.

None of these students are here. (Incorrect) None of these students is here. (Correct)

18.

She and her four sisters love each other very much. (Incorrect) She and her four sisters love one another very much. (Correct) Comment: ‘Each other’ for two, and ‘One another for more than two.

255


19.


Please give me any of your two pencils. (Incorrect) Please give me either of your two pencils. (Correct) Comment: None, any – for more than two; either, neither - with two persons or things.

ON ADJECTIVES & ARTICLES: 20. He has saved carefully and has little money. (Incorrect) He has saved carefully and has a little money. (Correct) Comment: ‘Little & few’ give negative meaning; ‘ A little & a fewer’ refer to a small quantity and a small number. 21.

A man is mortal. (Incorrect) Man is mortal. (Correct) Comment: No article is used before a Common Noun in its wider range.

22.

A common sense is a great virtue. (Incorrect) Common sense is a great virtue. (Correct) Comment: No article before Abstract noun.

23.

Ramayana describes the beauty of Ganges. (Incorrect) The Ramayana describes the beauty of the Ganges. (Correct)

24.

The Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Incorrect) Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct) Comment: No article before the names of single mountains. Definite article should be used before adjectives in the Superlative Degree.

25.

Peter is an European. (Incorrect) Peter is a European. (Correct)

26.

He is the older of the two brothers. (Incorrect) He is the elder of the two brothers. (Correct) Comment: Elder and eldest are used only for family members.

27.

This short story is the best of the two. (Incorrect) This short story is better of the two. (Correct) Comment: No Superlative is used when the comparison is between two persons or two things. ON VERBS & TENSES:

28.

I have visited the Taj last April. (Incorrect) I visited the Taj last April. (Correct) Comment: Simple Past is used when the time is mentioned.

29.

The sun rose in the east. (Incorrect) The sun rises in the east. (Correct) Comment: Simple present is used for universal truths. 256



30.

I am suffering from fever since Monday. (Incorrect) I have been suffering from fever since Monday. (Correct) Comment: Use the Present Perfect Continuous and no the Present Continuous with ‘since’ when referring to an action that begins in the past and continues up to the present second.

31.

The hungry man finished his dinner now. (Incorrect) The hungry man has finished his dinner now. (Correct)

32.

She will come when she will be ready. (Incorrect) She will come when she is ready. (Correct) Comment: Future tense is not used after Temporial Conjunctions like until, before, after etc. Will I give you a cup of tea? (Incorrect) Shall I give you a cup of tea? (Correct) Comment: We don’t use ‘will’ for questions in the first person.

33.

ON ADVERBS: 34. He works hardly. (Incorrect) He works hard. (Correct) Comment: ‘Hardly’ means ‘not any’. 35.

It is so hot to go out now. (Incorrect) It is too hot to go out now. (Correct) Comment: The usage ‘ So ….. that …. not’ or ‘to …. to’ is correct.

36.

The boy sat alonely. (Incorrect) The boy sat lonely. (Correct)

37.

He comes late often to school. (Incorrect) He often comes late to school. (Correct)

38.

He only married her for her money. (Incorrect) He married her only for her money. (Correct)

39.

Your hair needs cutting badly. (Incorrect) Your hair badly needs cutting. (Correct)

40.

He passed away his examination. (Incorrect) He passed his examination. (Correct)

ON PREPOSITIONS: 41.

He was born in Mettupalyem at Andhra. (Incorrect) He was born at Mettupalyem in Andhra. (Correct) Comment: ‘At’ is used before villages and small towns; ‘in’ is used before big towns and countries. 257



42.

She is fond at tea. (Incorrect) She is fond of tea. (Correct) Comment: Fond is followed by ‘of’.

43.

I have not slept from Sunday. (Incorrect) I have not slept since Sunday. (Correct) Comment: ‘Since’ is used to denote point of time.

44.

I slept to 9 A.M. (Incorrect) I slept till 9 A.M (Correct)

45.

Gandhiji was born in 2 October, 1869 in Porbandar. (Incorrect) Gandhiji was born on 2 October at Porbandar. (Correct)

46.

Recently, many people died with plague. (Incorrect) Recently, many people died of plague. (Correct)

47.

The interview will be held between 10 to 11 A.M. (Incorrect) The interview will be held between 10 and 11 A..M. (Correct) (Or) The interview will be held from 10 to 11 A.M. (Correct)

48.

His poetry is remarkable with its nature description. (Incorrect) His poetry is remarkable for its nature description. (Correct)

.

ON CONJUNCTIONS: 49. The guests could either take coffee or tea. (Incorrect) The guests could take either coffee ot tea. (Correct) 50.

He is neither a teacher in theory nor in practice. (Incorrect) He is teacher in neither in theory nor in practice. (Correct)

51.

Whether it rains, I will not come. (Incorrect) If it rains, I will not come. (Correct)

52.

No sooner did the tiger appear, soon he shot it dead. (Incorrect) No sooner did the tiger appear than he shot it dead.

53.

Scarcely had I reached the station, than the train left. (Incorrect) Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left. (Correct)

54.

It looks like it might rain. (Incorrect) It looks as if it might rain. (Correct)

55.

He asked me what was my name. (Incorrect) He asked me what my name was. (Correct)

56.

Take care lest you do not fail. (Incorrect) Take care lest you should fail. (Correct) 258



MISCELLANEOUS 57.

We had better to go. (Incorrect) We had better go. (Correct)

58.

Sleeping in the garden, a snake bit him. (Incorrect) Sleeping in the garden, he was bit by a snake. (Correct)

59.

The climate of India is better than Africa. (Incorrect) The climate of India is better than that of Africa. (Correct)

60.

To forgiving is divine. (Incorrect) To forgive is divine. (Correct)

61.

As a husband, your duty is supporting her. (Incorrect) As a husband, your duty is to support her. (Correct)

62.

I want to really understand his motives. (Incorrect) I really want to understand his motives. (Correct)

63.

She is thinking to visit Tirupathi. (Incorrect) She is thinking of visiting Tirupathi. (Correct)

64.

Dr. Reddy shall be back in August. (Incorrect) Dr. Reddy will be back in August. (Correct) Comment: ‘Will’ expresses Simple Future.

65.

Should you like a cup of coffee? (Incorrect) Would you like a cup of coffee? (Correct)

EXERCISE – 16.1 Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections. 1. A: 2. A: 3. A: 4. A: 5. A: 6. A:

The honesty is the best policy. ______________________________________________________________ The scissors belongs to me. ______________________________________________________________ Where is my spectacles? ______________________________________________________________ I entered the train in Vizag. ______________________________________________________________ Who you are? ______________________________________________________________ Kalidasa is Shakespeare of India. ______________________________________________________________ 259


7. A: 8. A: 9. A: 10. A: 11. A: 12. A: 13. A: 14. A: 15. A: 16. A: 17. A: 18. A: 19. A: 20. A: 21. A: 22. A: 23. A:


An iron is a useful metal. ______________________________________________________________ Either Gopal or his brother have done their work. ______________________________________________________________ You are taller than me. ______________________________________________________________ Each of these boys were given ten rupees. ______________________________________________________________ My father what is a schoolmaster is 50 years old. ______________________________________________________________ I am senior than you. ______________________________________________________________ She gave me hundred rupees. ______________________________________________________________ His both sisters are beautiful. ______________________________________________________________ Her all ornaments were stolen. ______________________________________________________________ Hercules was the most strongest man. ______________________________________________________________ We should not make noise. ______________________________________________________________ She take medicines every night. ______________________________________________________________ My uncle has known me during all my life. ______________________________________________________________ it is nothing else than pride. ______________________________________________________________ The king with all his ministers were killed. ______________________________________________________________ Before I visited him, he went away. ______________________________________________________________ Each of us did not have an umbrella. ______________________________________________________________ 260


24. A: 25. A: 26. A: 27. A: 28. A: 29. A: 30. A:


Please keep here it. ______________________________________________________________ She is ugly to attract anybody. ______________________________________________________________ Though he worked hardly, he failed. ______________________________________________________________ He called me as a fool. ______________________________________________________________ The ship was drowned. ______________________________________________________________ I am not a fool, is it? ______________________________________________________________ I doubt that he will succeed. ______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE – 16.2 Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections. 1. A: 2. A: 3. A: 4. A: 5. A: 6. A: 7. A: 8. A: 9. A:

What you are saying? ______________________________________________________________ Where she goes every night? ______________________________________________________________ He is going for a walk every morning. ______________________________________________________________ Man was mortal. ______________________________________________________________ Fortune will favour the brave. ______________________________________________________________ Please call me when the dinner was ready. ______________________________________________________________ We had lived there for 10 years. ______________________________________________________________ I wish I am rich. ______________________________________________________________ He said that he suffering from fever. ______________________________________________________________ 261




America discovered by Columbus. ______________________________________________________________ Has you ever seen the Taj Mahal. ______________________________________________________________ He does not go to college yesterday. ______________________________________________________________ He will tell you if he knew it. ______________________________________________________________ If you asked me, I would have given the book to you. ______________________________________________________________ One of my best friends are in Delhi. ______________________________________________________________ Rickets are easy to cure. ______________________________________________________________ A song is singing by Saritha. ______________________________________________________________ He said that they are in the playground. ______________________________________________________________ Smitha bought five dozens oranges. ______________________________________________________________ Thank you for the invitation for you wedding. ______________________________________________________________ It is my friend’s Nitin’s pen. ______________________________________________________________ I and you have gone to cinema. ______________________________________________________________ One must bring their pencils. ______________________________________________________________ It was fine autumn day. ______________________________________________________________ Balu has gone to Australia for farther studies. ______________________________________________________________ Banerjee is a honest man. ______________________________________________________________ 262


27. A: 28. A: 29. A: 30. A:


My uncle lives in United Kingdom. ______________________________________________________________ The more you give, more he wants. ______________________________________________________________ I go to the school everyday. ______________________________________________________________ I am having a problem. ______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE – 16.3 Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections. 1. A: 2. A: 3. A: 4. A: 5. A: 6. A: 7. A: 8. A: 9. A: 10. A: 11. A: 12. A:

Time and tide waits for none. ______________________________________________________________ I shall inform you when my sister will come. ______________________________________________________________ The criminal was hung yesterday. ______________________________________________________________ My house is besides the temple. ______________________________________________________________ Beside robbing the child, he killed it. ______________________________________________________________ He being a rainy day, he did not go to office. ______________________________________________________________ She prefers death from failure. ______________________________________________________________ He don’t know anything. ______________________________________________________________ Don’t go out in the rain lest you would get wet. ______________________________________________________________ No sooner I had reached the station than the train left. ______________________________________________________________ The boys goes to the college. ______________________________________________________________ They will return in this month. ______________________________________________________________ 263




While going to college, a book was found by me. ______________________________________________________________ Please write your number with ink. ______________________________________________________________ he is preferring coffee to tea. ______________________________________________________________ Is the lawyer familiar on the case? ______________________________________________________________ I am not right, are I? ______________________________________________________________ What is the time in your watch? ______________________________________________________________ He is an one-eyed man. ______________________________________________________________ I have been waiting here since a long time. ______________________________________________________________ I can be able to return back in a week. ______________________________________________________________ Why you went out? ______________________________________________________________ I am working here since 1994. ______________________________________________________________ He quickly did the job. ______________________________________________________________ I am not thinking my father is at home. ______________________________________________________________ Let us have a party, do we? ______________________________________________________________ When I shall see him I shall tell him this. ______________________________________________________________ Raju is cleverer of all the students. ______________________________________________________________ He was lying low at that time. ______________________________________________________________ 264


30. A:


He finished to write a novel. ______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE – 16.4 Rewrite the following sentences making necessary corrections. 1. A: 2. A: 3. A: 4. A: 5. A: 6. A: 7. A: 8. A: 9. A: 10. A: 11. A: 12. A: 13. A: 14. A: 15. A:

I congratulated him for his success. ______________________________________________________________ Myself wrote the letter. ______________________________________________________________ The air-bus took off before we reached the airport. ______________________________________________________________ 10 kilometers are not a long distance. ______________________________________________________________ I, you, and he are going to Delhi. ______________________________________________________________ One should respect his teacher. ______________________________________________________________ He is more better than she. ______________________________________________________________ I haven’t met him last month. ______________________________________________________________ None of my friends are applying for the job. ______________________________________________________________ Scarcely I reached the office, than I heard the news. ______________________________________________________________ The news are sensational today. ______________________________________________________________ She is proud for her beauty. ______________________________________________________________ Each man and each woman have the right to vote. ______________________________________________________________ Please give me some informations. ______________________________________________________________ They are leaving to China. ______________________________________________________________ 265


16. A: 17. A: 18. A: 19. A: 20. A:


I have been waiting here from 9 A.M. ______________________________________________________________ Where she will solve the problem? ______________________________________________________________ I did not attended the meeting. ______________________________________________________________ Geetha, go and fetch me some water. ______________________________________________________________ The wages of sin are death. ______________________________________________________________

21. I can be able to return back in two days. A:

______________________________________________________________

22. Raju said “I came not yesterday became I late wake up.” A:

24. A: 25. A: 26. A: 27. A: 28.

(Mar 2000)

______________________________________________________________

23. “Why you have not come yesterday? ”asked Neeraja. A:

(Sept 1999)

(Jun 2000)

______________________________________________________________ “What you mean by this?” asked the teacher.

(Mar 2001)

______________________________________________________________ I could not be able no meet you because I was gone to my native village. (Jun 2001) ______________________________________________________________ Please return back the money and don’t repeat this mistake again.

(Mar 2002)

______________________________________________________________ You no came yesterday? Say me why.

(Jun 2002)

______________________________________________________________ I came tomorrow not.

(Mar 2003)

A:

______________________________________________________________

29.

Last night we are seeing the picture. Then after we are eating dinner in a hotel. (Jun 2003)

A: 30. A:

______________________________________________________________ I am remembering your name very well.

(Mar 2004)

______________________________________________________________

********* 266



17. RHYMING WORDS (33-36) Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word.

PRACTICE – 1 1. cruel

:

rule

role

duel

real

A : ………………….

2. feel

:

seal

soil

sail

fear

A : ………………….

3. gun

:

rin

wine

win

one

A : ………………….

4. foe

:

now

glow

shoe

she

A : ………………….

5. poor

:

door

tour

floor

goal

A : ………………….

6. kite

:

keep

feat

note

fight

A : ………………….

7. sad

:

game

shade

glad

said

A : ………………….

8. cream

:

near

team

dear

net

A : ………………….

9. house

:

hour

noise

maize

mouse

A : ………………….

10. there

:

air

tyre

throw

their

A : ………………….

11. grey

:

ground

day

diary

dear

A : ………………….

12. that

:

fleet

float

flat

thin

A : ………………….

13. wall

:

bell

bail

boulder

all

A : ………………….

14. floor

:

flood

more

mood

food

A : ………………….

15. neither

:

near

weather

either

brother

A : ………………….

16. breast

:

rest

beast

roast

blood

A : ………………….

17. choose

:

lace

wise

nice

lose

A : ………………….

18. fine

:

cane

nine

lion

piano

A : ………………….

19. dear

:

near

deal

health

wealth

A : ………………….

20. four

:

years

heart

roar

earth

A : ………………….

PRACTICE – 2 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1. poor

:

floor

door

good

tour

A : ………………….

2. pale

:

talk

mail

well

sell

A : ………………….

3. cream

:

head

wheat

team

light

A : ………………….

4. knife

:

stir

wife

firm

feel

A : ………………….

5. steel

:

feel

pale

soul

soil

A : ………………….

6. flood

:

foot

should

blood

bowl

A : ………………….

7. pay

:

hat

gay

fun

bull

A : ………………….

8. true

:

drew

sea

unique

eyebrow

A : ………………….

267



9. third

:

hired

geared

afford

heard

A : ………………….

10. remain

:

bemoan

humane

combine

demean

A : ………………….

11. recite

:

relate

insight

opposite

receipt

A : ………………….

12. door

:

bore

poor

sour

cure

A : ………………….

13. stale

:

call

seal

pail

fuel

A : ………………….

14. heard

:

beard

paired

lord

word

A : ………………….

15. neigh

:

lie

key

ray

sigh

A : ………………….

16. kite

:

late

gait

mate

might

A : ………………….

17. off

:

laugh

cough

enough

bluff

A : ………………….

18. poor

:

pour

floor

sure

shower

A : ………………….

19.pain

:

reign

shine

mean

dine

A : ………………….

20.height

:

right

quite

plait

hate

A : ………………….

PRACTICE – 3 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1. there

:

here

rare

never

beard

A : ………………….

2. float

:

flute

lure

coat

thread

A : ………………….

3. hook

:

lock

book

mike

back

A : ………………….

4. storage

:

said

long

bang

luggage

A : ………………….

5. care

:

fear

hair

dear

mend

A : ………………….

6. true

:

few

cure

poor

screw

A : ………………….

7. machine

:

shine

line

between

swain

A : ………………….

8. reel

:

rule

cruel

real

feel

A : ………………….

9. meat

:

mate

mat

mart

feet

A : ………………….

10. adore

:

sure

too

poor

roar

A : ………………….

11. true

:

drew

sew

unique

eyebrow

A : ………………….

12. third

:

hired

geared

afford

heard

A : ………………….

13. remain

:

bemoan

humane

combine

demean

A : ………………….

14. recite

:

relate

insight

opposite

receipt

A : ………………….

15. door

:

bore

poor

sour

cure

A : ………………….

16. stale

:

call

steal

pail

fuel

A : ………………….

17. heard

:

beard

paired

lord

word

A : ………………….

18. neigh

:

lie

key

ray

sigh

A : ………………….

19. bold

:

gold

called

bead

sealed

A : ………………….

20. said

:

guard

head

heart

friend

A : …………………

268



PRACTICE – 4 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1.

kite

:

late

gait

mate

might

A : ………………….

2.

off

:

laugh

cough

enough

bluff

A : ………………….

3.

poor

:

pour

floor

sure

shower A : ………………….

4.

pain

:

reign

shine

mean

dine

A : ………………….

5.

height

:

right

quiet

plate

hate

A : ………………….

6.

explore

:

sour

pure

store

tour

A : ………………….

7.

true

:

few

cure

poor

screw

A : ………………….

8.

machine

:

shine

line

between

swain

A : ………………….

9.

reel

:

rale

cruel

real

feel

A : ………………….

10. meat

:

mate

mat

mout

feet

A : ………………….

11. adore

:

sure

too

poor

roar

A : ………………….

12. trial

:

deal

dole

dial

doll

A : ………………….

13. sign

:

town

wine

main

loan

A : ………………….

14. dear

:

dare

day

door

deer

A : ………………….

15. mite

:

late

feet

neat

knight

A : ………………….

16. know

:

few

now

how

sow

A : ………………….

17. goat

:

got

taught

plight

wrote

A : ………………….

18. paid

:

deed

made

sold

bead

A : ………………….

19. down

:

bemoan shown

alone

pronoun A : ………………….

20. snore

:

assure

cure

tour

implore

A : ………………….

PRACTICE – 5 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1.

right

:

quiet

height

strict

rate

A : ………………….

2.

please

:

squeeze realize

peace

bears

A : ………………….

3.

boys

:

alloy

joys

jogs

A : ………………….

4.

between

:

machine mine

plain

nation

A : ………………….

5.

word

:

board

beared

bored

A : ………………….

6.

courage

:

message stage

massage

enrage

A : ………………….

7.

bought

:

boat

pot

port

boot

A : ………………….

8.

bury

:

fury

curry

merry

fiery

A : ………………….

9.

pain

:

dune

shine

pun

plane

A : ………………….

10. near

:

dare

deer

fire

heir

A : ………………….

soil bird

269



11. queue

:

quick

guest

bouquet

new

A : ………………….

12. cow

:

sought

though

bough

rough

A : ………………….

13. bury

:

hurry

busy

merry

furry

A : ………………….

14. route

:

look

foot

dough

boot

A : ………………….

15. fire

:

mayor

tear

rare

liar

A : ………………….

16. haste

:

mast

beast

waist

best

A : ………………….

17. dark

:

work

clerk

fork

lurk

A : ………………….

18. hide

:

lied

laid

lead

hired

A : ………………….

19. rough

:

cough

plough

laugh

stuff

A : ………………….

20. own

:

soon

loan

crown

gone

A : ………………….

EXERCISE – 17.1 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1. trail

:

deal

dial

dile

doll

A : ………………….

2. sign

:

town

wine

main

loan

A : ………………….

3. dear

:

dare

day

door

4. bold

:

gold

called

bread

sealed

A : ………………….

5. said

:

guard

heard

heart

friend

A : ………………….

6. mite

:

late

feet

neat

knight

A : ………………….

7. know

:

few

now

how

sow

A : ………………….

8. goat

:

got

taught

plight

wrote

A : ………………….

9. paid

:

deed

made

sold

bead

A : ………………….

10. down

:

bemoan

shown

alone

pronoun A : ………………….

11. snore

:

assure

implore

cure

tour

A : ………………….

12. pain

:

dune

shine

pun

plane

A : ………………….

13. near

:

dear

deer

fire

heir

A : ………………….

14. right

:

quiet

height

strict

rate

A : ………………….

15. please

:

squeeze

realized

peace

bears

A : ………………….

16. boys

:

alloy

soil

joys

jogs

A : ………………….

17. between :

machine

mine

plain

nation

A : ………………….

18. word

board

bird

beard

bored

A : ………………….

19. courage :

message

stage

massage

enrage

A : ………………….

20. bought

:

boat

pot

port

boot

A : ………………….

21. bury

:

fury

curry

merry

furry

A : ………………….

:

270

deer A : ………………….



22. queued

:

quick

guest

bouquet

news

A : ………………….

23. cow

:

sought

though

bough

rough

A : ………………….

24. bury

:

hurry

busy

merry

furry

A : ………………….

25. route

:

look

foot

dough

boot

A : ………………….

EXERCISE – 17.2 Find the word in each set that rhymes with the key word. 1. fire

:

mayor

tear

rare

liar

A : ………………….

2. haste

:

mast

beast

waist

best

A : ………………….

3.dark

:

work

clerk

fork

lurk

A : ………………….

4. hide

:

lied

laid

lead

hired

A : ………………….

5. rough

:

cough

plough

laugh

stuff

A : ………………….

6. own

:

soon

loan

crown

gone

A : ………………….

7. right

:

site

late

freight

diet

A : ………………….

8. lime

:

limb

claim

climb

shame

A : ………………….

9. fire

:

higher

their

fare

near

A : ………………….

10. kite

:

gate

height

mate

receipt

A : ………………….

11. word

:

lord

hard

sword

heard

A : ………………….

12. waste

:

feast

fast

waist

west

A : ………………….

13. afraid

:

played

said

ride

guide

A : ………………….

14. roar

:

hour

flower

sour

door

A : ………………….

15. height

:

rate

white

weight

gate

A : ………………….

16. crowd

:

should

rowed

loud

coward

A : ………………….

17. shout

:

note

boat

doubt

fought

A : ………………….

18. kite

:

height

rate

diet

create

A : ………………….

19. load

:

loud

rode

god

food

A : ………………….

20. fool

:

foul

crawl

foul

rule

A : ………………….

21.prize

:

mice

price

rice

wise

A : ………………….

22. bare

:

fair

higher

fear

near

A : ………………….

23. peace

:

keys

cease

tease

please

A : ………………….

24. clerk

:

perk

work

pork

park

A : ………………….

25. ache

:

match

break

batch

leak

A :………………….

****** 271



18.

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE – 1

In each of the following groups of words, find the word in which the underlined part is pronounced in the same way as in the key word. 1.

orchard

:

mechanic

churchyard

machinery scholar Ans:………….........

2.

music

:

vision

ascetic

decent

puzzle Ans:………….........

3.

police

:

release

realize

malice

polite

4.

regain

:

regime

regent

regard

register Ans:………….........

5.

garment

:

huge

engine

eager

agent

Ans:………….........

6.

spear

:

pear

fair

steer

swear

Ans:………….........

7.

punch

:

machine

chicken

chemist

school Ans:………….........

8.

consent

:

malice

measure

raise

wisdom Ans:………….........

9.

music

:

listen

treasure

seizure

amazing Ans:………….........

10. bunch

:

machine

discuss

enrich

racist

11. careful

:

fearful

nearest

poorest

sharing Ans:………….........

12. motion

:

ocean

measure

decision

dozen

Ans:………….........

13. bird

:

grammar

honour

burn

prayer

Ans:………….........

14. separate

:

police

leisure

shalow

lose

Ans:………….........

15. cheer

:

despair

severe

swear

deciare Ans:………….........

16. junk

:

zoo

badge

lizard

raze

Ans:………….........

17. burn

:

part

court

shirt

drama

Ans:………….........

18. sing

:

shoe

measure

pleasure

miss

Ans:………….........

19. clear

:

fair

four

fire

fear

Ans:………….........

20. june

:

busy

ridge

zero

seize

Ans:………….........

Ans:…………........

Ans:………….........

PRACTICE – 2 In each of the following groups of words, find the word in which the underlined part is pronounced in the same way as in the key word. 1.

turn

:

learn

rude

pull

pure

Ans:………….........

2.

music

:

shop

gossip

pressure

presume

Ans:………….........

3.

dear

:

rare

pair

sheer

pear

Ans:………….........

4.

grudge

:

praise

space

zeal

jam

Ans:………….........

5.

tint

:

alright

delimit

profile

moonlight

Ans:………….........

6.

clerk

:

endear

import

uproar

starch

Ans:…………........

7.

zoom

:

measure

treason

leisure

priceless

Ans:………….........

8.

chemistry

:

machine

charming

chic

ticket

Ans:………….........

272


9.


books

:

loose

birds

parcel

easy

Ans:………….........

10. people

:

believe

heart

cool

tool

Ans:………….........

11. daughter

:

bought

floor

fair

beach

Ans:………….........

12. looked

:

begged

called

robbed

walked

Ans:………….........

13. sale

:

suack

salt

safe

adore

Ans:………….........

14. foot

:

poor

look

loose

food

Ans:…………........

15. busy

:

size

station

measure

miss

Ans:………….........

16. judge

:

zoo

leisure

gaze

generous

Ans:………….........

17. learn

:

great

breath

swear

earth

Ans:………….........

18. merchant

:

chemistry achieve

ache

chauffeur

Ans:………….........

19. couple

:

wound

soul

enough

shoulder

Ans:………….........

20. enough

:

dough

thorough

cough

plough

Ans:………….........


pressure

: assemble assume

vision

ashamed

Ans:………….........

2.

police

: malice

release

resist

mistake

Ans:………….........

3.

relate

: regain

regard

relief

retired

Ans:………….........

4.

school

: machine ascend

unkind

changed

Ans:………….........

5.

measure

: vision

pressure

fashion

lazy

Ans:………….........

6.

village

: cage

foreign

target

magic

Ans:………….........

7.

sugar

: husband

circus

usual

machine

Ans:………….........

8.

house

: courage

window

down

though

Ans:………….........

9.

muscle

: fashion

dishonest

discuss

music

Ans:………….........

chemistry

Ans:………….........

mathematics

Ans:………….....

10. catching

: machine christian

nature

11. weather

: although method

thinner

12. laughter

: narrow

fought

heart

daughter

Ans:………….........

13. dozen

: music

basic

lesson

leisure

Ans:………….........

14. promoted

: allotted

announced

removed

followed

Ans:………….........

15. ashamed

: measure

revision

machine

mishandle Ans:………….........

16. roughage

: frighten

affirm

courage

engage

Ans:………….........

17. wool

: door

cool

good

poor

Ans:………….........

18. curse

: cure

hurt

butcher

push

Ans:………….........

19. hate

: half

call

many

major

Ans:………….........

20. language

: neighbour garage

magazine

general

Ans:………….........

273




touched

:

walked

landed

begged

tried

Ans:………….........

2.

hold

:

pot

post

doubt

caught Ans:………….........

3.

wealthy

:

nothing

pathetic

mother

bath

Ans:………….........

4.

stay

:

taste

dance

sand

many

Ans:………….........

5.

hound

:

fourth

tour

growl

famous Ans:………….........

6.

revenge

:

jealous

game

magazine

ghost

Ans:………….........

7.

chapel

:

maze

damage

change

mast

Ans:………….........

8.

couple

:

populous

uncle

most

beast

Ans:………….........

9.

stout

:

route

bout

goat

wrote

Ans:………….......

10. through

:

threw

wool

pull

women Ans:………….......

11. danger

:

finger

singer

linger

manager Ans:………….........

12. machine

:

chip

keep

ship

seep

Ans:………….........

13. cool

:

wood

rule

fuel

cough

Ans:………….........

14. message

:

range

wage

large

courage Ans:………….........

15. nervous

:

first

tender

taste

guest

Ans:…………........

16. peasant : ………….........

rice

raise

nice

case

17. large

:

giant

magnet

angry

garden Ans:………….........

18. heart

:

mean

death

meadow

dance

Ans:………….........

19. first

:

just

list

burst

must

Ans:………….........

20. vicious

:

chance

nice

machine

cable

Ans:………….........

Ans:


purse

:

heard

feared

pure

pear

Ans:………….........

2.

deer

:

meager

bear

clear

dare

Ans:………….........

3.

soothe

:

think

mathematics clothe

theory

Ans:………….........

4.

precious

:

cash

circus

script

curious Ans:………….........

5.

certain

:

burst

fury

hunt

bun

Ans:………….........

6. 7.

race chief

: :

rise prize character machine

raise future

rice ship

Ans:…………......... Ans:………….........

274



8.

shook

:

blood

wool

tool

spoon

Ans:………….........

9.

important

:

absorb

consider

whole

suppose Ans:………….........

10. saint

:

rare

patch

pale

many

Ans:………….........

11. first

:

fun

berth

spin

horse

Ans:………….........

12. flew

:

foot

cousin

count

true

Ans:…………........

13. news

:

rose

rice

press

listen

Ans:………….........

14. lack

:

jack

alone

talk

lark

Ans:………….........

15. mile

:

miracle

smile

pity

aim

Ans:………….........

16. enough

:

dough

thorough

tough

rough

Ans:………….........

17. father

:

method

nothing

those

think

Ans:………….........

18. wool

:

food

good

fool

noon

Ans:………….........

19. take

:

paid

tram

tried

tired

Ans:…………........

20 hear

:

dare

doer

dire

deer

Ans:………….........

EXERCISE – 18.1 1.

crow

:

sew

drawn

four

for

Ans:………….......

2.

work

:

journey

shore

pour

drove

Ans:………….......

3.

cure

:

pour

pure

burn

crush

Ans:………….......

4.

real

:

steal

eager

swear

stale

Ans:………….......

5.

plough

:

enough

thought

taught

thou

Ans:………….......

6.

ram

:

man

farce

fare

heart

Ans:………….......

7.

book

:

door

took

road

coat

Ans:………….......

8.

hut

:

put

push

rule

but

Ans:………….......

9.

laugh

:

page

anger

cough

stage

Ans:………….........

10.

escape

:

educate

piece

preface

face

Ans:………….........

11.

assistant

:

close

answer

prison

clause

Ans:………….........

12.

present

:

sense

plaster

wisdom

fist

Ans:………….........

13.

daughter :

long

thought

regret

forget

Ans:………….........

14.

chain

:

torch

chorus

parachute farce

Ans:………….........

15.

certain

:

arc

acre

vacate

circle

Ans:………….........

16.

arrange

:

argue

bandage

regard

leg

Ans:………….........

17.

peace

:

bread

heard

feast

head

Ans:………….........

18.

far

:

man

war

half

can

Ans:………….........

19.

should

:

doubt

count

round

youth

Ans:………….........

275



20.

rumour

:

soap

tour

flower

sound

Ans:………….........

21.

trousers

:

source

account

famous

course

Ans:………….........

22.

sponge

:

monkey

lone

bond

wrong

Ans:………….........

23.

fever

:

people

settle

begin

section

Ans:………….........

24.

mouth

:

group

rough

doubt

tough

Ans:………….........

25.

people

:

leisure

leave

fail

said

Ans:………….........

EXERCISE – 18.2 1.

rule

2.

:

foot

full

dull

cool

Ans:………….........

chemistry :

cousin

change

machine

torch

Ans:………….........

3.

main

:

lean

lane

fine

weak

Ans:………….........

4.

courage

:

zoo

journey

gaze

gang

Ans:………….........

5.

reach

:

hear

learn

wear

weak

Ans:………….........

6.

food

:

blood

flood

shoot

wool

Ans:………….........

7.

count

:

should

youth

doubt

rough

Ans:………….........

8.

measure

:

decision

vision

ocean

discussion Ans:………….......

9.

crow

:

sew

drawn

four

for

Ans:………….......

10.

work

:

journey

shore

pour

drove

Ans:………….......

11.

cure

:

pour

pure

burn

crush

Ans:………….......

12.

real

:

steal

eager

swear

stale

Ans:………….......

13.

plough

:

enough

thought

taught

thou

Ans:………….......

14.

ram

:

man

farce

fare

heart

Ans:………….......

15.

book

:

door

took

road

coat

Ans:………….......

16.

blue

:

dog

do

dot

done

Ans:………….......

17.

hut

:

put

push

rule

but

Ans:………….......

18.

foot

:

put

cut

nut

bus

Ans:………….......

19.

laugh

:

page

anger

cough

stage

Ans:………….......

20.

escape

:

educate

piece

preface

face

Ans:………….......

21.

assistant :

close

answer

prison

clause

Ans:………….......

22.

present

sense

plaster

wisdom

fist

Ans:………….......

23.

daughter :

long

thought

regret

forget

Ans:………….......

24.

chin

:

torch

chorus

parachoot far

Ans:………….......

25.

certain

:

arc

acre

vacate

Ans:…………......

:

276

circle



19. MARKING SENTENCE ENDINGS [37]

Read the following passage in which the ends of the sentence are not indicated. Decide where each sentence ends. Write out, in the space provided, the last word of each sentence, followed by ( . ) or ( ? ) or ( ! ).

PRACTICE – 1 1.

What are you inviting a member of our family to steal the horse must go back to its true owner

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

Hold it please don’t turn on the light were you waiting for me

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

A man waved today waved for so long with a crutch yes with a cane

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

Good good you don’t mean to say that all these are threatened those are only half of them

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

By the way my name is Schwamm fine are you here to attend a congress

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

What was your name before you become a nun it is not important I was the first tojoin the mother

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

What is the matter oh nothing I was feeling lonely and bored and I thought I would visit you

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

How do you know that because ash had not dropped twice from his cigar excellent

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………………..

PRACTICE – 2 1.

Welcome Sir Henry won’t you stay and have some dinner no I must go

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

Go back to London immediately why should I go back I cannot explain

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

The whole countryside appears to be here did you see stapleton come on to us I thought that he was a sane man

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

Well I was right wasn’t I Yes that is a boy who seems to have a secret errand

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 277


5.


Good heavens he cheated us are you sure

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.

Shall I take another ruby now alas I have no ruby now my eyes are all that I have left

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

What a strange thing this broken lead heart will not melt in the furnace may I throw it away

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

Now tell me the truth was it not you who did it so you too suspect me

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

PRACTICE – 3 1.

Is it deposited it is then I want to withdraw my money what are you drawing it all out again

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. How do you do it I have an understanding with a horse Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

What a lovely name may I look into its mouth of course

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. How dare you say I have brought diluted milk to the market I am not saying anything against you why do you begin to abuse me Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Isn’t there anything you can do except play cards I can swim Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. Hello i'm Stan Towers I don’t think we have met earlier do we Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. My young fellow what’s time now ten minutes past five my God past five Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. What a splendid building would you please tell me who built it no sorry I don’t know Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

278



PRACTICE – 4 1.

Now Mrs. Salmon you must remember that a man’s life may depend on your evidence I do remember it sir is your eyesight good. (Octo 1991)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

What a lovely horse whose is it I could swear thought it is the horse that was stolen from me many weeks ago may I look into its mouth. (Mar 1992)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

Hold it please don’t turn on the eight you’d do me a favour if you left the room dark were you waiting for me. (Octo 1992 )

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

King Santanu went hunting on the banks of the Ganga there he met a beautiful young woman how beautiful she is said Santanu to himself is she a goddess or a human being. (Mar 1993)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

The man asked himself what the tiger was doing inside the cage he looked just as if he was praying how strange could an animal pray to god (Sept 1993)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

The sperm whale has the heaviest brain of an animal how much does it weigh it can weigh more than 9 k.g. that’s six times larger than an average human brain (Mar 1994)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

How enthusiastic we were we had volunteered to dig holes and plant saplings but where the spades to dig with and the saplings to plant we could do nothing but wait patiently for them to arrive (Sept 1994)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

Gandhiji always travelled third class in trains why did he do so he did so because the poor in India travelled third but how uncomfortable it must have been for him (Mar 1995)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

PRACTICE – 5 1.

Do you know where to world’s largest library is it’s in Washington DC it contains 20 million books kept in 853 kilometers of shelves what a huge bookshelf (Oct 1995)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

What a strange request do you know what you are asking for this can perhaps displease the king if he is displeased you know what would happen don’t you (Mar 1996) 279



Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

Maggie how silly you are why don’t you come and have your dinner there are lots of sweets what are you crying for, you silly baby (Sept 1996)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

What is the best time to undertake important tasks specialists recommend highefficiency hours to tackle difficult jobs how fruitful it would be to engage in a creative thing in early morning hours (Mar 1997)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

How rough the sea had been earlier in the day but now it was very calm the water level was going down and an island was lowly coming up in the middle of the sea what could this mean (Sept 1997)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

Do you know that when one half of the earth is in sunlight the other half is in shadow when you see the sun rise up it is already up at places further east how strange (Mar 1998)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

Have you heard of the ship ‘Titanic’ which sank on its maiden voyage when the ship was sinking, a frighter called California saw the distress signal she, however, did not respond thinking that they were part of the ship’s celebrations what a misfortune (Sept 1998)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

The boy was going on his bicycle why was he going so fast there was a big pit which he did not see till he was very near it what a miraculous escape (Mar 1999)

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. EXERCISE – 19.1 1.

What a terrible tragedy all in the family except the small boy got killed why should God be so cruel (Sept 1999)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

I immensely liked your suggestion what a brilliant idea why don’t such ideas occur to me (Mar 2000)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

What a lovely concert I would give my life to it why don’t people organize such concerts more often (Sept 2000)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

Many children live in the streets what a pity can’t the government give them some shelter who else will take care of them (Mar 2001)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 280


6.


What a tiny little creature I have never seen a creature of this size in which country is it found what does it eat (Jun 2001)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

What a spectacular sight I wish I could stay here for another day how about leaving day after (Mar 2002)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.

He rubbed his eyes in disbelief could his eyes be mistaken what a strong resemblance between this man and his father (Jun 2002)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXERCISE – 19.2 1.

He opened his eyes wide could his eyes be mistaken what a strange resemblance between this girl and his daughter (Mar 2003)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

When I woke up do you know what I saw it was something unbelievable what a stunning beauty I have never seen such a sight (Jun 2003)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

Every one was shocked what a strange sight how could this happened they couldn’t believe what they saw (Mar 2004)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

Hold it please don’t turn on the light you’d do me a favour if you left the room dark were you waiting for me (Jun 2004)

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.

Ah did they know they would receive it yes sir Charles was very fond of talking about the provisions of his will

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6.

Can’t you remember anything else no sir nothing else good night thank you

Ans: …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

Sir please forgive me what for I killed the merchant and hid the life among your things

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………… 8.

Well it’s many years since we first met how time does fly do you remember the first time I saw you

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9.

What fun I had it was a wonderful party wasn’t it

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 10.

Have you passed the admission test Mr. Anwer Ali yes with good marks congratulations

Ans: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 281



20. RE–ARRANGING SCRAMBLED SENTENCES Rearrange the scrambled sentences in each set to form meaningful paragraphs. Do not copy the actual sentences in your answer – book. Write out only the letters corresponding to the sentences and put them in the proper order : PRACTICE - 1 1.

(a) The ginger bread boy sat up and looked at the old man. (b) Once upon a time a couple lived near river. (c) One day the old woman made a ginger bread boy and put it in the oven. (d) They were very sad because they had no children. (e) After thirty minutes she opened the door to see it. It was done.

2.

(a) They fly low, take off vertically and land on even roofs to serve man. (b) Therefore, for many years people tried to design a flying machine to land and rise vertically. (c) Aeroplanes need a long run-way and this is one of their disadvantages. (d) Finally a Spaniard solved the problem by inventing the helicopter. (e) Now helicopters are found all over the world in different designs.

3.

(a) But they also knew that they could not take it by force. (b) Now the Trojans were safe in their walled city. (c) The war between Greece and Troy had lasted for ten years. (d) The Greeks knew that to win the war they must take the city. (e) The Greeks were camped all round it.

4.

(a) Such people are colour – blind. (b) So are fire extinguishers, mail vans and fire engines. (c) These people are unable to pick out red as a separate colour. (d) To most of us, a post box is red. (e) But there are people who would not agree that these things are red in colour.

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2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

1.

PRACTICE - 2 (a) Perhaps this was because it had no enemies to fear. (b) It had lost the power of light. (c) There were no men, not even large animals like monkeys, on the island. (d) The dodo lived on the island of Mauritius on the east coast of Africa. (e) It was a big, harmless creature, living contentedly on leaves and berries and fruit.

282



2.

(a) In her anger she turned Arachen into a spider and sentenced her to weave for all time. (b) This angeted Athena who was the godess of weaving and spinning. (c) When we see a spider hanging in her beautiful web, we know that Arachne’s art as a weaver has not been lost. (d) One day, Arachne challenged the godess Athena to a weaving Contest. (e) According to Greek legend, there was once a lovely maiden named Arachne, who gained fame as a weaver.

3.

(a) Sometimes dogs do not see objects that are not moving. (b) Dogs depend more on their sense of smell than on their eye-sight. (c) A dog may smell a rabbit but fail to see it until it moves. (d) There is also reason to believe that they cannot see colour. (e) Their vision is normally fuzzy.

4.

(a) The whole city seemed to be lit by a heavenly light. (b) One cold night, just as I was about to jump into bed. I heard guns firing. (c) I stood motionless, as shells whistled past. (d) It was almost like fireworks except that the flashes were not for celebration, but for destruction. (e) I ran to the nearest window and on looking out saw the flashes of fast traveling bullets.

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2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

1.

PRACTICE - 3 (a) But it cannot see in complete darkness as it sometimes believed. (b) Some animals are known for their keen eye – sight. (c) There must be some light, or no living thing can see. (d) It can see better than we can . (e) The cat is one of them.

2.

(a) Every brick and every beam was taken down and carried to the new site. (b) There was an old house in England that was moved to another village quite far away. (c) There it still stands, looking as if it has always been there. (d) There the house was rebuilt and in time a beautiful garden grew around it. (e) You often hear of people moving but hardly ever do you hear of a house moving.

3.

(a) Bhim was no exception. (b) And then, ofcourse, the little monkey would go back to his next favourite occupation ; hanging by his tail from the curtain rod. (c) He would sit quietly, gazing, into my face, until the story was over. (d) Most children like listening to stories. (e) As soon as I started a story, he would come running to me and clamber my lap. 283


4.


(a) Using such observations, the Chinese accurately presicated an earthquake in Haiching, in 1975. (b) Just before a tremor, fowls refuse to go inside their coop and rats start running away (c) As a result, no lives were last, though many houses were destroyed. (d) These observations showed that animals seem to sense the coming disaster, and begin acting strangely. (e) From ancient times, Chinese predictions of earthquakes have been based on observations of animal behaviour.

1.

2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

1.

PRACTICE – 4 (a) Grieving relatives took him in a procession to the cremation ground. (b) But to everybody’s surprise. Sunil suddenly Sat up and asked. “What am I doing here ?” (c) Sunil Patnaik was admitted to hospital on 5 September. (d) There, they performed the last rites and got ready to light the funeral fire. (e) The next day the doctors declared him dead.

2.

(a) Others watch entertainment- based programmes. (b) Some watch information – based programmes. (c) They are watching T.V. instead. (d) They don’t know that both information and entertainment are available within the covers of a book. (e) Today nobody has time for books.

3.

(a) In contrast, laser light is highly directional in other words, it travels in only one direction. (b) For example , a beam of laser light 13 mm wide will spread only about 7.5 cm after traveling distance of 1.5 kms. (c) Laser light has four characteristics that distinguish it from the light produced by other sources such as an electric bulb, a flourescent lamp or the sun. (d) More especially, laser light travels in a narrow beam, the sides of which stay almost parallel. (e) The light from these laser sources travels in all directions.

4.

(a) The second was to be under water and hold my breathe until shortage of oxygen finished me. (b) The first was to throw away all my breathing equipment and swallow a lot of water. (c) I realized that it was better for me to kill myself rather than getting eaten limb by the monstrous creature attacking me. (d) The later way seemed less painful and more reliable. (e) I could think of only two methods.

284



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2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

PRACTICE – 5 1.

2.

3.

4.

(a) This calendar follows the passage of the moon and it divides the year into 12 lunar months. (b) Though the Chinese have adopted the Western calendar they have their own calendar which charts the changes in seasons. (c) Just as we have the signs of the zodiac, so do the Chinese. (d) Many Chinese believe that the year of a person’s birth determines this personality. (e) Their zodiac has a 12 year cycle and each of the years is ruled by a particular sign represented by an animal. (a) Peter moved away to become a family man. (b) Tish is no ordinary fish. (c) Tish is still very much alive and swimming, carefully looked after by Peter’s parents. (d) He swam into the hands of his first owner in 1956, when seven – yearold Peter proudly carried him home after winning him at a funfair. (e) He may soon go into the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest goldfish in the world. (a) To day in several museums in Italy, it is still possible to see false teeth of this sort which are 2700 years old. (b) But the Etruscans were much cleverer dentists and discovered how to make dentures that held several teeth. (c) They used to lie them to their real teeth with string or wires. (d) The ancient Greeks, and the Phoenicians, started using false teeth about the year 100 B.C. (e) They soldered together bands of gold which fitted over the natural teeth and pushed artificial teeth into the band wherever there was a gap. (a) “It’ll take you only two minutes”. (b) One day, his housekeeper told him that she was going to visit her sister. (c) “Boil yourself an egg for dinner while I’m away” she said. (d) When she returned she fould Sir – Issac looking at an egg in his hand while his watch boiled in the pan. (e) Sir Issac Newton was a very absent – minded scientist.

1.

2.

3.

4.

285



PRACTICE – 6 1.

2.

3.

4.

(a) The next day he came and picked up the baby lying next to my mother and to his great surprise , he saw that the baby did not have the hole on the left earlobe. (b) The mix-up had happened after the babies had been given their bath. (c) It seems that Nan-Kaka, (as I call him) had come to see me in hospital the day I was born and noticed a little hole near the top of my left earlobe. (d) I have today become a cricketer, and all of you have heard of me, only because of my uncle, Narayan Masurerkar, noticed little things. (a) For days before it starts on a journey, a camel does nothing but eats and drinks. (b) So the camel’s hump is a storage place for fat, which the camel’s body will use up during the journey. (c) Where other animals would die for lack of food and water, the camel gets along nicely, because it carries its food and water with it ! (d) It eats so much that a lump of fat, may be wringing as much 100 pounds, rises on its back. (e) The camel is called ‘the ship of the desert’, and there is good reason for it. (a) The Olympic Games were started again because of the efforts of a Frenchman called Baron Pierre de Cobbertin. (b) The Olympic Games are international athletic competitions held every four years. (c) There are records of the Olympic Games held from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D. after which they were stopped by a Roman Emperor. (d) The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896,and the Olympic motto was born ; “Swifter, Higher , Stronger”. (e) They were first held on the plains of Olympia in Greece for honouring Greek gods. (a) They seemed very anxious about her comfort. (b) As they said their good – byes the train pulled out of the station. (c) I had the compartment to myself up to Rohana and then a girl got in. (d) The woman gave the girl detailed instructions as to where to keep her things when not to lean out of the windows and how to avoid speaking to strangers. (e) The couple who saw her off were probably her parents.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

PRACTICE – 7 (a) A diamond is truly unconquerable. (b) The unequalled beauty and brightness of the diamond is the result of its ability to reflect light. (c) Nothing in the world can cut it – except another diamond. (d) In fact, the world diamond comes from the Greek word adamas which means ‘unconquerable’. (e) The diamond is also the hardest material known to man.

286


2.

3.

4.


(a) Nan was happy and liked the young man, but he wanted to test him first. (b) He talked at length of his love of duty, his sincerity and his loyalty to the Poona Court. (c) Once a man came to see Nana Phadnavis, and begged him to give him a job in the Peshwa’s Durbar. (d) It was always a hard test, but once Nana was satisfied, it would be smooth sailing for the man. (e) He always did this with a new candidate. (a) The cold deserts have hot days and cold nights in summer, while in winter, the days are cold and the nights even colder. (b) In the desert it gets hot very quickly and reaches over 580 even in the shade. (c) But when the Sun sets, the dry ground quickly loses heat and the night are cold. (d) There are great differences between day and night temperatures and summer and winter temperatures in deserts. (e) Since there is little water vapour in the air and no could the rays of the sun strike the ground with fierce heat. (a) This is because there are not many places left where they can live and hunt freely. (b) But now only a small number of these are left. (c) There are villages in what used to be open wolf country, and there are not too many small animals left for them to hunt. (d) But the main reason why it is so difficult to protect this animal is that people fear it and hate it and are only too willing to kill it. (e) In 1928, an Englishman, R.G. Burton, wrote that the Wolf , along with the fox and the jackal, was found throughout India.

1.

2.

3.

4. PRACTICE – 8

1.

(a) This, it was believed, would give him good health and strength for many long years. (b) Some people even used onion bulbs in their marriage ceremonies. (c) Centuries were to pass before man stopped believing in the magical powers of the onion. (d) For instance, a Thracian, among other gifts, received a barreful of onions on his wedding day. (e) By the 12th century the onion was growing in just about every country of Europe. and today it his grown all over the world.

2.

(a) Close behind her was a man, who appeared to be gaining at every step. (b) “The last one to get home has to wash the supper dishes”. (c) “Oh, no thanks she said, “My husband and I always race each other home from the cinema theatre”. (d) Driving through a sleepy village one evening, a motorist saw a woman running for dear life. (e) Screeching to a halt, the motorist leaped out and asked the woman she needed help. 287



3.

(a) But the professors who thought they understood science said the Pasteur was wrong. (b) In the middle of the 19th century, people laughed at Pasteur when he said that microbes are man’s worst enemies. (c) It was possible, therefore, to protect human beings, milk, wine and so on, from microbes. (d) They said that microbes were produced naturally by old milk (or wine) and did not come from outside. (e) Pasteur said that all microbes come from the air.

4.

(a) Mum once went to give a lecture and left Dad in charge of the house. (b) He said that everything was fine except that one of the children had been spanked because he had been troublesome. (c) When she returned, she asked him of everything had run smoothly. (d) When he pointed at the child that had been punished. Mum looked at him and said, “That’s not one of ours, dear. He belongs next door.” (e) Another time, Dad told us this joke.

1.

2.

3.

4.

EXARCISE- 20.1 Rearrange the scrambled sentences in each set to form meaningful paragraphs. Do not copy the actual sentences in your answer – book. Write out only the letters corresponding to the sentences and put them in the proper order :

1.

(a) The villagers were highly pleased. (b) There was an announcement of a Puppet – show. (c) the owner of the Puppet show suddenly died. (d) The members of the Puppet show were to arrive on Sunday. (e) The show was cancelled.

2.

(a) The gram phone was set aside due to the invention of Two – in – one. (b) Only rich people could buy a gramphone. (c) Table radios also lost their sale in the market. (d) The gramphone was considered to be he most recreative one. (e) The Two – in – one came into market.

3.

(a) This bird is the Cuckoo. (b) When one thinks of nests, one usually thinks of birds. (c) It takes the easy way out. (d) There is one bird who never tries to build a nest. (e) It lays its eggs in other bird’s nests and leaves them to hatch out her eggs. 288


4.


(a) But scientists believe that there are large deposits of rare mineral such as Gold and Platinum there. (b) Do you know that Antarctica is one of the driest parts of the world. (c) A land of ice with very little water. (d) The average rainfall in a year there is only 10 inches. (e) Infact, people cannot live in that region because of the shortage of water.

1.

2

2.

3.

4

4.

1.

(a) T.V. makes us lazy and cuts us off from the world of reality. (b) Everyone rushes home and quickly eats his meals to be ready for the T.V. programme. (c) No one remembers what life was like before the T.V. came. (d) I strongly recommend that the T.V. be banned in India. (e) Today people do not read books, they do not visit friends , they don’t listen to music.

2.

(a) Instead, they demand : How old is he ? How many brothers has he ? How much does he weigh ? How much money does his father make ? (b) When you tell them you have made a new friend, they never ask you any questions about essential matters. (c) Only from these figures do hey think they have learned anything about them. (d) Grown – ups love figures. (e) They never say to you. “What does his voice sound like ? What games does he love best ? Does he collect butterflies. 1.

.

2.

2.

2.

EXARCISE- 20.2 1.

(a) He took about six months to reach the west coat of India. (b) The king of Portugal promised him both Ships and money for a voyage to India. (c) He was a sailor. He wanted to discoved a new route to India by sea. (d) So Vascode gama set out for India in 1497.

2.

(a) He cycles to the police station and tells the inspector. (b) He sees some thieves, and their lorry in front of his neighbour’s factory. (c) The police go with Satish and they catch the thieves. (d) Satish cycles home on a dark night. (e) When they go inside, he lets out the air from the lorry’s tyres.

3.

(a) Even his wife was not friendly with him. 289



(b) He was poor and ugly-so ugly that some people could not help laughing at him. (c) And his early manhood was passed at the time when the glory of Athens was at highest. (d) Yes his name is one of the greatest in the whole history of thought and civilization. (e) Socrates was born 470 years before the coming of Jesus. 4.

(a) He felt that it was time for the Kingdom to pass into Younger hands. (b) He had ruled his Kingdom wisely. (c) There was once a King in England called Lear. (d) So he decided to give up his title, and spend the rest of his life in peace. (e) But now he was old and feeble.

1.

2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

1.

2.

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4.

(a) Actually he was trying to infect the wrong type of mosquito. (b) If mosquitoes were in fact the carries of the disease, the parasites would be found alive within their bodies. (c) He planned that mosquites should suck up blood full of the parasite of malaria. (d) Major Ronald Ross set to work eagerly. (e) Although he dissected hundreds of insects, Ross could not find what he wanted. (a) All would have been well if a fox had not crossed our way as we were leaving the village. (b) Har Singh was a poor hunter and when I suggested that we should turn around and go home, he laughed. (c) So we continued our way. (d) Har Singh and I went out to shoot one day last April. (e) He said it was child’s talk to say that a fox would bring us bad luck. (a) This forms a kind of paste with which he builds his cell and the outer cover of his nest. (b) Today man has followed his example and now makes paper in much the same way. (c) This busy insect was the wasp, who makes a rough kind of paper with which it builds its nest. (d) Man learned to make paper through watching a clever insect at work. (e) This little paper maker uses wood fibres which he takes from trees with his strong jaws and then pulps up with his saliva. (a) Fujimori’s guards were taken by surprise. (b) Unfortunately for him he aroused te suspicious of a crusty old dog. (c) They chased the dog but it got clean away. (d) Perutvian President , Alberto Fujimori was touring the northern part of the country on a bicycle to establish rapport with the common people. (e) The animal rushed up to the dignitary and bit him in the leg.

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EXARCISE- 20.3 1.

2.

(a) You first decide to pick it up, using your will. (b) Imagine that you have in front of you, a glass of water which you wish to pick up. (c) If you are able-bodied, you will pick it up with one hand. (d) It is the brain that decides how to pick up the glass. (e) To understand automation, it is worth thinking about a system which we use in our bodies. (a) She forgot, however, to ask as well for the gift of everlasting youth. (b) One day Aurora fell in love with a beautiful mortal called Tithonus. (c) The goddess of the down was called Aurora by the Romans. (d) So Tithonus grew old and helpless, he could not die. (e) She stole from the earth and persuaded Jupiter, the king of the gods, to make immortal.

3.

(a) It is learnt that Miss Reddy was trained by two veteran masters, Shri A.B. See and Shri X.Y.Zed. (b) The programme is being organized by Natya Ranga. (c) They also trained her to participate in bicentenary celebrations held in Paris this year. (d) She is a farmer student of the Government college of Music and Dance. (e) Miss I.N. Reddy will present a Kathak dance at the Natya Sabha next Friday.

4.

(a) Hercules agreed. (b) Once Hercules came to him for help. (c) But the moment the load was off his shoulders, Atlas refused to take it back. (d) Atlas, a Giant, was punished by the gods to carry the weight of the earth on his shoulders. (e) Atlas agreed to help him provided Hercules shouldered the burden for a while.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

(a) Real experts in these kite contests use a mixture of paste and ground glass with which they coat length of string closest to the kite. (b) To most of us, kites are just toys. (c) Japanese children often have kite – fights in which they try to bring down their friends kites with their own. (d) By skilful movement this can be used to cut the opponent’s strings. (e) To the Japanese they are much more important. 291


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3.

4.


(a) He was honest, clean, well – dressed and clever. (b) The manager of an office was hard-working man who never arrived late and never left early. (c) Instead he always ordered them to do things. (d) He never took the trouble to be polite ; he never considered the feelings of his staff. (e) But one very important quality in men of good position he had never learnt and that quality was politeness. (a) The student hit him before he was ready and Houdini collapsed in agony. (b) One of Houdini’s claims was that his stomach muscles could withstand strong blows. (d) Harry Houdini, the world renowned magician, died on October 31, 1926 in a Detroit hospital. (e) One day he allowed a student from Montreal’s Mc. Gill University to punch several times in the stomach. (a) When two men met it was the custom for them to hold each other’s weapon hands (their right hands) to show there was no weapon there. (b) Theives lurked about in the dark and men carried swords for defence. (c) Thus , through time , men came to regard the holding of each other’s hand as a greeting and a sign of friendship. (d) Why they were gripping each other’s hands they knew there could be no danger from one another. (e) In olden days there were no lighted streets and no policemen.

1.

2.

3.

4.

EXARCISE- 20.4 1.

(a) Now at last I have been granted success, and I gave thanks. (b) Seven times I have tried. I have come back and tried again, not with pride and force, not as a soldier to an enemy, but with love, as a child climbs on to the lap of its mother. (c) To climb Everest – Which many people call Chomolungma-is what I have wanted most in my life. (d) “Thujichey”-that is how we say it in Sherpa, “I am grateful”. (e) I have had a dream and it has come true and that is not thing that happens often to men.

2.

(a) Most of them are combinations of hydrogen and carbon in varying proportions. (b) The products obtained after refining are used for different purposes. (c) Crude oil comes out of the earth as a strong-smelling, thick, black liquid. (d) They contain various impurities, an so it is necessary to refine crude oil before it can be used. (e) It is a complex mixture of many different substances, who have their own individual qualities. 292



3.

(a) He was frightened to see it. (b) From that time, the shephered and the lion became good friends. (c) He spoke to it gently and pulled out a thorn from its paw. (d) Long ago, a shephered was roaming in the hot desert land of Arica where he met a lion. (e) But when he saw the lion in terrible pain, he walked towards it.

4.

(a) The Calender had gradually become so out of line with the seasons that it was two or three months behind. (b) Ceaser had been to Egypt and seen the advantages of a calendar which used only the sun. (c) When the Romans invaded Britain about 2000 years ago, their calendar was calculated on the phases of the moon. (d) The Emperor, Julious Ceasar, was determined to correct it. (e) So he sought help from a Gree astronomer who lived in the Egyptian city of Alenxandria.

1.

2.

2.

3.

4.

4.

1.

2.

3.

(a) Both theories were disproved. (b) Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the most feared enemy of a large part of the world. (c) Some thought that it was caused by the night air and the others thought that it came from infected water. (d) For many years scientist and doctors tried to find secret of how Malaria spread. (e) In showing how Malaria spread, Mason and Ross detected the tiny insect. (a) I was very unhappy to learn on one of these visits that my friend Kunwar Singh had fallen a victim to opium. (b) Malaria had weakened him and he had no strength to give up the bad habit. (c) I was therefore not surprised to find during my last visit to Kaladhungi that Kunwar Singh was seriously ill. (d) Though he made many promises, he had not the moral strength to keep them. (e) After I left school and started working in Bengal, I was only to visit Kaladhungi for three weeks. (a) The rhinocerous walks and the hunter returns to his car to get more film for his camera. (b) The hunter slowly and quietly moves nearer and nearer to the big rhinocerous. (c) The hunter shoots. (d) Thirty metres from the dangerous animal the hunter stops. the rhinocerous does not see, hear or smell him. (e) He shoots again and again.

293


4.


(a) Most of us do this now and then. (b) Every night you dream four or five times between times of deep sleep. (c) They might give you a fright, but bad dreams cannot hurt you. (d) During sleep, if you feel worried about something, your mind may cause you to talk. (e) Usually you cannot remember your dreams, but sometimes, if you are too worried, you might have bad dreams.

1.

2.

3. 4.

* * *

294

2.



COMPREHENTION PASSAGES I. 1.

1.

UNFAMILIAR PASSAGES (Short – Answer Questions) Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : PRACTICE – 1 Lincoln once played a practical joke upon a rich client of his . This man wanted Lincoln to take a poor neighbour to court for not paying back a small sum of two and half dollars. The poor man refused to pay it because, he said, he didn’t really owe it. Lincoln had an idea. He agreed to take up the case if he was paid the dollars, cash down. The client readily paid him the cash. Lincoln at once went and gave the other man five dollars and said, “Now go and pay two and a half dollars to that neighbour of yours and take two and a half dollars for yourself.” Both Lincoln and the poorman gained some money and the rich client was completely satisfied. What did the rich man want Lincoln to do?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

Why did the poor man refuse to pay the amount?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

What did Lincoln do with the money he got from the rich man?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

What did Lincoln say to the poor man?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

Why was the rich person satisfied?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

There are about two hundred and forty different kinds of snakes in India. There are very small snakes, like the blind snakes and big one like pythnons and Cobras. All snakes are not poisonous, only a few snakes like Cobra, the Krait and the Viper are poisonous. Even some of the poisonous snakes will hurt us only if we hurt them. Some of the non – poisonous snakes are the blind snakes, the vine snakes and the cat snakes. These are commonly seen by people. Sometimes blind snakes can be seen near water taps and they cause a lot of fear in people. These snakes mainly eat ants. The vine snakes have a smooth deep green colour. They are usually about a metre in length. The cat snakes are brown in colour. These have large eyes and long thin bodies.

295


1.


How many kinds of snakes are there in India?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

Mention the names of some poisonous snakes.

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

How are non – poisonous snakes useful to man?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

Which snakes eat only ants?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

Mention the name of some non – poisonous snakes.

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

Among the chief sources of education available to Tagore was a quiet gard en adjoining his family house. Here he used to spend much of his time, absorbing the peace and beauty of nature. It was through his early contact with nature that he acquired that serenity of mood which distinguished him all his life. It was in this garden, too, that he came to understand that the principle of harmony was at work through out the Universe. At the same time, he formed the habit of observing and reflecting on things.

1.

What was the chief source of education available to Tagore?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

How did Tagore spend much of his time in the garden?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

How did the garden near Tagore’s house serve him ?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

By spending his time in the garden, Tagore developed the habit of …..

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 296


5.


What did he acquire from nature?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… PRACTICE – 2 1.

Twenty – five years ago it was a slum, and it is a slum today. The lanes are muddy; the hovels till and sag. Outside one wretched hut, a woman crouching in the sun picks lice from a child’s tangled hair. But in a rutted field nearby, where pigs snuffle and grunt, there is a small , two – room school – house. It’s walls are made of tarred bamboo matting and its gutters are shaped and of soyabeen oil tin, but from with in comes the low, cheerful murmur of children at their lessons. Into this Calcutta slums, walked a woman in a white saree. She had no income, no savings, no property only five rupees and an inspired calling to help the poorest of India’s poor. She knocked on hovel doors, she put sturdy arms around ragged, bare – footed children, she washed them and, under a tree in the open field, she taught them. Today, Mother Teresa – the woman in the White Saree – is among the best known women in India.

1.

How many years ago did it happen?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

Why is it described as a slum?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

What was the inspired calling to her?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

What changed the woman in the White Saree into the best known woman in India?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

Mother Teresa is the most respected woman of the world because . . .

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

There was a miser who constantly worried that his many valuable possessions would be lost or stolen. He finally decided to sell everything, and taking the proceeds from the sale, converted it, all into a large single lump of solid gold. Unable to bear the thought of losing such a great treasure, he carefully buried it in a hole in the ground, near the compound wall. He would undertake a daily visit to the spot, uncover the gold, gloat over it and then replace in the hole. 297



This peculiar behaviour of the miser began to arouse the suspicion of a thief who had been loitering in the vicinity for several days. As soon as the miser had left the spot, one evening, the thief quietly went over and dug up the gold. Elated at finding the gold, he quickly disappeared taking the miser’s precious hoard with him. The next day the miser in his usual fashion went to look at his gold, and found nothing. Incredulous, shocked and distressed, he began to cry out so loudly that his neighbour came hurrying over. Hearing the cause of the miser’s lamentations, he said ‘I’m sorry to learn of your loss. But it is no great matter after all. Just put a stone in the hole. Since you had intention of spending it, the gold lying in a hole uselessly, it is as good as a stone. 1.

What did the miser do to rid himself of the worry of losing his valuables?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

What did he do to save his treasure?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

What made the thief suspicious of the miser?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

“The next day the miser went to look at his gold and found nothing. “What was his immediate reaction?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

What did the neighbour advise him to do?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

The Gonds are a major tribe of Central India . They occupy mainly the Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh. They belong to the Dravidain family and include Marias and Murias and others. The Maria Gonds are hill people while the Muria Gonds live in the plains of Bastar. They practice cultivation and raise millet, collect forest produce and hunt animals. During the rains, the Maria Gonds search for red ants and squirrels , of which they are very fond of. The Gonds make a drink which is prepared from rice and Mahuva flowers. The Gonds wear a little clothing but are extremely fond of ornaments for which they use beads, cowries shells and even brass articles. Young girls wear small combs made of carved wood, in their hair. These are gifted to them by boys. But once a girl chooses the boy she wants to marry, she returns all the combs except the one gifted by her future husband.

298


1.


To which family do the Gonds belong?

Ans……………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

What do the Maria Gonds hunt and search for?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

From what do they prepare a drink ?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

What ornaments do they prefer to wear?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

What presents do suitors give to the girls they choose?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… PRACTICE – 3 1.

A question often put to the specialist on fishes is,” How long do fishes live?”This puts the specialist in an embarrassing position because he is often unable to give direct answer to this simple question.But actually this question is not as simple as it seems.There are thousands of different kinds of fishes ,and they vary a great deal in size and life span.Moreever, it is not easy to find out just how long a fish lives in its natural state.We can find out how old fish is by studying itds scales,but we cannot say how long more it would have lived if we had not caught it.We may refer fishes and record their lifespan but we cannot be sure that is the length of time they would have lived had they been left alone.We may make marking to show how fast dies of old age we are still not in a position tom know its natural life span.U nlike human beings ,fishes do not stop growing when they reach maturity.They continue to gro w as long as they live.lthough the rate of growth shows down in mature fishes.

1.

Why is a question on th e life span of fishes an embarrassing one to the specialist?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

What must we do, if wewant to record the life span of a fish?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

What is the difference between the growth of human beings and that of fishes?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299



…………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

Why can’t we decide on the lifespan of a fish by studying in scales?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

Do mature fishes grow faster than young ones, or slower? Which sentence gives you this information?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

An old man died and left his son a lot of money.But the son was a foolish young man,and he quickly spent all money, so that he had nothing left.Of course, when that happened, all his friends left him.When he was quite poor and alone,he went to see Nasreddin, who was a kind ,clever old man and often helped people when they had troubles. “My money has finished and my friends have gone”,said the Youngman.”What will happen to me now?” “Don’t worry,young man,”answered Nasreddin.”Everything will soon be allright again.Wait, and you will soon feel much happier” The young man was very glad.”Am I going to get rich again then”?he asked Nasreddin. “No, I don’t “ mean that”,said the old man.”I mean that you would soon get used to being poor and to having no friends.”

1.

How did the young man get his money?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

When did his friends leave him?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

What kind of man was Nasreddin?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

“The young man was very glad”.What do you think the reason for him to be glad?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

“Yoy will soon feel much happier”How could the young man be happier , according to Nassreddin?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 300


3.


Kabir grew up in a Muslim family , and learned Sanskrit and Persian.He wrote many poems telling people that God is every where.He taught everyone to love god.He said, “Kabir is the child of Allah and Ram. ”But this made both the Hindus and Muslims angry.They dragged him to the Emperor ho also get angry with him. “Throw this man into the river !”he said to his soldiers.But Kabir down in the river. Another time they tried to kill him by locking him up in a hut and setting fire to it.The hut burnt down,but Kabir did not die.Finally they threw him infront of an elephant;the elephant ran away without harming him. But when Kabir did die,the Muslaims wanted to bury his body;but the Hindus wanted to cremate it.They were fighting over this when they heard a voice from the sky.”Take the cover off my body”.They took the cover off and found only some flowers under it,not Kabir’s body!

1.

What made the Hindus and Muslims angry?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

What didKabir try to teach people?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

The Emperor was angry.What punishment did he give Kabir?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

What was the dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims over Kabir’s dead body?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

What did people find when they took the cover off the dead body?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.

Most middle –aged people worry about their health.They are afraid of old age,they don’t want to be old,sick and alone.They would like to be strong,fat and young again,but they think they are’over the hill’ to old. Geriatricians doctors for older people are studying how people grow old.They are learning how people might be healthy at any age.First, it is important exercise for example,swim,walk,play tennis,dance or play a team sport such as volley ball.Exercise is for everyone, not only for young people. Second, people need to exercise their minds to think! It is omportant at every age to study, read and talk to people.Third, people need to eat a lot of vegetables and fruits 301



and not much meat or sugar.Fourth, everyone needs to relax.People might try meditation! A 1989 study tells us something interesting.If older people meditate, they remember more and live longer! 1.

What do middle- aged people want to be?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

There are four things that are necessary to be healthy.What are they?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.

How does meditation help?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.

Can you explain the expression ‘over the hill’?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.

What message does this passage give to middle-aged people?

Ans: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… * * *

302



UNFAMILIAR PASSAGES I.

a) b) c) d) e) f) G) h) i) j)

II.

(Selecting Correct Statements) PRACTICE – 4 Read the following passage. Even though the modern Olympic Games are patterned after those held in Ancient Greece, there are many important differences. The games are still held every four years, as in ancient times. In those days, wars were stopped so that the games could take place but in 1916, 1940 and 1944 they were not held because of World War I and World War II. The original Olympics were always held in Olympiad Greece. Each modern Olympiad is held in or near a different city in the world. The earlier games were open only to Greek citizens and athletes from Mediterranean countries. The modern games encourage all nations to compete. Another big difference is that events for women have become a major part of the modern games. And the female winners receive the same honours as the men who win. In the ancient games, there were honours for cultural achievements. Modern competition is almost entirely athletic. Many of the contests held in the modern Olympics were unkown in early times. These include bicycle and boat racing, football, basket ball, judo, rifle-shooting and water – polo. One of the most popular events of the modern Olympics is the marathon. This very tiring twenty-six mile foot race over an open course is the supreme test of the runners’ endurance. The marathon was not a part of the ancient Olympics although it originated in Greece. And finally, a more recent development in the Olympics is the winter games which were started in 1924. They are held separately from the summer games but in the same year. The winter Olympics provide competition in skilling speed and figure skating, ice hockey and rifle-shooting. Such cold weather sports could have never developed in the warm climate of Greece. Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. The original games were played in different cities of Greece. Probably the word Olympics comes from the name of a place in Greece. The modern games are not held in the same city each time. The participants in the earlier Olympics came from different nations. Greece is not the only nation represented in the modern Olympics. Women did not participate in the ancient Olympic games. Cultural competitions are an important part of the modern games. Foot ball, basket ball and judo were popular events in the earlier games. The marathon is the longest foot race in the modern Olympics. The Greeks included the marathon in the earlier games because it was the toughest race. 1) ………….. 2) ………….. 3) ………….. 4) ………….. 5) ………….. 6) ………….. Read the following passage. Television is one of the wonders of our age. By turning the switch on a box – like instrument in our own house, we can see events that are happening many 303


a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)


miles away. Watching television is like watching a film at the cinema; the only difference is that, instead of a large screen at the cinema, we have here a small screen made of glass and fixed to a box which is not bigger than radio, and just as by turning the switch on the radio, we can hear music or speech put out from distant radios. We can, with television, watch dramas and films put on at special studios which we have never visited. The word ‘television’ it self means ‘seeing from a distance’. ‘Tele’ is Greek word which means ‘at a distance’ and ‘vision’ comes from Latin meaning ‘see’. How does television work? It involves the sending out (or transmission) of pictures from one place and getting in (or reception) of those pictures at many other places. Let us first see how the transmission is done. This may be a meeting, a play or a cricket match. Whatever it is, the first thing to do is so convert the event into a series of pictures, through a television camera. Now a television camera is not like an ordinary film camera. It does not take a complete picture of a scene. What it does is to break the picture up into a series of parallel lines very close to one another. Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. A television – box is slightly bigger than a radio. Both the small television screen and the large screen at the cinema are made of glass. The television screen is much smaller than the cinema screen. The television is a recent invention. The ‘television’ is made up of two words taken from Greek. An ordinary film camera converts an event into a series of complete pictures. Transmission takes place from where an event such as a meeting, a play or a cricket match is happening. The television camera, unlike the film camera breaks the picture up into a series of parallel lines. By just turning a switch on the radio, we can watch dramas and films happening many miles away. Transmission takes place from several places through television and reception takes place at one spot only. 1) ………….. 2) ………….. 3) ………….. 4) ………….. 5) ………….. 6) …………..

III

Read the following passage. Progress in life depends a good deal on crossing one threshold after another. Sometimes ago a man watched his little nephew try to write his name. It was a hard work, a very hard work. The little boy had arrived at an effort to clear a threshold. Today he writes his name with comparative ease. Some people make the mistakes of steering clear of thresholds. Anything that requires genuine thinking and use of energy, they avoid. Some middle – aged and elderly people greatly enrich their lives by continuing to cross thresholds. One man went into an entirely new business when he was past middle life made a success of it. De Morgan did not start to write novels until he was past middle life made a success of it. De Morgan did not start to write novels until he was past sixty. Psychologists have discovered that man can continue to learn throughout life. And it is undoubtedly better to try, and fail, than not to try at all. This, one can be placed in the category of the Swiss mountaineer of whom it was said, “He died climbing”. When a new difficulty rises to obstruct your path, do 304


a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)


not complain. Accept the challenge. Determine to cross this threshold as you have crossed numerous other thresholds in your past life. In the words of the poet, ‘do not rest but strive to pass from dream to dream!’ Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. Progress in life depends on good habits. Real progress in life is obstructed by avoiding the use of thinking and energy. De Morgan’s in life teaches us that it is futile to learn many things. ‘He died climbing’ signifies he strove hard till the last moment of his life. Middle – aged and elderly people add brilliance to their lives by overcoming one difficulty after another. De Morgan started to write novels when he was below fifty. When a new difficulty obstructs our path be bold and face it. A man entering a new business past middle life dropped the business after sometime. ‘To pass from dream to dream’ means always having greater and greater aspiration in life. By learning to write his name his nephew has crossed the threshold. 1) ………….. 2) ………….. 3) ………….. 4) ………….. 5) ………….. 6) ………….. PRACTICE – 5

IV.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Read the following passage. Anaesthesia in any part if the body means a loss of sensation, either permanent of temporary. The term is usually used to describe the artificially produced loss of sensation which makes a surgical operation painless. Aneasthetics may be given as gases, by inhalations or as drugs injected into a vein. These are four main types of aneasthesia: general, spinal regional and local. A patient given anaesthesia loses consciousness. Anaesthesia of a fairly large area of the body results canal all the portion of the body below the level at which the drug is injected is anaesthetized. Regional anaesthesia induced by this method affects only that area of the body supplied by those nerves. In local anaesthesia, the drug is injected at the site of the perative incision and sometimes also into the nearby surrounding tissues. Formerly, the most commonly used local anaesthistic was cocaine, a drug extracted from the leaves of the coca bush and introduced in 1879. But cocaine has some disadvantages and some times undesirable side effects. For spinal, regional and local anesthesia, procaine, or one of several modifications of procaine is now widely used instead of cocaine. Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. Anaesthesia always means a temporary loss of sensation in a certain part of the body. Anaesthesia helps make a surgical operation painless. Anaesthesia is of four main types. Anaesthesia are always injected into a patient’s body. General anaesthesia induces loss of consciousness. A person who is given spinal anaesthesia does not lose his consciousness. Local anaesthetics are generally injected at the site of the operation. 305


h) i) j)


Formerly, cocaine was used as a general anaesthetic. Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca bush. Cocaine has no side-effects. 1) ………….. 2) ………….. 3) ………….. 4) ………….. 5) ………….. 6) …………..

V.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

Read the following passage. Jesus Owens’ father was a farmer ; his grandfather was a slave. Because of poverty he came down with pneumonia every winter. “A couple of those winters, when my father could not find enough wood to keep the fire going in our little cardboard house, I came to never seeing spring” he recalled. Everyone in the Owens family was expected to work. At the age of seven Jesus had to pick nearly 50 kilos of cotton every day. When he was nine, his family moved to Cleaveland where he worked in a petrol station and a grocery shop. But even in the misery of poverty, Jesse had drams. His contact with athletics came in the fifth standard when the physical education teacher Charley Riley approached him to join the school team. But Jesse had a problem : he had to work after school. Riley was so keen to have him in the team that he suggested that Jesse train before school hours. Riley was perhaps the first kind whiteman Owens knew. In addition to the training, he brought food so that Jesse could not put some flesh on his bones. The determination of Riley and the dedication of Owens finally succeeded in 1993, when although still at school , Jesse equaled the 100 yards world record of 9.4 seconds. Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. Jesse Owens’ father was a slave. The Owens family lived in a little cardboard house. “I came close to never seeing spring” means that Owens was lying in the bed months together . Except Owens everyone in his family worked hard. Owens worked at two places in Cleaveland. As Owens was down with Pneumonia, he had no dreams. Owens was interested in athletics. Owens practiced athletics after school hours. Charley Riley not only trained him but also fed him well. When Owens equaled the world record for the first time, he was still a student. 1) …………. 2) ………….. 3) ………..

VI.

4) ………..

5) ………..6) …………..

Read the following passage: Have you ever heard a parrot talk? People who hear on for the first time are surprised and pleased to hear a bird speak like a man. But it seems that no one knows yet how a bird is able to do this. Some people think parrots can talk because of their tongues, like our tongues are large and thick. Perhaps this kind of tongue does help ; but on tall talking birds have thick tongues. For example, mynahs talk, but their tongues are not large and thick. Hawks and eagles do have such tongues, and can’t talk. Is it because parrots are cleverer than other birds? This doesn’t seem to be the reason either. Actually, people believe that parrots do not understand the meaning of their own words. They only know that some words and some actions go together. When the 306


a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)


telephone rings, and they see somebody pick it up, for example, some of hem learn to say, ‘Hello, hello’, Who is speaking? Perhaps parrots talk because their voices and hearing work more slowly than those of their birds. And perhaps also the sounds made by men are somewhat like the sounds made by parrots ; so it’s easy for parrots to talk like men. Now read the following statements and find SIX of them which are in agreement with the above passage. Write the letters of TRUE statements only. No one knows how a bird is able to talk like men. Hawks and eagles also can talk like a parrot. All taking birds have not thick tongues. Parrots may talk but they do not understand the meaning of the words they use. Parrots can talk because hey are cleverer than other non – talking birds. Parrots’ voices and hearing work seem to be somewhat slow. People have found out how parrots can talk. Parrots only know that some words and some actions go together. The sounds made by men are similar to those of the parrots. Parrots can talk because their tongues are thick. 1) …………. 2) ………….. 3) ………..

** *

307

4) ………..

5) ………..6) …………..



UNFAMILIAR PASSAGES (Multiple Choice Answers) PRACTICE – 6 I.

Read the following passage. During the Second World War, the coming and going of ships was vital for Britain’s survival. The Germans wanted to destroy ships coming to Britain with food and ammunition. So allow round the coast they dropped mines, which were bombs made so that they would go off when a ship came near them. Some of these were magnetic mines which exploded when a steel ship came near. Later the Germans invented a version called acoustic mines which went off at the sound of a ship’s engine. Sometimes the mines were dropped on land by mistake often in places where, if they exploded, they would kill many people and do an enormous amount of damage. Then they had to be disarmed or taken to pieces quickly before they could explode. This was a very dangerous work for the experts. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book.

1.

The Germans laid mines around Britain. (a) to prevent British soldiers from going to Germany. (b) to protect German supply ships from the British navy. (c) to weaken Britain economically by sinking ships carrying her exports (d) to prevent ships with supplies from reaching Britain.

[

]

2.

Amine is type of bomb that (a) explodes only when it is under water. (b) explodes when a ship goes near it. (c) explodes if it is removed from water. (d) is of poor quality and does not explode when dropped.

[

]

3.

Mines lying on land need urgent attention because (a) their explosive power is much greater out of water. (b) their explosion would guide the enemy to military bases. (c) the British experts did not know how they were made. (d) they could kill and wound many civilians.

[

]

II.

Read the following passage. It is often difficult for a man to be quite sure what tax he ought to pay to the Government because it depends on so many different things. But a certain artist was always very careful to pay the proper amount. One year, after posting his cheque as usual, he began to wonder if he had paid enough, and after a lot of work with a pencil and paper, decided that he had not. He was just writing another cheque to send to the ta collector when the post man brought him a letter. Opening it, the artist found inside it a cheque for five pounds from the tax-collector. The official explained that too much had been paid, and that therefore, the extra amount was now returned to the tax payer. 308



The artist was not only surprised, but was also worried. He worked over his figures once more, but at the end he still believed that he owed the Government something. He therefore wrote to the official and said, “I thank you for your cheque for five pounds, but I think that, if you study the figures again, you will find that a mistake has been made”. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 1.

What was the artist in the story trying to do ? [ (a) to pay less tax than he should (b) to test tax-collector’s honesty (c) to pay his tax correctly (d) to get back tax he had paid.

2.

When the artist got a five-pound cheque from the tax-collector, why was he surprised and worried? [ ] (a) He thought he’d gone wrong in his calculation. (b) He was thinking of paying much less tax. (c) He was hoping to get back more money. (d) He thought he’d got somebody else’s cheque What did the tax-collector think when he got the artist’s letter saying ”… you will find that a mistake has been done”. [ ] (a) The artist would pay some more tax. (b) The artist expected to get back less than five pounds. (c) The cheque had been sent to the artists by mistake. (d) The artist expected to get back more money

3.

III.

1.

2.

]

Read the following passage. About this time a French scientist called Henri Bacquerel had discovered that certain substances such as uranium and pitchblende (a mineral containing uranium) were radioactive, that is, they sent out energy in invisible rays. Becquerel’s experiments fascinated the Curies. What were these invisible rays ? What was the nature of their energy? Also, Bacquerel’s experiments led them to believe that pitchblende contains, besides uranium, another substance which was more radioactive than uranium. What was this substance? After eight years of hard and silent work, experimenting with hundreds of substances, the Curies were at last able to prove the existence of the new substance. They called it ‘Radium’, because it possessed the highest radio-activity among known radio-active substances. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½ Becquerel discovered that [ ] (a) all substances were radio-active (b) only radium was radio-active (c) uranium and pitchblende were radio-active (d) certain minerals were radio-active The curies believed that [ ] (a) a pitchblende was more radio-active than uranium. (b) both pitchblende and uranium were radio-active (c) there was another substance in pitchblende more radio-active than, uranium 309


3.


(d) Uranium was highly radio-active. The Curies discovered (a) radium (b) uranium (c) pitchblende (d) radio-activity

[

]

PRACTICE – 7 IV.

Read the following passage. It said to be just sixty years since the first telephone was introduced in England. Certainly it is rare to her anybody speaking well of the telephone. The telephone takes it for granted that it has right to break in on you at any hour of the day. It does not care whether you are sleeping or eating or working. It claims priority of treatment above all your enjoyments, and gaves a false sense of urgency to the most trivial message. Many people use secretaries, clerks and servants as a first line of defence, but the ordinary man is easily lured in to talking over the telephone to people to whom he would not have time to talk face to face. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½

1.

The first telephone was introduced in England (a) many years ago (b) after sixty years (c ) short while ago (d) sixty years ago

[

]

2.

The cause of our hostility towards the telephone many be because [ (a) it in flates expenditure (b) gets out of order when it is needed most ( c) gives a false sense of urgency to most trivial message (d) it is a public nuisance.

]

3.

The first line of defence used by many people in their day to day work is[ (a) time – keeper (b) secretary, clerk ( c) telephone (d) stranger

]

V.

Read the following : Eskimos live in houses called igloos. An igloo is made of large square pieces of ice. But the igloo itself isn’t square- it looks like half a big white ball standing on white field of ice. It has a low opening for a door. It even has a window which is just a hole covered with a thin sheet of ice which lets the light in An Eskimo can builds an igloo for his family in an hour. Inside this house, an Eskimo sleeps on a bed made of hard snow. He uses skins of animals for sheets and covers. There is always a lamp burning inside the house, which gives the light and are it is also used for cooking. The lamp is made of soapstone. It is filled with blubber, an oily material got from whales, which burns easily. Over the lamp is placed a cooking pot, also made of soapstone. Men, women and children wear clothing made of fur. When it is very old, they wear two layers of fur clothing, one on top of the other. The first layer has the hair turned inwards and the second layer has the hair turned outwards. When it is warm one layer of seal skin is enough. 310



Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½ 1.

Eskimos make igloos out of large pieces of . . . (a) ice (b) soapstone (c) blubber

[

]

(d) fur

2.

Both the lamp and cooking pot are made of . . . . (a) layers of fur (b) white shield of ice (c) seal skin ` (d) soapstone

[

]

3.

A hole covered with a thin sheet of ice serves as a . . . (a) window (b) door (c) means of light (d) ventilator

[

]

VI.

Read the following passage : In the White House Abraham Lincoln quietly, sadly and ably guided the nation. Men complained about him, he listened quietly and without anger. Men worked against him, and he did not turn against them. His great heart was full of grief, he loved peace ; he was strong and determined to go on to the end. Slowly, the ordinary people of the country began to know that in the White House there was a great President and a great man. Lincoln had one serious fault one which often troubled the officers of the army very much. He loved people, and he could understand and forgive their weaknesses perhaps more than was best. He found it difficult, for example, to permit the army courts to have a soldier shot for running away during a battle or for falling asleep while on guard duty. He wanted to forgive them and give them a second chance, and their officers did not like it. A mother’s tears, a baby’s cry, a story of misfortune these touched his heart. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½

1.

When the men worked against him, Lincoln . . . . (a) turned against them (b) did not turn against them (c) remained quiet and calm (d) grieved very much

[

]

2.

The army officers were often troubled because . . . . [ (a) Lincoln didn’t love them (b) Lincoln’s heart was full of grief (c) The soldiers fell asleep while on guard duty (d) Lincoln pardoned the ordinary weaknesses of the soldiers.

]

3.

Lincoln would forgive the erring soldiers in order to . . . . [ (a) give them a second chance (b) let them free (c) suspend them from duty (d) surrender them to the army courts

]

PRACTICE – 8 VII. Read the following passage . Sir Alexander Fleming was the discoverer of the first powerful ‘antibiotic’ which was absolutely safe for normal people to use. An antibiotic, like and antiseptic does not kill germs directly but prevents them from multiplying. The 311



dangerous effects of a disease are caused by the poisons or ‘toxins’ produced by germs which have got into the body. When there are only a few germs the body itself can cope with them, but they may multiply so rapidly that the natural defences break down and the patient dies. The germs cannot win unless they can produce more new germs than the body is able to destroy, and an antibiotic prevents them from producing any new ones at all. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½ 1. 2.

Penicillin was the first most powerful (a) antibiotic (b) antiseptic An antibiotic (a) kills germs directly (c) prevents germs from producing poison body

(c) toxin

[ (d) germ

]

[ ] (b) prevents germs from multiplying (d) prevents germs from entering the

3.

A disease becomes dangerous when [ ] (a) there are only a few germs in the body (b) the germs multiply rapidly and the body is unable to destroy them (c) the body is not able to produce more germs (d) the body is not able to produce antibodies VIII. Read the following : There is one thing that is yours alone, which no one else can have, and that is your fingerprint. You leave your fingerprints behind when you touch anything. The Chinese were the first people to know this. So they used a thumb print instead of a signature on very important papers. A signature can be copied but a thumbprint can’t. In the late nineteenth century the real importance of fingerprints became know. A man called Sir Francis Galton began to study the lines on finger tips. He found that no two people had the same pattern of lines. He also learnt that the lines do not change as a person grows older. The people saw at once how fingerprints could help them. The began to keep records of the fingerprints of people who were know to be thieves. When the police want to find out whether a person has stolen anything before, they take his fingerprints and compare them with those they have. With so many prints on record, it would seem very hard to check but the police can usually find out in a few minutes. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½ 1.

2.

The Chinese were the first [ ] (a) to discover fingerprints. (b) to know that we leave our fingerprints on anything we touch. (c) to use signatures on important papers. (d) to use fingerprints for crime detection. The Chinese used thumbprints instead of signatures because [ ] (a) thumbprints cannot be copied. (b) signatures cannot be copied. (c) it is easier to affix thumb impressions. (d) they maintained a record of thumbprints. 312


3.

IX.

1.

2.

3.


Sir Galton found that [ ] (a) only two people had the same patterns of line on the finger tips. (b) the pattern of lines on the finger tips of no tow person grew older. (c) the lines on the finger tips changed as a person grew older. (d) the pattern of lines on the finger tips of no two thieves are alike. Read the following passage : About seven hundred years ago Arghun Khan, the King of Persia, wanted to marry a Chinese princess. He sent messengers to the great Khan of China. They took two years to reach him. The great King of China choose a beautiful young princess to go to Perisa and marry Arghun Khan. At about the time the princess was getting ready for her journey, Arghun Khan died in Persia. But the news took years to reach China. So the princess left for Persia knowing nothing about the matter. In her party there were more than 2000 people, traveling in fourteen ships. Six hundred of them died during the long and difficult journey. The party reached Persia more than two years after they started from China, and then they heard of Arghun Khan’s death! His son was king now ; and the princess married him instead of Arghun Khan! To day one can travel from China to Persia in a jet plane in about six hours. News travels much faster than that, one can turn the radio, on and listen to the news of a cricket match going on the England or Australia. This big difference is the result of science, for science has given us the radio and the jet plane. Science has changed the world, and it has come to play a very important part in the daily life of every one of us. Now complete the following statements.In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½ Arghun Khan, the king of Persia [ ] (a) went to China to marry a Chinese princess. (b) wanted the Khan of China to send him a beautiful princess to marry him. (c) send his soldiers to bring him a beautiful Chinese bride. (d) requested the great Khan of China to marry a beautiful young princess. By the time the prince4ss left for Persia [ ] (a) The news reached China that Arghun Khan had died. (b) Arghun Khan had died, but nobody in China received the news. (c) The new reached the great Khan that Arghun Khan had died. (d) Arghun Khan informed the great Khan of China that he did not need the bride. The incident cannot take place today because [ ] (a) there are no kings and princesses now. (b) today people and news travel very fast between countries. (c) the Persian kings are not allowed by the Chinese rulers to marry Chinese princesses. (d) the Persians and the Chinese can now marry only from their own respective countries.

313



PRACTICE – 9 X.

Read the following passage : A gentle man once advertised for a boy to assist him in his office and nearly fifty boys applied for the job. After a short time he chose one out of the whole number ; and sent all the rest away. “I should like to know said a friend, “On what grounds you chose that boy. He had a great many recommendation with him.” “You are mistaken,” answered the gentleman. “He had a great many. He wiped his feet when he came in, and closed the door after him, showing that he was orderly and tidy. He gave up his seat instantly to that lame old man, showing that he was courteous. He lifted up the book which I had purposely placed on the floor, and put it on the table, while all the rest stepped over it or pushed it a side. When I talked with him, I noticed that his clothes were carefully brushed, his hair in nice order, and his teeth as white as milk. When he wrote, he waited quietly for his turn, instead of pushing the others aside. Don’t you call these letters of recommendations ? I do, what I can tell about a boy using my eyes for ten minutes, is worth all the fine letters he can bring me? Now complete the following statements.In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½

1.

The gentleman’s friend said that (a) the boy was a very good choice . (c) the boy was without a recommendation. conducted.

[

]

(b) the boy was not qualified. (d) the interview was not properly

2.

The gentleman found that the boy was orderly and tidy because (a) he had washed himself and put on clean clothes (b) he wiped his feet when he came in and closed the door after him. (c) he had combed his hair and brushed his teeth. (d) he was soft spoken and gentle in manners.

[

]

3.

The gentleman asked the question “don’t you call these letters of recommendations” to [

] XI.

(a) the boy (b) the lame man (c) his friend (d) the readers Read the following passage : The Golden Tempel stands in the city of Amristar. It is most sacred to the Sikhs. It stands in the heart of the city of Amritsar. In fact, the city grew up round the temple. The temple stand sin the centre of a big tank which is always full to the brim with clear water. The tank was excavated by Guru Ram Das Ji in the year 1589. On all the four sides of the tank runs a broad path paved with beautiful marble tiles. A marble cause way leads to the temple proper. The walls of the temple are also build of marble. There are beautiful floral decorations on the walls. These are inlaid with precious stones. The temple has a gilded dome. It has four doors instead of one. The temple is open to all castes and creeds. The reflection of the temple in the clear water of the tank is a sight to see. Now complete the following statements. In each case write down the number of the statement and your choice in your answer book. 3 x ½ = 1½

314



1.

Guru Ram Das Ji excavat ed the tank . . . [ ] (a) at the centre of which stands the Golden Temple (b) which leads to the temple of Amritsar. (c) which lies near the Golden Temple (d) which contains little water

2.

The broad path round the tank . . . (a) is made of marble (c) is inlaid with precious stones

[ ] (b) is paved with marble tiles (d) consists of a floral design

3.

The tank gives a clear reflection of . . . . (a) the temple standing in its midst (c) the precious stones

[ ] (b) the Sikhs who came to pray (d) the marble tiles

********

315



22. RECOGNITION OF STYLES IN LETTERS 1.

Given below is an advertisement which appeared in ‘Deccean Chronicle’. Write an application to the address given, requesting for further details of the course you want to do and also the prospectus. excellent English ! minimum expense : Limited seats available Two separate courses for High school Students / Leavers (i) Speak fluently ? (ii) Write accurately ? Timing : Choice is yours ! 1 Hr. Class – 3 days a week (7 a.m to 7 p.m) on all days. Write immediately to : The Principal, P.Box No : 15384 , C.o Deccan Chronicle.

2.

Imagine that the letter given below is from a friend of yours. Read it carefully and write a reply to him/her. 56, Happy Home , Temple street,

Cuddapah, 29th Aug, 1999. My dear friend. I’m sorry I’ve not been able to write to you for a very long time. I was busy with my studies and examination. How are you? How are you preparing for the examination ? In the month of October, when we have holidays. I plan to visit a few important places in Andhra Pradesh. Could you please suggest a few places which are worth visiting ? Are there any famous gardens, parks, museums, temples, mosques, forts, etc ? I am looking forward to your reply to plan this trip. Awaiting your reply , Your loving friend, Sudha.

316



3.

Given below is an advertisement which appeared in a newspaper. Write a letter to the address given in it, seeking details about the course and also requesting for the prosperctus. Practical Radio and Television Course Fresh batches starting from 6-1-2000 Morning as well as Evening Classes, coaching by experienced tutors For details, write to : Deccan Institute of Electronics, 316, Bank street, Hyderabad – 500025.

4.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : SECOND HAND AMASSADOR CAR FOR SALE Excellent condition Contact : V. Subramaniam, 17 Hunter Road, Warangal – 2 Your uncle is interested in buying a second hand car. He asks you to write to Mr. Subramaniam asking for details such as the model of the car, distance traveled, expected price, etc. Write the letter on behalf of your uncle.

5.

Given below is an advertisement which appeared in a newspaper , Read it. EARN WHILE YOU LEARN We need smart youngmen and women for door – to – door campaigning to Popularize our household appliances Contact : Good Living Products 371/2 , Subash Nagar, Vijayawada – 7 You are interested in earning some money working during weekends and holidays. Write to Good. Living Products asking for details such as the kind of appliances they sell, the nature of work, payment that can be expected.

6.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in news paper : EXCELLENT COACHING FOR MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMS Dowell coaching centre 2-42/B , Santhoshnagar, Anantapur – 2

7.

Write to the coaching centre asking for details such as the duration of the coaching classes, timings, fee , etc. Read the following advertisement which appeard in a newspaper . Photography workshop 20-25 June Meet eminent photographers Win prizes for your work For details contact : Secretary, Photoview, 317



36-A, Amber gardens, Hyderabad You are interested in attending the workshop. Write to the address given asking for details such as the fees for the workshop, where it is going to be held, information about the prize scheme, etc. 8.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper. TREKKERS CLUB – SUMMER PROGRAMME Nilgiris – Apr. 15-25 (Leaving base camp Mettupalayam 14 April, 2000, 15 trekkers) Mahadev Hills : May 1 – 10 (Leaving Bhopal 39 April, 2000, 20 trekkers) Applications are invited from young persons aged between 16 and 24, indicating the choice of trek. Contact Secretary, Trekkars Club, New Stadium, Khelur. Write to the address given asking for details regarding fees, equipment necessary, etc.

9.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : BOYER & BOYER needs fields Sales Officers (Hyderabad) with a flair for selling Candidates without experience may also apply. Apply sating the salary expected, Post Box 567 – Deccan Chronicle, Secundrabad – 3 Write an application for he above job in the form of a letter. Explain why you consider yourself fit for the job.

10.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITES for smart young men and women Earn during your school/college holidays. Contact : Wearwell Readymade Garments, 3-32/C, M.G.Road. Vijayawada – 4 Write a letter to the address given in the advertisement asking for information on the nature of work salary, working hours, etc.

11.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : Summer Camp for Children 20 Apr – 15 May Plenty of opportunities For Fun and Learning A variety of courses to Choose from FLORLIC CENTRE 15, Pot Market, Vijayawada You want to join one of the courses, write to FROLIC CENTRE asking for details such as the courses offered, fees, and timings. 318


12.


Given below is an advertisement which appeared in the pamphlets distributed in your town. A CLASSICALO DANCE PROGRAMME Organized by the Employees’ Recreation Club, Utnoor to raise donation to the ‘KARGIL’S SOLDIERS WELFARE FUND’ Venue : E.R.C, Utnoor Time : 7-00 p.m on 27-7-1999 Ticket value : Rs. 100/- minimum Write a letter to your close friend inviting him/her to attend the show with you.

13.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper. A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY for smart, persuasive young men and women You may earn up to Rs.100 every day during week – ends by selling door-to-door our quality plastic kitchen-ware and toys For details, contact : Home equipment, 420, Maaya Bazaar, Hyderabad – 1 Write a letter to the address given in the advertisement asking for information on working hours, salary, transport etc.

14.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : ESCAPE THE HEAT ; ENJOY THE SUMMER ! We arrange tours during April – May to resorts in the south like Ooty and Kodaikanal. We have a fleet of air – conditioned coaches for your comfortable journey. For details, contact Summer Travels, 20, Cool Towers, Hyderabad – 500001 This summer you are planning to visit Ooty with your friends. Write a letter to the address in the advertisement asking for details about the cost and duration of the trip, accommodation in places of stop over, etc.

15.

Read the following advertisement which appeard in a newspaper : WANTED Smart young girls and boys As sales assistants At a Home products Exhibition From 10 April – 24 April Attractive salary and perks Pleasing personality and knowledge of spoken English & Telugu Contact : AVR Appliances, Veejay Towers, M.I.Road, Vijayawada – 12 Write a letter applying for the job advertised. Say, why you consider yourself suitable for the job. 319


16.


Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper: WANTED A smart young person as a guide for a middle –aged American couple during their travel and stay in Andhra Pradesh The right person must have an excellent knowledge of local history and customs, For details, write to : R.B. Ahrens, Room No. 209, Taj Residency, Hyderabad-16 Write a letter to the address above asking for information about job details, travel requirements, salary, working hours and duration.

17.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : WANTED A reputed chain of hotels needs To work at its branches in ANDHRA PRADESH. Candidates should have good proficiency in English and knowledge of the local language for details , write to : Post Box No 717, AP chronicle, 12, Tank Bund Road , Hyderabad.

18.

19.

Write a letter to the address above asking for details of qualifications, salary, working hours, etc. Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : FACELIFT COSMETICS requires smart young salespersons at their various braches throughout Andhra Pradesh. Candidates should have good communication skills in English and knowledge of the local language For details, contact : FACELIFT COSMETICS 192, Rashtrapati Road, Secunderabad. Write a letter to the above address asking for details of qualifications, working hours, salary and/or commission. etc. Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : WANTED A well – known supermarket chain requires smart young boys and girls to work at its branches in Andhra Pradesh Candidates should be proficient in English and Telugu Must have a pleasing manner. Must be prepared to work long hours at weekends and on holidays. Salary : Rs, 3000/- p.m + bonus P.O. Box 3297, The Daily Chronical, 32-1-432, Mehtab Gardens, Hyderabad – 500078 Write the letter to the address above applying for the job. State your qualifications and any other details that you consider necessary. 320



20.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper: WANTED A guide-cum-interpreter to accompany American couple travelling in Andhra Pradesh Must have excellent knowledge of English and Telugu Knowledge of local history and customs desirable. Generous terms for right candidate. Contact : S.P. Rumsfeld, Room No : 216, Gateway Hotel, M.G.Road. Bangalore – 670 006 Write a letter to the address given above asking for details of salary, working hours, duration, travel, accommodation, etc.

21.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : WANTED A supermarket in a smart locality requires Sales Assistants Candidates should be proficient in English, Hindi and Telugu. Must have a pleasing personality, patience, and wrillingness to help. Must be physically fit as the job requires long hours on your feet. Will be required to work at weekends. Salary : 1600 p.m + performance bonus Post Box 4679, The Daily Courier, Maitri Vihar, SP Road, Hyderavad – 500 027 Write a letter to the address above applying for the job. State your qualifications and any other details that you consider necessary.

22.

Read the following advertisement which appeared in a newspaper : WANTED Receptionists for a newly – opened 3-Star hotel in Visakhapatnam Candidates should be proficient in English, Hindi and Telugu. Knowledge of a foreign language will be an added qualification. Must be computer-literate. Must have a pleasing manner and good communication skills. Attractive Salary P.O. Box 3297, The City Chronicle, CVR Complex, MG Road, Hyderabad – 500 018. Write a letter to the address above applying for the job. State your qualifications and any other details that you consider necessary. * * * 321

ENGLISH GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

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