English for Medicine 1

ENGLISH FOR MEDICINE (Part One)

Choudhary Zahid Javid Department of Foreign Languages, College of Arts, Taif University

English for Medicine:1

ENGLISH FOR MEDICINE (Part One)

An Intermediate ESP Course for Students of Medicine

Choudhary Zahid Javid


TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit# 1: SKIN -----------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

1 2 4 6 7

Unit# 2: EAR ------------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

9 10 12 14 15

Unit# 3: LUNGS -------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

17 18 20 22 23

Unit# 4: LIVER --------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

25 26 28 30 32

Unit# 5: KIDNEY ------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

33 34 36 39 40

Unit#6: STOMACH ----------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

41 42 44 45 47


PREFACE This textbook is a logical outcome of a comprehensive research project carried out at College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS) by its during 2008 to determine the linguistic needs and preferred learning styles of its students. The textbook is designed to cater for their specific needs by considering their culturally driven preferred learning styles. The purpose of the book is not to teach medicine but to inculcate the academic ability in the students to go to read, listen to and/or watch a text, audio or video on medical topics and understand, extract and utilize the information within them in an effective and efficient manner. To achieve this goal, the book ensures an integrated practice in various language skills along with emphasizing the other important language areas of vocabulary and medical terminology. Reading passages of moderate length have been carefully selected focusing on six different parts of the human body. A variety of exercises is employed in all the units to familiarize the students with different learning situations and promote students’ interest and motivation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge my sincere indebtedness to Dr. Talal Abdullah Al-Malki, the former Dean of the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences at Taif University who worked to promote a research oriented atmosphere at the College that facilitated and encouraged me to accomplish this academic task. I gratefully acknowledge the unstinting and unconditional support of Dr. Turkey Saleem Al-Thubaiti, Chairman, Department of Foreign Languages, for any project that contributes to academic excellence and professional development. I admit that without his encouragement this would not have been possible for me. I wish to express my great appreciation to Dr. Muhammad Al-Khairi, Dean, College of Arts for Academic Development, for his constant reassurance and support. I am highly grateful to my respected colleague Dr. Hasan Banna El-Gabbala, Professor of Applied and Theoretical Linguistics, and Dr. Moyn Ali, Director Medical Education for professional guidance that was instrumental for the completion of this book. Special thanks and appreciation are also due to Mr. Timothy Parker, English Language Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages, who proofread the initial draft of this textbook and, Mr. Wasim Khan, Head, of the Computer Section at the CMMS, and Mr. Zulkarnain Khadbai, English Language Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages who both extended their valuable computing expertise. Last but far from the least, my sincere thanks go to all my colleagues at Department of Foreign Languages for their valuable support and persistent encouragement.


UNIT 1: The Skin

1 2 3 4 5

The term skin is commonly used to describe the body covering of any animal but technically refers only to the body covering of vertebrates (animals that have a backbone). The skin has the same basic structure in all vertebrates including fish, reptiles, birds, humans, and other mammals. This article focuses primarily on human skin.

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The skin is essential to a person’s survival. It forms a barrier that helps prevent harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body, and it also prevents the loss of life-sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structures inside the body from injury and from the potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, excretes some waste products, and is an important sensory organ. It contains various types of specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch.

13 14 15 16 17 18

The skin is the body’s largest organ—that of an average adult male weighs 4.5 to 5 kg (10 to 11 lb) and measures about 2 sq m (22 sq ft) in area. It covers the surface of the body at a thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is 16 thickest on areas of the body that regularly rub against objects, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Both delicate and resilient, the skin constantly renews itself and has a remarkable ability to repair itself after injury.

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis, the upper or outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer. The dermis, or inner layer, is thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strength and elasticity. The two layers of the skin are anchored to one another by a thin but complex layer of tissue known as the basement membrane. This tissue is composed of a series of elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as ropes and grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is the 1

English for Medicine:2 26 27 28 29

subcutaneous layer, a layer of tissue composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue (fat). Although not part of the skin itself, the subcutaneous layer contains glands and other skin structures, as well as sensory receptors involved in the sense of touch.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. What is the largest organ of the human body? ___________________________________________________________ 2. What is the weight of human skin? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What are the various functions of the human skin? ___________________________________________________________

II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to: 1. Line # 6

it:

__________________________

2. Line # 7

it:

__________________________

3. Line # 16

that:

__________________________

4. Line # 18

itself:

__________________________

5. Line # 19

two layers:

__________________________

6. Line # 23

this tissue:

__________________________

7. Line # 24

that:

__________________________

III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. All vertebrates have ________________ basic structure of the skin. a. a different b. uniform c. a diverse d. no 2. The skin in human beings __________________ harmful microorganisms from entering the body. a. scares b. allows c. permits d. bars 3. The basic function of the skin is to ________________ our body. a. protect b. beautify c. shape d. spoil 2

English for Medicine:2 4. Ultraviolet rays are _____________________ human body. a. beneficial for b. healthy for c. injurious to d. painful for 5. The skin in human beings ________________ body temperature. a. raises b. lowers c. maintains d. does not effect 6. The skin has the quality to renew itself ______________________. a. annually b. monthly c. weekly d. continuously 7. The epidermis is situated ____________________ the dermis. a. over b. under c. beside d. away from 8. The dermis is _________________ than the epidermis. a. lighter b. heavier c. less important

d. more important

9. The basement membrane is situated _________ the dermis and epidermis. a. under b. above c. between d. next to 10. The ______________ is composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue. a. dermis b. epidermis c. basement membrane d. subcutaneous layer

IV. Read the passage and write “T” for true statement and “F” for false statement. 1. All animals have backbones.

(

) _____

2. Human beings are vertebrates.

(

) _____

3. Life-sustaining body fluids are excreted by the skin.

(

) _____

4. The skin saves the vital structures of the body from injuries.

(

) _____

5. The skin is the thickest on the face.

(

) _____

6. The skin becomes delicate after rubbing against objects.

(

) _____

7. The epidermis and dermis are situated under the skin.

(

) _____

8. The dermis gives strength and elasticity to the skin.

(

) _____

9. The subcutaneous layer is not a part of the skin.

(

) _____

10. The subcutaneous layer is another name for the basement membrane.

(

) _____

3


V. Read the passage and write the paragraph number in the space given in front of the appropriate title. No

Title

Paragraph number

1

important functions of the skin

2

the basic structure of the skin

3

the salient features of human skin

4

the definition of the skin

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS VI. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B. Column A

Column B

a. essential

_____ to pass out

b. barrier

_____ find the size, length etc.

c. prevent

_____ necessary

d. excrete

_____ unusual

e. measure

_____ that keep something safe from harm

f. remarkable

_____ to stop something

g. protective

_____ thing that prevents movement

VII. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. in addition to, aid in, lethal, critical for, guard against, disease-causing, energy-producing, byproduct, carbon dioxide-laden, split into 1. Human beings are very ________________ different changes. 2. Various antibiotics ______________ treat patients suffering from infections. 3. Life cannot be imagined on other planets which do not have ____________ elements like water and air. 4. Human heart ____________ very strong tissues. 5. Air and water are the most __________ elements for the presence of life on earth. 4

English for Medicine:2 6. The purpose of administering vaccines is ______________ for preventing lifethreatening diseases. 7. All ______________ feed their young on milk from the breast. 8. A good doctor _______________ a proper medical health-care.

VIII. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B. Column A

Column B

a. essential

_____ to pass out

b. barrier


c. prevent

_____ necessary

d. excrete

_____ unusual

e. measure


f. remarkable


g. protective


IX. Match the following roots with their meanings. 1. cyan/o

_____black

2. erythr/o

_____ water

3. leuk/o

_____ urine

4. melan/o

_____ red

5. chlor/o

_____ fat

6. aer/o

_____ blue

7. hydr/o

_____ pus

8. lip/o

_____ white

9. py/o

_____ air, gas

10. ur/o

_____ green

5


X. Locate the root word in the following medical terms and then write down what you think their meaning might be Term

Root

Meaning

psychology

-------------------

-------------------------------------

synthesis

-------------------

-------------------------------------

cardiac

-------------------

-------------------------------------

electrocardiography

-------------------

-------------------------------------

gastric

-------------------

-------------------------------------

dermatitis

-------------------

-------------------------------------

dermatoplasty

-------------------

-------------------------------------

angiography

-------------------

-------------------------------------

onychotomy

-------------------

-------------------------------------

3. WRITING FOCUS XI. Go back to Exercise 4 and correct the false statements on the lines, below. 1. ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________________ 6. ____________________________________________________________

XII. Read the second paragraph and write down the various functions of the skin. 1. _The Skin___________________________________________________ 2. _The Skin___________________________________________________ 3. _The Skin___________________________________________________ 4. _The Skin___________________________________________________ 6


5. _The Skin___________________________________________________ 6. _The Skin___________________________________________________

XIII. Rewrite the following sentences: 1. Do all mammals has the skin? _____________________________________________________________ 2. She operate ten patients every day. _____________________________________________________________ 3. The college does not opens at 7:00 every morning. _______________________________________________________________ 4. Does the weight of the human skin is 5 kg? _______________________________________________________________ 5. am study at the CMMS. _______________________________________________________________ 6. All human beings has the skin. _______________________________________________________________ 7. Do the basement membrane situated between the dermis and the epidermis. _______________________________________________________________ 8. Are the nurses record temperature carefully? _______________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. 1. The skin is well-protected against injuries.

(

)

2. The wounds heal quickly if only the epidermis is affected.

(

)

3. The epidermal cells move away from the wound.

(

)

7

English for Medicine:2 4. The cells divide to form the layers of the dermis.

(

)

5. A clot forms to stop the blood if the wound is deeper.

(

)

6. The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis.

(

)

7. The scab peels off before the restoration of normal skin.

(

)

XV. Listen to the passage and put the sentences in order. a. ______ The blood clot forms a scab. b. ______ The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis. c. ______ The scab drops off. d. ______ A clot is formed to stop blood flow. e. ______ The fibroblast is formed that enters the wound. f. ______ The epidermal cells form a sheet of cells over the wound. g. ______ The white blood cells enter to consume dead, dying cells etc.

8


UNIT 2: The Ear

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

.Ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Only vertebrates, or animals with backbones, have ears. Invertebrate animals, such as jellyfish and insects, lack ears but have other structures or organs that serve similar functions. The most complex and highly developed ears are those of mammals. Like the ears of other mammals, the human ear consists of three sections: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer and middle ears function only for hearing, while the inner ear also serves the functions of balance and orientation.

8 9 10 11 12

The outer ear is made up of the auricle or pinna and the outer auditory canal. The auricle is the curved part of the ear attached to the side of the head by small ligaments and muscles. It consists largely of elastic cartilage, and its shape helps collect sound waves from the air. The earlobe, or lobule, which hangs from the lower part of the auricle, contains mostly fatty tissues.

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear. A narrow passageway called the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat and the back of the nose. The middle ear is a narrow, air-filled chamber that extends vertically for about 15 mm (about 0.6 in) and for nearly the same distance horizontally. Inside this chamber is a linked chain of three ossicles, or very small bones. Both the Latin and common names of these bones are derived from their shapes. They are called the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. The stirrup is the tiniest bone in the body, being smaller than a grain of rice.

21 22 23 24 25 26

The hammer is partly embedded in the eardrum, and the stirrup fits into the oval window: a membrane that fronts the inner ear. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer. The motion of the hammer moves the anvil which in turn moves the stirrup. As sound vibrations pass from the relatively large area of the eardrum through the chain of bones, which have a smaller area, their force is concentrated. This concentration amplifies, or increases, the sound just before it passes through 9

English for Medicine:2 27 28 29 30

the oval window and into the inner ear. When loud noises produce violent vibrations, two small muscles, called the tensor tympani and the stapedius, contract and limit the movement of the ossicles, thus protecting the middle and inner ear from damage.

32 31 32 33

The chain of bones in the middle ear leads into the convoluted structures of the inner ear, or labyrinth, which contains organs of both hearing and balance. The three main structures of the inner ear are the cochlea, the vestibule, and the three semicircular canals.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. How do mammals listen? ___________________________________________________________ 2. Do all animals have ears? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What are the various parts of an ear? ___________________________________________________________


that:

__________________________

2. Line # 10

it:

__________________________

3. Line # 10

its:

__________________________

4. Line # 11

which:

__________________________

5. Line # 15

that:

__________________________

6. Line # 18

their:

__________________________

7. Line # 18

they:

__________________________

8. Line # 25

their:

__________________________

III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. Jelly fish and insects are _____________________________. a. vertebrates b. birds c. mammals d. invertebrates 10

English for Medicine:2 2. __________________ have highly developed ears. a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates c. Mammals

d. Insects

3. The function of the inner ear is ____________________. a. only hearing b. only balance c. only orientation d. a, b & c. 4. The pinna ____________________ the side of the head. a. hangs from b. is attached to c.. fits into d. is embedded in 5. The earlobe consists of ___________________________. a. fatty tissues b. elastic cartilage c. ligaments d. lobule 6. The eardrum is ___________________ the outer ear and middle ear. a. above b. below c. in the middle of d. in front of 7. Latin names are ___________________ derived from their shapes. a. sometimes b. always c. never d. never ever 8. The __________________ is a membrane that fronts the inner ear. a. stirrup b. oval window c. eardrum d. hammer 9. The motion of the ___________________ moves the stirrup. a. anvil b. hammer c. eardrum d. air 10. The ________________ contains organs of both hearing and balance. a. middle ear b. chain of bones c. labyrinth d. outer ear

IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box. No Title

Paragraph

1

This part of the ear gathers sound waves from the air.

2

This part of the ear is mainly responsible for hearing and balance Mammals have extremely developed ears that consist of three sections. This part of the ear has a complex mechanism of protecting the middle and inner ear from damage. These three bones are named according to their shapes.

3 4 5

11


2. VOCABULARY FOCUS V. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B. Column A

Column B

a. essential

_____ to pass out

b. barrier


c. prevent

_____ necessary

d. excrete

_____ unusual

e. measure


f. remarkable


g. protective


VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. such as, consist of, (be) attached to, (be) hang from, passageway, (be) derived from, (be) smaller than, (be) embedded in, fit into, lead into 1. Most medical terms ______________ Latin and Greek terminology. 2. Everybody has to pass through the __________________ to enter the main hall. 3. The chandelier _________________ the ceiling. 4. Fahd was able to _________ all the equipment _________ the leather case without any difficulty. 5. The arrow __________________ the wall. 6. A dictionary _______ usually _______________ an encyclopedia. 7. CMMS _________________ Al-Hada hospital for the next five years. 8. The passageway __________________ the examination block.

VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms. word

synonym from passage

1.same (paragraph# 1)

__________________________

2.work (paragraph# 1)

__________________________

3.parts (paragraph# 1)

__________________________ 12

English for Medicine:2 4.consist of (paragraph# 2)

__________________________

5.voice (paragraph# 2)

__________________________

6.have (paragraph# 2)

__________________________

7.not wide (paragraph# 3)

__________________________

8.room (paragraph# 3)

__________________________

9.the smallest (paragraph# 3)

__________________________

VIII. Match the following suffixes to the roots provided to make medical terms. Write down their meaning as well. -ectomy,

Rooy

-gram, -graph, -graphy, -plasty, -scope, -scopy, Medical Term

-meter, -tomy

-metry,

Definition

oste/o, rhino, dia, angio, phyc/o, photo, trache/o gestr/o sinus/o

IX. Read the third paragraph and circle all the adjectives. Write them down on the lines given below. ____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

13


3. WRITING FOCUS X. Write down the answers to the following questions. 1. Who are vertebrates? _________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of ears do the mammals have? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the different functions of three sections of the ear? _________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the shape of the middle ear? _________________________________________________________________ 5. What connects the middle ear to the throat? _________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the names of the three ossicles? _________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the size of the stirrup? _________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius? _________________________________________________________________

XI. Choose the appropriate adjective from the list and then write down sentences which make logical comparisons between the given items. small

thin flexible

fast complete

heavy thick intelligent qualified bright

Example: child’s heart / adult’s heart A child’s heart beats faster than an adult’s heart. 1. human skin / lion’s skin ___________________________________________________________ 2. trees / flowers ___________________________________________________________ 3. rubber / wood ___________________________________________________________ 14

big


4. mammals’ ears / other vertebrates’ ears ___________________________________________________________ 5. sunlight / moonlight ___________________________________________________________ 6. elephant / sheep ___________________________________________________________ 7. doctor / nurse ___________________________________________________________ 8. heart / kidney ___________________________________________________________

XII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences. 1. The patient operated by Dr. Nihad. ________________________________________________________ 2. Do the eardrum separate the outer ear? ________________________________________________________ 3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis. ________________________________________________________ 4. A computers is fast than typewriter. ________________________________________________________ 5. Are they speak English at home? ________________________________________________________ 6. Human body covers by the skin. ________________________________________________________ 7. All the students except Ali is a student at CMMS. ________________________________________________________ 8. Elephants are the biggest than sheep. ________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. 1. Sound is a series of vibrations moving as waves through solids only. (

)

2. Detection of sound vibrations is called hearing.

)

15

(

English for Medicine:2 3. All animals can detect vibrations passing through the ground

(

)

4. Humans can not hear vibrations passing through gases.

(

)

5. Some people hear their own voice partly by bone conduction

(

)

6. Humans hear primarily by detecting airborne sound waves.

(

)

7. The auricles can not help locate the direction of sound.

(

)

.

XV. Listen to the passage and circle the correct word. 1. … waves through air / ear or other gases, liquids, or solids. 2. The direction / detection of vibrations passing through the… 3. Sometimes sound waves are transferred / transmitted to the inner ear… 4. … by a method / system of hearing … 5. …called bone contraction / conduction. 6. Only a clearly / relatively small part of a normal person’s…. \ 7. The auricles also select / help locate… 8. … the direction / detection of sound. \ 9. Many animals / mammals, especially… 10. … the ones / those with large ears..

16


UNIT 3: The Lungs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lungs are spongy organs used in breathing and respiration. Lungs are present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most amphibians and a few species of fish also have lungs. In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the chest cavity from the collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that walls off the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. At birth the lungs are pink, but as a person ages, they become gray and mottled from tiny particles breathed in with the air. Generally, people who live in cities and industrial areas have darker lungs than those who live in the country.

9 10 11 12 13

Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and passages. It enters the body through the nostrils or the mouth, passing down the throat to the larynx, or voice box, and then to the trachea, or windpipe. In the chest cavity the trachea divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchi or the bronchial tubes that enter the lungs.

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long and roughly conical. The left lung is divided into two sections or lobes: the superior and the inferior. The right lung is somewhat larger than the left lung and is divided into three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior. The two lungs are separated by a structure called the mediastinum which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels. Both right and left lungs are covered by an external membrane called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura forms the lining of the chest cavity.

21 22 23 24 25 26

The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes of less than 1.02 mm (less than 0.04 in) in diameter. These tubes, called the bronchioles, divide into even narrower tubes called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct ends in a grapelike cluster of thin-walled sacs, called the alveoli (a single sac is called an alveolus). From 300 million to 400 million alveoli are contained in each lung. The air sacs of both lungs have a total surface area of about 93 sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly 17

English for Medicine:2 27 50 times the total surface area of the skin. 28 29 30 31 32

In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a vast network of the blood vessels. Each alveolus is surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which receive the blood from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join to form the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the pulmonary veins. These large blood vessels connect the lungs with the heart.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. Can human beings breathe in water? ___________________________________________________________ 2. Can we breathe on other planets? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What organ of human body is responsible for breathing? ___________________________________________________________


that:

________________________

2. Line # 6

they:

_________________________

3. Line # 8

those:

__________________________

4. Line # 9

it:

__________________________

5. Line # 13

that:

__________________________

6. Line # 18

which:

__________________________

7. Line # 29

which:

_________________________

III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. ____________________ have the lungs. a. Mammals b. Birds c. Reptiles

d. a, b & c.

2. A dome-shaped sheet of muscles is called (the) ____________________. a. collar bone b. chest cavity c. diaphragm d. lungs 18

English for Medicine:2 3. The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by (the)____________. a. diaphragm b. air c. sponge d. lungs 4. People who live in countryside have ____________ lungs than the people in cities. a. larger b. darker c. smaller d. healthier 5. Another name for left and right bronchi is (the) ____________________. a. branches b. trachea c. bronchial tubes d. wind pipe 6. The mediastinum ____________________ two lungs. a. divides b. combines c.. connects d. presses 7. ______________ are covered by an external membrane called the pleura. a. The left lung b. The right lung c. No Lungs d. Both lungs 8. The diameter of the bronchi is __________________________. a. 1.02 mm b. 0.04 in c. smaller than a &b d. bigger than a &b 9. Another name for the bronchi is (the) _______________________. a. bronchioles b. alveolar ducts c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 10. The alveoli are ____________________________. a. grapes b. alveolar ducts c. thin-walled sacs

d. narrow tubes

IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box. No Title

Paragraph

1

air passage in the lungs

2

blood supply in the lungs

3

sub-divisions of the bronchial tubes

4

size of the lungs

5

the lungs in human beings

V. Read the passage and write “T” for true statement and “F” for false statement. Which line is the information located? 1. All amphibians have lungs. ( 2. The collarbone consists of a dome-shaped sheet of muscles. ( 19

) _____ ) _____

English for Medicine:2 3. The lungs become grey as a person grows. 4. Air travels to a series of tubes through the lungs. 5. The trachea divides into two bronchial tubes. 6. The right lung is bigger than the left lung. 7. The mediastinum separates the two lungs. 8. The branches of the bronchi are smaller than the bronchioles. 9. The alveolar ducts are grapelike clusters. 10. Each alveolus receives the blood from the arteries.

( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS 3.

VI. Complete the table with appropriate forms of the words given. Look at the example. noun connection

verb connect

adjective connected

adverb connectively

divide occupation generally divided live containment

VII. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. (be) used in, dome-shaped, a series of , somewhat larger, (be) separated by, (be) covered by, divide into, end in, (be) contained in, (be) surrounded by 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The bodies of animals that live in cold areas _______usually _______ thick hair. The dermis and epidermis ______________ the basement membrane. Penicillin _______ commonly _______________ the treatment of infections. The university campus _________________ a well-lit boundary wall. Millions of nephrons _______________ human kidneys. Some cells ____________________ two and multiply. This passageway _________________ a beautiful lawn. 20

English for Medicine:2 8. A big earthquake is usually followed by _________________ after-shocks.

VIII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms. word

synonym from passage

1. distinct kinds (paragraph# 1) 2. to take up (paragraph# 1) 3. tiny parts (paragraph# 1) 4. space (paragraph# 2) 5. subdivisions (paragraph# 2) 6. grown-up (paragraph# 3) 7. container (paragraph# 3) 8. outer (paragraph# 3) 9. lastly (paragraph# 4) 10. group (paragraph# 4)

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ________________________ _________________________

IX. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their definition as well. . Suffix

Term

Definition

-ia

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

-ism

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

-sis

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

-y

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

21


X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the common nouns. Write them down on the lines given below. ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

3. WRITING FOCUS XI. Go back to Exercise V and correct the false statements on the lines, below. 7. ____________________________________________________________ 8. ____________________________________________________________ 9. ____________________________________________________________ 10.____________________________________________________________ 11.____________________________________________________________ 12.____________________________________________________________

XII. Write Wh- questions for the following statements. Make questions for the underlined words. Example: Ali comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam. Who comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam?______ 1. The lungs are used in breathing. ______________________________________________________________? 2. The heart is located between the lungs. ______________________________________________________________? 3. Human beings breathe to inhale oxygen. ______________________________________________________________? 4. Most amphibians have the lungs. ______________________________________________________________? 5. Air enters the body through the nostrils. ______________________________________________________________? 22

English for Medicine:2 6. The classes start at 8:00. ______________________________________________________________? 7. The outer ear collects sound waves. ______________________________________________________________? 8. Antibiotics are used to treat infections. _____________________________________________________________?

XIII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your own sentences. (be) used in, a series of , somewhat larger, (be) separated by, (be) covered by, divide into, (be) contained in, (be) surrounded by 1. __________

_

______________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________ 3.

___

4. ______________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions. 1. What is breathing? ___________________________________________________________ 2. What is essential for aerobic respiration? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What waste product is formed during aerobic respiration? ___________________________________________________________

23

English for Medicine:2 4. How many times an adult normally breathe? ___________________________________________________________ 5. Who breathes about 40 breaths per minute? ___________________________________________________________ .

XV. Listen to the passage and count how many times the following words are used. a.

breathing _________

b.

24

respiration _________


UNIT 4: The Liver

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

. The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. The liver, which is part of the digestive system, performs more than 500 different functions, all of which are essential to life. Its essential functions include helping the body to digest fats, storing reserves of nutrients, filtering poisons and wastes from the blood, synthesizing a variety of proteins, and regulating the levels of many chemicals found in the bloodstream. The liver is unique among the body’s vital organs in that it can regenerate, or grow back cells that have been destroyed by some short-term injury or disease. But if the liver is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time, it may undergo irreversible changes that permanently interfere with function.

10 11 12 13 14

The human liver is a dark red-brown organ with a soft, spongy texture. It is located at the top of the abdomen, on the right side of the body just below the diaphragm—a sheet of muscle tissue that separates the lungs from the abdominal organs. The lower part of the rib cage covers the liver, protecting it from injury. In a healthy adult, the liver weighs about 1.5 kg (3 lb) and is about 15 cm (6 in) thick.

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Despite its many complex functions, the liver is relatively simple in structure. It consists of two main lobes, left and right, which overlap slightly. The right lobe has two smaller lobes attached to it, called the quadrate and caudate lobes. Each lobe contains many thousands of units called the lobules that are the building blocks of the liver. The lobules are six-sided structures each about 1 mm (0.04 in) across. A tiny vein runs through the center of each lobule and eventually drains into the hepatic vein, which carries blood out of the liver. Hundreds of cubedshaped liver cells, called the hepatocytes, are arranged around the lobule's central vein in a radiating pattern. On the outside surface of each lobule are small veins, ducts, and arteries that carry fluids to and from the lobules. As the liver does its work, nutrients are collected, wastes are removed, and chemical substances are released into the body through these vessels. 25

English for Medicine:2 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Unlike most organs, which have a single blood supply, the liver receives the blood from two sources. The hepatic artery delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart, supplying about 25 percent of the liver's blood. The liver also receives oxygendepleted blood from the hepatic portal vein. This vein, which is the source of 75 percent of the liver's blood supply, carries the blood to the liver that has traveled from the digestive tract, where it collects nutrients as food is digested. These nutrients are delivered to the liver for further processing or storage.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. What are the vital organs in human body? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the largest vital organ in human body? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What vital organ has the ability to regenerate destroyed cells? ________________________________________________________________


which:

__________________________

2. Line # 7

it:

__________________________

3. Line # 7

that:

__________________________

4. Line # 13

it:

__________________________

5. Line # 16

which:

__________________________

6. Line # 24

its:

__________________________

7. Line # 31

that:

__________________________

8. Line # 32

it:

__________________________

III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. The ____________________ performs more than 500 different functions. a. liver b. digestive system c. both a & b d. none 2. The liver can __________________ the destroyed cells. a. redesign b. recycle c. reproduce 26

d. resize

English for Medicine:2 3. The liver is _________________ other vital organs. a. like b. unlike c. same as

d. similar to

4. The liver is situated ________________ the abdomen. a. below b. under c. beside

d. at the top of

5. (The) ________________ separates the lungs from the abdomen. a. spongy texture b. liver c. diaphragm d. none 6. The liver is relatively simple in structure _________ its functions are complex. a. because b. though c. yet d. and 7. The lobules are six-sided structures having a _______________ of 1 mm. a. height b. radius c. circumference d. diameter 8. The _______________ carries blood out of the liver. a. tiny vein b. lobule c. hepatic vein

d. lobe

9. _______________ carry fluids to and from the lobules. a. only veins b. only ducts c. only arteries

d. a, b, & c.

10. The ________________ is the major source of blood supply to the liver. a. hepatic artery b. lobules c. digestive tract d. hepatic vein

IV. Read the following subtitles and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box. No

Subtitles

1

blood supply

2

liver functions

3

location of the liver

4

liver structure

Paragraph

27


V. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in column B. Column A

Column B …

1. 500 different functions

___ grow back its cells.

2. The liver can …

___ attached to the right lobe.

3. Repeated damage …

___ are performed by the liver.

4. The lower part of the rib cage

___ cubed-shaped cells.

5. The quadrate and caudate lobes are

___ the major source of liver’s blood supply

6. The hepatocytes are …

___ protects the liver from injuries.

7. The hepatic artery is responsible for …

___ may cause irreversible harm to the liver

8. The hepatic portal vein is …

___ 25% of liver’s blood supply.

3. VOCABULARY FOCUS VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. (be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple, run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into, (be) the source of, (be) delivered to 1. A new-born baby ___________________ 7 to 8 lbs. 2. The blood ________________ whole human body to provide oxygen. 3. All veins __________ the blood _______ human heart. 4. The water supply _________ continuously __________ the main pipe to be distributed to the whole city. 5. Water ________________ sustain life on earth. 6. Human digestive system _______________ as compared to other systems. 7. Oxygenated blood _________________ all body parts by the arteries. 8. The human mind __________ control and command for all human activities.

28


VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms. word

antonym from passage

a. external (paragraph# 1)

_________________________

b. exclude (paragraph# 1)

_________________________

c. intact (paragraph# 1)

_________________________

d. recoverable (paragraph# 1)

_________________________

e. join (paragraph# 2)

_________________________

f. sick (paragraph# 2)

_________________________

g. detached (paragraph# 3)

_________________________

h. initially (paragraph# 3)

_________________________

i. annexed (paragraph# 3)

_________________________

j. distribute (paragraph# 4)

_________________________

k. collect (paragraph# 4)

________________________

VIII. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their definition as well. Suffix -ian

-iatrics

-iatry

-ics

-ist

Term

Definition

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 29

English for Medicine:2 -logy

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

IX. Match the following general roots with their meanings. 1. path/o

_____ speech

2. ped/o

_____ mind

3. phas/o

_____ disease

4. plas/o

_____ child or foot

5. phob/o

_____ sound

6. psych/o

_____ nourishment / development

7. scler/o

_____ narrow

8. son/o

_____ exaggerated fear

9. sten/o

_____ poison

10. toxic/o

_____ formation

11. troph/o

_____ hard

X. Read the first paragraph and circle all the verbs. Write them down on the lines given below. ____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

____________

3. WRITING FOCUS XI. Write down the answers to the following questions. 1. How is the liver different from other vital organs? ___________________________________________________________ 2. What is the function of the lower part of the rib cage? ___________________________________________________________ 30


3. What are the lobules? ___________________________________________________________ 4. Where are the hepatocytes situated? ___________________________________________________________ 5. What are two sources of blood supply to the liver? ___________________________________________________________

XII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your own sentences. (be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple, run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into, (be) the source of, (be) delivered to 1. _______________________________________________________________ 2.

___

3. ______________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________

XIII. Write down sentences like the example using the frequency adverb that best suits you.. Example: speak Arabic in class I always,/ usually or seldom speak Arabic in class. 1. watch TV at night _________________________________________________________________ 2. sleep in the afternoon _________________________________________________________________ 3. send e-mails to friends _________________________________________________________________ 31


4. eat rice for breakfast _________________________________________________________________ 5. come to the college at 8:00 _________________________________________________________________ 6. absent from classes _________________________________________________________________ 7. talk to my teachers in their offices _________________________________________________________________ 8. take down notes during classes _________________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. 1. Glucose is made from glycogen.

(

)

2. Creation of glycogen is called glycogenesis.

(

)

3. Glycogen is a carbohydrate.

(

)

4. A yellowish-brown liquid called salt contains the bile.

(

)

5. The bile is concentrated in the small intestine.

(

)

6. The albumin is produced in the blood.

(

)

7. The globin is produced in the liver.

(

)

XV. Listen to the passage and match the main ideas to the related paragraph.. No

Main idea

Paragraph

A

storing vitamin supplies

B

producing proteins

C

digesting lipids or fats

D

maintaining glucose level in the blood 32


UNIT 5: The Kidneys

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The kidneys are paired organ whose functions include removing waste products from the blood and regulating the amount of fluid in the body. The basic units of the kidneys are microscopically thin structures called the nephrons which filter the blood and cause wastes to be removed in the form of urine. Together with the bladder, two ureters and the single urethra, the kidneys make up the body’s urinary system. Human beings, as well as members of all other vertebrate species, typically have two kidneys.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

The kidneys lie against the rear wall of the abdomen, on either side of the spine. They are situated below the middle of the back, beneath the liver on the right and the spleen on the left. Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous membrane called a renal capsule which helps protect it against trauma and infection. The concave part of the kidney attaches to two of the body’s crucial blood vessels—the renal artery and the renal vein—and the ureter, a tubelike structure that carries urine to the bladder.

15 16 17 18 19 20

A primary function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous wastes from the blood. Chief among these wastes are the nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uric acid, which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. Lifethreatening illnesses occur when too many of these waste products accumulate in the bloodstream. Fortunately, a healthy kidney can easily rid the body of these substances.

21 22 23 24 25

The outermost layer of the kidney is called the cortex. Beneath the cortex lies the medulla, an area that contains from 8 to 18 cone-shaped sections known as pyramids which are formed almost entirely of bundles of microscopic tubules. The tips of these pyramids point toward the center of the kidney. The cortex extends into the spaces between the pyramids, forming structures called renal columns. At 33

English for Medicine:2 26 the center of the kidney is a cavity called the renal pelvis. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

The task of cleaning, or filtering, the blood is performed by millions of nephrons, remarkable structures that extend between the cortex and the medulla. Under magnification, the nephrons look like tangles of tiny vessels or tubules, but each nephron actually has an orderly arrangement that makes possible filtration of wastes from the blood. The primary structure in this filtering system is the glomerulus, a network of extremely thin blood vessels called the capillaries. The glomerulus is contained in a cuplike structure called Bowman’s capsule, from which extends a narrow vessel called the renal tubule. This tube twists and turns until it drains into a collecting tubule that carries urine toward the renal pelvis. Part of the renal tubule, called the Henle’s loop, becomes extremely narrow extending down away from the Bowman’s capsule and then back up again in a U shape. Surrounding Henle’s loop and the other parts of the renal tubule is a network of the capillaries which are formed from a small blood vessel that branches out from the glomerulus.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. What human organ resembles beans in shape? ___________________________________________________________ 2. Where are the kidneys located in human body? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What are the functions of the kidneys? ___________________________________________________________


they:

__________________________

2. Line # 11

it:

__________________________

3. Line # 13

that:

__________________________

4. Line # 18

these:

__________________________

5. Line # 22

that:

__________________________

6. Line # 30

that:

__________________________

7. Line # 35

it:

__________________________

8. Line # 39

which:

__________________________ 34


III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. Human beings have ___________________ kidneys. a. one b. two c. three

d. four

2. The nephrons filter _____________________. a. blood b. wastes c. urine

d. kidneys

3. Urinary system is comprised of ___________________. a. a bladder b. ureters & urethra c. kidneys

d. all a, b, & c

4. The kidneys are situated ___________________ the spleen. a. above b. beneath c. in front of d. next to 5. The ______________ carries urine to the bladder. a. renal artery b. renal vein c. ureter

d. renal capsule

6. A basic function of kidneys is the _______________ of poisonous wastes. a. selection b. detection c. excretion d. production 7. Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream causes ___________ diseases. a. fatal b. mild c. inner d. external 8. The cortex is the __________________ layer of the kidney. a. internal b. middle c. inner d. external 9. _________________ filter(s) the wastes from the blood. a. A cortex b. A medulla c. A nephron

d. All a, b, & c

10. The __________________ is a u-shaped structure. a. Bowman’s capsule b. collecting tubule c. renel pelvis

d. Henle’s loop

IV. Read the following subtitles and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box. No Subtitle 1

Paragraph

function 35

English for Medicine:2 2

basic units

3

location

4

structure of the nephrons

5

basic structure

V. Read the last paragraph and label the following diagram of a nephron.

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. together with, lie against, on either side of, (be) encased in, accumulate in, life-threatening, point toward, extend into, (be) contained in, (be) formed from 1. De-oxygenated blood ____________________ the heart for cleaning. 2. Fahd _________________ the mischievous boy who broke the glass funnels yesterday. 3. The malleus __________________ the eardrum in human ear.

36

English for Medicine:2 4. A combination of antibiotics _____________ local application is used for severe infections. 5. Human eyes are situated ________________ the nose. 6. The esophagus _____________________ the stomach. 7. Human kidney ___________________ millions of nephrons. 8. Thermo-sensitive medicines _______________ usually _______________ dark-coloured bottles.

VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms. word a. unnecessary (paragraph# 1) b. cleaning impuritie (paragraph# 1) c. placed (paragraph# 2) d. under (paragraph# 2) e. causing death (paragraph# 3) f. happen (paragraph# 3) g. completely (paragraph# 4) h. extremely small (paragraph# 4) i. done (paragraph# 5) j. significant (paragraph# 5)

synonyms from passage ________________________ ________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

VIII. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their definition as well. Suffix cardio

Term

Definition

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

derm/o 1 ____________ _______________________________________ dermat/o 2. ___________ ______________________________________ ger/o 1 ____________ _______________________________________ geront/o 2. ___________ ______________________________________

37

English for Medicine:2 hem/o hemat/o neur/o

oste/o

1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________ 1 ____________ _______________________________________ 2. ___________ ______________________________________

IX. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts. Term sclerosis stenosis pathogenesis hypertrophy sonography toxicology psychotic

suffix (meaning)

root (meaning)

prefix (meaning)

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

_____________

_____________

_____________

…………………

………………...

………………..

X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the prepositions. Write them down on the lines given below. ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ 38

____________ ____________ ____________


3. WRITING FOCUS XI. Write down the answers to the following questions. 1. What is a nephron? ___________________________________________________________ 2. What organs constitute body’s urinary system? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What is the function of a renal capsule? ___________________________________________________________ 4. How is the uric acid produced? ___________________________________________________________ 5. How do the nephrons look like? ___________________________________________________________ 6. What is a Bowman’s capsule? ___________________________________________________________

XII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VI in your own sentences. together with, lie against, on either side of, (be) encased in, accumulate in, life-threatening, point toward, extend into, (be) contained in, (be) formed from 1. _______________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________ 3.

___

4. ______________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________

XIII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences. 1. He ate his breakfast at 7:00 every morning. _________________________________________________________________ 39

English for Medicine:2 2. Is the eye be a spherical structure? _________________________________________________________________ 3. My friend buyed a beautiful watch last week. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Do the ciliary muscle form the ciliary body? _________________________________________________________________ 5. Did the doctor asks you to eat light food? ________________________________________________________________ 6. Sleeplessness cause often eye redness. ________________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. 1. The blood enters the renal artery through the kidneys.

(

)

2. The capillary walls of the glomerulus are quite thin.

(

)

3. Amino acids and uric acids are pushed out through the capillary walls.

(

)

4. Protein molecules are passed through with amino acids.

(

)

5. Filtered blood enters the glomerulus through the arteries.

(

)

6. The blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins.

(

)

7. Human kidneys clean 50 liters of blood in a day.

(

)

XV. Listen to the passage and write down all the words used for different blood vessels. a: _________________ c: ________________

b: ________________ e: _________________

40


UNIT 6: The Stomach

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Stomach is one of the major organs of the digestive system. Most animals, like humans, have a single stomach, but birds and ruminants have digestive organs composed of two or more chambers. The outer surface of the stomach is smooth; the inner surface is folded into numerous complex ridges which assist in the mixing of food with digestive juices and channel this material through the stomach into the intestines. Only water, alcohol, and certain drugs seem to be absorbed from the stomach while most food absorption takes place in the small intestine.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

In humans the stomach is situated in the upper part of the abdominal cavity mostly to the left of the midline. The large, domed end of the stomach, the fundus, lies in the left vault of the diaphragm whereas the esophagus enters the upper side or lesser curvature, a short distance below the fundus. The region immediately below the fundus is called the body. The upper part of the stomach, spoken of as the cardiac portion, includes the fundus and the body. The lower or the pyloric portion curves downward, forward, and to the right and includes the antrum and pyloric canal. The latter is continuous with the upper part of the small intestine, the duodenum.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

The tissues of the stomach include an outer fibrous coat derived from the peritoneum and, beneath this, a coat of smooth muscle fibers arranged in diagonal, longitudinal, and circular layers. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach, the circular muscles are much enlarged, forming the esophageal sphincter. Contraction of this muscle prevents the regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus. A similar structure, the pyloric sphincter, is found at the junction of the pylorus and the duodenum. Another layer of the stomach, the submucosa, is made up of loose connective tissue in which are found numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves of the autonomic nervous system. The innermost layer, the mucosa, contains secretory cells. One type secretes hydrochloric acid which not 41

English for Medicine:2 27 28 29 30 31 32

only neutralizes the alkaline reaction of the saliva, but also renders the gastric contents distinctly acid and activates the gastric digestive juices. These juices are secreted by a different type of cell. The enzymes found in gastric juice are pepsin, which in the presence of acid splits proteins to peptones; rennin which curdles milk; and perhaps lipase which splits fats to fatty acids and glycerol. A third type of cell secretes mucus for the protection of the stomach from its own products.

33 34 35 36 37 38

The tissues of the stomach are digestible by the gastric juices, as is mucus. Under normal conditions, however, the mucous coating is renewed more rapidly than it is removed. When a pathological or psychosomatic condition prevents the proper secretion of mucus, the gastric mucosa becomes eroded and an ulcer forms. If neglected, this ulcer may perforate the gastric wall and allow the stomach contents to escape into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

1. READING FOCUS I. Before reading, answer the following questions: 1. Which system is the stomach part of? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Where is the stomach located? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What are ulcers? _______________________________________________________________


which:

__________________________

2. Line # 22

this muscle:

__________________________

3. Line # 23

a similar structure:

__________________________

4. Line # 127

this inner most layer:

__________________________

5. Line # 28

one type:

__________________________

6. Line # 28

which:

__________________________

7. Line #

30

these juices:

__________________________

8. Line #

33

which:

__________________________

42


III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. 1. Stomach is one of (the) _____________ part of the digestive system a. least important

b. less important

c. most important d. unimportant

2. Birds’ stomach is __________________ humans’. a. like

b. different

c. unlike

d. similar

3. _______________ food items is (are) absorbed from the stomach. a. The majority

b. The minority

c. All

d. None of the

4. The fundus is situated ________________ the body. a. below

b. in front of

c. at the back of

d. above

5. The esophageal sphincter has a ____))_opening as compared to the esophagus. a. narrow

b. wide

c. narrower

d. wider

6. Gastric contents are ________ by the esophageal sphincter to enter the esophagus. a. prohibited

b. allowed

c. accelerated

d. permitted

7. The pyloric sphincter is situated ___________ the pylorus and the duodenum. a. above

b. below

c. between

d. in

8. The mucosa contains _______________ type(s) of secretary cells. a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

9. The mucus ______________ the stomach from its own products. a. hurts

b. spoils

c. strengthen

d. saves

10. A psychosomatic condition ______________ gastric ulcers. a. heals

b. neutralizes

c. cures

d. causes

IV. Read to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Which line is the information on? 1. Ruminants are like birds and animals.

(

) _____

2. Small intestine absorbs most of the food items.

(

) _____

3. The fundus is situated right below the body.

(

) _____

4. The fundus and the body are parts of the cardiac portion. (

) _____

5. Peritoneum constitutes the smooth muscle coat.

(

) _____

6. The innermost layer secretes hydrochloric acid.

(

) _____

7. Mucus is digested by the gastric juices.

(

) _____

43

English for Medicine:2 8. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer.

(

) _____

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS V. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes. (be) folded into, assist in, take place, (be) situated in, at the junction of, (be) found at, (be) secreted by, in the presence of, more rapidly than, if neglected 1. Oxygenation of the blood __________________ in the lungs. 2. Chemical reactions speed up __________________ enzymes. 3. The mediastinum ________________ the middle of both lungs. 4. The inner surface of the stomach ________________ many layers. 5. _________________, minor diseases may cause fatal results. 6. Medical staff _______________ the doctors ____________ different medical procedures. 7. The heart of a child beats ___________________ an adult heart. 8. The sweat glands ___________________ the outer layer of the skin.

VI. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their antonyms. word

antonyms from passage

a. minor

(paragraph# 1)

________________________

b. inner

(paragraph# 1)

________________________

c. exit

(paragraph# 2)

_________________________

d. written (paragraph# 2)

_________________________

e. core

(paragraph# 3)

_________________________

f. acidic

(paragraph# 3)

_________________________

g. special

(paragraph# 4)

_________________________

h. removed (paragraph# 4)

_________________________

44


VII. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical terms. Write down their meaning as well. Roots: neur/o, derm/o, epileptic, vir/o, oste/o, tox/o, circulat/o, asthma Suffixes: -oid, No.

-otic

Medical Term

-ous,

-tic,

-ory,

-form,

-ile

Defintin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VIII. Read the first and second paragraphs and circle all the irregular verbs. Write them down on the lines given below. ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

3. WRITING FOCUS IX. Read paragraph three and write short notes on the following:

____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Sub mucosa: ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Fibrous coat:

45


_______________________________________________ _________________________________________________

Mucosa:

Secretary cells: a. type 1: _____________________________________________

________________________________________________ b. type 2: _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ c. type 3: _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ X. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your own sentences. (be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple, run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into, (be) the source of, (be) delivered to 1. __________

_

______________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________ 3.

___

4. ______________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________

XI. Write down sentences with “there is” or “there are”. Use many, much, a little or a few in your answer as needed. Example: life-saving injections / medical store There are many life-saving injections in the medical store. 1. trees / in the park __________________________________________________________________

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English for Medicine:2 2. windows / in the car __________________________________________________________________ 3. milk / in the cup __________________________________________________________________ 4. toys / in the toy shop __________________________________________________________________ 5. water / in the pond __________________________________________________________________ 6. students / at the university _________________________________________________________________ 7. birds / in the nest _________________________________________________________________ 8. information / on internet __________________________________________________________________

XII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences. 1. Water composes of oxygen and hydrogen. _________________________________________________________________ 2. Does he attend all lectures yesterday? _________________________________________________________________ 3. The pediatricians are treat sick people. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Third year students visited Hada hospital every week these days. _________________________________________________________________ 5. His performance was appreciate by his supervisor. _________________________________________________________________ 6. Do there many patients in the surgical ward? _________________________________________________________________ 7. Why don’t she want to eat out? _________________________________________________________________ 8. We used to play football because we like it. _________________________________________________________________

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4. LISTENING FOCUS XIII. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions. 1. What do pancreatic juices contain? ___________________________________________________________ 2. What is does bile do? ___________________________________________________________ 3. What do glands in the intestinal wall secrete? ___________________________________________________________ 4. What is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long? ___________________________________________________________ 5. Where can one find microvilli? ___________________________________________________________ 6. What passes ? to the lymphatic system ___________________________________________________________ .

IVX. Listen to the passage and fill in the blank spaces. 1. Bile breaks large fat globules into small _____________,… 2. Pancreatic juice contains _____________ that break down sugars… 3. Structures called Brunner’s glands secrete ______________….. 4. The small intestine’s _____________ for absorption is increased…. 5. Beneath the villis single layer of cells are ____________ 6. _____________ acids and glycerol pass through to the... 7. Even _____________ fingerlike projections called microvilli… 8. … peristalsis moves ___________ through the duodenum

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English for Medicine 1

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